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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteoinductive components in extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of processes during formation and maintenance of various organs including bone, cartilage, muscle, kidney, and blood vessels. BMPs and the related "growth and differentiation factors" (GDFs) are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, and transduce their signals through type I and type II serine-threonine kinase receptors and their intracellular downstream effectors, including Smad proteins. Furthermore, BMP signals are finely tuned by various agonists and antagonists. Because deregulation of the BMP activity at multiple steps in signal transduction is linked to a wide variety of human diseases, therapeutic use of activators and inhibitors of BMP signaling will provide potential avenues for the treatment of the human disorders that are caused by hypo- and hyperactivation of BMP signals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Katagiri
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Bio-Matrix, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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52
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Liu D, Wu BX, Sun N, Yan Y, Yuan P, Qu JM, Jing ZC. Elevated Levels of Circulating Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Predict Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Chest 2016; 150:367-73. [PMID: 27001265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to show whether circulating bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) levels are associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS A total of 156 patients with PAH including 43 with heritable PAH (HPAH) and 113 with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) diagnosed by gene screening were enrolled in the study. Circulating BMPs were measured by ELISA in plasma samples from patients with HPAH (n = 43) and IPAH (n = 113) and from control subjects (n = 51). Clinical characteristics at baseline and long-term survival were compared according to the different BMP levels. RESULTS Patients with HPAH had significantly higher BMP7 concentrations than patients with IPAH and control subjects (20.1 [interquartile range (IQR), 9.4, 55.2] vs 6.5 [IQR, 3.5, 11.7] and 2.5 [IQR, 0.9, 6.6] pg/mL, respectively; P < .001). Elevated plasma BMP7 were associated with a higher risk of mortality after adjustment for sex, 6-minute walk distance, mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and cardiac output (HR, 1.904; 95% CI, 1.021-3.551; P = .043). Patients with IPAH with a BMP7 level > 7.85 pg/mL had a higher risk of mortality than those with a low BMP7 concentration (P = .042, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS Levels of circulating BMP7 correlate with mortality in PAH, and may be a predictor of disease in patients with HPAH and IPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Xiang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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53
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Morrell NW, Bloch DB, ten Dijke P, Goumans MJTH, Hata A, Smith J, Yu PB, Bloch KD. Targeting BMP signalling in cardiovascular disease and anaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016; 13:106-20. [PMID: 26461965 PMCID: PMC4886232 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors, known to be essential regulators of embryonic patterning and organogenesis, are also critical for the regulation of cardiovascular structure and function. In addition to their contributions to syndromic disorders including heart and vascular development, BMP signalling is increasingly recognized for its influence on endocrine-like functions in postnatal cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis. In this Review, we discuss several critical and novel aspects of BMP signalling in cardiovascular health and disease, which highlight the cell-specific and context-specific nature of BMP signalling. Based on advancing knowledge of the physiological roles and regulation of BMP signalling, we indicate opportunities for therapeutic intervention in a range of cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as for anaemia of inflammation. Depending on the context and the repertoire of ligands and receptors involved in specific disease processes, the selective inhibition or enhancement of signalling via particular BMP ligands (such as in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively) might be beneficial. The development of selective small molecule antagonists of BMP receptors, and the identification of ligands selective for BMP receptor complexes expressed in the vasculature provide the most immediate opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose T H Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medicine Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jim Smith
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Paul B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anaesthesia Centre for Critical Care Research, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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54
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Yao J, Guihard PJ, Blazquez-Medela AM, Guo Y, Moon JH, Jumabay M, Boström KI, Yao Y. Serine Protease Activation Essential for Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Vascular Calcification. Circ Res 2015; 117:758-69. [PMID: 26265629 PMCID: PMC4600461 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial cells have the ability to undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs), by which they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype and stem cell-like characteristics. We previously found that EndMTs occurred in the endothelium deficient in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein enabling endothelial cells to contribute cells to vascular calcification. However, the mechanism responsible for initiating EndMTs is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of specific serine proteases and sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) in the initiation of EndMTs. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used in vivo and in vitro models of vascular calcification to demonstrate that serine proteases and Sox2 are essential for the initiation of EndMTs in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein-deficient endothelium. We showed that expression of a group of specific serine proteases was highly induced in endothelial cells at sites of vascular calcification in Mgp null aortas. Treatment with serine protease inhibitors decreased both stem cell marker expression and vascular calcification. In human aortic endothelial cells, this group of serine proteases also induced EndMTs, and the activation of proteases was mediated by Sox2. Knockdown of the serine proteases or Sox2 diminished EndMTs and calcification. Endothelial-specific deletion of Sox2 decreased expression of stem cell markers and aortic calcification in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Sox2-mediated activation of specific serine proteases is essential for initiating EndMTs, and thus, may provide new therapeutic targets for treating vascular calcification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcinosis
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Enzyme Activation
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Elastase/genetics
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Twist-Related Protein 1/genetics
- Twist-Related Protein 1/metabolism
- Matrix Gla Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Pierre J Guihard
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Ana M Blazquez-Medela
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Yina Guo
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Jeremiah H Moon
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Medet Jumabay
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Kristina I Boström
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.)
| | - Yucheng Yao
- From the Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (J.Y., P.J.G., A.M.B.-M., Y.G., J.H.M., M.J., K.I.B., Y.Y.) and The Molecular Biology Institute (K.I.B.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China (J.Y.).
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55
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Luo JY, Zhang Y, Wang L, Huang Y. Regulators and effectors of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in the cardiovascular system. J Physiol 2015; 593:2995-3011. [PMID: 25952563 DOI: 10.1113/jp270207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play key roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in various tissues and organs, including the cardiovascular system. BMPs signal through both Smad-dependent and -independent cascades to exert a wide spectrum of biological activities. Cardiovascular disorders such as abnormal angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy have been linked to aberrant BMP signalling. To correct the dysregulated BMP signalling in cardiovascular pathogenesis, it is essential to get a better understanding of how the regulators and effectors of BMP signalling control cardiovascular function and how the dysregulated BMP signalling contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. We hence highlight several key regulators of BMP signalling such as extracellular regulators of ligands, mechanical forces, microRNAs and small molecule drugs as well as typical BMP effectors like direct downstream target genes, mitogen-activated protein kinases, reactive oxygen species and microRNAs. The insights into these molecular processes will help target both the regulators and important effectors to reverse BMP-associated cardiovascular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yun Luo
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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56
