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Watkinson JI, Bowerman PA, Crosby KC, Hildreth SB, Helm RF, Winkel BSJ. Identification of MOS9 as an interaction partner for chalcone synthase in the nucleus. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5598. [PMID: 30258711 PMCID: PMC6151112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoid metabolism has served as a platform for understanding a range of fundamental biological phenomena, including providing some of the early insights into the subcellular organization of metabolism. Evidence assembled over the past three decades points to the organization of the component enzymes as a membrane-associated complex centered on the entry-point enzyme, chalcone synthase (CHS), with flux into branch pathways controlled by competitive protein interactions. Flavonoid enzymes have also been found in the nucleus in a variety of plant species, raising the possibility of alternative, or moonlighting functions for these proteins in this compartment. Here, we present evidence that CHS interacts with MOS9, a nuclear-localized protein that has been linked to epigenetic control of R genes that mediate effector-triggered immunity. Overexpression of MOS9 results in a reduction of CHS transcript levels and a metabolite profile that substantially intersects with the effects of a null mutation in CHS. These results suggest that the MOS9-CHS interaction may point to a previously-unknown mechanism for controlling the expression of the highly dynamic flavonoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Watkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Peter A Bowerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kevin C Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sherry B Hildreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brenda S J Winkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Teplova VV, Isakova EP, Klein OI, Dergachova DI, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. Natural Polyphenols: Biological Activity, Pharmacological Potential, Means of Metabolic Engineering (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Csepregi K, Hideg É. Phenolic Compound Diversity Explored in the Context of Photo-Oxidative Stress Protection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:129-136. [PMID: 28895264 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenolic compounds are a chemically diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with important roles both in plant stress defence and human nutrition. OBJECTIVE To explore structure-function relations potentiating phenolic compounds to promote leaf acclimation to light stress by excess photosynthetically active radiation (photoinhibition) and by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODOLOGY We report singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant capacities and UV-absorbing properties of 27 flavonoids and 11 phenolic acids. Correlations of these characteristics in the whole data set and related activity-structure relationships in flavonoid data were investigated using simple statistical methods. RESULTS In comparison to flavonoids, phenolic acids are relatively ineffective reactive oxygen neutralising antioxidants; and - with the exception of gallic acid - have poor reactivity to hydrogen peroxide. Singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide detoxifying capacities of flavonoids are positively correlated, largely due to the strong positive effect of the hydroxylation of the C-ring in position-3. 3-O-Glycosylation halves reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactivities of quercetin and myricetin but eradicates the hydrogen peroxide reactivity of kaemferol. B-ring polyhydroxylation (cathecol structure) increases the hydrogen peroxide antioxidant function but decreases UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption. UV-A (315-400 nm) absorption is increased by the B-ring C2-C3 double bond either in itself or in combination with the C4 oxo-group. CONCLUSION Among the studied compounds, anthocyanins and flavonols were the strongest singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide scavengers, and are thus capable of supporting defence against both photoinhibition by visible light and UV stress in leaves, while flavanols may only be effective against the latter. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Patil VM, Masand N. Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biological Activities, and Future Perspectives. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64179-3.00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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55
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Cheng AX, Zhang X, Han XJ, Zhang YY, Gao S, Liu CJ, Lou HX. Identification of chalcone isomerase in the basal land plants reveals an ancient evolution of enzymatic cyclization activity for synthesis of flavonoids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:909-924. [PMID: 29083033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids ubiquitously distribute to the terrestrial plants and chalcone isomerase (CHI)-catalyzed intramolecular and stereospecific cyclization of chalcones is a committed step in the production of flavonoids. However, so far the bona fide CHIs are found only in vascular plants, and their origin and evolution remains elusive. We conducted transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence search, subsequent phylogenetic analysis, and detailed biochemical and genetic characterization to explore the potential existence of CHI proteins in the basal bryophyte liverwort species and the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. We found that both liverwort and Selaginella species possess canonical CHI-fold proteins that cluster with their corresponding higher plant counterparts. Among them, some members exhibited bona fide CHI activity, which catalyze stereospecific cyclization of both 6'-hydroxychalcone and 6'-deoxychalcone, yielding corresponding 5-hydroxy and 5-deoxyflavanones, resembling the typical type II CHIs currently known to be 'specific' for legume plants. Expressing those primitive bona fide CHIs in the Arabidopsis chi mutant restores the seed coat transparent testa phenotype and the accumulation of flavonoids. These findings, in contrast to our current understanding of the evolution of enzymatic CHIs, suggest that emergence of the bona fide type II CHIs is an ancient evolution event that occurred before the divergence of liverwort lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
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Sepiol CJ, Yu J, Dhaubhadel S. Genome-Wide Identification of Chalcone Reductase Gene Family in Soybean: Insight into Root-Specific GmCHRs and Phytophthora sojae Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2073. [PMID: 29270182 PMCID: PMC5725808 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) is one of the main grain legumes worldwide. Soybean farmers lose billions of dollars' worth of yield annually due to root and stem rot disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Many strategies have been developed to combat the disease, however, these methods have proven ineffective in the long term. A more cost effective and durable approach is to select a trait naturally found in soybean that can increase resistance. One such trait is the increased production of phytoalexin glyceollins in soybean. Glyceollins are isoflavonoids, synthesized via the legume-specific branch of general phenylpropanoid pathway. The first key enzyme exclusively involved in glyceollin synthesis is chalcone reductase (CHR) which coacts with chalcone synthase for the production of isoliquiritigenin, the precursor for glyceollin biosynthesis. Here we report the identification of 14 putative CHR genes in soybean where 11 of them are predicted to be functional. Our results show that GmCHRs display tissue-specific gene expression, and that only root-specific GmCHRs are induced upon P. sojae infection. Among 4 root-specific GmCHRs, GmCHR2A is located near a QTL that is linked to P. sojae resistance suggesting GmCHR2A as a novel locus for partial resistance that can be utilized for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Sepiol
