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Gapud EJ, Trejo-Zambrano MI, Gomez-Banuelos E, Tiniakou E, Antiochos B, Granville DJ, Andrade F, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Granzyme B Induces IRF-3 Phosphorylation through a Perforin-Independent Proteolysis-Dependent Signaling Cascade without Inducing Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:335-344. [PMID: 33288544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is an immune protease implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In the current model of GrB activity, perforin determines whether the downstream actions of GrB occur intracellularly or extracellularly, producing apoptotic cytotoxicity or nonapoptotic effects, respectively. In the current study, we demonstrate the existence of a broad range of GrB-dependent signaling activities that 1) do not require perforin, 2) occur intracellularly, and 3) for which cell death is not the dominant outcome. In the absence of perforin, we show that GrB enzymatic activity still induces substoichiometric activation of caspases, which through nonlethal DNA damage response signals then leads to activity-associated phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor-3. These findings illustrate an unexpected potential interface between GrB and innate immunity separate from the traditional role of GrB in perforin-dependent GrB-mediated apoptosis that could have mechanistic implications for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gapud
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | - Eduardo Gomez-Banuelos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Eleni Tiniakou
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Brendan Antiochos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Livia Casciola-Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Antony Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224; .,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224; and.,Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
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52
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Kim WD, Chi HS, Choe KH, Kim WS, Hogg JC, Sin DD. The Role of Granzyme B Containing Cells in the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 83:S25-S33. [PMID: 33076634 PMCID: PMC7837379 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung inflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the characteristics of the inflammatory process remain unclear. There is growing interest in the role of granzyme B (GzmB) because CD8+ T cells can induce apoptosis of target cells by releasing GzmB, which in turn may cause tissue injury and remodeling. However, GzmB is also expressed by regulatory cells, which are able to suppress CD8+ T cell. The role of GzmB+ cells needs to be defined in COPD. METHODS GzmB+ and CD8+ cells on alveolar wall of surgically resected lungs of microscopically classified 12 nonsmoking control, 12 panlobular emphysema (PLE) and 30 centrilobular emphysema (CLE) subjects were localized by immunohistochemical method. Positively stained cells on alveolar wall were counted and length of corresponding alveolar wall was measured. The results were expressed as mean number of positively stained cells per mm of alveolar wall in each subject. RESULTS The number of GzmB+ and CD8+ cells on alveolar wall of CLE was greater than that of control or PLE subjects (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). There was a positive relationship between the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (r=0.610, p=0.003) in CLE subjects. The number of alveolar GzmB+ cells progressively decreased with decline of FEV1. CONCLUSION Our finding that number of alveolar GzmB+ cells was associated with FEV1 suggests that GzmB+ cells might have protective role in the progression of lung destruction and airflow limitation in CLE, which is the predominant emphysema subtype of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Chi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James C. Hogg
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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53
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Cimini FA, Barchetta I, Ceccarelli V, Chiappetta C, Di Biasio A, Bertoccini L, Sentinelli F, Leonetti F, Silecchia G, Di Cristofano C, Baroni MG, Velotti F, Cavallo MG. Granzyme B Expression in Visceral Adipose Tissue Associates With Local Inflammation and Glyco-Metabolic Alterations in Obesity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589188. [PMID: 33312176 PMCID: PMC7708321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by immune and non-immune cells, able to promote multiple processes, like apoptosis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. GrB expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was associated with tissue damage, local inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity murine model, but there is no data in humans. Aim of this study was to explore the expression of GrB in VAT from obese subjects in relation to adipose tissue injury, inflammation, metabolic alterations and GrB circulating levels. For this purpose, 85 obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery and 35 healthy subjects (as control) were recruited at Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. Study participants underwent clinical work-up and routine biochemistry. mRNA expression of GrB in VAT and of a panel of VAT inflammatory markers was analyzed by real-time PCR. Serum GrB levels were measured by Elisa Affymetrix EBIO. We observed that 80% of obese patients expressed GrB mRNA in VAT, and GrB VAT expression was associated with the presence of local inflammation and glucose homeostasis alterations. Moreover, GrB serum levels, which were higher in obese subjects compared to non-obese healthy individuals, were associated with GrB expression in VAT and glyco-metabolic impairment. Our data show, for the first time in humans, that obese subjects with “sick” fat and altered glucose tolerance exhibit GrB expression in VAT, and suggest that GrB might contribute to obesity-related VAT inflammatory remodeling and glucose homeostasis dysregulation. Moreover, increased circulating GrB levels might represent a possible peripheral marker of VAT dysfunction in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Chiappetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Biasio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sentinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Silecchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio Baroni
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Neuroendocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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54
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Velotti F, Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Granzyme B in Inflammatory Diseases: Apoptosis, Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587581. [PMID: 33262766 PMCID: PMC7686573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is strictly interconnected to anti-inflammatory mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis. The disruption of immune homeostasis can lead to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, as cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic diseases and cancer. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of these pathological conditions is important to find effective therapies. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by a variety of immune, non-immune and tumor cells. Apoptotic intracellular and multiple extracellular functions of GrB have been recently identified. Its capability of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cytokines, cell receptors and clotting proteins, revealed GrB as a potential multifunctional pro-inflammatory molecule with the capability of contributing to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory conditions, including inflammaging, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here we give an overview of recent data concerning GrB activity on multiple targets, potentially allowing this enzyme to regulate a wide range of crucial biological processes that play a role in the development, progression and/or severity of inflammatory diseases. We focus our attention on the promotion by GrB of perforin-dependent and perforin-independent (anoikis) apoptosis, inflammation derived by the activation of some cytokines belonging to the IL-1 cytokine family, ECM remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. A greater comprehension of the pathophysiological consequences of GrB-mediated multiple activities may favor the design of new therapies aim to inhibit different inflammatory pathological conditions such as inflammaging and age-related diseases, EMT and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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55
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Castleman MJ, Dillon SM, Purba C, Cogswell AC, McCarter M, Barker E, Wilson C. Enteric bacteria induce IFNγ and Granzyme B from human colonic Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1667723. [PMID: 31583949 PMCID: PMC7524156 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1667723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cells (which include Natural Killer cells and ILC1s) aid in gut anti-bacterial defense through the production of IFNγ, which is critical for mobilizing protective responses against enteric pathogens. When intestinal epithelial barrier integrity is compromised, commensal bacteria are likely to translocate from the gut lumen into the lamina propria. Few studies have addressed the mechanisms by which commensal bacteria impact the function of gut Group 1 ILCs, especially ILC1s. Utilizing an in vitro human colonic lamina propria mononuclear cell (LPMC) model, we evaluated Group 1 ILC cytokine and cytolytic protein production in response to a panel of enteric Gram-positive and Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria. IFNγ-production by NK cells and ILC1s was significantly increased after LPMC exposure to Gram-negative commensal or pathogenic bacteria, but not after exposure to the Gram-positive bacteria commensals tested. Stimulation of IFNγ production from Group 1 ILCs was not through direct recognition of bacteria by NK cells or ILC1s, but rather required accessory cells within the LPMC population. Myeloid dendritic cells generated IL-12p70, IL-18, and IL-1β upon exposure to enteric bacteria and these cytokines contributed to Group 1 ILC production of IFNγ. Furthermore, Gram-negative commensal or pathogenic bacteria induced significant expression of Granzyme B in NK cells and ILC1s. Overall, these data demonstrate that some enteric commensal bacteria indirectly induce inflammatory cytokine production and cytolytic protein expression from human colonic Group 1 ILCs, a process which could contribute to inflammation in the setting of microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine Purba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew C. Cogswell
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cara Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,CONTACT Cara Wilson Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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56