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Rahman MS, Akhtar N, Jamil HM, Banik RS, Asaduzzaman SM. TGF-β/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Bone Res 2015; 3:15005. [PMID: 26273537 PMCID: PMC4472151 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Perturbations of TGF-β/BMP activity are almost invariably linked to a wide variety of clinical outcomes, i.e., skeletal, extra skeletal anomalies, autoimmune, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Phosphorylation of TGF-β (I/II) or BMP receptors activates intracellular downstream Smads, the transducer of TGF-β/BMP signals. This signaling is modulated by various factors and pathways, including transcription factor Runx2. The signaling network in skeletal development and bone formation is overwhelmingly complex and highly time and space specific. Additive, positive, negative, or synergistic effects are observed when TGF-β/BMP interacts with the pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Akt/mTOR, and miRNA to regulate the effects of BMP-induced signaling in bone dynamics. Accumulating evidence indicates that Runx2 is the key integrator, whereas Hh is a possible modulator, miRNAs are regulators, and β-catenin is a mediator/regulator within the extensive intracellular network. This review focuses on the activation of BMP signaling and interaction with other regulatory components and pathways highlighting the molecular mechanisms regarding TGF-β/BMP function and regulation that could allow understanding the complexity of bone tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Naznin Akhtar
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossen Mohammad Jamil
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Suvra Banik
- Lab of Network Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sikder M Asaduzzaman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
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57
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Thalgott J, Dos-Santos-Luis D, Lebrin F. Pericytes as targets in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Front Genet 2015; 6:37. [PMID: 25763012 PMCID: PMC4327729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective paracrine Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling between endothelial cells and the neighboring mural cells have been thought to lead to the development of vascular lesions that are characteristic of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT). This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of TGF-β signaling in mural cell recruitment and vessel stabilization and how perturbed TGF-β signaling might contribute to defective endothelial-mural cell interaction affecting vessel functionalities. Our recent findings have provided exciting insights into the role of thalidomide, a drug that reduces both the frequency and the duration of epistaxis in individuals with HHT by targeting mural cells. These advances provide opportunities for the development of new therapies for vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Thalgott
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Damien Dos-Santos-Luis
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Franck Lebrin
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
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58
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Robinson JC, Graham BB, Rouault TC, Tuder RM. The crossroads of iron with hypoxia and cellular metabolism. Implications in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:721-9. [PMID: 24988529 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0021tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologic hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is pulmonary vascular remodeling, characterized by endothelial cell proliferation, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and perivascular inflammation, ultimately contributing to increased pulmonary arterial pressures. Several recent studies have observed that iron deficiency in patients with various forms of PAH is associated with worsened clinical outcome. Iron plays a key role in many cellular processes regulating the response to hypoxia, oxidative stress, cellular proliferation, and cell metabolism. Given the potential importance of iron supplementation in patients with the disease and the broad cellular functions of iron, we review its role in processes that pertain to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Robinson
- 1 Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
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59
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Osses N, Henríquez JP. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in vertebrate motor neurons and neuromuscular communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:453. [PMID: 25674047 PMCID: PMC4307192 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate communication between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers is required for the proper assembly, growth and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Several signaling and extracellular matrix molecules play stimulatory and inhibitory roles on the assembly of functional synapses. Studies in Drosophila have revealed crucial functions for early morphogens, such as members of the Wnt and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) signaling pathways, during the assembly and maturation of the NMJ. Here, we bring together recent findings that led us to propose that BMPs also work in vertebrate organisms as diffusible cues to communicate motor neurons and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Osses
- BMP Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan P Henríquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
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60
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang K, Tian L, Fu X, Wang Y, Sun Y, Jiang Q, Lu W, Wang J. BMP4 increases the expression of TRPC and basal [Ca2+]i via the p38MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways independent of BMPRII in PASMCs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112695. [PMID: 25461595 PMCID: PMC4251900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple abnormalities of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) signaling are implicated in the process of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). BMP4 plays an important role during the process of pulmonary arterial remodeling and mutant of the principle BMP4 receptor, BMP receptors II (BMPRII), is found to associate with the development of PAH. However, the likely mechanism defining the contribution of BMPRII to BMP4 mediated signaling in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) remains comprehensively unclear. We previously found that enhanced store operated calcium entry (SOCE) and basal intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i were induced by BMP4 via upregulation of TRPC1, 4 and 6 expression in PASMCs, and that BMP4 modulated TRPC channel expression through activating p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In this study, BMPRII siRNA was used to knockdown BMPRII expression to investigate whether BMP4 upregulates the expression of TRPC and activating Smad1/5/8, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK pathway via BMPRII in distal PASMCs. Our results showed that knockdown of BMPRII: 1) attenuated BMP4 induced activation of P-Smad1/5/8, without altering BMP4 induced P-p38MAPK and P-ERK1/2 activation in PASMCs; 2) did not attenuate the BMP4-induced TRPC1, 4 and 6 expression; 3) did not affect BMP4-enhanced SOCE and basal [Ca2+]i. Thus, we concluded that BMP4 activated Smad1/5/8 pathway is BMPRII-dependent, while the BMP4 - ERK/p-P38 - TRPC - SOCE signaling axis are likely mediated through other receptor rather than BMPRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lichun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueqian Sun
- Department of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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61
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Mohedas AH, Wang Y, Sanvitale CE, Canning P, Choi S, Xing X, Bullock AN, Cuny GD, Yu PB. Structure-activity relationship of 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridine ALK2 inhibitors reveals unaltered binding affinity for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva causing mutants. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7900-15. [PMID: 25101911 PMCID: PMC4191596 DOI: 10.1021/jm501177w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
There
are currently no effective therapies for fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva (FOP), a debilitating and progressive heterotopic ossification
disease caused by activating mutations of ACVR1 encoding the BMP type
I receptor kinase ALK2. Recently, a subset of these same mutations
of ACVR1 have been identified in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
(DIPG) tumors. Here we describe the structure–activity relationship
for a series of novel ALK2 inhibitors based on the 2-aminopyridine
compound K02288. Several modifications increased potency
in kinase, thermal shift, or cell-based assays of BMP signaling and
transcription, as well as selectivity for ALK2 versus closely related
BMP and TGF-β type I receptor kinases. Compounds in this series
exhibited a wide range of in vitro cytotoxicity that was not correlated
with potency or selectivity, suggesting mechanisms independent of
BMP or TGF-β inhibition. The study also highlights a potent
2-methylpyridine derivative 10 (LDN-214117) with a high
degree of selectivity for ALK2 and low cytotoxicity that could provide
a template for preclinical development. Contrary to the notion that
activating mutations of ALK2 might alter inhibitor efficacy due to
potential conformational changes in the ATP-binding site, the compounds
demonstrated consistent binding to a panel of mutant and wild-type
ALK2 proteins. Thus, BMP inhibitors identified via activity against
wild-type ALK2 signaling are likely to be of clinical relevance for
the diverse ALK2 mutant proteins associated with FOP and DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin H Mohedas
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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62
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Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, Peabody M, Zhang Q, Ye J, Yan Z, Denduluri S, Idowu O, Li M, Shen C, Hu A, Haydon RC, Kang R, Mok J, Lee MJ, Luu HL, Shi LL. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases. Genes Dis 2014; 1:87-105. [PMID: 25401122 PMCID: PMC4232216 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce bone formation, BMPs are now known to play crucial roles in all organ systems. BMPs are important in embryogenesis and development, and also in maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Mouse knockout models of various components of the BMP signaling pathway result in embryonic lethality or marked defects, highlighting the essential functions of BMPs. In this review, we first outline the basic aspects of BMP signaling and then focus on genetically manipulated mouse knockout models that have helped elucidate the role of BMPs in development. A significant portion of this review is devoted to the prominent human pathologies associated with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Wang