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jaeju Yu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Chen CH, Xu H, Liu XH, Zou LS, Wang M, Liu ZX, Fu XS, Zhao H, Yan Y. Site-specific accumulation and dynamic change of flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:1315-1322. [PMID: 28861922 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific accumulation of flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium was determined by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and the localization of catechins also was observed via vanillin-HCl staining under the conventional optical microscope. The contents of five flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium from different harvest times and growth parts were measured using HPLC method. LSCM observation showed that flavonoids are accumulated in cuticle of epidermal cells and vessel walls, especially in protoplasts and nucleolus of the collenchyma cells and the epidermal cells. Catechins are localized in the palisade parenchyma cells and vessel walls, particularly in the laticifers found in the phloem. On the basis of the difference of the maximal emission wavelength between quercetin and kaempferol derivatives which have fluorescence behavior by appropriate treatment, kaempferol and its derivatives are localized exclusively in the cuticle. Results showed that the content of astragalin in Apocyni Veneti Folium from different parts revealed the decreasing trend, while hyperin and isoquercitrin were higher in June and July analyzed by HPLC. In summary, the site-specific accumulation of flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium can be determined by LSCM and vanillin-HCl staining. The contents of flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium are correlated with harvest times and growth parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hu Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xun-Hong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Si Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zi-Xiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
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González-Villagra J, Kurepin LV, Reyes-Díaz MM. Evaluating the involvement and interaction of abscisic acid and miRNA156 in the induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in drought-stressed plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:299-312. [PMID: 28534253 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ABA is involved in anthocyanin synthesis through the regulation of microRNA156, augmenting the level of expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes and, therefore, increasing anthocyanin level. Drought stress is the main cause of agricultural crop loss in the world. However, plants have developed mechanisms that allow them to tolerate drought stress conditions. At cellular level, drought stress induces changes in metabolite accumulation, including increases in anthocyanin levels due to upregulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Recent studies suggest that the higher anthocyanin content observed under drought stress conditions could be a consequence of a rise in the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. This plant hormone crosses the plasma membrane by specific transporters, and it is recognized at the cytosolic level by receptors known as pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/regulatory component of ABA receptors (PYR/RCARs) that regulate downstream components. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis regarding the involvement of ABA in the regulation of microRNA156 (miRNA156), which is upregulated as part of dehydration stress responsiveness in different species. The miRNA156 upregulation produces a greater level of anthocyanin gene expression, forming the multienzyme complex that will synthesize an increased level of anthocyanins at the cytosolic face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). After synthesis, anthocyanins are transported from the RER to the vacuole by two possible models of transport: (1) membrane vesicle-mediated transport, or (2) membrane transporter-mediated transport. Thus, the aim was to analyze the recent findings on synthesis, transport and the possible mechanism by which ABA could increase anthocyanin synthesis under drought stress conditions potentially throughout microRNA156 (miRNA156).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Villagra
- Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonid V Kurepin
- Department of Biology and The Biotron Centre for Experimental Climate Change Research, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Marjorie M Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
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Park YJ, Lee HJ, Ha JH, Kim JY, Park CM. COP1 conveys warm temperature information to hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:269-280. [PMID: 28418582 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their architecture to optimize growth and reproductive success under changing climates. Hypocotyl elongation is a pivotal morphogenic trait that is profoundly influenced by light and temperature conditions. While hypocotyl photomorphogenesis has been well characterized at the molecular level, molecular mechanisms underlying hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) conveys warm temperature signals to hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis. To investigate the roles of COP1 and its target ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) during hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis, we employed Arabidopsis mutants that are defective in their genes. Transgenic plants overexpressing the genes were also produced. We examined hypocotyl growth and thermoresponsive turnover rate of HY5 protein at warm temperatures under both light and dark conditions. Elevated temperatures trigger the nuclear import of COP1, thereby alleviating the suppression of hypocotyl growth by HY5. While the thermal induction of hypocotyl growth is circadian-gated, the degradation of HY5 by COP1 is uncoupled from light responses and timing information. We propose that thermal activation of COP1 enables coincidence between warm temperature signaling and circadian rhythms, which allows plants to gate hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis at the most profitable time at warm temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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Kim JH, Lee HJ, Jung JH, Lee S, Park CM. HOS1 Facilitates the Phytochrome B-Mediated Inhibition of PIF4 Function during Hypocotyl Growth in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:274-284. [PMID: 27890635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon exposure to light, developing seedlings undergo photomorphogenesis, as illustrated by inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon opening, and leaf greening. During hypocotyl photomorphogenesis, light signals are sensed by multiple photoreceptors, among which the red/far-red light-sensing phytochromes have been extensively studied. However, it is not fully understood how the phytochromes modulate hypocotyl growth. Here, we demonstrated that HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1), which is known to either act as E3 ubiquitin ligase or affect chromatin organization, inhibits the transcriptional activation activity of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), a key transcription factor that promotes hypocotyl growth. Consistent with the negative regulatory role of HOS1 in hypocotyl growth, HOS1-defective mutants exhibited elongated hypocotyls in the light. Notably, phyB induces HOS1 activity in inhibiting PIF4 function. Taken together, these observations provide a molecular basis for the phyB-mediated suppression of hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Heon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jung
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Flavonoid Interaction with a Chitinase from Grape Berry Skin: Protein Identification and Modulation of the Enzymatic Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101300. [PMID: 27689984 PMCID: PMC6273270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an antibody raised against a peptide sequence of rat bilitranslocase (anti-peptide Ab) was tested on microsomal proteins obtained from red grape berry skin. Previously, this antibody had demonstrated to recognize plant membrane proteins associated with flavonoid binding and transport. Immuno-proteomic assays identified a number of proteins reacting with this particular antibody, suggesting that the flavonoid binding and interaction may be extended not only to carriers of these molecules, but also to enzymes with very different functions. One of these proteins is a pathogenesis-related (PR) class IV chitinase, whose in vitro chitinolytic activity was modulated by two of the most representative flavonoids of grape, quercetin and catechin, as assessed by both spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assays in grape microsomes and commercial enzyme preparations. The effect of these flavonoids on the catalysis and its kinetic parameters was also evaluated, evidencing that they determine a hormetic dose-dependent response. These results highlight the importance of flavonoids not only as antioxidants or antimicrobial effectors, but also as modulators of plant growth and stress response. Implications of the present suggestion are here discussed in the light of environment and pesticide-reduction concerns.
