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Moldt B, Saye-Francisco K, Schultz N, Burton DR, Hessell AJ. Simplifying the synthesis of SIgA: combination of dIgA and rhSC using affinity chromatography. Methods 2013; 65:127-32. [PMID: 23811333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal epithelia together with adaptive immune responses, such as local production and secretion of dimeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A (IgA), are a crucial part of the first line of defense against invading pathogens. IgA is primarily secreted as SIgA and plays multiple roles in mucosal defense. The study of SIgA-mediated protection is an important area of research in mucosal immunity but an easy, fast and reproducible method to generate pathogen-specific SIgA in vitro has not been available. We report here a new method to produce SIgA by co-purification of dimeric IgA, containing J chain, and recombinant human SC expressed in CHO cells. We previously reported the generation, production and characterization of the human recombinant monoclonal antibody IgA2 b12. This antibody, derived from the variable regions of the neutralizing anti-HIV-1 mAb IgG1 b12, blocked viral attachment and uptake by epithelial cells in vitro. We used a cloned CHO cell line that expresses monomeric, dimeric and polymeric species of IgA2 b12 for large-scale production of dIgA2 b12. Subsequently, we generated a CHO cell line to express recombinant human secretory component (rhSC). Here, we combined dIgA2 b12 and CHO-expressed rhSC via column chromatography to produce SIgA2 b12 that remains fully intact upon elution with 0.1M citric acid, pH 3.0. We have performed biochemical analysis of the synthesized SIgA to confirm the species is of the expected size and retains the functional properties previously described for IgA2 b12. We show that SIgA2 b12 binds to the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein with similar apparent affinity to that of monomeric and dimeric forms of IgA2 b12 and neutralizes HIV-1 isolates with similar potency. An average yield of 6 mg of SIgA2 b12 was achieved from the combination of 20mg of purified dIgA2 b12 and 2L of rhSC-containing CHO cell supernatant. We conclude that synthesized production of stable SIgA can be generated by co-purification. This process introduces a simplified means of generating a variety of pathogen-specific SIgA antibodies for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Saye-Francisco
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Niccole Schultz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Adhesion of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Inhibition by Glycocompounds Engaged in the Mucosal Innate Immunity. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:810-31. [PMID: 24832810 PMCID: PMC3960885 DOI: 10.3390/biology2020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli colonizes the human intestine shortly after birth, with most strains engaging in a commensal relationship. However, some E. coli strains have evolved toward acquiring genetic traits associated with virulence. Currently, five categories of enteroadherent E. coli strains are well-recognized, and are classified in regard to expressed adhesins and the strategy used during the colonization. The high morbidity associated with diarrhea has motivated investigations focusing on E. coli adhesins, as well on factors that inhibit bacterial adherence. Breastfeeding has proved to be the most effective strategy for preventing diarrhea in children. Aside from the immunoglobulin content, glycocompounds and oligosaccharides in breast milk play a critical role in the innate immunity against diarrheagenic E. coli strains. This review summarizes the colonization factors and virulence strategies exploited by diarrheagenic E. coli strains, addressing the inhibitory effects that oligosaccharides and glycocompounds, such as lactoferrin and free secretory components, exert on the adherence and virulence of these strains. This review thus provides an overview of experimental data indicating that human milk glycocompounds are responsible for the universal protective effect of breastfeeding against diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes.
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Audfray A, Varrot A, Imberty A. Bacteria love our sugars: Interaction between soluble lectins and human fucosylated glycans, structures, thermodynamics and design of competing glycocompounds. CR CHIM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xu S, Ma L, Evans E, Okamoto CT, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor traffics through two distinct apically targeted pathways in primary lacrimal gland acinar cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2704-17. [PMID: 23606742 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.122242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mediates transcytosis of dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) and its release into mucosal secretions. The present study reveals the complexity of the trafficking of pIgR to the apical plasma membrane in epithelial cells with exocrine secretory functions; in rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells (LGACs), trafficking of pIgR involves both the transcytotic pathway and one arm of the regulated secretory pathway. By specifically tracking pIgR endocytosed from the basolateral membrane, we show here that the Rab11a-regulated transcytotic pathway mediates the basal-to-apical transport of pIgR, and that pIgR sorted into the transcytotic pathway does not access the regulated secretory pathway. However, previous work in LGACs expanded in the present study has shown that some pIgR is localized to Rab3D-enriched mature secretory vesicles (SVs). Myosin Vb and myosin Vc motors modulate release of proteins from the Rab11a-regulated transcytotic pathway and the Rab3D-enriched secretory pathway in LGACs, respectively. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays showed that inhibition of myosin Vb and myosin Vc activity by overexpression of their dominant-negative mutants each significantly but differentially impaired aspects of apically targeted pIgR trafficking and secretory component release, suggesting that these motors function to regulate pIgR trafficking in both the transcytotic and exocytotic pathways. Intriguingly, a second mature SV population enriched in Rab27b was devoid of pIgR cargo, suggesting the specialization of Rab3D-enriched mature SVs to carry a particular subset of cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the apical plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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55