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Michael Peabody
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sahitya Denduluri
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olumuyiwa Idowu
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melissa Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christine Shen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard Kang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James Mok
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hue L. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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63
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Dyer LA, Pi X, Patterson C. The role of BMPs in endothelial cell function and dysfunction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:472-80. [PMID: 24908616 PMCID: PMC4149816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of proteins has a multitude of roles throughout the body. In embryonic development, BMPs promote endothelial specification and subsequent venous differentiation. The BMP pathway also plays important roles in the adult vascular endothelium, promoting angiogenesis and mediating shear and oxidative stress. The canonical BMP pathway functions through the Smad transcription factors; however, other intracellular signaling cascades can be activated, and receptor complexes beyond the traditional type I and type II receptors add additional layers of regulation. Dysregulated BMP signaling has been linked to vascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. This review addresses recent advances in the roles of BMP signaling in the endothelium and how BMPs affect endothelial dysfunction and human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/agonists
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Oxidative Stress
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Shear Strength
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Physiological
- Vascular Diseases/etiology
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Dyer
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinchun Pi
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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64
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Pickup MW, Hover LD, Polikowsky ER, Chytil A, Gorska AE, Novitskiy SV, Moses HL, Owens P. BMPR2 loss in fibroblasts promotes mammary carcinoma metastasis via increased inflammation. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:179-91. [PMID: 25205038 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) receptors mediate a diverse range of signals to regulate both development and disease. BMP activity has been linked to both tumor promoting and suppressive functions in both tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. We sought to investigate the requirement for BMPR2 in stromal fibroblasts during mammary tumor formation and metastasis. We utilized FSP1 (Fibroblast Specific Protein-1) promoter driven Cre to genetically delete BMPR2 in mice expressing the MMTV.PyVmT mammary carcinoma oncogene. We found that abrogation of stromal BMPR2 expression via FSP1 driven Cre resulted in increased tumor metastasis. Additionally, similar to epithelial BMPR2 abrogation, stromal loss of BMPR2 results in increased inflammatory cell infiltration. We proceeded to isolate and establish fibroblast cell lines without BMPR2 and found a cell autonomous increase in inflammatory cytokine secretion. Fibroblasts were co-implanted with syngeneic tumor cells and resulted in accelerated tumor growth and increased metastasis when fibroblasts lacked BMPR2. We observed that the loss of BMPR2 results in increased chemokine expression, which facilitates inflammation by a sustained increase in myeloid cells. The chemokines increased in BMPR2 deleted cells correlated with poor outcome in human breast cancer patients. We conclude that BMPR2 has tumor suppressive functions in the stroma by regulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D Hover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, USA
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65
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BMP type II receptors have redundant roles in the regulation of hepatic hepcidin gene expression and iron metabolism. Blood 2014; 124:2116-23. [PMID: 25075125 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-572644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of hepcidin, the hepatic hormone controlling iron homeostasis, is regulated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We sought to identify which BMP type II receptor expressed in hepatocytes, ActR2a or BMPR2, is responsible for regulating hepcidin gene expression. We studied Bmpr2 heterozygous mice (Bmpr2(+/-)), mice with hepatocyte-specific deficiency of BMPR2, mice with global deficiency of ActR2a, and mice in which hepatocytes lacked both BMPR2 and ActR2a. Hepatic hepcidin messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, serum hepcidin and iron levels, and tissue iron levels did not differ in wild-type mice, Bmpr2(+/-) mice, and mice in which either BMPR2 or ActR2a was deficient. Deficiency of both BMP type II receptors markedly reduced hepatic hepcidin gene expression and serum hepcidin levels leading to severe iron overload. Iron injection increased hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels in mice deficient in either BMPR2 or ActR2a, but not in mice deficient in both BMP type II receptors. In addition, in mouse and human primary hepatocytes, deficiency of both BMPR2 and ActR2a profoundly decreased basal and BMP6-induced hepcidin gene expression. These results suggest that BMP type II receptors, BMPR2 and ActR2a, have redundant roles in the regulation of hepatic hepcidin gene expression and iron metabolism.
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66
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Fuerer C, Nostro MC, Constam DB. Nodal·Gdf1 heterodimers with bound prodomains enable serum-independent nodal signaling and endoderm differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17854-71. [PMID: 24798330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ family member Nodal is central to control pluripotent stem cell fate, but its use as a stem cell differentiation factor is limited by low specific activity. During development, Nodal depends on growth and differentiation factor (Gdf)-1 and on the shared co-receptor Cryptic to specify visceral left-right axis asymmetry. We therefore asked whether the functionality of Nodal can be augmented by Gdf1. Because Nodal and Gdf1 coimmunoprecipitate each other, they were predicted to form heterodimers, possibly to facilitate diffusion or to increase the affinity for signaling receptors. Here, we report that Gdf1 suppresses an unexpected dependence of Nodal on serum proteins and that it is critically required for non-autonomous signaling in cells expressing Cryptic. Nodal, Gdf1, and their cleaved propeptides copurified as a heterodimeric low molecular weight complex that stimulated Activin receptor (Acvr) signaling far more potently than Nodal alone. Although heterodimerization with Gdf1 did not increase binding of Nodal to Fc fusions of co-receptors or Acvr extracellular domains, it was essential for soluble Acvr2 to inhibit Nodal signaling. This implies that Gdf1 potentiates Nodal activity by stabilizing a low molecular weight fraction that is susceptible to neutralization by soluble Acvr2. Finally, in differentiating human ES cells, endodermal markers were more efficiently induced by Nodal·Gdf1 than by Nodal, suggesting that Nodal·Gdf1 is an attractive new reagent to direct stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Fuerer
- From the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Daniel B Constam
- From the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and
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67
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Wang Y, Ho CC, Bang E, Rejon CA, Libasci V, Pertchenko P, Hébert TE, Bernard DJ. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 stimulates noncanonical SMAD2/3 signaling via the BMP type 1A receptor in gonadotrope-like cells: implications for FSH synthesis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1970-81. [PMID: 24601881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
FSH is an essential regulator of mammalian reproduction. Its synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells is regulated by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including TGFβ superfamily ligands, such as the activins and inhibins. Activins stimulate FSH synthesis via transcriptional regulation of its β-subunit gene (Fshb). More recently, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were shown to stimulate murine Fshb transcription alone and in synergy with activins. BMP2 signals via its canonical type I receptor, BMPR1A (or activin receptor-like kinase 3 [ALK3]), and SMAD1 and SMAD5 to stimulate transcription of inhibitor of DNA binding proteins. Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins then potentiate the actions of activin-stimulated SMAD3 to regulate the Fshb gene in the gonadotrope-like LβT2 cell line. Here, we report the unexpected observation that BMP2 also stimulates the SMAD2/3 pathway in these cells and that it does so directly via ALK3. Indeed, this novel, noncanonical ALK3 activity is completely independent of ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7, the type I receptors most often associated with SMAD2/3 pathway activation. Induction of the SMAD2/3 pathway by ALK3 is dependent upon its own previous activation by associated type II receptors, which phosphorylate conserved serine and threonine residues in the ALK3 juxtamembrane glycine-serine-rich domain. ALK3 signaling via SMAD3 is necessary for the receptor to stimulate Fshb transcription, whereas its activation of the SMAD1/5/8 pathway alone is insufficient. These data challenge current dogma that ALK3 and other BMP type I receptors signal via SMAD1, SMAD5, and SMAD8 and not SMAD2 or SMAD3. Moreover, they suggest that BMPs and activins may use similar intracellular signaling mechanisms to activate the murine Fshb promoter in immortalized gonadotrope-like cells.