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Wang H, Wang W, Zhan J, Yan A, Sun L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ren J, Huang W, Xu H. The accumulation and localization of chalcone synthase in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:165-176. [PMID: 27161583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS, E.C.2.3.1.74) is the first committed enzyme in the flavonoid pathway. Previous studies have primarily focused on the cloning, expression and regulation of the gene at the transcriptional level. Little is yet known about the enzyme accumulation, regulation at protein level, as well as its localization in grapevine. In present study, the accumulation, tissue and subcellular localization of CHS in different grapevine tissues (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon) were investigated via the techniques of Western blotting, immunohistochemical localization, immunoelectron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The results showed that CHS were mainly accumulated in the grape berry skin, leaves, stem tips and stem phloem, correlated with flavonoids accumulation. The accumulation of CHS is developmental dependent in grape berry skin and flesh. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CHS were primarily localized in the exocarp and vascular bundles of the fruits during berry development; in palisade, spongy tissues and vascular bundles of the leaves; in the primary phloem and pith ray in the stems; in the growth point, leaf primordium, and young leaves of leaf buds; and in the endoderm and primary phloem of grapevine roots. Furthermore, at the subcellular level, the cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus localized patterns of CHS were observed in the grapevine vegetative tissue cells. Results above indicated that distribution of CHS in grapevine was organ-specific and tissue-specific. This work will provide new insight for the biosynthesis and regulation of diverse flavonoid compounds in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, The Institute of Forestry, The Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yi He Yuan Hou, Beijing 100091, China
| | - JiCheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ailing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiancheng Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Haiying Xu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
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Grootaert C, Gonzales GB, Vissenaekens H, Van de Wiele T, Raes K, Smagghe G, Van Camp J. Flow Cytometric Method for the Detection of Flavonoids in Cell Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:858-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057116653220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe an easy-to-use flow cytometric method using diphenylboric acid 2-amino ethyl ester (DPBA) stain for the detection of flavonoids in cells from human/animal origin. Flavonoid bioavailability and bioactivity depend on structure, conjugation and the cell type to which they are presented. We have studied cellular uptake of five flavonoids with different structures and conjugation forms. First, parameters including fixation method, technical and batch variability, and concentration were optimized. Second, uptake of two aglycones—quercetin and hesperetin—and their corresponding glycosides—rutin and hesperidin—in Caco-2 cells was compared. Third, the aglycone quercetin, glycoside rutin, and glucuronide baicalin were added to the Caco-2, HepG2, and CHO-K1 cell lines at 1, 10, and 20 µM concentrations and cellular uptake was measured after 1, 4, and 7 h. We conclude that quercetin was taken up by cells in a dose-dependent way, and that HepG2 cells had the highest uptake factors, followed by CHO-K1 and Caco-2 cells. Confocal microscopy showed cell type–dependent localization of quercetin in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. No uptake of flavonoid glycosides was detected. This flow cytometric method can be used for future research unravelling mechanisms behind flavonoid bioactivity in health and disease at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vissenaekens
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Tu Y, Liu F, Guo D, Fan L, Zhu Z, Xue Y, Gao Y, Guo M. Molecular characterization of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene and flavonoid accumulation in two chemotyped safflower lines in response to methyl jasmonate stimulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:132. [PMID: 27286810 PMCID: PMC4902928 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among secondary metabolites, flavonoids are particularly crucial for plant growth, development, and reproduction, as well as beneficial for maintenance of human health. As a flowering plant, safflower has synthesized a striking variety of flavonoids with various pharmacologic properties. However, far less research has been carried out on the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways that generate these amazing flavonoids, especially characterized quinochalcones. In this study, we first cloned and investigated the participation of a presumed flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H) from safflower (CtF3H) in a flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. RESULTS Bioinformation analysis showed that CtF3H shared high conserved residues and confidence with F3H from other plants. Subcellular localization uncovered the nuclear and cytosol localization of CtF3H in onion epidermal cells. The functional expressions of CtF3H in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells in the pMAL-C5x vector led to the production of dihydrokaempferol when naringenin was the substrate. Furthermore, the transcriptome expression of CtF3H showed a diametrically opposed expression pattern in a quinochalcone-type safflower line (with orange-yellow flowers) and a flavonol-type safflower line (with white flowers) under external stimulation by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which has been identified as an elicitor of flavonoid metabolites. Further metabolite analysis showed the increasing tendency of quinochalcones and flavonols, such as hydroxysafflor yellow A, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, rutin, carthamin, and luteolin, in the quinochalcone-type safflower line. Also, the accumulation of kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside in flavonols-typed safflower line showed enhanced accumulation pattern after MeJA treatment. However, other flavonols, such as kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, in flavonols-typed safflower line presented down accumulation respond to MeJA stimulus. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the high expression of CtF3H in quinochalcone-type safflower line was associated with the accumulation of both quinochalcones and flavonols, whereas its low expression did not affect the increased accumulation of glycosylated derivatives (kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and rutin) in flavonols-typed safflower line but affect the upstream precursors (D-phenylalanine, dihydrokaempferol, kaempferol), which partly revealed the function of CtF3H in different phenotypes and chemotypes of safflower lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanHua Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - DanDan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - LiJiao Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhenXian Zhu
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - YingRu Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - MeiLi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Dastmalchi M, Bernards MA, Dhaubhadel S. Twin anchors of the soybean isoflavonoid metabolon: evidence for tethering of the complex to the endoplasmic reticulum by IFS and C4H. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:689-706. [PMID: 26856401 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are specialized plant metabolites, almost exclusive to legumes, and their biosynthesis forms a branch of the diverse phenylpropanoid pathway. Plant metabolism may be coordinated at many levels, including formation of protein complexes, or 'metabolons', which represent the molecular level of organization. Here, we have confirmed the existence of the long-postulated isoflavonoid metabolon by identifying elements of the complex, their subcellular localizations and their interactions. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) have been shown to be tandem P450 enzymes that are anchored in the ER, interacting with soluble enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid pathways (chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase and chalcone isomerase). The soluble enzymes of these pathways, whether localized to the cytoplasm or nucleus, are tethered to the ER through interaction with these P450s. The complex is also held together by interactions between the soluble elements. We provide evidence for IFS interaction with upstream and non-consecutive enzymes. The existence of such a protein complex suggests a possible mechanism for flux of metabolites into the isoflavonoid pathway. Further, through interaction studies, we identified several candidates that are associated with GmIFS2, an isoform of IFS, in soybean hairy roots. This list provides additional candidates for various biosynthetic and structural elements that are involved in isoflavonoid production. Our interaction studies provide valuable information about isoform specificity among isoflavonoid enzymes, which may guide future engineering of the pathway in legumes or help overcome bottlenecks in heterologous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada
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67