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Liu DY, Jiang T, Wang S, Cao X. Effect of hyperoxia on pulmonary SIgA and its components, IgA and SC. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1009-17. [PMID: 23579770 PMCID: PMC3682104 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oxygen therapy (hyperoxia) is essential for the treatment of some neonatal critical care conditions. The lung is the primary target for the changes induced by hyperoxia. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), IgA and secretory component (SC) reflect the local immunity in the respiratory tract induced by hyperoxia. Methods The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry staining, Western blot and Real-time PCR were used to detect the levels of cytokines, IgA and SIgA in bronchoalveolar lavage as well as IgA and SC/pIgR in pulmonary tissue. Results The levels of IgA and SIgA in BAL fluid were gradually increased following neonatal rat development. Compared with air-inhaling group, in the hyperoxia group IgA, SIgA and other cytokines except IL-1 in BAL fluid were significantly elevated on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days, but on the 10th day TNF-α, SIgA and IgA rapidly decreased. In the hyperoxia group, both the protein expression of SC/pIgR and the mRNA expression of SC/pIgR were remarkably increased on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days, but were significantly decreased on the 10th day, respectively. Conclusion: The large amount of SIgA, IgA and SC in the early period of hyperoxia might protect the lungs of the neonatal rats against acute pulmonary injury, however, in the late period of hyperoxia, the abruptly drop of SIgA and its component might lead to pulmonary immunity abnormality. In hyperoxia, the increased expression of cytokines might contribute to the expression of IgA and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Liu
- Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Congenital Malformation Research, Ministry of Health, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
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Longet S, Miled S, Lötscher M, Miescher SM, Zuercher AW, Corthésy B. Human plasma-derived polymeric IgA and IgM antibodies associate with secretory component to yield biologically active secretory-like antibodies. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:4085-94. [PMID: 23250751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin is successfully applied to improve many clinical conditions, including infection, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency. Most immunoglobulin products, recombinant or plasma-derived, are based on IgG antibodies, whereas to date, the use of IgA for therapeutic application has remained anecdotal. In particular, purification or production of large quantities of secretory IgA (SIgA) for potential mucosal application has not been achieved. In this work, we sought to investigate whether polymeric IgA (pIgA) recovered from human plasma is able to associate with secretory component (SC) to generate SIgA-like molecules. We found that ∼15% of plasma pIgA carried J chain and displayed selective SC binding capacity either in a mixture with monomeric IgA (mIgA) or after purification. The recombinant SC associated covalently in a 1:1 stoichiometry with pIgA and with similar efficacy as colostrum-derived SC. In comparison with pIgA, the association with SC delayed degradation of SIgA by intestinal proteases. Similar results were obtained with plasma-derived IgM. In vitro, plasma-derived IgA and SIgA neutralized Shigella flexneri used as a model pathogen, resulting in a delay of bacteria-induced damage targeted to polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. The sum of these novel data demonstrates that association of plasma-derived IgA or IgM with recombinant/colostrum-derived SC is feasible and yields SIgA- and SIgM-like molecules with similar biochemical and functional characteristics as mucosa-derived immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Longet
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
An important activity of mucosal surfaces is the production of antibodies (Abs) referred to as secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) that serve as a first line of defense to repel pathogenic microorganisms and provide a finely tuned balance to guarantee controlled survival of essential commensal bacteria. By excluding bacteria from the epithelial cell, SIgA participates in the cross-talk between the host and its intestinal content, ensuring appropriate homeostasis under normal conditions. Besides the classical view of immune exclusion function, SIgA Abs exhibit the striking feature to adhere to gastrointestinal M cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium in organized structures called Peyer's patches. Selective binding of SIgA results in transport across the microfold (M) cells, a process that facilitates the association of the Ab with dendritic cells (DCs) located in the underlying subepithelial dome region of Peyer's patches. Limited entry of free SIgA and SIgA-coated bacteria via this pathway is crucial to the modulation of local immune responses in an environment that limits the onset of pro-inflammatory circuits. Such a mechanism would ensure homeostasis by allowing antigen recognition under neutralized conditions and by avoiding tissue dissemination, two features that endow SIgA with non-inflammatory properties in the mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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58
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa contains the largest population of antibody-secreting plasma cells in the body, and in humans several grams of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) are released into the intestine each day. In the gut lumen, SIgA serves as a first-line barrier that protects the epithelium from pathogens and toxins. Recently, next-generation sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the nature of the intestinal microbiota and has also shed new light on the important roles of SIgA in the regulation of host-commensal homeostasis. Here, I discuss pathways of IgA induction in the context of SIgA specificity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strae 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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59