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MESH Headings
- Activins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Activins/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/agonists
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/agonists
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/biosynthesis
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Reporter
- Gonadotrophs/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Smad2 Protein/genetics
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Smad3 Protein/genetics
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Y.W., C.C.H., E.B., C.A.R., V.L., P.P., T.E.H., D.J.B.), Oncology (C.A.R.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (D.J.B.), and Anatomy and Cell Biology (D.J.B.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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68
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Mao S, Li H, Sun Q, Zen K, Zhang CY, Li L. miR-17 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of the neural precursor cells during mouse corticogenesis. FEBS J 2014; 281:1144-58. [PMID: 24314167 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small, non-coding nucleotides that repress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In mammals, the developing brain contains a large, diverse group of miRNAs, which suggests that they play crucial roles in neural development. In the present study, we analyzed the miRNA expression patterns in the mouse cortex at various developmental stages. We found that miR-17 family miRNAs were highly expressed in the cortex during early developmental stages, and that their expression levels gradually decreased as the cortex developed. Further investigation revealed that the change in miR-17-5p expression occurred in the ventricular zone/sub-ventricular zone. In addition to promoting cell proliferation, miR-17-5p also influences the differentiation fate of neural precursor cells exposed to bone morphogenetic protein 2. Moreover, we show that these effects of miR-17-5p were mainly the result of regulating the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway by repressing expression of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-17 family members play a pivotal role in regulating cell activity during early development of the mouse cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Mao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, China
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69
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Holtzhausen A, Golzio C, How T, Lee YH, Schiemann WP, Katsanis N, Blobe GC. Novel bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad2 and Smad3 to regulate cancer progression and development. FASEB J 2013; 28:1248-67. [PMID: 24308972 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways have important roles in embryonic development and cellular homeostasis, with aberrant BMP signaling resulting in a broad spectrum of human disease. We report that BMPs unexpectedly signal through the canonical transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-responsive Smad2 and Smad3. BMP-induced Smad2/3 signaling occurs preferentially in embryonic cells and transformed cells. BMPs signal to Smad2/3 by stimulating complex formation between the BMP-binding TGF-β superfamily receptors, activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)3/6, and the Smad2/3 phosphorylating receptors ALK5/7. BMP signaling through Smad2 mediates, in part, dorsoventral axis patterning in zebrafish embryos, whereas BMP signaling through Smad3 facilitates cancer cell invasion. Consistent with increased BMP-mediated Smad2/3 signaling during cancer progression, Smad1/5 and Smad 2/3 signaling converge in human cancer specimens. Thus, the signaling mechanisms used by BMPs and TGF-β superfamily receptors are broader than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Holtzhausen
- 1Duke University Medical Center, 450 Research Drive, LSRC B354, Box 91004, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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70
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Yang YM, Lane KB, Sehgal PB. Subcellular mechanisms in pulmonary arterial hypertension: combinatorial modalities that inhibit anterograde trafficking and cause bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 mislocalization. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:533-50. [PMID: 24618539 DOI: 10.1086/674336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The natural history of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) typically involves mutations in and/or haploinsuffciency of BMPR2 (gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) but with low penetrance (10%-15%), delayed onset (in the third or fourth decade), and a gender bias (two- to fourfold more prevalent in postpubertal women). Thus, investigators have sought an understanding of "second-hit" modalities that might affect BMPR2 anterograde trafficking and/or function. Indeed, vascular lung lesions in PAH have been reported to contain enlarged "vacuolated" endothelial and smooth muscle cells with dilated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, increased ER structural protein reticulon 4 (also called Nogo-B), and enlarged and fragmented Golgi apparatus. We recently replicated this cellular phenotype in primary human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in culture by acute knockdown of the estradiol 17β (E2)-responsive proteins signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) and STAT5b using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). We have now investigated whether functional haploinsufficiences of these molecules, alone or in combination with other modalities, might interfere with anterograde membrane trafficking using (a) the quantitative tsO45VSV-G-GFP trafficking assay and (b) assays for cell-surface localization of Flag-tagged BMPR2 molecules. The G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) trafficking assay was validated in EA.hy926 endothelial cells by showing that cells exposed to monocrotaline pyrrole displayed reduced anterograde trafficking. Thereafter, the combinatorial knockdowns of STAT5a, STAT5b, BMPR2, and/or endothelial nitric oxide synthase as well as exposure to E2 or 2-methoxyestradiol were observed to significantly inhibit VSV-G trafficking. These combinations also led to intracellular trapping of wild-type Flag-tagged BMPR2. Overexpression of the PAH disease-derived F14 and KDF mutants of BMPR2, which were trapped in the ER/Golgi, also inhibited VSV-G trafficking in trans. Moreover, probenecid, a chemical chaperone in clinical use today, partially restored cell-surface localization of the KDF but not the F14 mutant. These data identify several combinatorial modalities that inhibit VSV-G anterograde trafficking and cause mislocalization of BMPR2. These modalities merit consideration in defining aspects of the late-developing and gender-biased natural history of human PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ming Yang
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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71
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension in human patients can result from increased pulmonary vascular tone, pressure transferred from the systemic circulation, dropout of small pulmonary vessels, occlusion of vessels with thrombi or intimal lesions, or some combination of all of these. Different animal models have been designed to reflect these different mechanistic origins of disease. Pulmonary hypertension models may be roughly grouped into tone-related models, inflammation-related models, and genetic models with unusual or mixed mechanism. Models of tone generally use hypoxia as a base, and then modify this with either genetic modifications (SOD, NOS, and caveolin) or with drugs (Sugen), although some genetic modifications of tone-related pathways can result in spontaneous pulmonary hypertension (Hph-1). Inflammation-related models can use either toxic chemicals (monocrotaline, bleomycin), live pathogens (stachybotrys, schistosomiasis), or genetic modifications (IL-6, VIP). Additional genetic models rely on alterations in metabolism (adiponectin), cell migration (S100A4), the serotonin pathway, or the BMP pathway. While each of these shares molecular and pathologic symptoms with different classes of human pulmonary hypertension, in most cases the molecular etiology of human pulmonary hypertension is unknown, and so the relationship between any model and human disease is unclear. There is thus no best animal model of pulmonary hypertension; instead, investigators must select the model most related to the specific pathology they are studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- James West
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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72
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Broege A, Pham L, Jensen ED, Emery A, Huang TH, Stemig M, Beppu H, Petryk A, O'Connor M, Mansky K, Gopalakrishnan R. Bone morphogenetic proteins signal via SMAD and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways at distinct times during osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:37230-40. [PMID: 24235143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.496950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in osteoclastogenesis in vivo, we eliminated BMPRII in osteoclasts by creating a BMPRII(fl/fl);lysM-Cre mouse strain. Conditional knock-out (cKO) mice are osteopetrotic when compared with WT controls due to a decrease in osteoclast activity. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) isolated from cKO mice are severely inhibited in their capacity to differentiate into mature osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand. We also show that BMP noncanonical (MAPK) and canonical (SMAD) pathways are utilized at different stages of osteoclast differentiation. BMP2 induces p38 phosphorylation in pre-fusion osteoclasts and increases SMAD phosphorylation around osteoclast precursor fusion. Phosphorylation of MAPKs was decreased in differentiated BMMs from cKO animals. Treating BMMs with the SMAD inhibitor dorsomorphin confirms the requirement for the canonical pathway around the time of fusion. These results demonstrate the requirement for BMP signaling in osteoclasts for proper bone homeostasis and also explore the complex signaling mechanisms employed by BMP signaling during osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Broege
- From the Departments of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences
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73
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Leyton PA, Beppu H, Pappas A, Martyn TM, Derwall M, Baron DM, Galdos R, Bloch DB, Bloch KD. Deletion of the sequence encoding the tail domain of the bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor reveals a bone morphogenetic protein 7-specific gain of function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76947. [PMID: 24116187 PMCID: PMC3792867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR2) has a long cytoplasmic tail domain whose function is incompletely elucidated. Mutations in the tail domain of BMPR2 are found in familial cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension. To investigate the role of the tail domain of BMPR2 in BMP signaling, we generated a mouse carrying a Bmpr2 allele encoding a non-sense mediated decay-resistant mutant receptor lacking the tail domain of Bmpr2. We found that homozygous mutant mice died during gastrulation, whereas heterozygous mice grew normally without developing pulmonary arterial hypertension. Using pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PaSMC) from heterozygous mice, we determined that the mutant receptor was expressed and retained its ability to transduce BMP signaling. Heterozygous PaSMCs exhibited a BMP7‑specific gain of function, which was transduced via the mutant receptor. Using siRNA knockdown and cells from conditional knockout mice to selectively deplete BMP receptors, we observed that the tail domain of Bmpr2 inhibits Alk2‑mediated BMP7 signaling. These findings suggest that the tail domain of Bmpr2 is essential for normal embryogenesis and inhibits Alk2‑mediated BMP7 signaling in PaSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genotype
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Immunoblotting
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Deletion
- Smad6 Protein/genetics
- Smad6 Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A. Leyton
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideyuki Beppu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Alexandra Pappas
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trejeeve M. Martyn
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthias Derwall
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - David M. Baron
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Galdos
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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74