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Flavonoids as Potential Immunosuppressants Affecting Intracellular Signaling Pathways (a Review). Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Ogo Y, Mori T, Nakabayashi R, Saito K, Takaiwa F. Transgenic rice seed expressing flavonoid biosynthetic genes accumulate glycosylated and/or acylated flavonoids in protein bodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:95-106. [PMID: 26438413 PMCID: PMC4682426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specialized (or secondary) metabolites represent an important source of high-value chemicals. In order to generate a new production platform for these metabolites, an attempt was made to produce flavonoids in rice seeds. Metabolome analysis of these transgenic rice seeds using liquid chromatography-photodiode array-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed. A total of 4392 peaks were detected in both transgenic and non-transgenic rice, 20-40% of which were only detected in transgenic rice. Among these, 82 flavonoids, including 37 flavonols, 11 isoflavones, and 34 flavones, were chemically assigned. Most of the flavonols and isoflavones were O-glycosylated, while many flavones were O-glycosylated and/or C-glycosylated. Several flavonoids were acylated with malonyl, feruloyl, acetyl, and coumaroyl groups. These glycosylated/acylated flavonoids are thought to have been biosynthesized by endogenous rice enzymes using newly synthesized flavonoids whose biosynthesis was catalysed by exogenous enzymes. The subcellular localization of the flavonoids differed depending on the class of aglycone and the glycosylation/acylation pattern. Therefore, flavonoids with the intended aglycones were efficiently produced in rice seeds via the exogenous enzymes introduced, while the flavonoids were variously glycosylated/acylated by endogenous enzymes. The results suggest that rice seeds are useful not only as a production platform for plant-specialized metabolites such as flavonoids but also as a tool for expanding the diversity of flavonoid structures, providing novel, physiologically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ogo
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Centre, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Fumio Takaiwa
- Transgenic Crop Research and Development Centre, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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69
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Filippi A, Petrussa E, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Vianello A, Braidot E. In vivo assay to monitor flavonoid uptake across plant cell membranes. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:748-52. [PMID: 26504740 PMCID: PMC4575953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent one of the most important molecules of plant secondary metabolism, playing many different biochemical and physiological roles. Although their essential role in plant life and human health has been elucidated by many studies, their subcellular transport and accumulation in plant tissues remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a convenient and simple method to monitor their transport. In the present work, we suggest an assay able to follow in vivo transport of quercetin, the most abundant flavonoid in plant tissues. This uptake was monitored using 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (DPBA), a fluorescent probe, in non-pigmented Vitis vinifera cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Enrico Braidot
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biology Unit, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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70
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Stavrinides A, Tatsis EC, Foureau E, Caputi L, Kellner F, Courdavault V, O'Connor SE. Unlocking the diversity of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus: nuclear localization suggests metabolic channeling in secondary metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:336-41. [PMID: 25772467 PMCID: PMC4372254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary chemical diversity of the plant-derived monoterpene indole alkaloids, which include vinblastine, quinine, and strychnine, originates from a single biosynthetic intermediate, strictosidine aglycone. Here we report for the first time the cloning of a biosynthetic gene and characterization of the corresponding enzyme that acts at this crucial branchpoint. This enzyme, an alcohol dehydrogenase homolog, converts strictosidine aglycone to the heteroyohimbine-type alkaloid tetrahydroalstonine. We also demonstrate how this enzyme, which uses a highly reactive substrate, may interact with the upstream enzyme of the pathway. Tetrahydroalstonine synthase catalyzes the formation of a plant-derived alkaloid Tetrahydroalstonine synthase is localized to the nucleus Tetrahydroalstonine synthase and the preceding pathway enzyme interact Discovery of a gene controlling structural diversity of monoterpene indole alkaloids
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stavrinides
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Evangelos C Tatsis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Emilien Foureau
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", 37200 Tours, France
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Franziska Kellner
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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71
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Dastmalchi M, Dhaubhadel S. Soybean chalcone isomerase: evolution of the fold, and the differential expression and localization of the gene family. PLANTA 2015; 241:507-23. [PMID: 25385351 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Soybean chalcone isomerase (CHI) family contains twelve members with unique evolutionary background, expression patterns and is compartmentalized to specific subcellular locations. The phenylpropanoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant natural products. A key branch-point enzyme, chalcone isomerase, catalyzes the reaction producing flavanones, the backbone for many downstream metabolites such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids. We have identified twelve soybean GmCHIs that fall into four subfamilies. The study of this family in soybean in the context of various CHIs and CHI-like proteins, across divisions in the plant kingdom and beyond, shows an evolutionary journey from fatty acid-binding proteins (FAPs) to sterically restricted folds that gave rise to the chalcone-to-flavanone isomerase. There are four GmCHIs with this functionality, three of which belong to a legume-specific clade known as 'type II' CHIs. Tissue-specific expression of eight core members of the soybean CHI family showed differential temporal and spatial expression, pointing to the potential function of GmCHI1A in seed isoflavonoid production. Promoter analysis of the GmCHIs described the minutiae of sub-organ expression patterns. Subcellular localization of the family was conducted to investigate the possibility of pathway-specific compartmentalization. Subfamilies 1, 2 and 4 localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, with nuclear localization of CHIs raising questions about alternate function. GmCHI3 isoforms localized to the chloroplast, which, in conjunction with their position on the phylogenetic tree and expression patterns, closely associates them with the FAPs. This study provides the first comprehensive look at soybean CHIs, a family of unique evolutionary background and biochemical function, with the catalytically active members producing the backbone substrate in an important plant metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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72
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Müller V, Lankes C, Albert A, Winkler JB, Zimmermann BF, Noga G, Hunsche M. Concentration of hinokinin, phenolic acids and flavonols in leaves and stems of Hydrocotyle leucocephala is differently influenced by PAR and ecologically relevant UV-B level. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 173:105-115. [PMID: 25462084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of ambient, non-stressing ultraviolet (UV)-B (280-315nm) level combined with different intensities of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400-700nm) on the accumulation of the lignan (-)-hinokinin, in leaves and stems of Hydrocotyle leucocephala. Plants were exposed in sun simulators under almost natural irradiance and climatic conditions to one of four light regimes, i.e. two PAR intensities (906 and 516μmolm(-2)s(-1)) including or excluding UV-B radiation (0 and 0.4Wm(-2)). Besides hinokinin, we identified three chlorogenic acid isomers, one other phenolic acid, 12 quercetin, and five kaempferol derivatives in the H. leucocephala extracts. Hinokinin was most abundant in the stems, and its accumulation was slightly enhanced under UV-B exposure. We therefore assume that hinokinin contributes to cell wall stabilization and consequently to a higher resistance of the plant to environmental factors. Quercetin derivatives increasingly accumulated under UV-B and high PAR exposure at the expense of kaempferols and chlorogenic acids, which was apparently related to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species. In general, the concentration of the constituents depended on the plant organ, the leaf age, the light regimes, and the duration of exposure. The distribution pattern of the compounds within the examined organs was not influenced by the treatments. Based on the chemical composition of the extracts a principal component analysis (PCA) enabled a clear separation of the plant organs and harvesting dates. Younger leaves mostly contained higher phenylpropanoid concentrations than older leaves. Nevertheless, more pronounced effects of the light regimes were detected in older leaves. As assessed, in many cases the individual compounds responded differently to the PAR/UV-B combinations, even within the same phenylpropanoid class. Since this is the first report on the influence of light conditions on the accumulation of lignans in herbaceous plants, it opens many perspectives for a more precise elucidation of all involved biochemical and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Müller
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa Lankes
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benno F Zimmermann
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany; Institut Prof. Dr. Georg Kurz GmbH, Eupener Str. 161, D-50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Georg Noga
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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73
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Tholl D. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:63-106. [PMID: 25583224 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids (isoprenoids) represent the largest and most diverse class of chemicals among the myriad compounds produced by plants. Plants employ terpenoid metabolites for a variety of basic functions in growth and development but use the majority of terpenoids for more specialized chemical interactions and protection in the abiotic and biotic environment. Traditionally, plant-based terpenoids have been used by humans in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, and more recently have been exploited in the development of biofuel products. Genomic resources and emerging tools in synthetic biology facilitate the metabolic engineering of high-value terpenoid products in plants and microbes. Moreover, the ecological importance of terpenoids has gained increased attention to develop strategies for sustainable pest control and abiotic stress protection. Together, these efforts require a continuous growth in knowledge of the complex metabolic and molecular regulatory networks in terpenoid biosynthesis. This chapter gives an overview and highlights recent advances in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways, and addresses the most important functions of volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid specialized metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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74