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Qiao J, Zhou M, Li Z, Ren J, Gao G, Zhen J, Cao G, Ding L. Elevated serum granzyme B levels are associated with disease activity and joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520962954. [PMID: 33143503 PMCID: PMC7780569 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520962954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the roles of granzyme B in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to evaluate the serum level of granzyme B in patients with RA and determine relationships with clinical features and joint destruction of RA. METHODS We enrolled 100 patients with RA, 50 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and 50 healthy controls (HC). Granzyme B serum concentrations were measured by ELISA; we then analyzed associations between granzyme B levels, clinical features, and joint destruction by calculating Sharp scores and disease activity as measured by Disease Activity Score-28 based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) in patients with RA. RESULTS Compared with HC and patients with OA, serum granzyme B levels in patients with RA were remarkably elevated. Serum granzyme B levels did not differ between patients with OA and HC. Granzyme B levels correlated with ESR, rheumatoid factor, swollen joint counts, joint erosion scores, total Sharp scores, and DAS28-ESR. Moreover, patients with RA with high disease activity had higher granzyme B levels. CONCLUSIONS Serum granzyme B levels were elevated significantly in patients with RA and correlated positively with disease activity and joint destruction. Serum granzyme B may have potential applications in laboratory evaluation of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jumei Zhen
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglei Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiang Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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57
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Granzymes in cardiovascular injury and disease. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109804. [PMID: 33035645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and impaired wound healing play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the aberrant secretion of proteases plays a critical role in pathological tissue remodeling in chronic inflammatory conditions. Human Granzymes (Granule secreted enzymes - Gzms) comprise a family of five (GzmA, B, H, K, M) cell-secreted serine proteases. Although each unique in function and substrate specificities, Gzms were originally thought to share redundant, intracellular roles in cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced cell death. However, an abundance of evidence has challenged this dogma. It is now recognized, that individual Gzms exhibit unique substrate repertoires and functions both intracellularly and extracellularly. In the extracellular milieu, Gzms contribute to inflammation, vascular dysfunction and permeability, reduced cell adhesion, release of matrix-sequestered growth factors, receptor activation, and extracellular matrix cleavage. Despite these recent findings, the non-cytotoxic functions of Gzms in the context of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Minimally detected in tissues and bodily fluids of normal individuals, GzmB is elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Pre-clinical animal models have exemplified the importance of GzmB in atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and cardiac fibrosis as animals deficient in GzmB exhibit reduced tissue remodeling, improved disease phenotypes and increased survival. Although a role for GzmB in cardiovascular disease is described, further work to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the remaining human Gzms activity in cardiovascular disease is necessary. The present review provides a summary of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence, as well as emerging areas of research pertaining to Gzms in tissue remodeling and cardiovascular disease.
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58
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Chesneau M, Mai HL, Danger R, Le Bot S, Nguyen TVH, Bernard J, Poullaouec C, Guerrif P, Conchon S, Giral M, Charreau B, Degauque N, Brouard S. Efficient Expansion of Human Granzyme B–Expressing B Cells with Potent Regulatory Properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2391-2401. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Garzón-Tituaña M, Arias MA, Sierra-Monzón JL, Morte-Romea E, Santiago L, Ramirez-Labrada A, Martinez-Lostao L, Paño-Pardo JR, Galvez EM, Pardo J. The Multifaceted Function of Granzymes in Sepsis: Some Facts and a Lot to Discover. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1054. [PMID: 32655547 PMCID: PMC7325996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious global health problem. In addition to a high incidence, this syndrome has a high mortality and is responsible for huge health expenditure. The pathophysiology of sepsis is very complex and it is not well-understood yet. However, it is widely accepted that the initial phase of sepsis is characterized by a hyperinflammatory response while the late phase is characterized by immunosuppression and immune anergy, increasing the risk of secondary infections. Granzymes (Gzms) are a family of serine proteases classified according to their cleavage specificity. Traditionally, it was assumed that all Gzms acted as cytotoxic proteases. However, recent evidence suggests that GzmB is the one with the greatest cytotoxic capacity, while the cytotoxicity of others such as GzmA and GzmK is not clear. Recent studies have found that GzmA, GzmB, GzmK, and GzmM act as pro-inflammatory mediators. Specially, solid evidences show that GzmA and GzmK function as extracellular proteases that regulate the inflammatory response irrespectively of its ability to induce cell death. Indeed, studies in animal models indicate that GzmA is involved in the cytokine release syndrome characteristic of sepsis. Moreover, the GZM family also could regulate other biological processes involved in sepsis pathophysiology like the coagulation cascade, platelet function, endothelial barrier permeability, and, in addition, could be involved in the immunosuppressive stage of sepsis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the contribution of these novel functions of Gzms to sepsis and the new therapeutic opportunities emerging from targeting these proteases for the treatment of this serious health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - José L Sierra-Monzón
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Morte-Romea
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Nanotoxicology and Immunotoxicology Unit (UNATI), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Martinez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José R Paño-Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragon I + D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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60
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Fraser DD, Cepinskas G, Slessarev M, Martin C, Daley M, Miller MR, O'Gorman DB, Gill SE, Patterson EK, Dos Santos CC. Inflammation Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0144. [PMID: 32696007 PMCID: PMC7314329 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection to which there is no community immunity. Patients admitted to ICUs have high mortality, with only supportive therapies available. Our aim was to profile plasma inflammatory analytes to help understand the host response to coronavirus disease 2019. DESIGN Daily blood inflammation profiling with immunoassays. SETTING Tertiary care ICU and academic laboratory. SUBJECTS All patients admitted to the ICU suspected of being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, using standardized hospital screening methodologies, had daily blood samples collected until either testing was confirmed negative on ICU day 3 (coronavirus disease 2019 negative), or until ICU day 7 if the patient was positive (coronavirus disease 2019 positive). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Age- and sex-matched healthy controls and ICU patients that were either coronavirus disease 2019 positive or coronavirus disease 2019 negative were enrolled. Cohorts were well-balanced with the exception that coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients were more likely than coronavirus disease 2019 negative patients to suffer bilateral pneumonia. Mortality rate for coronavirus disease 2019 positive ICU patients was 40%. We measured 57 inflammatory analytes and then analyzed with both conventional statistics and machine learning. Twenty inflammatory analytes were different between coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients and healthy controls (p < 0.01). Compared with coronavirus disease 2019 negative patients, coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients had 17 elevated inflammatory analytes on one or more of their ICU days 1-3 (p < 0.01), with feature classification identifying the top six analytes between cohorts as tumor necrosis factor, granzyme B, heat shock protein 70, interleukin-18, interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10, and elastase 2. While tumor necrosis factor, granzyme B, heat shock protein 70, and interleukin-18 were elevated for all seven ICU days, interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 transiently elevated on ICU days 2 and 3 and elastase 2 increased over ICU days 2-7. Inflammation profiling predicted coronavirus disease 2019 status with 98% accuracy, whereas elevated heat shock protein 70 was strongly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS While many inflammatory analytes were elevated in coronavirus disease 2019 positive ICU patients, relative to healthy controls, the top six analytes distinguishing coronavirus disease 2019 positive ICU patients from coronavirus disease 2019 negative ICU patients were tumor necrosis factor, granzyme B, heat shock protein 70, interleukin-18, interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10, and elastase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marat Slessarev
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Martin
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Daley
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- The Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R Miller
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sean E Gill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Research, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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61