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Simic T. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic role of BMP receptor II in atherosclerosis. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:619-22. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Kim CW, Song H, Kumar S et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic role of BMP receptor II in endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 33, 1350–1359 (2013). Increased expression of BMPs in atherosclerosis suggested that the knockdown of the receptor mediating BMP action would prevent endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis. Based on this hypothesis, Kim et al. performed a series of experiments in which the effect of BMP receptor type II (BMPRII) knockout was tested in in vitro and in vivo models of atherogenesis. Unexpectedly, they found that the loss of BMPRII induces endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis. Knockdown of BMPRII in endothelial cells induced monocyte adhesion through the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The loss of BMPRII induced endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Besides, BMPRII expression was gradually lost over the course of atherosclerosis progression in human coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Simic
- Institute of Medical & Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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75
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Breen MJ, Moran DM, Liu W, Huang X, Vary CPH, Bergan RC. Endoglin-mediated suppression of prostate cancer invasion is regulated by activin and bone morphogenetic protein type II receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72407. [PMID: 23967299 PMCID: PMC3742533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) is due to the formation of metastatic disease. Understanding how that process is regulated is therefore critical. We previously demonstrated that endoglin, a type III transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily receptor, suppresses human PCa cell invasion and metastasis. Endoglin-mediated suppression of invasion was also shown by us to be dependent upon the type I TGFβ receptor, activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), and the downstream effector, Smad1. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that two type II TGFβ receptors are required for endoglin-mediated suppression of invasion: activin A receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII). Downstream signaling through these receptors is predominantly mediated by Smad1. ActRIIA stimulates Smad1 activation in a kinase-dependent manner, and this is required for suppression of invasion. In contrast BMPRII regulates Smad1 in a biphasic manner, promoting Smad1 signaling through its kinase domain but suppressing it through its cytoplasmic tail. BMPRII’s Smad1-regulatory effects are dependent upon its expression level. Further, its ability to suppress invasion is independent of either kinase function or tail domain. We demonstrate that ActRIIA and BMPRII physically interact, and that each also interacts with endoglin. The current findings demonstrate that both BMPRII and ActRIIA are necessary for endoglin-mediated suppression of human PCa cell invasion, that they have differential effects on Smad1 signaling, that they make separate contributions to regulation of invasion, and that they functionally and physically interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Breen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diarmuid M. Moran
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Calvin P. H. Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Out of balance--systemic iron homeostasis in iron-related disorders. Nutrients 2013; 5:3034-61. [PMID: 23917168 PMCID: PMC3775241 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element in our daily diet. Most iron is required for the de novo synthesis of red blood cells, where it plays a critical role in oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Thus, iron deficiency causes anemia, a major public health burden worldwide. On the other extreme, iron accumulation in critical organs such as liver, heart, and pancreas causes organ dysfunction due to the generation of oxidative stress. Therefore, systemic iron levels must be tightly balanced. Here we focus on the regulatory role of the hepcidin/ferroportin circuitry as the major regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. We discuss how regulatory cues (e.g., iron, inflammation, or hypoxia) affect the hepcidin response and how impairment of the hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory system causes disorders of iron metabolism.
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77
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Park SY, Kim KH, Shin SY, Koo KT, Lee YM, Seol YJ. Dual delivery of rhPDGF-BB and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells expressing the BMP2 gene enhance bone formation in a critical-sized defect model. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2495-505. [PMID: 23901900 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue healing is a dynamic, orchestrated process that relies on multiple growth factors and cell types. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is released from platelets at wound sites and induces cellular migration and proliferation necessary for bone regeneration in the early healing process. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), the most potent osteogenic differentiation inducer, directs new bone formation at the sites of bone defects. This study evaluated a combinatorial treatment protocol of PDGF-BB and BMP-2 on bone healing in a critical-sized defect model. To mimic the bone tissue healing process, a dual delivery approach was designed to deliver the rhPDGF-BB protein transiently during the early healing phase, whereas BMP-2 was supplied by rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transfected with an adenoviral vector containing the BMP2 gene (AdBMP2) for prolonged release throughout the healing process. In in vitro experiments, the dual delivery of rhPDGF-BB and BMP2 significantly enhanced cell proliferation. However, the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was significantly suppressed even though the amount of BMP-2 secreted by the AdBMP2-transfected BMSCs was not significantly affected by the rhPDGF-BB treatment. In addition, dual delivery inhibited the mRNA expression of BMP receptor type II and Noggin in BMSCs. In in vivo experiments, critical-sized calvarial defects in rats showed enhanced bone regeneration by dual delivery of autologous AdBMP2-transfected BMSCs and rhPDGF-BB in both the amount of new bone formed and the bone mineral density. These enhancements in bone regeneration were greater than those observed in the group treated with AdBMP2-transfected BMSCs alone. In conclusion, the dual delivery of rhPDGF-BB and AdBMP2-transfected BMSCs improved the quality of the regenerated bone, possibly due to the modulation of PDGF-BB on BMP-2-induced osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- 1 Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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78
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Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Das F, Ganapathy S, Ahuja S, Ghosh Choudhury G. c-Abl-dependent molecular circuitry involving Smad5 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24503-17. [PMID: 23821550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal remodeling consists of timely formation and resorption of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a quantitative manner. Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving inhibitors of c-Abl tyrosine kinase often show reduced bone remodeling due to impaired osteoblast and osteoclast function. BMP-2 plays a significant role in bone generation and resorption by contributing to the formation of mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The effects of c-Abl on BMP-2-induced bone remodeling and the underlying mechanisms are not well studied. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and expression of a dominant negative mutant of c-Abl, we show an essential role of this tyrosine kinase in the development of bone nodules containing mature osteoblasts and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in response to BMP-2. Calvarial osteoblasts prepared from c-Abl null mice showed the absolute requirement of this tyrosine kinase in maturation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling by BMP-2 leads to osteoblast differentiation. Remarkably, inhibition of c-Abl significantly suppressed BMP-2-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity and its downstream Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, c-Abl regulated BMP-2-induced osteoclastogenic CSF-1 expression. More importantly, we identified the requirements of c-Abl in BMP-2 autoregulation and the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osterix that are necessary for osteoblast differentiation. c-Abl contributed to BMP receptor-specific Smad-dependent transcription of CSF-1, osterix, and BMP-2. Finally, c-Abl associates with BMP receptor IA and regulates phosphorylation of Smad in response to BMP-2. We propose that activation of c-Abl is an important step, which induces into two signaling pathways involving noncanonical PI 3-kinase and canonical Smads to integrate BMP-2-induced osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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79
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Mohedas AH, Xing X, Armstrong KA, Bullock AN, Cuny GD, Yu PB. Development of an ALK2-biased BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1291-302. [PMID: 23547776 PMCID: PMC3901569 DOI: 10.1021/cb300655w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway has essential functions in development, homeostasis, and the normal and pathophysiologic remodeling of tissues. Small molecule inhibitors of the BMP receptor kinase family have been useful for probing physiologic functions of BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and may have roles in the treatment of BMP-mediated diseases. Here we describe the development of a selective and potent inhibitor of the BMP type I receptor kinases, LDN-212854, which in contrast to previously described BMP receptor kinase inhibitors exhibits nearly 4 orders of selectivity for BMP versus the closely related TGF-β and Activin type I receptors. In vitro, LDN-212854 exhibits some selectivity for ALK2 in preference to other BMP type I receptors, ALK1 and ALK3, which may permit the interrogation of ALK2-mediated signaling, transcriptional activity, and function. LDN-212854 potently inhibits heterotopic ossification in an inducible transgenic mutant ALK2 mouse model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. These findings represent a significant step toward developing selective inhibitors targeting individual members of the highly homologous BMP type I receptor family. Such inhibitors would provide greater resolution as probes of physiologic function and improved selectivity against therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin H. Mohedas
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xuechao Xing
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kelli A. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Paul B. Yu
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115
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80
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Furalyov VA, Kravchenko IV, Popov VO. Targeted delivery of siRNA to differentiated murine myotubes in culture by a conjugate of cationic oligopeptide with FS2 venom. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:418-23. [PMID: 23590445 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A conjugate of the ligand of FS2 venom dihydropyridine receptors with a cationic arginine-containing oligopeptide was synthesized. It was found that the conjugate provides siRNA delivery to murine myotubes differentiated in vitro. The effect of RNA interference with the use of siRNA complexes with the conjugate was observed when siRNA concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than those used in the case of siRNA complexes with a non-conjugated oligopeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Furalyov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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81
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Constitutively active ALK2 receptor mutants require type II receptor cooperation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2413-24. [PMID: 23572558 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01595-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutively activating mutations in receptor kinases recruit downstream effector pathways independently of upstream signaling, with consequences ranging from developmental syndromes to cancer. Classic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a congenital syndrome resulting from highly conserved activating mutations of the glycine-serine-rich (GS) regulatory domain of ACVR1, encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor ALK2, which lead to inappropriate signaling and heterotopic ossification of soft tissues. It is unclear if constitutively active mutant ALK2 receptors (caALK2) can function independently of signaling complexes with type II receptors and ligands. We found that ablation of BmpRII and ActRIIa abrogated BMP ligand-mediated and caALK2-mediated signaling and transcription in cells and disrupted caALK2-induced heterotopic ossification in mice. Signaling via GS domain ALK2 mutants could be restored by the expression of either BMP type II receptor. The contribution of BMP type II receptors was independent of their ligand-binding or kinase function but was dependent upon an intact cytoplasmic domain. These data demonstrate that GS domain ALK2 mutants act independently of upstream signaling but may require a nonenzymatic scaffolding function provided by type II receptors to form functional, apparently ligand-independent signaling complexes. These findings define the minimal requirements for signaling of GS domain ALK2 mutants, with implications for the therapeutic targeting of their activity in disease.