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Everest-Dass AV, Jin D, Thaysen-Andersen M, Nevalainen H, Kolarich D, Packer NH. Comparative structural analysis of the glycosylation of salivary and buccal cell proteins: innate protection against infection by Candida albicans. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1465-79. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Lewis WG, Robinson LS, Perry J, Bick JL, Peipert JF, Allsworth JE, Lewis AL. Hydrolysis of secreted sialoglycoprotein immunoglobulin A (IgA) in ex vivo and biochemical models of bacterial vaginosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2079-89. [PMID: 22134918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common polymicrobial imbalance of the vaginal flora associated with a wide variety of obstetric and gynecologic complications including serious infections and preterm birth. As evidenced by high recurrence rates following treatment, interventions for BV are still lacking. Several hydrolytic activities, including glycosidases and proteases, have been previously correlated with BV and have been hypothesized to degrade host sialoglycoproteins that participate in mucosal immune functions. Sialidase activity is most predictive of BV status and correlates strongly with adverse health outcomes. Here we combine clinical specimens with biochemical approaches to investigate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) as a substrate of BV-associated glycosidases and proteases. We show that BV clinical specimens hydrolyze sialic acid from SIgA, but not in the presence of the sialidase inhibitor dehydro-deoxy-sialic acid. The collective action of BV-associated glycosidases exposes underlying mannose residues of SIgA, most apparent on the heavily N-glycosylated secretory component of the antibody. Terminal sialic acid residues on SIgA protect underlying carbohydrate residues from exposure and hydrolysis by exoglycosidases (galactosidase and hexosaminidase). It is known that both IgG and SIgA are present in the human reproductive tract. We show that the IgG heavy chain is more susceptible to proteolysis than its IgA counterpart. Gentle partial deglycosylation of the SIgA secretory component enhanced susceptibility to proteolysis. Together, these data support a model of BV in which SIgA is subject to stepwise exodeglycosylation and enhanced proteolysis, likely compromising the ability of the reproductive mucosa to neutralize and eliminate pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Lewis
- Departments of Medicine, Gynecology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Mantis NJ, Rol N, Corthésy B. Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:603-11. [PMID: 21975936 PMCID: PMC3774538 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) serves as the first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric toxins and pathogenic microorganisms. Through a process known as immune exclusion, SIgA promotes the clearance of antigens and pathogenic microorganisms from the intestinal lumen by blocking their access to epithelial receptors, entrapping them in mucus, and facilitating their removal by peristaltic and mucociliary activities. In addition, SIgA functions in mucosal immunity and intestinal homeostasis through mechanisms that have only recently been revealed. In just the past several years, SIgA has been identified as having the capacity to directly quench bacterial virulence factors, influence composition of the intestinal microbiota by Fab-dependent and Fab-independent mechanisms, promote retro-transport of antigens across the intestinal epithelium to dendritic cell subsets in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and, finally, to downregulate proinflammatory responses normally associated with the uptake of highly pathogenic bacteria and potentially allergenic antigens. This review summarizes the intrinsic biological activities now associated with SIgA and their relationships with immunity and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208,Biomedical Sciences Program, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12201,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Mathias A, Corthésy B. N-Glycans on secretory component: mediators of the interaction between secretory IgA and gram-positive commensals sustaining intestinal homeostasis. Gut Microbes 2011; 2:287-93. [PMID: 22067937 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.2.5.18269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings live in symbiosis with billions of microorganisms colonizing mucosal surfaces. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying this fine-tuned intestinal balance has made significant processes during the last decades. We have recently demonstrated that the interaction of SIgA with Gram-positive bacteria is essentially based on Fab-independent, glycan-mediated recognition. Results obtained using mouse hybridoma- and colostrum-derived secretory IgA (SIgA) consistently show that N-glycans present on secretory component (SC) play a crucial role in the process. Natural coating may involve specific Gram-positive cell wall components, which may explain selective recognition at the molecular level. More widely, the existence of these complexes is involved in the modulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) responses in vitro and the formation of intestinal biofilms. Thus, SIgA may act as one of the pillars in homeostatic maintenance of the microbiota in the gut, adding yet another facet to its multiple roles in the mucosal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- The R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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63
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Mathias A, Corthésy B. Recognition of gram-positive intestinal bacteria by hybridoma- and colostrum-derived secretory immunoglobulin A is mediated by carbohydrates. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17239-47. [PMID: 21454510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans live in symbiosis with 10(14) commensal bacteria among which >99% resides in their gastrointestinal tract. The molecular bases pertaining to the interaction between mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) and bacteria residing in the intestine are not known. Previous studies have demonstrated that commensals are naturally coated by SIgA in the gut lumen. Thus, understanding how natural SIgA interacts with commensal bacteria can provide new clues on its multiple functions at mucosal surfaces. Using fluorescently labeled, nonspecific SIgA or secretory component (SC), we visualized by confocal microscopy the interaction with various commensal bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides strains. These experiments revealed that the interaction between SIgA and commensal bacteria involves Fab- and Fc-independent structural motifs, featuring SC as a crucial partner. Removal of glycans present on free SC or bound in SIgA resulted in a drastic drop in the interaction with gram-positive bacteria, indicating the essential role of carbohydrates in the process. In contrast, poor binding of gram-positive bacteria by control IgG was observed. The interaction with gram-negative bacteria was preserved whatever the molecular form of protein partner used, suggesting the involvement of different binding motifs. Purified SIgA and SC from either mouse hybridoma cells or human colostrum exhibited identical patterns of recognition for gram-positive bacteria, emphasizing conserved plasticity between species. Thus, sugar-mediated binding of commensals by SIgA highlights the currently underappreciated role of glycans in mediating the interaction between a highly diverse microbiota and the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Flamini MA, Díaz AO, Barbeito CG, Portiansky EL. Morphology, morphometry, histochemistry and lectin histochemistry of the vagina of the plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus). Biotech Histochem 2011; 87:81-94. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2010.518497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- MA Flamini