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Mühlbacher J, Doberer K, Kozakowski N, Regele H, Camovic S, Haindl S, Bond G, Haslacher H, Eskandary F, Reeve J, Böhmig GA, Wahrmann M. Non-invasive Chemokine Detection: Improved Prediction of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Donor-Specific Antibody-Positive Renal Allograft Recipients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:114. [PMID: 32328494 PMCID: PMC7160229 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Screening for donor-specific antibodies (DSA) has limited diagnostic value in patients with late antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). Here, we evaluated whether biomarkers reflecting microcirculation inflammation or tissue injury-as an adjunct to DSA detection-are able to improve non-invasive ABMR monitoring. Methods: Upon prospective cross-sectional antibody screening of 741 long-term kidney transplant recipients with a silent clinical course, 86 DSA-positive patients were identified and biopsied. Serum and urine levels of E-selectin/CD62E, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), granzyme B, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)3, CCL4, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in DSA-positive recipients were investigated applying multiplexed bead-based immunoassays. Results: Diagnosis of ABMR (50 patients) was associated with significantly higher levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in blood and urine and of HGF in blood. Overall, urinary CXCL9 had the highest diagnostic accuracy for ABMR (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.77; accuracy: 80%) and its combined evaluation with the mean fluorescence intensity of the immunodominant DSA (DSAmax MFI) revealed a net reclassification improvement of 73% compared to DSAmax MFI alone. Conclusions: Our results suggest urinary CXCL9 testing, combined with DSA analysis, as a valuable non-invasive tool to uncover clinically silent ABMR late after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Mühlbacher
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin Doberer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heinz Regele
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sümeyra Camovic
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Haindl
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Bond
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Farsad Eskandary
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeff Reeve
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Wahrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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62
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Matsubara JA, Tian Y, Cui JZ, Zeglinski MR, Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Retinal Distribution and Extracellular Activity of Granzyme B: A Serine Protease That Degrades Retinal Pigment Epithelial Tight Junctions and Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32318066 PMCID: PMC7155911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases first shown to be intracellular initiators of immune-mediated cell death in target pathogenic cells. In addition to its intracellular role, Granzyme B (GzmB) has important extracellular functions in immune regulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Verified substrates of extracellular GzmB activity include tight junctional and ECM proteins. Interestingly, little is known about the activity of GzmB in the outer human retina, a tissue in which the degradation of the tight junctional contacts of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and within the external limiting membrane, as well as remodeling of the ECM in Bruch's membrane, cause the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and slowing of metabolite transport between neuroretina and choroidal blood supply. Such pathological changes in outer retina signal early events in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory eye disease. This study is the first to focus on the distribution of GzmB in the outer retina of the healthy and diseased post-mortem human eye. Our results revealed that GzmB is present in RPE and choroidal mast cells. More immunoreactive cells are present in older (>65 years) compared to younger (<55 years) donor eyes, and choroidal immunoreactive cells are more numerous in eyes with choroidal neovascularization (CNV), while RPE immunoreactive cells are more numerous in eyes with soft drusen, an early AMD event. In vitro studies demonstrated that RPE-derived tight junctional and ECM proteins are cleaved by exogenous GzmB stimulation. These results suggest that the increased presence of GzmB immunoreactive cells in outer retina of older (healthy) eyes as well as in diseased eyes with CNV (from AMD) and eyes with soft drusen exacerbate ECM remodeling in the Bruch's membrane and degradation of the blood-retinal barrier. Currently there are no treatments that prevent remodeling of the Bruch's membrane and/or the loss of function of the outer blood-retinal barrier, known to promote early AMD changes, such as drusen deposition, RPE dysfunction and pro-inflammation. Specific inhibitors of GzmB, already in preclinical studies for non-ocular diseases, may provide new strategies to stop these early events associated with the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Z Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew R Zeglinski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T Turner
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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63
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Abstract
Recently, respiratory systems are increasingly threatened by high levels of environmental pollution. Organ-on-a-chip technology has the advantage of enabling more accurate preclinical experiments by reproducing in vivo organ physiology. To investigate disease mechanisms and treatment options, respiratory-physiology-on-a-chip systems have been studied for the last decade. Here, we delineate the strategic approaches to develop respiratory-physiology-on-a-chip that can recapitulate respiratory system in vitro. The state-of-the-art biofabrication methods and biomaterials are considered as key contributions to constructing the chips. We also explore the vascularization strategies to investigate complicated pathophysiological phenomena including inflammation and immune responses, which are the critical aggravating factors causing the complications in the respiratory diseases. In addition, challenges and future research directions are delineated to improve the mimicry of respiratory systems in terms of both structural and biological behaviors.
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64
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Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Ciccarelli G, Baroni MG, Cavallo MG. Sick fat: the good and the bad of old and new circulating markers of adipose tissue inflammation. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1257-1272. [PMID: 31073969 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is one of the largest endocrine organs contributing to metabolic homeostasis. The functional pleiotropism of AT depends on its ability to secrete a large number of hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors, all influencing many local and systemic physiological and pathophysiological processes. In condition of chronic positive energy balance, adipocyte expansion, hypoxia, apoptosis and stress all lead to AT inflammation and dysfunction, and it has been demonstrated that this sick fat is a main risk factor for many metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, cardiovascular disease and cancer. AT dysfunction is tightly associated with aberrant secretion of bioactive peptides, the adipocytokines, and their blood concentrations often reflect the expression in the AT. Despite the existence of an association between AT dysfunction and systemic pro-inflammatory state, most of the circulating molecules detectable in obese and dysmetabolic individuals do not identify specifically the condition of sick fat. Based on this premise, this review provides a concise overview of "classic" and novel promising adipocytokines associated with AT inflammation and discusses possible critical approaches to their interpretation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F A Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ciccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Baroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - M G Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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65
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Ikram S, Ahmad J, Durdagi S. Screening of FDA approved drugs for finding potential inhibitors against Granzyme B as a potent drug-repurposing target. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 95:107462. [PMID: 31786094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B is one of the best-characterized and extensively studied member of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) proteases. Initially, it is thought to be involved in eliminating virally infected or cancerous cells by using a specialized mechanism through which they are internalized into target cells. In the last decade, however this dimension has changed as there are several reports show that not only CL but also other immune cells can also synthesize Granzyme B. This leads to the possibility of the presence of these proteases in extracellular environment. Being active protease, it then raises the possibility of damaging host tissues as evident from the available reported literature. In many instances, Granzyme B is directly involved in pathogenicity, however in others, it contributes to the disease severity as their over expression makes the clinical situation quite worse which ultimately leads to the chronic state of the disease. Serine protease inhibitor-9 is a natural known intracellular inhibitor of Granzyme B, however there is less data available about the potential inhibitors that can regulate its activity in an extracellular environment. Current study is an effort to identify potential novel inhibitors of Granzyme B. For this aim, drug repurposing study was performed. Around 7900 FDA approved drugs were screened using both ligand- and target-driven approaches. Initially, all molecules were docked using induced fit docking (IFD) approach and selected 318 high-docking scored molecules were used in short (1-ns) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations, 6 compounds were selected and used in long (100-ns) MD simulations. These compounds were then used in binary QSAR analysis. Therapeutic activity potentials of studied compounds were investigated by Clarivate Analytics's MetaCore/MetaDrug platform which uses binary QSAR models. It is developed based on manually curated database of molecular interactions, molecular pathways, gene-disease associations, chemical metabolism and toxicity information. Results of selected compounds were compared with a positive control molecule. Current drug repurposing study is a step ahead in finding potential lead compounds by screening database of FDA approved molecules. We have identified novel inhibitors (Tannic acid, Mupirocin, Phytonadiol sodium diphosphate, Cefpiramide, Xenazoic acid) that have potential to decrease the activity of Granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ikram
- Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan; Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jamshaid Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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66
