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Maljutenko I, Hassellöv IM, Eriksson M, Ytreberg E, Yngsell D, Johansson L, Jalkanen JP, Kõuts M, Kasemets ML, Moldanova J, Magnusson K, Raudsepp U. Modelling spatial dispersion of contaminants from shipping lanes in the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112985. [PMID: 34598094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major sources of pollution from shipping to marine environments are antifouling paint residues and discharges of bilge, black, grey and ballast water and scrubber discharge water. The dispersion of copper, zinc, naphthalene, pyrene, and dibromochloromethane have been studied using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model, the General Estuarine Transport Model, and the Eulerian tracer transport model in the Baltic Sea in 2012. Annual loads of the contaminants ranged from 10-2 tons for pyrene to 100 s of tons for copper. The dispersion of the contaminants is determined by the surface kinetic energy and vertical stratification at the location of the discharge. The elevated concentration of the contaminants at the surface persists for about two-days and the contaminants are dispersed over the spatial scale of 10-60 km. The Danish Sounds, the southwestern Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland are under the heaviest pressure of shipborne contaminants in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Maljutenko
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ida-Maja Hassellöv
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Eriksson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Yngsell
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariliis Kõuts
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mari-Liis Kasemets
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jana Moldanova
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Magnusson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg Marine Research, Kristineberg 566, 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Urmas Raudsepp
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Kumar A, Al-Jumaili A, Bazaka O, Ivanova EP, Levchenko I, Bazaka K, Jacob MV. Functional nanomaterials, synergisms, and biomimicry for environmentally benign marine antifouling technology. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3201-3238. [PMID: 34726218 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling remains one of the key challenges for maritime industries, both for seafaring and stationary structures. Currently used biocide-based approaches suffer from significant drawbacks, coming at a significant cost to the environment into which the biocides are released, whereas novel environmentally friendly approaches are often difficult to translate from lab bench to commercial scale. In this article, current biocide-based strategies and their adverse environmental effects are briefly outlined, showing significant gaps that could be addressed through advanced materials engineering. Current research towards the use of natural antifouling products and strategies based on physio-chemical properties is then reviewed, focusing on the recent progress and promising novel developments in the field of environmentally benign marine antifouling technologies based on advanced nanocomposites, synergistic effects and biomimetic approaches are discussed and their benefits and potential drawbacks are compared to existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Kumar
- Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Ahmed Al-Jumaili
- Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
- Medical Physics Department, College of Medical Sciences Techniques, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Olha Bazaka
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Igor Levchenko
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, 637616, Singapore
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mohan V Jacob
- Electronics Materials Lab, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Vilas-Boas C, Neves AR, Carvalhal F, Pereira S, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Sousa E, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. Multidimensional characterization of a new antifouling xanthone: Structure-activity relationship, environmental compatibility, and immobilization in marine coatings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112970. [PMID: 34775347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of marine biofouling on ship hulls causes material damage, the spread of invasive species, and, indirectly, an increase in full consumption and subsequent pollutant gas emissions. Most efficient antifouling (AF) strategies rely on the conventional release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic biocides incorporated in marine coatings. A simple oxygenated xanthone, 3,4-dihydroxyxanthone (1), was previously reported as a promising AF agent toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae, with a therapeutic ratio higher than the commercial biocide Econea®. In this work, a structure-AF activity relationship study, an evaluation of environmental fate, and an AF efficiency in marine coatings were performed with compound 1. Hydroxy or methoxy groups at 3 and 4 positions in compound 1 favored AF activity, and groups with higher steric hindrances were detrimental. Compound 1 demonstrated low water-solubility and a short half-life in natural seawater, contrary to Econea®. In silico environmental fate predictions showed that compound 1 does not bioaccumulate in organism tissues, in contrast to other current emerging biocides, has a moderate affinity for sediments and slow migrates to ground water. No toxicity was observed against Vibrio fischeri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Polyurethane-based marine coatings containing compound 1 prepared through an innovative non-release-strategy were as efficient as those containing Econea® with low releases to water after 45 days. This proof-of-concept helped to establish compound 1 as a promising eco-friendly AF agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Neves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisca Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sandra Pereira
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Almeida
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elisabete R Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Longo C, Trani R, Nonnis Marzano C, Mercurio M, Lazic T, Cotugno P, Santobianchi E, Gravina MF. Anti-fouling activity and toxicity of the Mediterranean alien sponge Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro & Borojevic, 2004 (Porifera, Calcarea). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12279. [PMID: 34733587 PMCID: PMC8544254 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poriferans, as sessile organisms without rigid external covering, use secondary metabolites for protection from predators and fouling organisms. The present study tested the antifouling activity of ethanolic extract of the Mediterranean alien calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna towards juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Furthermore, toxicity tests on nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia salina and two microalgae strains, Nannochloropsis sp. and Tetraselmis suecica, were also conducted. A total attachment inhibition of M. galloprovincialis was achieved at a concentration of 400 µg/mL of sponge extract. The 50% mortality of A. salina nauplii was recorded at a concentration of 500 µg/mL of ethanolic extract. The growth inhibitory effect on both marine microalgae strains has been registered at a concentration of 300 µg/mL. Our results suggest promising natural antifouling activity and low toxicity of the ethanolic extract of P. magna that could be used as antifouling compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Trani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Nonnis Marzano