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82
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Kim CW, Song H, Kumar S, Nam D, Kwon HS, Chang KH, Son DJ, Kang DW, Brodie SA, Weiss D, Vega JD, Alberts-Grill N, Griendling K, Taylor WR, Jo H. Anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic role of BMP receptor II in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1350-9. [PMID: 23559633 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with multiple underlying metabolic and physical risk factors. Bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) expression is increased in endothelium in atherosclerosis-prone regions and is known to induce endothelial inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. BMP actions are mediated by 2 different types of BMP receptors (BMPRI and BMPRII). Here, we show a surprising finding that loss of BMPRII expression causes endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using BMPRII siRNA and BMPRII(+/-) mice, we found that specific knockdown of BMPRII, but not other BMP receptors (Alk1, Alk2, Alk3, Alk6, ActRIIa, and ActRIIb), induced endothelial inflammation in a ligand-independent manner by mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor-KappaB, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases. Further, BMPRII(+/-)ApoE(-/-) mice developed accelerated atherosclerosis compared with BMPRII(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice. Interestingly, we found that multiple proatherogenic stimuli, such as hypercholesterolemia, disturbed flow, prohypertensive angiotensin II, and the proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α), downregulated BMPRII expression in endothelium, whereas antiatherogenic stimuli, such as stable flow and statin treatment, upregulated its expression in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, BMPRII expression was significantly diminished in human coronary advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Also, we were able to rescue the endothelial inflammation induced by BMPRII knockdown by overexpressing the BMPRII wild type, but not by the BMPRII short form lacking the carboxyl-terminal tail region. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BMPRII is a critical, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic protein that is commonly targeted by multiple pro- and antiatherogenic factors. BMPRII may be used as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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83
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Mechanical Induction of BMP-7 in Osteocyte Blocks Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis Through PI3K/AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:567-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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84
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Han C, Hong KH, Kim YH, Kim MJ, Song C, Kim MJ, Kim SJ, Raizada MK, Oh SP. SMAD1 deficiency in either endothelial or smooth muscle cells can predispose mice to pulmonary hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 61:1044-52. [PMID: 23478097 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.199158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A deficiency in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) signaling is a central contributor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We have recently shown that endothelial-specific Bmpr2 deletion by a novel L1Cre line resulted in pulmonary hypertension. SMAD1 is one of the canonical signal transducers of the BMPR2 pathway, and its reduced activity has been shown to be associated with PAH. To determine whether SMAD1 is an important downstream mediator of BMPR2 signaling in the pathogenesis of PAH, we analyzed pulmonary hypertension phenotypes in Smad1-conditional knockout mice by deleting the Smad1 gene either in endothelial cells or in smooth muscle cells using L1Cre or Tagln-Cre mouse lines, respectively. A significant number of the L1Cre(+);Smad1 (14/35) and Tagln-Cre(+);Smad1 (4/33) mutant mice showed elevated pulmonary pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a thickening of pulmonary arterioles. A pulmonary endothelial cell line in which the Bmpr2 gene deletion can be induced by 4-hydroxy tamoxifen was established. SMAD1 phosphorylation in Bmpr2-deficient cells was markedly reduced by BMP4 but unaffected by BMP7. The sensitivity of SMAD2 phosphorylation by transforming growth factor-β1 was enhanced in the Bmpr2-deficient cells, and the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-β1-mediated SMAD2 phosphorylation by BMP4 was impaired in the Bmpr2-deficient cells. Furthermore, transcript levels of several known transforming growth factor-β downstream genes implicated in pulmonary hypertension were elevated in the Bmpr2-deficient cells. Taken together, these data suggest that SMAD1 is a critical mediator of BMPR2 signaling pertinent to PAH, and that an impaired balance between BMP4 and transforming growth factor-β1 may account for the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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85
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Modica S, Wolfrum C. Bone morphogenic proteins signaling in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:915-23. [PMID: 23353598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A great deal is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating terminal differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes. In contrast, the knowledge about pathways that trigger commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the adipocyte lineage is fragmented. In recent years, the role of members of the bone morphogenic protein family in regulating the early steps of adipogenesis has been the focus of research. Findings based on these studies have also highlighted an unexpected role for some bone morphogenic protein in energy homeostasis via regulation of adipocyte development and function. This review summarizes the knowledge about bone morphogenic proteins and their role in adipocyte commitment and regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brown and White Fat: From Signaling to Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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86
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Poirier O, Ciumas M, Eyries M, Montagne K, Nadaud S, Soubrier F. Inhibition of apelin expression by BMP signaling in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1139-45. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00168.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) system is a major pathway for angiogenesis and is involved in hereditary vascular diseases. Here we report that the gene encoding the vasoactive and vascular cell growth-regulating peptide apelin is a target of the BMP pathway. We demonstrate that apelin expression is strongly downregulated by BMP in an endothelial cell line as well as in lung endothelial microvascular cells. We show that BMP signals through the BMPR2-SMAD pathway to downregulate apelin expression and that a transcriptional direct and indirect mechanism is required. The BMP-induced downregulation of apelin expression was found to be critical for hypoxia-induced growth of endothelial cells, because the growth inhibitory effect of BMP in this condition is suppressed by enforced expression of apelin. Thus, we describe an important link between a signaling pathway involved in angiogenesis and vascular diseases and a peptide regulating vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette Poirier
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Ciumas
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Eyries
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Montagne
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Florent Soubrier
- UMR_S 956 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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87
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ALK2 and BMPR2 knockdown and endothelin-1 production by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2012; 85:46-53. [PMID: 23142694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are heritable and related to gene mutations in bone morphogenic receptor-2 (BMPR2). These patients consequently may have a signaling imbalance within the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor superfamily. The causes of increased endothelin-1 (ET-1), which contributes to PAH, are unknown, and we therefore studied the contribution of various BMPs and their receptors on ET-1 production in vitro, after knockdown of BMPR2 in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-LBl). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Receptor knockdown in HMVEC-LBl was performed using siRNA to BMPR2, and activin like-kinases 1 and 2 (ALK1, ALK2). ET-1 and TGFβ levels in the medium were measured by ELISA. In some experiments, cells were exposed to TGFβ or BMP7 or FK506 (tacrolimus). Using Western blotting, levels of BMPR2, endothelin ET(B) receptor, phosphorylated SMAD 2 (pSMAD 2), phosphorylated SMAD 1,5 (pSMAD 1,5), ALK1, ALK2, ALK5, TGFβ receptor 2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and ID1 were measured. BMPR2 knockdown significantly increased ET-1 levels. It did not affect ET(B) receptor or TGFβ levels. TGFβ increased ET-1 levels, with or without BMPR2 knockdown. BMPR2 knockdown did not affect TGFβ (pSMAD 2 and PAI-1) signaling. BMP7 increased ET-1 levels after BMPR2 knockdown but this was prevented by ALK2 knockdown as was the increase in ID1 caused by BMPR2 knockdown. FK506, which interacts with ALK2, increased ET-1 levels and ID1 levels, and this was blocked by ALK2 knockdown. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE ALK2 may be an important receptor in ET-1 production during BMPR2 knockdown.