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata
| | - AO Díaz
- Department of Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata
| | - CG Barbeito
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata
- Department of Biology, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata
- Institute of Pathology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - EL Portiansky
- Institute of Pathology, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
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65
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Murthy AK, Chaganty BKR, Troutman T, Guentzel MN, Yu JJ, Ali SK, Lauriano CM, Chambers JP, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. Mannose-containing oligosaccharides of non-specific human secretory immunoglobulin A mediate inhibition of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16847. [PMID: 21347387 PMCID: PMC3036728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of antigen-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) has been studied extensively, whereas there is a limited body of evidence regarding the contribution of non-specific SIgA to innate immune defenses against invading pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the effects of non-specific SIgA against infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 and biofilm formation. Seven day old infant mice deficient in IgA (IgA-/- mice) displayed significantly greater intestinal MO10 burden at 24 hr post-challenge when compared to IgA+/+ pups. Importantly, cross-fostering of IgA-/- pups with IgA+/+ nursing dams reversed the greater susceptibility to MO10 infection, suggesting a role for non-specific SIgA in protection against the infection. Since biofilm formation is associated with virulence of MO10, we further examined the role of human non-specific SIgA on this virulence phenotype of the pathogen. Human non-specific SIgA, in a dose-dependent fashion, significantly reduced the biofilm formation by MO10 without affecting the viability of the bacterium. Such an inhibitory effect was not induced by human serum IgA, IgG, or IgM, suggesting a role for the oligosaccharide-rich secretory component (SC) of SIgA. This was supported by the demonstration that SIgA treated with endoglycosidase H, to cleave the high-mannose containing terminal chitobiose residues, did not induce a reduction in biofilm formation by MO10. Furthermore, the addition of free mannose per se, across a wide dose range, induced significant reduction in MO10 biofilm formation. Collectively, these results suggest that mannose containing oligosacchardies within human non-specific secretory IgA can alter important virulence phenotypes of Vibrio cholerae such as biofilm formation, without affecting viability of the microorganism. Such effects may contribute significantly to innate immune defenses against invading pathogens in vivo in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bharat K. R. Chaganty
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ty Troutman
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Syed Khalid Ali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Crystal M. Lauriano
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu DY, Miao JN. Effect of hyperoxia on the expression of secretory component in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:362-366. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i4.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of hyperoxia on the expression of secretory component (SC) in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells.
METHODS: The number of Caco-2 cells was counted with a hemacytometer, and cell division was determined by Giemsa staining. The changes in the expression levels of SC in Caco-2 cells were detected by immunocytochemistry.
RESULTS: Caco-2 cells exhibited exponential growth in air containing 400 mL/L O2. Cell growth was partially inhibited when the proportion of oxygen in air was elevated to 600 mL/L, and completely inhibited when elevated to 900 mL/L. The division index of treated cells was 2.5% in air, 3.3% in 400 mL/L O2, and 1.3% in 600 mL/L O2. Many cells died in 900 mL/L O2. Compared with cells incubated in air, the expression of SC was up-regulated in 400 mL/L and 600 mL/L O2. The ability of intestinal epithelial cells to express SC was limited in 900 mL/L O2. Compared with cells incubated in 400 mL/L O2, the expression of SC was down-regulated in 600 mL/L O2.
CONCLUSION: Moderately high concentrations of oxygen promote cell growth and SC expression in Caco-2 cells, whereas extremely high concentrations of oxygen inhibit cell growth and SC expression. High levels of SC are beneficial to maintaining and balancing the intestinal mucosa and inhibiting bacterial invasion.
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67
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Mantis NJ, Forbes SJ. Secretory IgA: arresting microbial pathogens at epithelial borders. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:383-406. [PMID: 20450284 DOI: 10.3109/08820131003622635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominant class of antibody found in intestinal secretions. Although SIgA's role in protecting the intestinal epithelium from the enteric pathogens and toxins has long been recognized, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved. The present review summarizes the current understanding of how SIgA functions to prevent microbial pathogens and toxins from gaining access to the intestinal epithelium. We also discuss recent work from our laboratory examining the interaction of a particular protective monoclonal IgA with Salmonella and propose, based on this work, that SIgA has a previously unrecognized capacity to directly interfere with microbial virulence at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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68
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Strugnell RA, Wijburg OLC. The role of secretory antibodies in infection immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:656-67. [PMID: 20694027 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal secretory immune system provides an important primary defence against disease, as studies of humans with mucosal humoral immunodeficiencies suggest that the absence of secretory immunoglobulin A leads to an increase in mucosal infections. However, the infection risks posed do not seem to provide the evolutionary drive to retain constitutive secretion of often 'hard won' protein, suggesting that secretory antibodies may have some other important function (or functions). This Review examines the evidence that secretory antibodies provide an important defence against infection in specific animal models and explores complementary explanations for the evolution of the secretory immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, VIC 3010 Australia.