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Turner CT, Hiroyasu S, Granville DJ. Granzyme B as a therapeutic target for wound healing. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:745-754. [PMID: 31461387 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1661380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Granzyme B is a serine protease traditionally understood as having a role in immune-mediated cytotoxicity. Over the past decade, this dogma has been challenged, with a new appreciation that granzyme B can exert alternative extracellular roles detrimental to wound closure and remodeling. Granzyme B is elevated in response to tissue injury, chronic inflammation and/or autoimmune skin diseases, resulting in impaired wound healing. Areas covered: This review provides a historical background of granzyme B and a description of how it is regulated. Details are provided on the role of granzyme B in apoptosis as well as newly identified extracellular roles, focusing on those affecting wound healing, including on inflammation, dermal-epidermal junction separation, re-epithelialization, scarring and fibrosis, and autoimmunity. Finally, the use of pharmacological granzyme B inhibitors as potential therapeutic options for wound treatment is discussed. Expert opinion: Endogenous extracellular granzyme B inhibitors have not been identified in human bio-fluids, thus in chronic wound environments granzyme B appears to remain uncontrolled and unregulated. In response, targeted granzyme B inhibitors have been developed for therapeutic applications in wounds. Animal studies trialing inhibitors of granzyme B show improved healing outcomes, and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic approach for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD) Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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67
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Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Richardson KC, Granville DJ. Proteases in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1454. [PMID: 31297118 PMCID: PMC6607946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a subgroup of autoimmune skin diseases characterized by widespread tense blisters. Standard of care typically involves immunosuppressive treatments, which may be insufficient and are often associated with significant adverse events. As such, a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism(s) of pemphigoid diseases is necessary in order to identify improved therapeutic approaches. A major initiator of pemphigoid diseases is the accumulation of autoantibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), followed by protease activation at the lesion. The contribution of proteases to pemphigoid disease pathogenesis has been investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. These studies suggest proteolytic degradation of anchoring proteins proximal to the DEJ is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation and blister formation. In addition, proteases can also augment inflammation, expose autoantigenic cryptic epitopes, and/or provoke autoantigen spreading, which are all important in pemphigoid disease pathology. The present review summarizes and critically evaluates the current understanding with respect to the role of proteases in pemphigoid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katlyn C. Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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68
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Perforin and Granzyme B Expressed by Murine Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A Study on Their Role in Outgrowth of Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060808. [PMID: 31212684 PMCID: PMC6627828 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide-range of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-mediated immune suppressive functions has previously been described. Nevertheless, potential novel mechanisms by which MDSCs aid tumor progression are, in all likelihood, still unrecognized. Next to its well-known expression in natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), granzyme B (GzmB) expression has been found in different cell types. In an MDSC culture model, we demonstrated perforin and GzmB expression. Furthermore, similar observations were made in MDSCs isolated from tumor-bearing mice. Even in MDSCs from humans, GzmB expression was demonstrated. Of note, B16F10 melanoma cells co-cultured with perforin/GzmB knock out mice (KO) MDSCs displayed a remarkable decrease in invasive potential. B16F10 melanoma cells co-injected with KO MDSCs, displayed a significant slower growth curve compared to tumor cells co-injected with wild type (WT) MDSCs. In vivo absence of perforin/GzmB in MDSCs resulted in a higher number of CD8+ T-cells. Despite this change in favor of CD8+ T-cell infiltration, we observed low interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, suggesting that other immunosuppressive mechanisms render these CD8+ T-cells dysfunctional. Taken together, our results suggest that GzmB expression in MDSCs is another means to promote tumor growth and warrants further investigation to unravel the exact underlying mechanism.
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69
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Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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70
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Cimini FA, D'Eliseo D, Barchetta I, Bertoccini L, Velotti F, Cavallo MG. Increased circulating granzyme B in type 2 diabetes patients with low-grade systemic inflammation. Cytokine 2018; 115:104-108. [PMID: 30473178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes (T2D), adipose tissue (AT) is infiltrated by macrophages and other leukocytes - which secrete many bioactive peptides leading to local and systemic low-grade chronic inflammation - and undergoes remodeling and aberrant fibrosis. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by some leukocytes, including cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages. It exerts both intracellular apoptotic function and extracellular functions, leading to tissue injury, inflammation and repair. Elevated circulating GrB levels have been found in aging- and inflammation-associated diseases and a role for GrB in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases has been reported. Aims of this study were to investigate circulating GrB levels in T2D patients in relation to their systemic inflammatory profile and to unravel its correlates. For this cross-sectional study, we recruited 51 consecutive T2D patients referring to our diabetes outpatient clinics (Sapienza University, Rome, Italy) for metabolic evaluations, and 29 sex, age and body mass index comparable non-diabetic subjects as control group. Study participants underwent clinical work-up; fasting blood sampling was performed for routine biochemistry and for inflammatory profile (CRP, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, adiponectin, WISP1); serum GrB was measured by Human Granzyme-B Platinum Elisa kit (Affymetrix EBIO). We found that T2D patients had serum levels of GrB significantly higher than the control group (10.17 ± 12.6 vs 7.2 ± 14.1 pg/ml, p = 0.03). Moreover, in T2D patients increased GrB correlated with unfavorable inflammatory profile, as described by elevated levels of validated adipokines such as IL-6 (p = 0.04), TNF-α (p = 0.019) and WISP1 (p = 0.005). Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that increased GrB was associated with T2D diagnosis independently from possible confounders. In conclusion, our results show that increased levels of circulating GrB are associated with T2D diagnosis and correlates with markers of AT-linked systemic inflammation, suggesting a potential role for GrB in the inflammatory and reactive processes occurring in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella D'Eliseo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Maria Gisella Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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71
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Lane RS, Lund AW. Non-hematopoietic Control of Peripheral Tissue T Cell Responses: Implications for Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2662. [PMID: 30498499 PMCID: PMC6249380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pathological challenge, the host generates rapid, protective adaptive immune responses while simultaneously maintaining tolerance to self and limiting immune pathology. Peripheral tissues (e.g., skin, gut, lung) are simultaneously the first site of pathogen-encounter and also the location of effector function, and mounting evidence indicates that tissues act as scaffolds to facilitate initiation, maintenance, and resolution of local responses. Just as both effector and memory T cells must adapt to their new interstitial environment upon infiltration, tissues are also remodeled in the context of acute inflammation and disease. In this review, we present the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms by which non-hematopoietic stromal cells and extracellular matrix molecules collaborate to regulate T cell behavior in peripheral tissue. Finally, we discuss how tissue remodeling in the context of tumor microenvironments impairs T cell accumulation and function contributing to immune escape and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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72
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Regulating Apoptosis by Degradation: The N-End Rule-Mediated Regulation of Apoptotic Proteolytic Fragments in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113414. [PMID: 30384441 PMCID: PMC6274719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pivotal hallmark of some cancer cells is the evasion of apoptotic cell death. Importantly, the initiation of apoptosis often results in the activation of caspases, which, in turn, culminates in the generation of proteolytically-activated protein fragments with potentially new or altered roles. Recent investigations have revealed that the activity of a significant number of the protease-generated, activated, pro-apoptotic protein fragments can be curbed via their selective degradation by the N-end rule degradation pathways. Of note, previous work revealed that several proteolytically-generated, pro-apoptotic fragments are unstable in cells, as their destabilizing N-termini target them for proteasomal degradation via the N-end rule degradation pathways. Remarkably, previous studies also showed that the proteolytically-generated anti-apoptotic Lyn kinase protein fragment is targeted for degradation by the UBR1/UBR2 E3 ubiquitin ligases of the N-end rule pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Crucially, the degradation of cleaved fragment of Lyn by the N-end rule counters imatinib resistance in these cells, implicating a possible linkage between the N-end rule degradation pathway and imatinib resistance. Herein, we highlight recent studies on the role of the N-end rule proteolytic pathways in regulating apoptosis in mammalian cells, and also discuss some possible future directions with respect to apoptotic proteolysis signaling.