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mercurio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Lazic
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Flavia Gravina
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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55
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Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Human Exposure to Pesticides by Wastewater Analysis in a Seven-Year Study in Athens, Greece. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100260. [PMID: 34678955 PMCID: PMC8537104 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been used in large amounts around the world for decades and are responsible for environmental pollution and various adverse effects on human health. Analysis of untreated wastewater can deliver useful information on pesticides’ use in a particular area and allow the assessment of human exposure to certain substances. A wide-scope screening method, based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was applied, using both target and suspect screening methodologies. Daily composite influent wastewater samples were collected for seven or eight consecutive days in Athens between 2014 and 2020 and analyzed for 756 pesticides, their environmental transformation products and their human metabolites. Forty pesticides were quantified at mean concentrations up to 4.9 µg/L (tralkoxydim). The most abundant class was fungicides followed by herbicides, insect repellents, insecticides and plant growth regulators. In addition, pesticide transformation products and/or metabolites were detected with high frequency, indicating that research should be focused on them. Human exposure was evaluated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach and 3-ethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide were proposed as potential WBE biomarkers. Wastewater analysis revealed the presence of unapproved pesticides and indicated that there is an urgent need to include more transformation products in target databases.
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56
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Soon ZY, Jung JH, Loh A, Yoon C, Shin D, Kim M. Seawater contamination associated with in-water cleaning of ship hulls and the potential risk to the marine environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112694. [PMID: 34242954 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In-water cleaning can clear-off foulants from ship hulls to prevent transportation of non-indigenous species and reduce hull friction and consequent fuel use. However, during cleaning, antifouling paint residues containing toxic substances can be released into the environment. To understand the potential risks of in-water hull cleaning, cleaning effluents were collected and analyzed for total suspended solid (TSS), particle size distribution, and metal concentrations. TSS concentrations were 97.3-249 mg/L, corresponding to release rates of 12.9-37.5 g/m2 from the hull surface. Particles with sizes of ≥8 μm contributed 75-94% of the TSS. Average Cu and Zn concentrations in the effluents were 209 μg/L and 1510 μg/L, respectively, which were used for risk assessment in two port scenarios. Although the risks vary with the scale of the hull cleaning and the ports, in-water cleaning poses clear risks to marine environments, unless the effluents are recovered or treated before being released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang Soon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Loh
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Ochang Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Shin
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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57
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Lode T, Heuschele J, Andersen T, Titelman J, Hylland K, Borgå K. Density-Dependent Metabolic Costs of Copper Exposure in a Coastal Copepod. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2538-2546. [PMID: 34133786 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional ecotoxicology methods involving copepods have focused on exposure of pooled individuals and averaged responses, but there is increasing awareness of the importance of individual variation. Many biological traits are density dependent, and decisions to use single-individual or pooled exposure may affect responses to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated how conspecific density as a biotic stressor affects behavioral and respiratory responses to copper (Cu) exposure in the coastal copepod Tigriopus brevicornis. Adults were incubated at densities of 1, 2, or 4 individuals per replicate in 3.2 mL of exposure medium (23 µg Cu L-1 or control). Our results show an interaction of Cu exposure and density on respiration. The Cu exposure increased respiration, but this effect diminished with increasing density. We also found reduced swimming activity with increasing density. We propose 2 nonexclusive alternative explanations for the density-dependent respiratory increase of Cu exposure: 1) a behavioral stress response to low conspecific density, or 2) increased Cu exposure due to increased swimming activity. We emphasize the importance of considering density-dependency in responses when designing and interpreting ecotoxicology studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2538-2546. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Lode
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Heuschele
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abreu FEL, Martins SE, Fillmann G. Ecological risk assessment of booster biocides in sediments of the Brazilian coastal areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130155. [PMID: 33743422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although booster biocides (Irgarol, diuron, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, and DCOIT) have been detected in sediments along the Brazilian coastal areas, the risk associated to their occurrence and levels is still unknown. Thus, the ecological risk of booster biocides to sediment-dwelling organisms from the Brazilian coast was assessed using a risk characterization approach through the Risk Quotient (Measured environmental concentration (MEC)/Predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs)). Sedimentary PNECs for Irgarol, diuron, chlorothalonil and DCOIT were derived based on published ecotoxicological data from both freshwater and marine studies, while a NORMAN methodology was used to derived it for dichlofluanid. Results showed that DCOIT, diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, and dichlofluanid can pose high risk on 47%, 35%, 15%, 1% and 1%, respectively, of