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69
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Corthésy B. Role of secretory immunoglobulin A and secretory component in the protection of mucosal surfaces. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:817-29. [PMID: 20441552 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies in the defense of mucosal epithelia plays an important role in preventing pathogen adhesion to host cells, therefore blocking dissemination and further infection. This mechanism, referred to as immune exclusion, represents the dominant mode of action of the antibody. However, SIgA antibodies combine multiple facets, which together confer properties extending from intracellular and serosal neutralization of antigens, activation of non-inflammatory pathways and homeostatic control of the endogenous microbiota. The sum of these features suggests that future opportunities for translational application from research-based knowledge to clinics include the mucosal delivery of bioactive antibodies capable of preserving immunoreactivity in the lung, gastrointestinal tract, the genito-urinary tract for the treatment of infections. This article covers topics dealing with the structure of SIgA, the dissection of its mode of action in epithelia lining different mucosal surfaces and its potential in immunotherapy against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Department of Immunology & Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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70
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Holmner A, Mackenzie A, Krengel U. Molecular basis of cholera blood-group dependence and implications for a world characterized by climate change. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2548-55. [PMID: 20417206 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has the potential to increase the threat of water-borne diseases, through rises in temperature and sea-level, and precipitation variability. Cholera poses a particular threat, and the need to develop better intervention tools is imminent. Cholera infections are particularly severe for blood group O individuals, who are less protected by the current vaccines. Here we derive a hypothesis as to the molecular origins of blood-group dependence of this disease, based on relevant epidemiological, clinical and molecular data, and give suggestions on how to plan prevention strategies, and develop novel and improved pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Holmner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Västerbotten County Council, Umeå, Sweden
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71
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Recognition of secretory IgA by DC-SIGN: implications for immune surveillance in the intestine. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:59-66. [PMID: 20362001 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA), the predominant class of antibody in intestinal secretions, serves as the first line of defense against enteric infections. SIgA has also been proposed to function in immune surveillance, given that both SIgA and SIgA-antigen complexes are actively transported by Peyer's patch M cells from the intestinal lumen to sub-epithelial dendritic cells (DCs). The goal of the present study was to identify the receptor(s) potentially utilized by mucosal DCs to recognize and internalize SIgA. We demonstrate that human colostral SIgA is recognized by purified recombinant human DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) in a solid phase binding assay, as well as by DC-SIGN ectopically expressed on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-S) cells. The interaction between SIgA and DC-SIGN was specific, given that it was Ca(2+)-dependent and inhibited by mannan. Moreover, SIgA bound to, and was internalized by, endogenous DC-SIGN expressed on THP-1 cells following monocyte to macrophage-like cell differentiation by stimulation with phorbol ester and interleukin-4. These data identify DC-SIGN as a putative receptor for SIgA, and reveal a mechanism by which DCs could collaborate with M cells in immune surveillance at mucosal surfaces.
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72
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Duc M, Johansen FE, Corthésy B. Antigen binding to secretory immunoglobulin A results in decreased sensitivity to intestinal proteases and increased binding to cellular Fc receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:953-60. [PMID: 19910466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.059220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In intestinal secretions, secretory IgA (SIgA) plays an important sentinel and protective role in the recognition and clearance of enteric pathogens. In addition to serving as a first line of defense, SIgA and SIgA x antigen immune complexes are selectively transported across Peyer's patches to underlying dendritic cells in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, contributing to immune surveillance and immunomodulation. To explain the unexpected transport of immune complexes in face of the large excess of free SIgA in secretions, we postulated that SIgA experiences structural modifications upon antigen binding. To address this issue, we associated specific polymeric IgA and SIgA with antigens of various sizes and complexity (protein toxin, virus, bacterium). Compared with free antibody, we found modified sensitivity of the three antigens assayed after exposure to proteases from intestinal washes. Antigen binding further impacted on the immunoreactivity toward polyclonal antisera specific for the heavy and light chains of the antibody, as a function of the antigen size. These conformational changes promoted binding of the SIgA-based immune complex compared with the free antibody to cellular receptors (Fc alphaRI and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor) expressed on the surface of premyelocytic and epithelial cell lines. These data reveal that antigen recognition by SIgA triggers structural changes that confer to the antibody enhanced receptor binding properties. This identifies immune complexes as particular structural entities integrating the presence of bound antigens and adds to the known function of immune exclusion and mucus anchoring by SIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Duc
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital (CHUV), rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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73
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Chavatte-Palmer PM, Heyman Y, Richard C, Urien C, Renard JP, Schwartz-Cornil I. The immune status of bovine somatic clones. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:309-18. [PMID: 19508113 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Agronomical applications of cloned livestock produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been authorized in the United States and the European Food Safety Authority published that there was no evidence of risks associated with the use of cloned animal in the breeding industry. Both assessments, however, underlined that complementary data are needed to update their conclusions. SCNT is associated with a high incidence of perinatal losses. After birth, cloned cattle appear to possibly present subtle immune defects, requiring extensive studies to be properly evidenced. Twenty-five cloned Holstein heifers from five distinct genotypes and their contemporary age- and sex-matched controls were compared. An extensive survey of leukocyte subsets was performed and the humoral and T-cell immune responses to exogenous antigens were studied. Cloned cattle presented a normal representation of leukocyte subsets. Functional immunity was not modified in cloned heifers, as they were able to raise an antibody response and to develop B and T cell-specific responses against the model antigen OVA (ovalbumin) and against a rotavirus vaccine as in controls. Thus, this extensive analysis supports previous data suggesting that cloned cattle have a normal immunity.