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73
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Josic D, Martinovic T, Pavelic K. Glycosylation and metastases. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:140-150. [PMID: 30246896 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The change of cellular glycosylation is one of the key events in malignant transformation and neoplastic progression, and tumor-related glycosylation alterations are promising targets in both tumor diagnosis and therapy. Both malignant transformation and neoplastic progression are the consequence of gene expression alterations and alterations in protein expression. Micro environmental factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) also play an important role in their growth and metastasis. Tumor-associated glycans are important biomarker candidates for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and analytical methods for their detection were developed recently. Glycoproteomics that use mass spectrometry for identification of cancer antigens and structural analysis of glycans play a key role in the investigation of changes of glycosylation during malignant transformation and tumor development and metastasis. Deep understanding of glycan remodeling in cancer and the role of glycosyltransferases that are involved in this process will require a detailed profiling of glycosylation patterns of tumor cells, and corresponding analytical methods for their detection were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Josic
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kresimir Pavelic
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for High-throughput technologies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
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74
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Fong JJ, Tsai CM, Saha S, Nizet V, Varki A, Bui JD. Siglec-7 engagement by GBS β-protein suppresses pyroptotic cell death of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10410-10415. [PMID: 30254166 PMCID: PMC6187154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect stress molecules or viral ligands displayed at the cell surface, balanced by inhibitory receptors that bind to self-molecules. To date, such activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells are not known to recognize bacterial determinants. Moreover, NK cell responses to direct interactions with extracellular bacteria are poorly explored. In this study, we observed the human neonatal pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) can directly engage human NK cells. The interaction was mediated through the B6N segment of streptococcal β-protein, binding to the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7 via its amino-terminal V-set domain. Unlike classical Siglec binding, the interaction is also independent of its sialic acid recognition property. In contrast to WT GBS, mutants lacking β-protein induced efficient pyroptosis of NK cells through the NLRP3 inflammasome, with production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and dissemination of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. We postulate that GBS evolved β-protein engagement of inhibitory human Siglec-7 to suppress the pyroptotic response of NK cells and thereby block recruitment of a broader innate immune response, i.e., by "silencing the sentinel."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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75
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Shen Y, Zeglinski MR, Turner CT, Raithatha SA, Wu Z, Russo V, Oram C, Hiroyasu S, Nabai L, Zhao H, Bozin T, Westendorf K, Kopko I, Huang R, Arns S, Tan J, Zeng H, Boey A, Liggins R, Jaquith J, Cameron DR, Papp A, Granville DJ. Topical small molecule granzyme B inhibitor improves remodeling in a murine model of impaired burn wound healing. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 29849046 PMCID: PMC5976625 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease that has long been thought to function exclusively in lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, this paradigm has been revisited due to the recognition that GzmB accumulates in the extracellular milieu in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and contributes to impaired tissue remodeling due to the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Knockout studies suggest that GzmB-mediated cleavage of decorin (DCN) contributes to impaired collagen fibrillogenesis and remodeling. As DCN is anti-fibrotic and contributes to reduced hypertrophic scarring, GzmB-induced DCN cleavage could play a role in wound healing following burn injury. In the present study, a novel, gel-formulated, first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of GzmB, VTI-1002, was assessed in a murine model of impaired, diabetic burn wound healing. VTI-1002 exhibited high specificity, potency, and target selectivity. Gel-formulated VTI-1002 was able to penetrate the stratum corneum and was retained in the skin with minimal systemic absorption. Daily topical administration of VTI-1002 gel for 30 days following thermal injury showed significantly accelerated wound closure, increased DCN protein levels, and collagen organization that was translated into significantly increased wound tensile strength compared to controls. Overall, VTI-1002 gel was well-tolerated in vivo and no adverse events were observed. Topical application of VTI-1002 represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cutaneous burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,viDA Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew R Zeglinski
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sheetal A Raithatha
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,viDA Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valerio Russo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cameron Oram
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tatjana Bozin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathryn Westendorf
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,viDA Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Irina Kopko
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel Huang
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steve Arns
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason Tan
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony Boey
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Liggins
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Jaquith
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Papp
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,viDA Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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76
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Rogers OC, Anthony L, Rosen DM, Brennen WN, Denmeade SR. PSA-selective activation of cytotoxic human serine proteases within the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic strategy to target prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22436-22450. [PMID: 29854290 PMCID: PMC5976476 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. While localized therapy is highly curative, treatments for metastatic prostate cancer are largely palliative. Thus, new innovative therapies are needed to target metastatic tumors. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a chymotrypsin-like protease with a unique substrate specificity that is secreted by both normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of high levels (μM-mM) of enzymatically active PSA is present in the extracellular fluid of the prostate cancer microenvironment. Because of this, PSA is an attractive target for a protease activated pro-toxin therapeutic strategy. Because prostate cancers typically grow very slowly, a strategy employing a proliferation-independent cytotoxic payload is preferred. Recently, it was shown that the human protease Granzyme B (GZMB), at low micromolar concentrations in the extracellular space, can cleave an array of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins thus perturbing cell growth, signaling, motility, and integrity. It is also well established that other human proteases such as trypsin can induce similar effects. Because both enzymes require N-terminal proteolytic activation, we propose to convert these proteins into PSA-activated cytotoxins. In this study, we examine the enzymatic and cell targeting parameters of these PSA-activated cytotoxic serine proteases. These pro-enzymes were activated robustly by PSA and induced ECM damage that led to the death of prostate cancer cells in vitro thus supporting the potential use of this strategy as means to target metastatic prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Rogers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lizamma Anthony
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Marc Rosen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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77
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Al Nimer F, Jelcic I, Kempf C, Pieper T, Budka H, Sospedra M, Martin R. Phenotypic and functional complexity of brain-infiltrating T cells in Rasmussen encephalitis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 5:e419. [PMID: 29259996 PMCID: PMC5733246 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the brain-infiltrating immune cell repertoire in Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) with special focus on the subsets, clonality, and their cytokine profile. Methods: The immune cell infiltrate of freshly isolated brain tissue from RE was phenotypically and functionally characterized using immunohistology, flow cytometry, and T-cell receptor (TCR) deep sequencing. Identification of clonally expanded T-cell clones (TCCs) was achieved by combining flow cytometry sorting of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and high-throughput TCR Vβ-chain sequencing. The most abundant brain-infiltrating TCCs were isolated and functionally characterized. Results: We found that CD4+, CD8+, and also γδ T cells infiltrate the brain tissue in RE. Further analysis surprisingly revealed that not only brain-infiltrating CD8+ but also CD4+ T cells are clonally expanded in RE. All 3 subsets exhibited a Tc1/Th1 phenotype characterized by the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF. Broad cytokine profiling at the clonal level showed strong production of IFN-γ and TNF and also secretion of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and granzyme B, both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions: CD8+ T cells were until now considered the central players in the immunopathogenesis of RE. Our study adds to previous findings and highlights that CD4+ TCCs and γδ T cells that secrete IFN-γ and TNF are also involved. These findings underline the complexity of T-cell immunity in RE and suggest a specific role for CD4+ T cells in orchestrating the CD8+ T-cell effector immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kempf
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Pieper
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Budka
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section (F.A.N., I.J., C.K., M.S., R.M.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation (T.P.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Germany; and Institute of Neuropathology (H.B.), University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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78
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Kok HM, van den Hoogen LL, van Roon JAG, Adriaansen EJM, Fritsch-Stork RDE, Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R, Radstake TRDJ, Bovenschen N. Systemic and local granzyme B levels are associated with disease activity, kidney damage and interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:2129-2134. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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79
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Sanad EF, Hamdy NM, El-Etriby AK, Sebak SA, El-Mesallamy HO. Peripheral leucocytes and tissue gene expression of granzyme B/perforin system and serpinB9: Impact on inflammation and insulin resistance in coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 131:132-141. [PMID: 28743062 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The imbalance between proapoptotic granzyme B (GZB)/perforin (PRF) system and proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9; serpinB9); the only known inhibitor of human GZB, has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis. However, their role in atherosclerosis with the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as their contribution to hallmarks of atherosclerosis is not clear. SUBJECTS AND METHODS ELISA for serum insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and GZB levels in atherosclerotic coronary artery diseases (CAD) patients were estimated in comparison to apparently healthy controls, while GZB, PRF and PI-9 mRNA expression levels were quantified by Taqman RT-PCR in both peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic tissues. RESULTS Atherosclerotic patients showed significantly higher insulin, hsCRP and GZB levels than controls. There was a significant increase in GZB mRNA expression and significant reduction in PI-9 mRNA in both patient peripheral leucocytes and atherosclerotic lesions, while PRF mRNA increased significantly only in atherosclerotic tissues. PI-9 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients with diabetes than patients without diabetes. In contrast to positive modulating effect of GZB, regression analysis revealed negative modulating effect of PI-9 on inflammation and insulin resistance. Circulating PI-9 mRNA was inversely contributed to CAD severity. CONCLUSIONS GZB and PI-9 could be effective modulators for inflammation and insulin resistance in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Sanad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel K El-Etriby