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Heredia A, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Domínguez E. CHS silencing suggests a negative cross-talk between wax and flavonoid pathways in tomato fruit cuticle. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1019979. [PMID: 26039481 PMCID: PMC4622847 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1019979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accumulate flavonoids in their cuticle and epidermal cells during ripening. These flavonoids come from de novo biosynthesis due to a significant increase in chalcone synthase (CHS) activity during ripening. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of tomato fruits have been used to down-regulate SlCHS expression during ripening and analyze the effects at the epidermal and cuticle level. Besides the expected change in fruit color due to a lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle, several other modifications such as a decrease in the amount of cutin and polysaccharides were observed. These indicate a role for either flavonoids or CHS in the alteration of the expression levels of some genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis. Moreover, a negative interaction between the 2 cuticle components, flavonoids and waxes, suggests a relationship between these 2 metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heredia
- IHSM UMA-CSIC; Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM UMA-CSIC; Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología; Estación Experimental La Mayora; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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75
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Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. Flavonoids: a metabolic network mediating plants adaptation to their real estate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25426130 PMCID: PMC4226159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the emergence of the sophisticated chemical scaffolds of flavonoid molecules represents a key step in the colonization of Earth's terrestrial environment by vascular plants nearly 500 million years ago. The subsequent evolution of flavonoids through recruitment and modification of ancestors involved in primary metabolism has allowed vascular plants to cope with pathogen invasion and damaging UV light. The functional properties of flavonoids as a unique combination of different classes of compounds vary significantly depending on the demands of their local real estate. Apart from geographical location, the composition of flavonoids is largely dependent on the plant species, their developmental stage, tissue type, subcellular localization, and key ecological influences of both biotic and abiotic origin. Molecular and metabolic cross-talk between flavonoid and other pathways as a result of the re-direction of intermediate molecules have been well investigated. This metabolic plasticity is a key factor in plant adaptive strength and is of paramount importance for early land plants adaptation to their local ecosystems. In human and animal health the biological and pharmacological activities of flavonoids have been investigated in great depth and have shown a wide range of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. In this paper we review the application of advanced gene technologies for targeted reprogramming of the flavonoid pathway in plants to understand its molecular functions and explore opportunities for major improvements in forage plants enhancing animal health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Mouradov
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University – AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
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76
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Mierziak J, Kostyn K, Kulma A. Flavonoids as important molecules of plant interactions with the environment. Molecules 2014; 19:16240-65. [PMID: 25310150 PMCID: PMC6270724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are small molecular secondary metabolites synthesized by plants with various biological activities. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they are capable of participating in plants' interactions with other organisms (microorganisms, animals and other plants) and their reactions to environmental stresses. The majority of their functions result from their strong antioxidative properties. Although an increasing number of studies focus on the application of flavonoids in medicine or the food industry, their relevance for the plants themselves also deserves extensive investigations. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of flavonoids in the physiology of plants and their relations with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
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77
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Kennedy DO. Polyphenols and the human brain: plant “secondary metabolite” ecologic roles and endogenous signaling functions drive benefits. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:515-33. [PMID: 25469384 PMCID: PMC4188223 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and other polyphenols are ubiquitous plant chemicals that fulfill a range of ecologic roles for their home plant, including protection from a range of biotic and abiotic stressors and a pivotal role in the management of pathogenic and symbiotic soil bacteria and fungi. They form a natural part of the human diet, and evidence suggests that their consumption is associated with the beneficial modulation of a number of health-related variables, including those related to cardiovascular and brain function. Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways.
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78
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Pérez-Díaz R, Ryngajllo M, Pérez-Díaz J, Peña-Cortés H, Casaretto JA, González-Villanueva E, Ruiz-Lara S. VvMATE1 and VvMATE2 encode putative proanthocyanidin transporters expressed during berry development in Vitis vinifera L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1147-59. [PMID: 24700246 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
VvMATE1 and VvMATE2 encode putative PA transporters expressed during seed development in grapevine. The subcellular localization of these MATE proteins suggests different routes for the intracellular transport of PAs. Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also called condensed tannins, protect plants against herbivores and are important quality components of many fruits. PAs biosynthesis is part of the flavonoid pathway that also produces anthocyanins and flavonols. In grape fruits, PAs are present in seeds and skin tissues. PAs are synthesized in the cytoplasm and accumulated into the vacuole and apoplast; however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the transport of these compounds to such cellular compartments. A gene encoding a Multidrug And Toxic compound Extrusion (MATE) family protein suggested to transport anthocyanins-named VvMATE1-was used to identify a second gene of the MATE family, VvMATE2. Analysis of their deduced amino acid sequences and the phylogenetic relationship with other MATE-like proteins indicated that VvMATE1 and VvMATE2 encode putative PA transporters. Subcellular localization assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts transformed with VvMATE-GFP fusion constructs along with organelle-specific markers revealed that VvMATE1 is localized in the tonoplast whereas VvMATE2 is localized in the Golgi complex. Major expression of both genes occurs during the early stages of seed development concomitant with the accumulation of PAs. Both genes are poorly expressed in the skin of berries while VvMATE2 is also expressed in leaves. The presence of putative cis-acting elements in the promoters of VvMATE1 and VvMATE2 may explain the differential transcriptional regulation of these genes in grapevine. Altogether, these results suggest that these MATE proteins could mediate the transport and accumulation of PAs in grapevine through different routes and cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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Autophagy-related direct membrane import from ER/cytoplasm into the vacuole or apoplast: a hidden gateway also for secondary metabolites and phytohormones? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7462-74. [PMID: 24786101 PMCID: PMC4057683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation of low molecular weight cargoes into the plant vacuole represents an essential plant cell function. Several lines of evidence indicate that autophagy-related direct endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to vacuole (and also, apoplast) transport plays here a more general role than expected. This route is regulated by autophagy proteins, including recently discovered involvement of the exocyst subcomplex. Traffic from ER into the vacuole bypassing Golgi apparatus (GA) acts not only in stress-related cytoplasm recycling or detoxification, but also in developmentally-regulated biopolymer and secondary metabolite import into the vacuole (or apoplast), exemplified by storage proteins and anthocyanins. We propose that this pathway is relevant also for some phytohormones’ (e.g., auxin, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)) degradation. We hypothesize that SA is not only an autophagy inducer, but also a cargo for autophagy-related ER to vacuole membrane container delivery and catabolism. ER membrane localized enzymes will potentially enhance the area of biosynthetic reactive surfaces, and also, abundant ER localized membrane importers (e.g., ABC transporters) will internalize specific molecular species into the autophagosome biogenesis domain of ER. Such active ER domains may create tubular invaginations of tonoplast into the vacuoles as import intermediates. Packaging of cargos into the ER-derived autophagosome-like containers might be an important mechanism of vacuole and exosome biogenesis and cytoplasm protection against toxic metabolites. A new perspective on metabolic transformations intimately linked to membrane trafficking in plants is emerging.