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88
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Fields SZ, Parshad S, Anne M, Raftopoulos H, Alexander MJ, Sherman ML, Laadem A, Sung V, Terpos E. Activin receptor antagonists for cancer-related anemia and bone disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:87-101. [PMID: 23127248 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.738666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antagonists of activin receptor signaling may be beneficial for cancer-related anemia and bone disease caused by malignancies such as multiple myeloma and solid tumors. AREAS COVERED We review evidence of dysregulated signaling by activin receptor pathways in anemia, myeloma-associated osteolysis, and metastatic bone disease, as well as potential involvement in carcinogenesis. We then review properties of activin receptor antagonists in clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Sotatercept is a novel receptor fusion protein that functions as a soluble trap to sequester ligands of activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA). Preclinically, the murine version of sotatercept increased red blood cells (RBC) in a model of chemotherapy-induced anemia, inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, and exerted anabolic effects on bone in diverse models of multiple myeloma. Clinically, sotatercept increases RBC markedly in healthy volunteers and patients with multiple myeloma. With a rapid onset of action differing from erythropoietin, sotatercept is in clinical development as a potential first-in-class therapeutic for cancer-related anemia, including those characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis as in myelodysplastic syndromes. Anabolic bone activity in early clinical studies and potential antitumor effects make sotatercept a promising therapeutic candidate for multiple myeloma and malignant bone diseases. Antitumor activity has been observed preclinically with small-molecule inhibitors of transforming growth factor-β receptor type I (ALK5) that also antagonize the closely related activin receptors ALK4 and ALK7. LY-2157299, the first such inhibitor to enter clinical studies, has shown an acceptable safety profile so far in patients with advanced cancer. Together, these data identify activin receptor antagonists as attractive therapeutic candidates for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Z Fields
- Monter Cancer Center, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY, USA
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89
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Wang D, Prakash J, Nguyen P, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Hill NS, Layne MD, Hata A, Lagna G. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in vascular disease: anti-inflammatory action through myocardin-related transcription factor A. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28067-77. [PMID: 22718766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.379487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) patients exhibit elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung. Concurrently, mutations of bmpr2, the gene encoding the type II receptor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), are found in ∼75% of patients with familial PAH, but a possible nexus between increased inflammation and diminished BMP signaling has hitherto remained elusive. We previously showed that BMP4 triggers nuclear localization of the Myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), resulting in the induction of contractile proteins. Here we report the BMPR2-dependent repression of a set of inflammatory mediators in response to BMP4 stimulation of PASMC. Forced expression of MRTF-A precisely emulates the anti-inflammatory effect of BMP4, while MRTF-A depletion precludes BMP4-mediated cytokine inhibition. BMP4 and MRTF-A block signaling through NF-κB, the keystone of most pathways leading to inflammatory responses, at the level of chromatin recruitment and promoter activation. Moreover, MRTF-A physically interacts with RelA/p65, the NF-κB subunit endowed with a transcription activation domain. Interestingly, the MRTF-A-NF-κB interaction is mutually antagonistic: stimulation of NF-κB signaling by TNFα, as well as p65 overexpression, hinders MRTF-A activity and the expression of contractile genes. Thus, a molecular inhibitory pathway linking BMP4 signaling, activation of MRTF-A, and inhibition of NF-κB provides insights into the etiology of PAH and a potential focus of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Wang
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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90
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Han R, Beppu H, Lee YK, Georgopoulos K, Larue L, Li E, Weiner L, Brissette JL. A pair of transmembrane receptors essential for the retention and pigmentation of hair. Genesis 2012; 50:783-800. [PMID: 22611050 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles are simple, accessible models for many developmental processes. Here, using mutant mice, we show that Bmpr2, a known receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps), and Acvr2a, a known receptor for Bmps and activins, are individually redundant but together essential for multiple follicular traits. When Bmpr2/Acvr2a function is reduced in cutaneous epithelium, hair follicles undergo rapid cycles of hair generation and loss. Alopecia results from a failure to terminate hair development properly, as hair clubs never form, and follicular retraction is slowed. Hair regeneration is rapid due to premature activation of new hair-production programs. Hair shafts differentiate aberrantly due to impaired arrest of medullary-cell proliferation. When Bmpr2/Acvr2a function is reduced in melanocytes, gray hair develops, as melanosomes differentiate but fail to grow, resulting in organelle miniaturization. We conclude that Bmpr2 and Acvr2a normally play cell-type-specific, necessary roles in organelle biogenesis and the shutdown of developmental programs and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Han
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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91
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Basson MA. Signaling in cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008151. [PMID: 22570373 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All the information to make a complete, fully functional living organism is encoded within the genome of the fertilized oocyte. How is this genetic code translated into the vast array of cellular behaviors that unfold during the course of embryonic development, as the zygote slowly morphs into a new organism? Studies over the last 30 years or so have shown that many of these cellular processes are driven by secreted or membrane-bound signaling molecules. Elucidating how the genetic code is translated into instructions or signals during embryogenesis, how signals are generated at the correct time and place and at the appropriate level, and finally, how these instructions are interpreted and put into action, are some of the central questions of developmental biology. Our understanding of the causes of congenital malformations and disease has improved substantially with the rapid advances in our knowledge of signaling pathways and their regulation during development. In this article, I review some of the signaling pathways that play essential roles during embryonic development. These examples show some of the mechanisms used by cells to receive and interpret developmental signals. I also discuss how signaling pathways downstream from these signals are regulated and how they induce specific cellular responses that ultimately affect cell fate and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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92
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BMP signaling in vascular diseases. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1993-2002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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93
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Liu H, Zhang R, Chen D, Oyajobi BO, Zhao M. Functional redundancy of type II BMP receptor and type IIB activin receptor in BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:952-63. [PMID: 21503889 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important in osteoblast differentiation. Although the precise function of type I BMP receptors in mediating BMP signaling for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation has been characterized previously, the role of type II BMP receptors in osteoblasts is to be well clarified. In this study, we investigated the role of type II BMP receptor (BMPR-II) and type IIB activin receptor (ActR-IIB) in BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation. While osteoblastic 2T3 cells expressed BMPR-II and ActR-IIB, loss-of-function studies, using dominant negative receptors and siRNAs, showed that BMPR-II and ActR-IIB compensated each other functionally in mediating BMP2 signaling and BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation. This was evidenced by two findings. First, unless there was loss of function of both type II receptors, isolated disruption of either BMPR-II or ActR-IIB did not remove BMP2 activity. Second, in cells with loss of function of both receptors, restoration of function of either BMPR-II or ActR-IIB by transfection of the wild-type forms, restored BMP2 activity. These findings suggest a functional redundancy between BMPR-II and ActR-IIB in osteoblast differentiation. Results from experiments to test the effects of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), activin, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation suggest that inhibition of receptor signaling by double-blockage of BMPR-II and ActR-IIB is BMP-signaling specific. The observed functional redundancy of type II BMP receptors in osteoblasts is novel information about the BMP signaling pathway essential for initiating osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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94