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samer A Sebak
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Kobry El-Kobba Military Hospital, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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80
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Wroblewski M, Bauer R, Cubas Córdova M, Udonta F, Ben-Batalla I, Legler K, Hauser C, Egberts J, Janning M, Velthaus J, Schulze C, Pantel K, Bokemeyer C, Loges S. Mast cells decrease efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy by secreting matrix-degrading granzyme B. Nat Commun 2017; 8:269. [PMID: 28814715 PMCID: PMC5559596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance towards VEGF-centered anti-angiogenic therapy still represents a substantial clinical challenge. We report here that mast cells alter the proliferative and organizational state of endothelial cells which reduces the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy. Consequently, absence of mast cells sensitizes tumor vessels for anti-angiogenic therapy in different tumor models. Mechanistically, anti-angiogenic therapy only initially reduces tumor vessel proliferation, however, this treatment effect was abrogated over time as a result of mast cell-mediated restimulation of angiogenesis. We show that mast cells secrete increased amounts of granzyme b upon therapy, which mobilizes pro-angiogenic laminin- and vitronectin-bound FGF-1 and GM-CSF from the tumor matrix. In addition, mast cells also diminish efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy by secretion of FGF-2. These pro-angiogenic factors act beside the targeted VEGFA–VEGFR2-axis and reinduce endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis despite the presence of anti-angiogenic therapy. Importantly, inhibition of mast cell degranulation with cromolyn is able to improve efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy. Thus, concomitant mast cell-targeting might lead to improved efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy. Resistance towards VEGF-centered anti-angiogenic therapy is an important clinical challenge. Here, the authors show that mast cells mediate resistance to anti-angiogenetic inhibitors by altering the proliferative and organizational state of endothelial cells through mobilization of FGF-1 and GM-CSF from the tumor matrix and secretion of FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wroblewski
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Bauer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Cubas Córdova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Udonta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Ben-Batalla
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 25105, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Hauser
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 25105, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Egberts
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 25105, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Janning
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Velthaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schulze
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Pantel
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Bokemeyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Loges
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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81
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Cooner M, Mann A, Tighe B. The nature and consequence of vitronectin interaction in the non-compromised contact lens wearing eye. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 40:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Merkulova Y, Shen Y, Parkinson LG, Raithatha SA, Zhao H, Westendorf K, Sharma M, Bleackley RC, Granville DJ. Granzyme B inhibits keratinocyte migration by disrupting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling. Biol Chem 2017; 397:883-95. [PMID: 27060743 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds including diabetic, venous, and decubitus skin ulcers are currently lacking effective therapies. Non-healing diabetic ulcers can lead to amputations as progress into a highly chronic state before detection and existing treatments for these wounds often fail. Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease that was, until recently, believed to function exclusively in cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. However, during excessive or chronic inflammation, GzmB can accumulate in the extracellular milieu, retain its activity, and cleave a number of important extracellular proteins. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor involved in cellular processes such as proliferation and migration. EGFR signaling is integral to the wound healing process. The present study investigated the effects of GzmB on keratinocyte cell migration using HaCaT cell line. Using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing and scratch assays, the present study demonstrates that GzmB inhibits keratinocyte migration by interfering with the EGFR pathway. GzmB limited cell transition into a migratory morphology and was found to reduce ligand-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Inhibition of GzmB reversed the aforementioned effects. In summary, data from the present study suggest key role for GzmB in the pathogenesis of impaired wound healing through the impairment of EGFR signaling and cell migration.
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Arias M, Martínez-Lostao L, Santiago L, Ferrandez A, Granville DJ, Pardo J. The Untold Story of Granzymes in Oncoimmunology: Novel Opportunities with Old Acquaintances. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:407-422. [PMID: 28718416 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years perforin and granzymes (GZMs) have been recognized as key cell death executors of cytotoxic T (Tc) and natural killer (NK) cells during cancer immunosurveillance. In immune surveillance, perforin and GZMB, the most potent cytotoxic molecules, act mainly as antitumoral and anti-infectious factors. However, when expressed by immune regulatory cells they may contribute to immune evasion of specific cancer types. By contrast, the other major granzyme, GZMA, seems not to play a major role in Tc/NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that might contribute to cancer development. Members of the GZM family also regulate other biological processes unrelated to cell death, such as angiogenesis, vascular integrity, extracellular matrix remodeling, and barrier function, all of which contribute to cancer initiation and progression. Thus, a new paradigm is emerging in the field of oncoimmunology. Can GZMs act as protumoral factors under some circumstances? We review the diverse roles of GZMs in cancer progression, and new therapeutic opportunities emerging from targeting these protumoral roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Arias
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Ferrandez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.
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84
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Xiong Y, Brinkman CC, Famulski KS, Mongodin EF, Lord CJ, Hippen KL, Blazar BR, Bromberg JS. A robust in vitro model for trans-lymphatic endothelial migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1633. [PMID: 28487567 PMCID: PMC5431648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-endothelial migration (TEM) is essential for leukocyte circulation. While much is known about trans-blood endothelial migration, far less is known about trans-lymphatic endothelial migration. We established an in vitro system to evaluate lymphatic TEM for various cell types across primary mouse and human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), and validated the model for the murine LEC cell line SVEC4-10. T cells exhibited enhanced unidirectional migration from the basal (abluminal) to the apical (luminal) surface across LEC, whereas for blood endothelial cells (BEC) they migrated similarly in both directions. This preferential, vectorial migration was chemotactic toward many different chemoattractants and dose-dependent. Stromal protein fibers, interstitial type fluid flow, distribution of chemokines in the stromal layer, and inflammatory cytokines influenced LEC phenotype and leukocyte TEM. Activated and memory CD4 T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cell (DC) showed chemoattractantΔdriven vectorial migration, while CD8 T cell migration across LEC was not. The system was further validated for studying cancer cell transmigration across lymphatic endothelium. This model for lymphatic TEM for various migrating and endothelial cell types possesses the capacity to be high-throughput, highly reproducible and integrate the complexities of lymphatic biology, stromal variability, chemoattractant distribution, and fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Konrad S Famulski
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Colin J Lord
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Keli L Hippen
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
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85
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Kumar AA, Delgado AG, Piazuelo MB, Van Kaer L, Olivares-Villagómez D. Innate CD8αα + lymphocytes enhance anti-CD40 antibody-mediated colitis in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:109-123. [PMID: 28474503 PMCID: PMC5418141 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Immune responses in the intestines require tight regulation to avoid uncontrolled inflammation. We previously described an innate lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium (referred to as innate CD8αα+, or iCD8α cells) that can protect against gastrointestinal infections such as those mediated by Citrobacter rodentium. Methods Here, we have evaluated the potential contribution of these cells to intestinal inflammation by analyzing inflammation development in mice with decreased numbers of iCD8α cells. We also determined the potential of iCD8α cells to secrete granzymes and their potential role during inflammatory processes. Results We found that iCD8α cells play a pro‐inflammatory role in the development of disease in a colitis model induced by anti‐CD40 antibodies. We further found that the effects of iCD8α cells correlated with their capacity to secrete granzymes. We also observed that the pro‐inflammatory properties of iCD8α cells were controlled by interactions of CD8αα homodimers on these cells with the thymus leukemia antigen expressed by intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that iCD8α cells modulate inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium, and that dysregulation of iCD8α cells effector functions may enhance disease. We propose that one of the mechanism by which iCD8α cells enhance inflammation is by the secretion of granzymes, which may promote recruitment of infiltrating cells into the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaram A Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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86
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Vitreous Substitutes: Old and New Materials in Vitreoretinal Surgery. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3172138. [PMID: 28785482 PMCID: PMC5530429 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3172138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in vitreoretinal surgery have increased the need for suitable vitreous substitutes. A successful substitute should maintain all the physical and biochemical properties of the original vitreous, be easy to manipulate, and be long lasting. Substitutes can be gaseous or liquid, both of which have associated advantages and disadvantages related to their physical properties and use. Furthermore, new surgical techniques with smaller vitreoretinal instruments have driven the use of more viscous substitutes. In this review, we analyze and discuss the most frequently used vitreous substitutes and look ahead to future alternatives. We classify these compounds based on their composition and structure, discuss their clinical use with respect to their associated advantages and disadvantages, and analyze how new vitreoretinal surgical techniques have modified their use.