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80
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Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Muhammad D, Mezzich R, Lee BS, Jayathilaka L, Kaufman LS, Warpeha KM. Pirin1 (PRN1) is a multifunctional protein that regulates quercetin, and impacts specific light and UV responses in the seed-to-seedling transition of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93371. [PMID: 24705271 PMCID: PMC3976398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirins are cupin-fold proteins, implicated in apoptosis and cellular stress in eukaryotic organisms. Pirin1 (PRN1) plays a role in seed germination and transcription of a light- and ABA-regulated gene under specific conditions in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we describe that PRN1 possesses previously unreported functions that can profoundly affect early growth, development, and stress responses. In vitro-translated PRN1 possesses quercetinase activity. When PRN1 was incubated with G-protein-α subunit (GPA1) in the inactive conformation (GDP-bound), quercetinase activity was observed. Quercetinase activity was not observed when PRN1 was incubated with GPA1 in the active form (GTP-bound). Dark-grown prn1 mutant seedlings produced more quercetin after UV (317 nm) induction, compared to levels observed in wild type (WT) seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings survived a dose of high-energy UV (254 nm) radiation that killed WT seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings grown for 3 days in continuous white light display disoriented hypocotyl growth compared to WT, but hypocotyls of dark-grown prn1 seedlings appeared like WT. prn1 mutant seedlings transformed with GFP constructs containing the native PRN1 promoter and full ORF (PRN1::PRN1-GFP) were restored to WT responses, in that they did not survive UV (254 nm), and there was no significant hypocotyl disorientation in response to white light. prn1 mutants transformed with PRN1::PRN1-GFP were observed by confocal microscopy, where expression in the cotyledon epidermis was largely localized to the nucleus, adjacent to the nucleus, and diffuse and punctate expression occurred within some cells. WT seedlings transformed with the 35S::PRN1-GFP construct exhibited widespread expression in the epidermis of the cotyledon, also with localization in the nucleus. PRN1 may play a critical role in cellular quercetin levels and influence light- or hormonal-directed early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Orozco-Nunnelly
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raquel Mezzich
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lasanthi Jayathilaka
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lon S. Kaufman
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Warpeha
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kang JH, McRoberts J, Shi F, Moreno JE, Jones AD, Howe GA. The flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme chalcone isomerase modulates terpenoid production in glandular trichomes of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1161-74. [PMID: 24424324 PMCID: PMC3938611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and terpenoids are derived from distinct metabolic pathways but nevertheless serve complementary roles in mediating plant interactions with the environment. Here, we show that glandular trichomes of the anthocyanin free (af) mutant of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fail to accumulate both flavonoids and terpenoids. This pleiotropic metabolic deficiency was associated with loss of resistance to native populations of coleopteran herbivores under field conditions. We demonstrate that Af encodes an isoform (SlCHI1) of the flavonoid biosynthetic enzyme chalcone isomerase (CHI), which catalyzes the conversion of naringenin chalcone to naringenin and is strictly required for flavonoid production in multiple tissues of tomato. Expression of the wild-type SlCHI1 gene from its native promoter complemented the anthocyanin deficiency in af. Unexpectedly, the SlCHI1 transgene also complemented the defect in terpenoid production in glandular trichomes. Our results establish a key role for SlCHI1 in flavonoid production in tomato and reveal a link between CHI1 and terpenoid production. Metabolic coordination of the flavonoid and terpenoid pathways may serve to optimize the function of trichome glands in dynamic environments.
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Kurepa J, Nakabayashi R, Paunesku T, Suzuki M, Saito K, Woloschak GE, Smalle JA. Direct isolation of flavonoids from plants using ultra-small anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:443-53. [PMID: 24147867 PMCID: PMC3935720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of nanoparticles has become an important tool for in vivo delivery of bioactive agents to their target sites. Here we describe the reverse strategy, nanoharvesting, in which nanoparticles are used as a tool to isolate bioactive compounds from living cells. Anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles smaller than 20 nm form strong bonds with molecules bearing enediol and especially catechol groups. We show that these nanoparticles enter plant cells, conjugate enediol and catechol group-rich flavonoids in situ, and exit plant cells as flavonoid-nanoparticle conjugates. The source plant tissues remain viable after treatment. As predicted by the surface chemistry of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles, quercetin-based flavonoids were enriched amongst the nanoharvested flavonoid species. Nanoharvesting eliminates the use of organic solvents, allows spectral identification of the isolated compounds, and opens new avenues for use of nanomaterials for coupled isolation and testing of bioactive properties of plant-synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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ATP-Binding Cassette and Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Transporters in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 309:303-46. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800255-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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84
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Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:162750. [PMID: 24470791 PMCID: PMC3891543 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1804] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids from plant sources because of their versatile health benefits reported in various epidemiological studies. Since flavonoids are directly associated with human dietary ingredients and health, there is need to evaluate structure and function relationship. The bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activity of flavonoids depend upon the configuration, total number of hydroxyl groups, and substitution of functional groups about their nuclear structure. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. Most recent researches have focused on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, while some flavonoids exhibit potential antiviral activities. In plant systems, flavonoids help in combating oxidative stress and act as growth regulators. For pharmaceutical purposes cost-effective bulk production of different types of flavonoids has been made possible with the help of microbial biotechnology. This review highlights the structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
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85
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Lee JH, Kim Y, Hoang MH, Jun HJ, Lee SJ. Rapid quantification of cellular flavonoid levels using quercetin and a fluorescent diphenylboric acid 2-amino ethyl ester probe. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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86
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:35-45. [PMID: 23583204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss on the relative significance of different functional roles potentially served by flavonoids in photoprotection, with special emphasis to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control the development of individual organs and whole plant. We propose a model in which chloroplast-located flavonoids scavenge H2O2 and singlet oxygen generated under excess light-stress, thus avoiding programmed cell death. We also draw a picture in which vacuolar flavonoids in conjunction with peroxidases and ascorbic acid constitute a secondary antioxidant system aimed at detoxifying H2O2, which may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and enter the vacuole following excess light stress-induced depletion of ascorbate peroxidase. We hypothesize for flavonols key roles as developmental regulators in early and current-day land-plants, based on their ability to modulate auxin movement and auxin catabolism. We show that antioxidant flavonoids display the greatest capacity to regulate key steps of cell growth and differentiation in eukaryotes. These regulatory functions of flavonoids, which are shared by plants and animals, are fully accomplished in the nM concentration range, as likely occurred in early land plants. We therefore conclude that functions of flavonoids as antioxidants and/or developmental regulators flavonoids are of great value in photoprotection. We also suggest that UV-B screening was just one of the multiple functions served by flavonoids when early land-plants faced an abrupt increase in sunlight irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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87
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Brunetti C, George RM, Tattini M, Field K, Davey MP. Metabolomics in plant environmental physiology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4011-20. [PMID: 23922358 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in plant metabolism are at the heart of plant developmental processes, underpinning many of the ways in which plants respond to the environment. As such, the comprehensive study of plant metabolism, or metabolomics, is highly valuable in identifying phenotypic effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plants. When study is in reference to analysing samples that are relevant to environmental or ecologically based hypotheses, it is termed 'environmental metabolomics'. The emergence of environmental metabolomics as one of the latest of the omics technologies has been one of the most critically important recent developments in plant physiology. Its applications broach the entire landscape of plant ecology, from the understanding of plant plasticity and adaptation through to community composition and even genetic modification in crops. The multitude of novel studies published utilizing metabolomics methods employ a variety of techniques, from the initial stages of tissue sampling, through to sample preservation, transportation, and analysis. This review introduces the concept and applications of plant environmental metabolomics as an ecologically important investigative tool. It examines the main techniques used in situ within field sites, with particular reference to sampling and processing, and those more appropriate for use in laboratory-based settings with emphasis on secondary metabolite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell' Ambiente (DISPAA), Sez. Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Petrussa E, Braidot E, Zancani M, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Patui S, Vianello A. Plant flavonoids--biosynthesis, transport and involvement in stress responses. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14950-73. [PMID: 23867610 PMCID: PMC3742282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at analysing the synthesis of flavonoids, their import and export in plant cell compartments, as well as their involvement in the response to stress, with particular reference to grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) as well as ABC transporters have been demonstrated in the tonoplast of grape berry, where they perform a flavonoid transport. The involvement of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene has also been inferred. Recently, a putative flavonoid carrier, similar to mammalian bilitranslocase (BTL), has been identified in both grape berry skin and pulp. In skin the pattern of BTL expression increases from véraison to harvest, while in the pulp its expression reaches the maximum at the early ripening stage. Moreover, the presence of BTL in vascular bundles suggests its participation in long distance transport of flavonoids. In addition, the presence of a vesicular trafficking in plants responsible for flavonoid transport is discussed. Finally, the involvement of flavonoids in the response to stress is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petrussa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Enrico Braidot
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Marco Zancani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Carlo Peresson
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Alberto Bertolini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sonia Patui
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelo Vianello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Plant Biology, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 91, Udine I-33100, Italy; E-Mails: (E.P.); (E.B.); (M.Z.); (C.P.); (A.B.); (S.P.)