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74
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Jaffar Z, Ferrini ME, Herritt LA, Roberts K. Cutting edge: lung mucosal Th17-mediated responses induce polymeric Ig receptor expression by the airway epithelium and elevate secretory IgA levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4507-11. [PMID: 19342622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) is a central player in mucosal immunity that mediates the delivery of polymeric IgA and IgM to the apical surface of epithelial cells via transcytosis. Emerging evidence suggests that Th17 cells not only mediate autoimmunity but also play key roles in mucosal host defense against pathogens. We demonstrate that OVA-specific CD4(+) Th17 cells, in addition to causing neutrophilic inflammation in mice, mediated a pronounced influx of CD19(+) B cells into the lungs following Ag inhalation. Coincident with this recruitment was a striking induction in pIgR expression by the bronchial epithelium and a subsequent increase in airway IgM and secretory IgA levels. Intranasal administration of IL-17 revealed a crucial role for this cytokine in inducing pIgR expression by the epithelium. These findings support a key role for Th17 cells in pulmonary immune defense against respiratory pathogens by promoting pIgR-mediated transport of secretory IgA and IgM into the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Jaffar
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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75
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Mestecky J, Russell MW. Specific antibody activity, glycan heterogeneity and polyreactivity contribute to the protective activity of S-IgA at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Lett 2009; 124:57-62. [PMID: 19524784 PMCID: PMC2697127 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An explanation of the principles and mechanisms involved in peaceful co-existence between animals and the huge, diverse, and ever-changing microbiota that resides on their mucosal surfaces represents a challenging puzzle that is fundamental in everyday survival. In addition to mechanical barriers and a variety of innate defense factors, mucosal immunoglobulins (Igs) provide protection by two complementary mechanisms: specific antibody activity and innate, Ig glycan-mediated binding, both of which serve to contain the mucosal microbiota in its physiological niche. Thus, the interaction of bacterial ligands with IgA glycans constitutes a discrete mechanism that is independent of antibody specificity and operates primarily in the intestinal tract. This mucosal site is by far the most heavily colonized with an enormously diverse bacterial population, as well as the most abundant production site for antibodies, predominantly of the IgA isotype, in the entire immune system. In embodying both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms within a single molecule, S-IgA maintains comprehensive protection of mucosal surfaces with economy of structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35295-2170, USA.
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76
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Almogren A, Bonner A, Perkins SJ, Kerr MA. Functional and structural characterisation of human colostrum free secretory component. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1534-41. [PMID: 19230975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Secretory component (SC) in association with polymeric IgA (pIgA) forms secretory IgA (SIgA), the major antibody active at mucosal surfaces. SC also exists in a free form in secretions, with innate neutralizing properties against important pathogens. IgA-bound SC and free secretory component (FSC) are both produced by proteolytic cleavage of the polymeric Ig receptor whose function is to transport IgA and IgM across mucosal epithelia. Although the proteases have not been characterised and the site(s) of cleavage of the polymeric Ig receptor has been debated, it has been assumed that bound and free SC are produced by cleavage at the same site. Here we show by SDS-PAGE analyses that FSC is slightly smaller than SIgA1- or SIgA2-bound SC when purified simultaneously. The FSC preparation was functionally active, shown by binding to dimeric and polymeric IgA, and by its ability to trigger a respiratory burst by binding to 'SC receptors' on eosinophils. We also show that FSC from different human secretions have different molecular sizes. The solution structure of FSC from colostrum was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and X-ray scattering. The sedimentation coefficient of 4.25S is close to that for recombinant FSC. The X-ray scattering curve showed that FSC adopts a compact structure in solution which corresponds well to the J-shaped domain arrangement determined previously for recombinant FSC which terminates at residue Arg585. The smaller sizes of the FSC forms are attributable to variable cleavages of the C-terminal linker region, and may result from the absence of dimeric IgA. The FSC modelling accounts for the lack of effect of the C-terminal linker on the known functions of FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Almogren
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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77
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Abstract
SIgA, which consists of 2 monomer IgA, 1 molecular chain J and a molecular secretory component (SC), plays a critical role and is considered as the first-line defense in the mucosal immunity. As an important part of SIgA, SC is the extracellular cleaved ectodomain of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). SC plays an important role in the formation and transportation of SIgA and SC could also protect the hinge area of SIgA and enhance its anti-infective activity. Therefore, the SC has attracted increasing attention from researchers and great progress has been recently made in its structure and function.