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87
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De Lorenzi V, Sarra Ferraris GM, Madsen JB, Lupia M, Andreasen PA, Sidenius N. Urokinase links plasminogen activation and cell adhesion by cleavage of the RGD motif in vitronectin. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:982-98. [PMID: 27189837 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of the plasminogen activation system including urokinase (uPA), its inhibitor (PAI-1) and its cell surface receptor (uPAR) have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes related to tissue homoeostasis. Firstly, the binding of uPA to uPAR favours extracellular proteolysis by enhancing cell surface plasminogen activation. Secondly, it promotes cell adhesion and signalling through binding of the provisional matrix protein vitronectin. We now report that uPA and plasmin induces a potent negative feedback on cell adhesion through specific cleavage of the RGD motif in vitronectin. Cleavage of vitronectin by uPA displays a remarkable receptor dependence and requires concomitant binding of both uPA and vitronectin to uPAR Moreover, we show that PAI-1 counteracts the negative feedback and behaves as a proteolysis-triggered stabilizer of uPAR-mediated cell adhesion to vitronectin. These findings identify a novel and highly specific function for the plasminogen activation system in the regulation of cell adhesion to vitronectin. The cleavage of vitronectin by uPA and plasmin results in the release of N-terminal vitronectin fragments that can be detected in vivo, underscoring the potential physiological relevance of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Lorenzi
- Unit of Cell Matrix Signalling, IFOM The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jeppe B Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michela Lupia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter A Andreasen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Sidenius
- Unit of Cell Matrix Signalling, IFOM The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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88
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Shen Y, Cheng F, Sharma M, Merkulova Y, Raithatha SA, Parkinson LG, Zhao H, Westendorf K, Bohunek L, Bozin T, Hsu I, Ang LS, Williams SJ, Bleackley RC, Eriksson JE, Seidman MA, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Granzyme B Deficiency Protects against Angiotensin II–Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26035-54. [PMID: 26528972 PMCID: PMC4661802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly-regulated, active process of cell death involved in development, homeostasis and aging. Dysregulation of apoptosis leads to pathological states, such as cancer, developmental anomalies and degenerative diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common chronic joint disease in the elderly population, is characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage, resulting in significant disability. Because articular cartilage depends solely on its resident cells, the chondrocytes, for the maintenance of extracellular matrix, the compromising of chondrocyte function and survival would lead to the failure of the articular cartilage. The role of subchondral bone in the maintenance of proper cartilage matrix has been suggested as well, and it has been proposed that both articular cartilage and subchondral bone interact with each other in the maintenance of articular integrity and physiology. Some investigators include both articular cartilage and subchondral bone as targets for repairing joint degeneration. In late-stage OA, the cartilage becomes hypocellular, often accompanied by lacunar emptying, which has been considered as evidence that chondrocyte death is a central feature in OA progression. Apoptosis clearly occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage; however, the relative contribution of chondrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of OA is difficult to evaluate, and contradictory reports exist on the rate of apoptotic chondrocytes in osteoarthritic cartilage. It is not clear whether chondrocyte apoptosis is the inducer of cartilage degeneration or a byproduct of cartilage destruction. Chondrocyte death and matrix loss may form a vicious cycle, with the progression of one aggravating the other, and the literature reveals that there is a definite correlation between the degree of cartilage damage and chondrocyte apoptosis. Because current treatments for OA act only on symptoms and do not prevent or cure OA, chondrocyte apoptosis would be a valid target to modulate cartilage degeneration.
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90
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Granzyme B mediated function of Parvovirus B19-specific CD4(+) T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e39. [PMID: 26246896 PMCID: PMC4524951 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel conception of CD4(+) T cells with cytolytic potential (CD4(+) CTL) is emerging. These cells appear to have a part in controlling malignancies and chronic infections. Human parvovirus B19 can cause a persistent infection, yet no data exist on the presence of B19-specific CD4(+) CTLs. Such cells could have a role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune disorders reported to be associated with B19. We explored the cytolytic potential of human parvovirus B19-specific T cells by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) with recombinant B19-VP2 virus-like particles. The cytolytic potential was determined by enzyme immunoassay-based quantitation of granzyme B (GrB) and perforin from the tissue culture supernatants, by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and by detecting direct cytotoxicity. GrB and perforin responses with the B19 antigen were readily detectable in B19-seropositive individuals. T-cell depletion, HLA blocking and ICS experiments showed GrB and perforin to be secreted by CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells with strong GrB responses were found to exhibit direct cytotoxicity. As anticipated, ICS of B19-specific CD4(+) T cells showed expected co-expression of GrB, perforin and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Unexpectedly, also a strong co-expression of GrB and interleukin 17 (IL-17) was detected. These cells expressed natural killer (NK) cell surface marker CD56, together with the CD4 surface marker. To our knowledge, this is the first report on virus-specific CD4(+) CTLs co-expressing CD56 antigen. Our results suggest a role for CD4(+) CTL in B19 immunity. Such cells could function within both immune regulation and triggering of autoimmune phenomena such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis.
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91
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B cell-derived circulating granzyme B is a feature of acute infectious mononucleosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e38. [PMID: 26191409 PMCID: PMC4491623 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease best known for inducing target cell apoptosis when released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or natural killer cells with pore-forming perforin. As a result, GzmB detected in the serum of virus-infected individuals has typically been attributed to these sources. Here, we show that patients with recently diagnosed infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have high circulating levels of GzmB that may be derived from infected B cells early in course of disease. We recently reported that human B cells from healthy donors secrete active GzmB when stimulated in vitro through B-cell receptor (BCR) ligation and interleukin (IL)-21. We found that infecting B cells with EBV greatly amplified GzmB secretion in response to the same stimuli, but the expression was terminated once the infection had become latent. Our results represent a rare instance of GzmB expression by non-CTL/natural killer cells in the context of infection with a human pathogen.
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92
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Wensink AC, Hack CE, Bovenschen N. Granzymes regulate proinflammatory cytokine responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:491-7. [PMID: 25556251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes (Grs) are serine proteases mainly produced by cytotoxic lymphocytes and are traditionally considered to cause apoptosis in tumor cells and virally infected cells. However, the cytotoxicity of several Grs is currently being debated, and additional, predominantly extracellular, functions of Grs in inflammation are emerging. Extracellular soluble Grs are elevated in the circulation of patients with autoimmune diseases and infections. Additionally, Grs are expressed by several types of immune cells other than cytotoxic lymphocytes. Recent research has revealed novel immunomodulatory functions of Grs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the role of Grs in inflammation, highlighting their role in cytokine induction and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Wensink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Superantigenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis induces the expression of granzymes and perforin by CD4+ T cells. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2053-64. [PMID: 25754199 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02339-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superantigens (SAgs) are immunostimulatory toxins that induce acute diseases mainly through the massive release of inflammatory cytokines. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is the only Gram-negative bacterium known to produce a SAg (Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen [YPM]). This SAg binds major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T cell receptors (TcR) bearing the variable region Vβ3, Vβ9, Vβ13.1, or Vβ13.2 (in humans) and Vβ7 or Vβ8 (in mice). We have previously shown that YPM exacerbates the virulence of Y. pseudotuberculosis in mice. With a view to understanding the mechanism of YPM's toxicity, we compared the immune response in BALB/c mice infected with a YPM-producing Y. pseudotuberculosis or the corresponding isogenic, SAg-deficient mutant. Five days after infection, we observed strong CD4(+) Vβ7(+) T cell expansion and marked interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in mice inoculated with SAg-producing Y. pseudotuberculosis. These phenomena were correlated with the activation of ypm gene transcription in liver and spleen. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that the presence of YPM also increased expression of granzyme and perforin genes in the host's liver and spleen. This expression was attributed to a CD4(+) T cell subset, rather than to natural killer T (NKT) cells that display a TcR with a Vβ region that is potentially recognized by YPM. Increased production of cytotoxic molecules was correlated with hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. Our results demonstrate that YPM activates a potentially hepatotoxic CD4(+) T cell population.