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Corbett HJ, Connell MG, Fernig DG, Losty PD, Jesudason EC. ANG-1 TIE-2 and BMPR signalling defects are not seen in the nitrofen model of pulmonary hypertension and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35364. [PMID: 22539968 PMCID: PMC3335125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal disease that is associated with characteristic histological abnormalities of the lung vasculature and defects of angiopoetin-1 (ANG-1), TIE-2 and bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-related signalling. We hypothesized that if these signalling defects cause PH generically, they will be readily identifiable perinatally in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), where the typical pulmonary vascular changes are present before birth and are accompanied by PH after birth. METHODS CDH (predominantly left-sided, LCDH) was created in Sprague-Dawley rat pups by e9.5 maternal nitrofen administration. Left lungs from normal and LCDH pups were compared at fetal and postnatal time points for ANG-1, TIE-2, phosphorylated-TIE-2, phosphorylated-SMAD1/5/8 and phosphorylated-ERK1/2 by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting of lung protein extracts and by immunohistochemistry on lung sections. RESULTS In normal lung, pulmonary ANG-1 protein levels fall between fetal and postnatal life, while TIE-2 levels increase. Over the corresponding time period, LCDH lung retained normal expression of ANG-1, TIE-2, phosphorylated-TIE-2 and, downstream of BMPR, phosphorylated-SMAD1/5/8 and phosphorylated-p44/42. CONCLUSION In PH and CDH defects of ANG-1/TIE-2/BMPR-related signalling are not essential for the lethal vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Jane Corbett
- Division of Child Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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95
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Pardali E, Ten Dijke P. TGFβ signaling and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:195-213. [PMID: 22253564 PMCID: PMC3258560 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family members are involved in a wide range of diverse functions and play key roles in embryogenesis, development and tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of TGFβ signaling may lead to vascular and other diseases. In vitro studies have provided evidence that TGFβ family members have a wide range of diverse effects on vascular cells, which are highly dependent on cellular context. Consistent with these observations genetic studies in mice and humans showed that TGFβ family members have ambiguous effects on the function of the cardiovascular system. In this review we discuss the recent advances on TGFβ signaling in (cardio)vascular diseases, and describe the value of TGFβ signaling as both a disease marker and therapeutic target for (cardio)vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Pardali
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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96
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Kuang T, Wang J, Zeifman A, Pang B, Huang X, Burg ED, Yuan JXJ, Wang C. Combination use of sildenafil and simvastatin increases BMPR-II signal transduction in rats with monocrotaline-mediated pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2011; 1:111-4. [PMID: 22034597 PMCID: PMC3198628 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.78102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tuguang Kuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, China
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97
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Rhodes CJ, Howard LS, Busbridge M, Ashby D, Kondili E, Gibbs JSR, Wharton J, Wilkins MR. Iron deficiency and raised hepcidin in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: clinical prevalence, outcomes, and mechanistic insights. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:300-9. [PMID: 21737024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to understand the prevalence and clinical relevance of iron deficiency in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). BACKGROUND Iron availability influences the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in humans and may be significant in the pathogenesis of IPAH. METHODS Iron deficiency, defined by raised levels of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), was investigated in 98 patients with IPAH. Hepcidin and erythropoietin (EPO) levels were also measured. The effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor knockdown on BMP-6-stimulated hepcidin production was assessed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Relationships between sTfR and exercise capacity, functional class, and all-cause mortality were analyzed. RESULTS Circulating sTfR levels were raised in 63% of IPAH patients, indicating significant iron deficiency. Consistent with this, iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels were reduced and red cell distribution width increased, without overt anemia. Hepcidin correlated inversely with sTfR and positively with increasing ferritin. Hepcidin was inappropriately raised in IPAH independent of the inflammatory marker interleukin-6. EPO levels were also raised and correlated inversely with hepcidin. BMP receptor-type 2 (BMPR2) knockdown in HepG2 cells increased BMP-6-stimulated hepcidin expression. sTfR increased with World Health Organization functional class (p < 0.05), correlated negatively with exercise capacity (p = 0.027), and values >28.1 nmol/l independently predicted survival (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Iron deficiency is common in IPAH patients and associated with disease severity and poor clinical outcome. Inappropriately raised hepcidin levels, which impair iron absorption from the gut, may be a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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98
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Kusano KF. Treatment for pulmonary hypertension including lung transplantation. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59:538-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11748-010-0747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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99
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Lee GT, Jung YS, Lee JH, Kim WJ, Kim IY. Bone morphogenetic protein 6-induced interleukin-1β expression in macrophages requires PU.1/Smad1 interaction. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1540-7. [PMID: 21571370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by activated macrophages and monocytes. Previously, we have reported that bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression via IL-1β in macrophages. In the present study, we demonstrate that BMP-6 increases IL-1β expression in macrophages via the receptors ALK3 and BMPRII as well as the downstream signaling protein Smad1. Surprisingly though, inhibition of the ERK and JNK non-Smad pathways also completely blocked the induction of IL-1β by BMP-6 in macrophages. Further analysis revealed that a physical interaction between the transcription factor PU.1 and Smad 1 is necessary for the upregulation of IL-1β expression by BMP-6 in macrophages. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BMP-6-induced IL-1β expression in macrophages is mediated via a cross-talk between the Smad and the non-Smad pathways through Smad1 and PU.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology and the Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street #4560, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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100
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Ho CC, Zhou X, Mishina Y, Bernard DJ. Mechanisms of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) stimulated inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:242-52. [PMID: 21056086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) stimulates expression of the inhibitors of DNA binding (Id) 1, 2, and 3 in a variety of cell types. Here, we examined mechanisms mediating BMP2-stimulated Id3 transcription in murine gonadotropes. Using a combination of quantitative RT-PCR, promoter-reporter analyses, over-expression, and RNA interference approaches, we demonstrate that BMP2 signals via the BMPR2 and BMPR1A (ALK3) receptors and intracellular signaling proteins SMADs 1 and 5 to stimulate Id3 transcription. We further define a novel 6-bp cis-element mediating BMP2- and SMAD-dependent transcription, though this site does not appear to bind SMADs directly. A specific DNA binding protein complex binds to this element, but its constituent protein(s) remain undetermined. Recently, a more distal enhancer was shown to mediate BMP4-induction of the human ID3 gene in ovarian cancer cells. This enhancer is conserved in the murine gene and we demonstrate its role in BMP2-induced Id3 promoter activity in gonadotropes. Conversely, the proximal cis-element defined here is also conserved in human ID3 and we demonstrate its functional role in BMP2-induction of ID3 transcription. Finally, we show that the two regulatory elements also mediate BMP2-induction of Id3 promoter activity in murine fibroblasts. Collectively, we have defined a general mechanism whereby BMP2 regulates Id3/ID3 transcription in different cell types and in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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