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78
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Bonner A, Almogren A, Furtado PB, Kerr MA, Perkins SJ. Location of secretory component on the Fc edge of dimeric IgA1 reveals insight into the role of secretory IgA1 in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2:74-84. [PMID: 19079336 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the most prevalent antibody in the human body and a first line of defense in mucosal immunity. We located secretory component (SC) relative to dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1) within the SIgA1 structure using the constrained modeling of solution scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation data. The extended solution structure of dIgA1 is largely preserved within SIgA1. From conformational searches of SC locations, the best-fit SC models within SIgA1 show that SC is extended along the outermost convex edge of the Fc dimer in dIgA1. The topology of our SIgA1 structure reveals that it is able to bind to one FcalphaRI receptor molecule. SC binding to the Fc dimer confers protection to SIgA1 by the masking of proteolytically susceptible surface sites from bacterial proteases in the harsh environment of the mucosa. The models support a "zipper-like" unfolding of SC upon dIgA1 in the formation and transportation of SIgA1 into the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonner
- Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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79
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Stelwagen K, Carpenter E, Haigh B, Hodgkinson A, Wheeler TT. Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:3-9. [PMID: 18952725 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum and milk provide a complete diet for the neonate. In ruminants, colostrum is also the sole source of initial acquired immunity for the offspring. Milk therefore plays an important role in mammalian host defense. In colostrum, the concentration of immunoglobulins is particularly high, with IgG being the major immunoglobulin class present in ruminant milk, in contrast to IgA being the major immunoglobulin present in human milk. Immunoglobulins are transported into mammary secretions via specialized receptors. In addition to immunoglobulins, both colostrum and milk contain viable cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, which secrete a range of immune-related components into milk. These include cytokines and antimicrobial proteins and peptides, such as lactoferrin, defensins, and cathelicidins. Mammary epithelial cells themselves also contribute to the host defense by secreting a range of innate immune effector molecules. A detailed understanding of these proteins and peptides offers great potential to add value to the dairy industry. This is demonstrated by the wide-ranging commercial applications of lactoferrin derived from bovine milk. Knowledge of the immune function of milk, in particular, how the gland responds to pathogens, can be used to boost the concentrations of immune factors in milk through farm management practices and vaccination protocols. The latter approach is currently being used to maximize yields of bovine milk-derived IgA directed at specific antigens for therapeutic and prophylactic use. Increasingly sophisticated proteomics technologies are being applied to identify and characterize the functions of the minor components of milk. An overview is presented of the immune factors in colostrum and milk as well as the results of research aimed at realizing this untapped value in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stelwagen
- Dairy Science & Technology, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand.
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80
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Cauci S, Culhane JF, Di Santolo M, McCollum K. Among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis, the hydrolytic enzymes sialidase and prolidase are positively associated with interleukin-1beta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:132.e1-7. [PMID: 17714681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to explore the mechanisms of local innate immunity induction and modulation in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis (BV). STUDY DESIGN A total of 200 singleton pregnant women in early gestation (12 +/- 4 weeks) with BV (Nugent 7-10) without concurrent vaginal infections with Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis, and yeast. Concentrations of vaginal interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-8, the number of neutrophils, and the levels of sialidase and prolidase hydrolytic enzymes were determined in vaginal fluid. RESULTS Concentrations of vaginal IL-1beta had a strong positive correlation with levels of sialidase (P < .001) and prolidase (P < .001). Conversely, such enzymes were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-8/IL-1beta (both P < .001) and were not significantly associated with concentrations of IL-8. Notably, the number of vaginal neutrophils had a negative correlation with sialidase (P = .007). CONCLUSION The strong induction of IL-1beta in BV-positive women appears to be associated with the production of the hydrolytic enzymes sialidase and prolidase by BV-associated bacteria. However, these 2 enzymes may inhibit the expected amplification of the proinflammatory IL-1beta cascade as evaluated by the down-regulation of the IL-8/IL-1beta ratio. A blunted response to IL-1beta signals may cause the poor rise of neutrophils, which is peculiar to BV. This impairment of local defense may contribute to increased susceptibility to adverse outcomes in BV-positive pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Cauci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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81
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C-terminal repeats of Clostridium difficile toxin A induce production of chemokine and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and promote migration of leukocytes. Infect Immun 2007; 76:1170-8. [PMID: 18160482 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01340-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal repeating sequences of Clostridium difficile toxin A (designated ARU) are homologous to the carbohydrate-binding domain of streptococcal glucosyltransferases (GTFs) that were recently identified as potent modulins. To test the hypothesis that ARU might exert a similar biological activity on endothelial cells, recombinant ARU (rARU), which was noncytotoxic to cell cultures, was analyzed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The rARU could bind directly to endothelial cells in a serum- and calcium-dependent manner and induce the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in a dose-dependent manner. An oligosaccharide binding assay indicated that rARU, but not GTFC, binds preferentially to Lewis antigens and 3'HSO3-containing oligosaccharides. Binding of rARU to human endothelial or intestinal cells correlated directly with the expression of Lewis Y antigen. Bound rARU directly activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in endothelial cells to release biologically active chemokines and adhesion molecules that promoted migration in a transwell assay and the adherence of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells to the endothelial cells. These results suggest that ARU may bind to multiple carbohydrate motifs to exert its biological activity on human endothelial cells.