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Buer CS, Kordbacheh F, Truong TT, Hocart CH, Djordjevic MA. Alteration of flavonoid accumulation patterns in transparent testa mutants disturbs auxin transport, gravity responses, and imparts long-term effects on root and shoot architecture. PLANTA 2013; 238:171-89. [PMID: 23624937 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have broad cross-kingdom biological activity. In Arabidopsis, flavonoid accumulation in specific tissues, notably the root elongation zone and root/shoot junction modulate auxin transport, affect root gravitropism, and influence overall plant architecture. The relative contribution made by aglycones and their glycosides remains undetermined, and the longer-term phenotypic effects of altered flavonoid accumulation are not fully assessed. We tested Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that accumulate different flavonoids to determine which flavonoids were causing these affects. Tandem mass spectrometry and in situ fluorescence localisation were used to determine the in vivo levels of aglycones in specific tissues of 11 transparent testa mutants. We measured rootward and shootward auxin transport, gravitropic responses, and identified the long-term changes to root and shoot architecture. Unexpected aglycone species accumulated in vivo in several flavonoid-pathway mutants, and lower aglycone levels occurred in transcription factor mutants. Mutants accumulating more quercetin and quercetin-glycosides changed the greatest in auxin transport, gravitropism, and aerial tissue growth. Early flavonoid-pathway mutants showed aberrant lateral root initiation patterns including clustered lateral root initiations at a single site. Transcription factor mutants had multiple phenotypes including shallow root systems. These results confirm that aglycones are present at very low levels, show that lateral root initiation is perturbed in early flavonoid-pathway mutants, and indicate that altered flavonoid accumulation affects multiple aspects of plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Buer
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, The Australian National University, Linneaus Bldg #134, Linneaus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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90
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Flavonoids: their structure, biosynthesis and role in the rhizosphere, including allelopathy. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:283-97. [PMID: 23397456 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are biologically active low molecular weight secondary metabolites that are produced by plants, with over 10,000 structural variants now reported. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they interact with many diverse targets in subcellular locations to elicit various activities in microbes, plants, and animals. In plants, flavonoids play important roles in transport of auxin, root and shoot development, pollination, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and signalling of symbiotic bacteria in the legume Rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, they possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities. In the plant, flavonoids are transported within and between plant tissues and cells, and are specifically released into the rhizosphere by roots where they are involved in plant/plant interactions or allelopathy. Released by root exudation or tissue degradation over time, both aglycones and glycosides of flavonoids are found in soil solutions and root exudates. Although the relative role of flavonoids in allelopathic interference has been less well-characterized than that of some secondary metabolites, we present classic examples of their involvement in autotoxicity and allelopathy. We also describe their activity and fate in the soil rhizosphere in selected examples involving pasture legumes, cereal crops, and ferns. Potential research directions for further elucidation of the specific role of flavonoids in soil rhizosphere interactions are considered.
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91
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Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3540-55. [PMID: 23434657 PMCID: PMC3588057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, particularly flavonoids have been recently suggested as playing primary antioxidant functions in the responses of plants to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Furthermore, flavonoids are effective endogenous regulators of auxin movement, thus behaving as developmental regulators. Flavonoids are capable of controlling the development of individual organs and the whole-plant; and, hence, to contribute to stress-induced morphogenic responses of plants. The significance of flavonoids as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans has been recently questioned, based on the observation that the flavonoid concentration in plasma and most tissues is too low to effectively reduce ROS. Instead, flavonoids may play key roles as signaling molecules in mammals, through their ability to interact with a wide range of protein kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), that supersede key steps of cell growth and differentiation. Here we discuss about the relative significance of flavonoids as reducing agents and signaling molecules in plants and humans. We show that structural features conferring ROS-scavenger ability to flavonoids are also required to effectively control developmental processes in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Fini
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
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Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:67-76. [PMID: 23017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress-responsive dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids have great potential to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce the levels of ROS once they are formed, i.e., to perform antioxidant functions. These flavonoids are located within or in the proximity of centers of ROS generation in severely stressed plants. Efficient mechanisms have been recently identified for the transport of flavonoids from the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of their biosynthesis, to different cellular compartments. The mechanism underlying flavonoid-mediated ROS reduction in plants is still unclear. 'Antioxidant' flavonoids are found in the chloroplast, which suggests a role as scavengers of singlet oxygen and stabilizers of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids are present in the nucleus of mesophyll cells and may inhibit ROS-generation making complexes with Fe and Cu ions. The genes that govern the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids are present in liverworts and mosses and are mostly up-regulated as a consequence of severe stress. This suggests that the antioxidant flavonoid metabolism is a robust trait of terrestrial plants. Vacuolar dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids have been reported to serve as co-substrates for vacuolar peroxidases to reduce H(2)O(2) escape from the chloroplast, following the depletion of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Antioxidant flavonoids may effectively control key steps of cell growth and differentiation, thus acting regulating the development of the whole plant and individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto F. No, Firenze, Italy
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93
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Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius SP, Casati P. Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23060891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites with different metabolic functions in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as their regulation by MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40-type transcription factors, has allowed metabolic engineering of plants through the manipulation of the different final products with valuable applications. The present review describes the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the biological functions of flavonoids in plants, such as in defense against UV-B radiation and pathogen infection, nodulation, and pollen fertility. In addition, we discuss different strategies and achievements through the genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis with implication in the industry and the combinatorial biosynthesis in microorganisms by the reconstruction of the pathway to obtain high amounts of specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Falcone Ferreyra
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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94
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Trapero A, Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Jimeno ML, Gómez MD, Gómez-Gómez L. Characterization of a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the formation of kaempferol and quercetin sophorosides in Crocus sativus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1335-54. [PMID: 22649274 PMCID: PMC3425182 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UGT707B1 is a new glucosyltransferase isolated from saffron (Crocus sativus) that localizes to the cytoplasm and the nucleus of stigma and tepal cells. UGT707B1 transcripts were detected in the stigma tissue of all the Crocus species analyzed, but expression analysis of UGT707B1 in tepals revealed its absence in certain species. The analysis of the glucosylated flavonoids present in Crocus tepals reveals the presence of two major flavonoid compounds in saffron: kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, both of which were absent from the tepals of those Crocus species that did not express UGT707B1. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants constitutively expressing UGT707B1 under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter have been constructed and their phenotype analyzed. The transgenic lines displayed a number of changes that resembled those described previously in lines where flavonoid levels had been altered. The plants showed hyponastic leaves, a reduced number of trichomes, thicker stems, and flowering delay. Levels of flavonoids measured in extracts of the transgenic plants showed changes in the composition of flavonols when compared with wild-type plants. The major differences were observed in the extracts from stems and flowers, with an increase in 3-sophoroside flavonol glucosides. Furthermore, a new compound not detected in ecotype Columbia wild-type plants was detected in all the tissues and identified as kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside. These data reveal the involvement of UGT707B1 in the biosynthesis of flavonol-3-O-sophorosides and how significant changes in flavonoid homeostasis can be caused by the overproduction of a flavonoid-conjugating enzyme.