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Bhela S, Kempsell C, Manohar M, Dominguez-Villar M, Griffin R, Bhatt P, Kivisakk-Webb P, Fuhlbrigge R, Kupper T, Weiner H, Baecher-Allan C. Nonapoptotic and extracellular activity of granzyme B mediates resistance to regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression by HLA-DR-CD25hiCD127lo Tregs in multiple sclerosis and in response to IL-6. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2180-9. [PMID: 25637022 PMCID: PMC4428169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune patients, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increasingly found to be unable to suppress patient-derived T cells, an outcome referred to as Treg resistance. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis resist suppression by patient-derived or healthy donor-derived ex vivo Tregs. Importantly, we report that granzyme B (GzmB) contributes to this Treg resistance via a novel, apoptosis-independent mechanism. We show that memory CD4(+)CD127(lo)FOXP3(+) Treg subsets do not express GzmB, whereas activated, nonregulatory CD4 T cells isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis express higher levels of GzmB than do cells from healthy donors. In contrast to the intracellular GzmB that mediates apoptosis, GzmB can be found in extracellular fluids where it is hypothesized to regulate other cellular processes. In this study, we show that providing extracellular GzmB strongly inhibits Treg suppression, without altering Treg viability. However, when GzmB and GzmB-specific inhibitor are both provided to the cocultures, Treg suppression occurs. Thus, these data suggest that a novel activity of extracellular GzmB is to regulate Treg suppression. Additionally, we find that the suppression-abrogating cytokine IL-6 augments GzmB expression by human CD4 T cells, and it inhibits Treg suppression via this nonapoptotic GzmB-mediated mechanism. Lastly, in examining the mechanism whereby GzmB inhibits Treg function, we show that extracellular GzmB reduces Treg expression of CD39 and programmed death ligand 1. Collectively, these data indicate that extracellular GzmB plays an unexpected, nonapoptotic role in regulating Treg suppression and suggest that inactivation of specifically the extracellular activity of GzmB may be an efficacious therapeutic in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshvar Bhela
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Christine Kempsell
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Margarita Dominguez-Villar
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Russell Griffin
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pooja Bhatt
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pia Kivisakk-Webb
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Robert Fuhlbrigge
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Howard Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Parkinson LG, Toro A, Zhao H, Brown K, Tebbutt SJ, Granville DJ. Granzyme B mediates both direct and indirect cleavage of extracellular matrix in skin after chronic low-dose ultraviolet light irradiation. Aging Cell 2015; 14:67-77. [PMID: 25495009 PMCID: PMC4326907 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases that can lead to a loss of function, aging, and disease progression. Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation from the sun is widely considered as the major cause of visible human skin aging, causing increased inflammation and enhanced ECM degradation. Granzyme B (GzmB), a serine protease that is expressed by a variety of cells, accumulates in the extracellular milieu during chronic inflammation and cleaves a number of ECM proteins. We hypothesized that GzmB contributes to ECM degradation in the skin after UV irradiation through both direct cleavage of ECM proteins and indirectly through the induction of other proteinases. Wild-type and GzmB-knockout mice were repeatedly exposed to minimal erythemal doses of solar-simulated UV irradiation for 20 weeks. GzmB expression was significantly increased in wild-type treated skin compared to nonirradiated controls, colocalizing to keratinocytes and to an increased mast cell population. GzmB deficiency significantly protected against the formation of wrinkles and the loss of dermal collagen density, which was related to the cleavage of decorin, an abundant proteoglycan involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and integrity. GzmB also cleaved fibronectin, and GzmB-mediated fibronectin fragments increased the expression of collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in fibroblasts. Collectively, these findings indicate a significant role for GzmB in ECM degradation that may have implications in many age-related chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh G. Parkinson
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ana Toro
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Keddie Brown
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Scott J. Tebbutt
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Medicine Division of Respiratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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96
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Woodward Davis AS, Bergsbaken T, Delaney MA, Bevan MJ. Dermal-resident versus recruited γδ T cell response to cutaneous vaccinia virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2260-7. [PMID: 25609844 PMCID: PMC4340759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of T cell immunity at barrier surfaces has largely focused on T cells bearing the αβ TCR. However, T cells that express the γδ TCR are disproportionately represented in peripheral tissues of mice and humans, suggesting they too may play an important role responding to external stimuli. In this article, we report that, in a murine model of cutaneous infection with vaccinia virus, dermal γδ T cell numbers increased 10-fold in the infected ear and resulted in a novel γδ T cell population not found in naive skin. Circulating γδ T cells were specifically recruited to the site of inflammation and differentially contributed to dermal populations based on their CD27 expression. Recruited γδ T cells, the majority of which were CD27(+), were granzyme B(+) and made up about half of the dermal population at the peak of the response. In contrast, recruited and resident γδ T cell populations that made IL-17 were CD27(-). Using a double-chimera model that can discriminate between the resident dermal and recruited γδ T cell populations, we demonstrated their divergent functions and contributions to early stages of tissue inflammation. Specifically, the loss of the perinatal thymus-derived resident dermal population resulted in decreased cellularity and collateral damage in the tissue during viral infection. These findings have important implications for our understanding of immune coordination at barrier surfaces and the contribution of innate-like lymphocytes on the front lines of immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael J Bevan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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97
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von Rossum A, Laher I, Choy JC. Immune-mediated vascular injury and dysfunction in transplant arteriosclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:684. [PMID: 25628623 PMCID: PMC4290675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage organ failure but this life-saving procedure is limited by immune-mediated rejection of most grafts. Blood vessels within transplanted organs are targeted by the immune system and the resultant vascular damage is a main contributor to acute and chronic graft failure. The vasculature is a unique tissue with specific immunological properties. This review discusses the interactions of the immune system with blood vessels in transplanted organs and how these interactions lead to the development of transplant arteriosclerosis, a leading cause of heart transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC , Canada
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98
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Marcet-Palacios M, Ewen C, Pittman E, Duggan B, Carmine-Simmen K, Fahlman RP, Bleackley RC. Design and characterization of a novel human Granzyme B inhibitor. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 28:9-17. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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99
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Perišić Nanut M, Sabotič J, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins as regulators of the cytotoxicity of NK and T cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:616. [PMID: 25520721 PMCID: PMC4251435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved at different levels in the processes of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Some, such as cathepsins B, L, and H are expressed constitutively in most immune cells. In cells of innate immunity they play a role in cell adhesion and phagocytosis. Other cysteine cathepsins are expressed more specifically. Cathepsin X promotes dendritic cell maturation, adhesion of macrophages, and migration of T cells. Cathepsin S is implicated in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation, whereas cathepsin C, expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, is involved in processing pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms, which trigger cell death in their target cells. The activity of cysteine cathepsins is controlled by endogenous cystatins, cysteine protease inhibitors. Of these, cystatin F is the only cystatin that is localized in endosomal/lysosomal vesicles. After proteolytic removal of its N-terminal peptide, cystatin F becomes a potent inhibitor of cathepsin C with the potential to regulate pro-granzyme processing and cell cytotoxicity. This review is focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in the molecular mechanisms leading to the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and NK cells in order to address new possibilities for regulation of their function in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
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100
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Vahedi F, Fraleigh N, Vlasschaert C, McElhaney J, Hanifi-Moghaddam P. Human granzymes: Related but far apart. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:688-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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