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82
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Abstract
Traditionally, the function of immunoglobulins A (IgA), the major type of secreted antibodies, has been thought to be restricted to binding antigens outside the epithelium basal membrane. Therefore, effector mechanisms eliminating IgA-opsonized targets have not been investigated so far. However, some indirect observations of infectious agents penetrating into tissues and blood from the environment suggest such mechanisms (analogous to IgG/IgM-dependent activation of complement and natural killers). In the present review, we examine details of IgA structure that might contribute to elucidation of IgA-dependent effector functions in human and animal immunity. Special attention is given to a putative transduction of signal about antigen binding in the active center of IgA from the Fab- to the Fc-superdomain via intramolecular conformational rearrangements. Different structure of the IgA subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) is examined taking into account probable divergence of their functions in immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Kazeeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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83
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Bonner A, Perrier C, Corthésy B, Perkins SJ. Solution structure of human secretory component and implications for biological function. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16969-80. [PMID: 17428798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701281200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory component (SC) in association with polymeric IgA (pIgA) forms secretory IgA, the major antibody active at mucosal surfaces. SC also exists in the free form, with innate-like neutralizing properties against pathogens. Free SC consists of five glycosylated variable (V)-type Ig domains (D1-D5), whose structure was determined by x-ray and neutron scattering, ultracentrifugation, and modeling. With a radius of gyration of 3.53-3.63 nm, a length of 12.5 nm, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S, SC possesses an unexpected compact structure. Constrained scattering modeling based on up to 13,000 trial models shows that SC adopts a J-shaped structure in which D4 and D5 are folded back against D2 and D3. The seven glycosylation sites are located on one side of SC, leaving known IgA-binding motifs free to interact with pIgA. This work represents the first analysis of the three-dimensional structure of full-length free SC and paves the way to a better understanding of the association between SC and its potential ligands, i.e. pIgA and pathogenic-associated motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bonner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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84
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Corthésy B. Roundtrip ticket for secretory IgA: role in mucosal homeostasis? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:27-32. [PMID: 17182536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An important activity of mucosal surfaces is the production of Ab referred to as secretory IgA (SIgA). SIgA serves as the first line of defense against microorganisms through a mechanism called immune exclusion. In addition, SIgA adheres selectively to M cells in intestinal Peyer's patches, thus mediating the transepithelial transport of the Ab molecule from the intestinal lumen to underlying gut-associated organized lymphoid tissue. In Peyer's patches, SIgA binds and is internalized by dendritic cells in the subepithelial dome region. When used as carrier for Ags in oral immunization, SIgA induces mucosal and systemic responses associated with production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and limits activation of dendritic cells. In terms of humoral immunity at mucosal surfaces, SIgA appears thus to combine properties of a neutralizing agent (immune exclusion) and of a mucosal immunopotentiator inducing effector immune responses in a noninflammatory context favorable to preserve local homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, State University Hospital (Centré Hospitalìer Universitaire Vandois), Rue du Bugnon, BH 19-650, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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85
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Schmidt LD, Xie Y, Lyte M, Vulchanova L, Brown DR. Autonomic neurotransmitters modulate immunoglobulin A secretion in porcine colonic mucosa. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 185:20-8. [PMID: 17320195 PMCID: PMC1913560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays a crucial role in mucosal surface defense. We tested the hypothesis that colonic sIgA secretion is under enteric neural control. Immunohistochemistry of the porcine distal colonic mucosa revealed presumptive cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers apposed to secretory component (SC)-positive crypt epithelial cells and neighboring IgA(+) plasmacytes. The cholinomimetic drug carbamylcholine elicited rapid, atropine-sensitive IgA secretion into the luminal fluid bathing mucosal explants mounted in Ussing chambers. The adrenergic receptor agonist norepinephrine also increased IgA secretion, an action inhibited by phentolamine. These effects were independent of agonist-induced anion secretion. In Western blots of luminal fluid, both agonists increased the density of protein bands co-immunoreactive for IgA and SC. Mucosal exposure to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli did not affect IgA secretion, and carbamylcholine treatment did not affect mucosal adherence of this enteropathogen. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine, acting respectively through muscarinic cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the colonic mucosa, stimulate sIgA secretion and may enhance mucosal defense in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6010
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6010
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 Fourth Street, MS 8162, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6010
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6010
- Corresponding author: David R. Brown, Ph.D., Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6010, Telephone: (612) 624-0713; FAX: (612) 625-0204; E-mail:
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86
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Bishop JR, Gagneux P. Evolution of carbohydrate antigens--microbial forces shaping host glycomes? Glycobiology 2007; 17:23R-34R. [PMID: 17237137 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many glycans show remarkably discontinuous distribution across evolutionary lineages. These differences play major roles when organisms belonging to different lineages interact as host-pathogen or host-symbiont. Certain lineage-specific glycans have become important signals for multicellular host organisms, which use them as molecular signatures of their pathogens and symbionts through recognition by a toolkit of innate defense molecules. In turn, pathogens have evolved to exploit host lineage-specific glycans and are constantly shaping the glycomes of their hosts. These interactions take place in the face of numerous critical endogenous functions played by glycans within host organisms. Whether due to simple evolutionary divergence or adaptive changes under natural selection resulting from endogenous functional requirements, once different lineages elaborate on differential glycomes these mutual differences provide opportunities for host exploitation and/or pathogen defense between lineages. Such phylogenetic molecular recognition mechanisms will augment and likely contribute to the maintenance of lineage-specific differences in glycan repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bishop
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine-East, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Abstract
The remarkable structural diversity of glycans in nature, and their roles in cellular processes, host-pathogen interactions, biological diversity and speciation can be explained by evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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