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95
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Li C, Bai Y, Li S, Chen H, Han X, Zhao H, Shao J, Park SU, Wu Q. Cloning, characterization, and activity analysis of a flavonol synthase gene FtFLS1 and its association with flavonoid content in tartary buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5161-8. [PMID: 22563787 DOI: 10.1021/jf205192q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that rutin, the main flavonoid in tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ), may have high value for medicine and health. This paper reports the finding of a flavonol synthase (FLS) gene, cloned and characterized from F. tataricum and designated FtFLS1, that is involved in rutin biosynthesis. The FtFLS1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant soluble FtFLS1 protein had a relative molecular mass of 40 kDa. The purified recombinant protein showed, with dihydroquercetin as substrate, total and specific activities of 36.55 × 10(-3) IU and 18.94 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, whereas the total and specific activities were 10.19 × 10(-3) IU and 5.28 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, with dihydrokaempferol. RT-PCR revealed that during F. tataricum florescence there was an organ-specific expression pattern by the FtFLS1 gene, with similar trends in flavonoid content. These observations suggest that FtFLS1 in F. tataricum encodes a functional protein, which might play a key role in rutin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University , Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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96
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Hassan S, Mathesius U. The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3429-44. [PMID: 22213816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway produces a diverse array of plant compounds with functions in UV protection, as antioxidants, pigments, auxin transport regulators, defence compounds against pathogens and during signalling in symbiosis. This review highlights some of the known function of flavonoids in the rhizosphere, in particular for the interaction of roots with microorganisms. Depending on their structure, flavonoids have been shown to stimulate or inhibit rhizobial nod gene expression, cause chemoattraction of rhizobia towards the root, inhibit root pathogens, stimulate mycorrhizal spore germination and hyphal branching, mediate allelopathic interactions between plants, affect quorum sensing, and chelate soil nutrients. Therefore, the manipulation of the flavonoid pathway to synthesize specifically certain products has been suggested as an avenue to improve root-rhizosphere interactions. Possible strategies to alter flavonoid exudation to the rhizosphere are discussed. Possible challenges in that endeavour include limited knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate flavonoid transport and exudation, unforeseen effects of altering parts of the flavonoid synthesis pathway on fluxes elsewhere in the pathway, spatial heterogeneity of flavonoid exudation along the root, as well as alteration of flavonoid products by microorganisms in the soil. In addition, the overlapping functions of many flavonoids as stimulators of functions in one organism and inhibitors of another suggests caution in attempts to manipulate flavonoid rhizosphere signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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97
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Yin R, Messner B, Faus-Kessler T, Hoffmann T, Schwab W, Hajirezaei MR, von Saint Paul V, Heller W, Schäffner AR. Feedback inhibition of the general phenylpropanoid and flavonol biosynthetic pathways upon a compromised flavonol-3-O-glycosylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2465-78. [PMID: 22249996 PMCID: PMC3346215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols, phenylalanine-derived secondary metabolites, have protective and regulatory functions in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, they are consecutively glycosylated at their 3-OH and 7-OH groups. UGT78D1 and UGT78D2 are the major flavonol 3-O-glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis leaves. The ugt78d1 ugt78d2 double mutant, which was strongly compromised in the initial 3-O-glycosylation, showed a severe and specific repression of flavonol biosynthesis, retaining only one-third of the wild-type level. This metabolic phenotype was associated with a repressed transcription of several flavonol biosynthetic genes including the committed step chalcone synthase [(CHS) or TRANSPARENT TESTA 4 (TT4)]. Furthermore, the committed step of the upstream, general phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was down-regulated in its enzyme activity and in the transcription of the flavonol-related PAL1 and PAL2. However, a complete blocking of flavonoid biosynthesis at CHS released PAL inhibition in a tt4 ugt78d1 ugt78d2 line. PAL activity was even enhanced in the flavonol synthase 1 mutant, which compromises the final formation of flavonol aglycones. The dependence of the PAL feedback inhibition on flavonols was confirmed by chemical complementation of tt4 ugt78d1 ugt78d2 using naringenin, a downstream flavonoid intermediate, which restored the PAL repression. Although aglycones were not analytically detectable, this study provides genetic evidence for a novel, flavonol-dependent feedback inhibition of the flavonol biosynthetic pathway and PAL. It was conditioned by the compromised flavonol-3-O-conjugation and a decrease in flavonol content, yet dependent on a residual, flavonol synthase 1 (FLS1)-related capacity to form flavonol aglycones. Thus, this regulation would not react to a reduced metabolic flux into flavonol biosynthesis, but it might prevent the accumulation of non-glycosylated, toxic flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohe Yin
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Messner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Technische Universität München, Biotechnologie der Naturstoffe, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Molecular Plant Nutrition, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Veronica von Saint Paul
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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98
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Peng Y, Zhang S, Wen F, Ma X, Yang C, Zhang X. In Vivo Nanoelectrospray for the Localization of Bioactive Molecules in Plants by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3058-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300748h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue’e Peng
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wen
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Chengdui Yang
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Beijing Key
Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods
and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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99
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Arase S, Kasai M, Kanazawa A. In planta assays involving epigenetically silenced genes reveal inhibition of cytosine methylation by genistein. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:10. [PMID: 22424588 PMCID: PMC3362751 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosine methylation is involved in epigenetic control of gene expression in a wide range of organisms. An increasing number of examples indicate that changing the frequency of cytosine methylation in the genome is a feasible tool to engineer novel traits in plants. Although demethylating effects of compounds have been analyzed in human cultured cells in terms of suppressing cancer, their effect in plant cells has not been analyzed extensively. Here, we developed in planta assay systems to detect inhibition of cytosine methylation using plants that contain a transgene transcriptionally silenced by an epigenetic mechanism. RESULTS Seeds of two transgenic plants were used: a petunia line that has been identified as a revertant of the co-suppression of the chalcone synthase-A (CHS-A) gene and contains CHS-A transgenes whose transcription is repressed; Nicotiana benthamiana plants that contain the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene whose transcription is repressed through virus-induced transcriptional gene silencing. Seeds of these plants were sown on a medium that contained a demethylating agent, either 5-azacytidine or trichostatin A, and the restoration of the transcriptionally active state of the transgene was detected in seedlings. Using these systems, we found that genistein, a major isoflavonoid compound, inhibits cytosine methylation, thus restoring transgene transcription. Genistein also restored the transcription of an epigenetically silenced endogenous gene in Arabidopsis plants. CONCLUSIONS Our assay systems allowed us to assess the inhibition of cytosine methylation, in particular of maintenance of methylation, by compounds in plant cells. These results suggest a novel role of flavonoids in plant cells and that genistein is useful for modifying the epigenetic state of plant genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Arase
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Megumi Kasai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Kanazawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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100
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Mueller-Harvey I, Feucht W, Polster J, Trnková L, Burgos P, Parker AW, Botchway SW. Two-photon excitation with pico-second fluorescence lifetime imaging to detect nuclear association of flavanols. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 719:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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