the 113 Brazilian sites appraised. Considering the trend of expansion of navigation/maritime activities, DCOIT may worsen its impact over the coastal areas of Brazil, especially ports, but also ship/boatyards, marinas, and maritime traffic zones. The present study is an important contribution to support advance on policy formulation concerning booster biocides worldwide, particularly considering the lack of regulation on the use of antifouling biocides in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Eugênia Lemos Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Pinheiro LM, Agostini VO, Lima ARA, Ward RD, Pinho GLL. The fate of plastic litter within estuarine compartments: An overview of current knowledge for the transboundary issue to guide future assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116908. [PMID: 33774365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics can enter biogeochemical cycles and thus be found in most ecosystems. Most studies emphasize plastic pollution in oceanic ecosystems even though rivers and estuaries are acknowledged as the main sources of plastics to the oceans. This review detected few studies approaching the transboundary issue, as well as patterns of estuarine gradients in predicting plastic distribution and accumulation in water, sediments, and organisms. Quantities of plastics in estuaries reach up to 45,500 items m-3 in water, 567,000 items m-3 in sediment, and 131 items per individual in the biota. The role of rivers and estuaries in the transport of plastics to the ocean is far from fully understood due to small sample sizes, short-term approaches, sampling techniques that underestimate small plastics, and the use of site-specific sampling rather than covering environmental gradients. Microfibres are the most commonly found plastic type in all environmental matrices but efforts to re-calculate pathways using novel sampling techniques and estimates are incipient. Microplastic availability to estuarine organisms and rising/sinking is determined by polymer characteristics and spatio-temporal fluctuations in physicochemical, biological, and mineralogical factors. Key processes governing plastic contamination along estuarine trophic webs remain unclear, as most studies used "species" as an ecological unit rather than trophic/functional guilds and ontogenetic shifts in feeding behaviour to understand communities and intraspecific relationships, respectively. Efforts to understand contamination at the tissue level and the contribution of biofouling organisms as vectors of contaminants onto plastic surfaces are increasing. In conclusion, rivers and estuaries still require attention with regards to accurate sampling and conclusions. Multivariate analysis and robust models are necessary to predict the fate of micro- and macroplastics in estuarine environments; and the inclusion of the socio-economic aspects in modelling techniques seems to be relevant regarding management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, CEP: 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Brazil.
| | - V O Agostini
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, CEP: 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD-CAPES/PPGO), Brazil
| | - A R A Lima
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - College Institute, Department of Biosciences, 1149-041, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R D Ward
- Centre for Aquatic Environments, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - G L L Pinho
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG). Av. Itália, Km 8, Carreiros, CEP: 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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60
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Dong M, Liu Z, Gao Y, Wang X, Chen J, Yang J. Synergistic effect of copolymeric resin grafted 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2 H)-one and heterocyclic groups as a marine antifouling coating. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18787-18796. [PMID: 35478638 PMCID: PMC9033553 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find a new type of antifouling coating with higher biological activity and more environmental protection, heterocyclic compounds and benzisothiazolinone were introduced into acrylic resin to prepare a new type of antifouling resin. In this study, a series of grafted acrylic resins simultaneously containing benzoisothiazolinone and heterocyclic monomers were prepared by the copolymerization of an allyl monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). Inhibitory activities of the copolymers against marine fouling organisms were also investigated. Results revealed that the copolymers exhibit a clear synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of three seaweeds: Chlorella, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros curvisetus, respectively, and three bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. In addition, the copolymers exhibited excellent inhibition against barnacle larvae. Marine field tests indicated that the resins exhibit outstanding antifouling potency against marine fouling organisms. Moreover, the introduction of the heterocyclic group led to the significantly enhanced antifouling activities of the resins; the addition of the heterocyclic unit in copolymers led to better inhibition than that observed in the case of the resin copolymerized with only the benzoisothiazolinone active monomer. Grafted acrylic resins containing benzoisothiazolinone and heterocyclic monomers were prepared by copolymerization. The addition of the heterocyclic unit in copolymers led to better inhibition than the resin copolymerized with only the benzoisothiazolinone monomer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China .,Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China .,Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China .,Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
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Wang X, Dong M, Meng Z, Chen J, Yang J, Wang X. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Acrylate Copolymers Containing 3-Oxo-N-allyl-1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-carboxamide Monomer as a Marine Antifouling Coating. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:523-533. [PMID: 33629516 PMCID: PMC8095297 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A type of grafted acrylate copolymer resins, containing 3-oxo-N-allyl-1,2-benzisothiazole-2(3H)-carboxamide monomer and heterocyclic monomers, was synthesized through the copolymeri- zation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) with functional monomers. The structures of the monomers and copolymers were validated by infrared (IR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The inhibitory activities of the copolymers on algae, bacteria, and barnacle larvae were measured, and the antifouling potencies against marine macrofouling organisms were investigated. The results showed that the grafted resin had significant inhibitory effects on the growth of three marine algae (Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsisoculata, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa), and three bacteria (Vibrio coralliilyticus, Staphylococcus aureus,and Vibrio parahaemolyticus). The target copolymers also showed excellent inhibition of the survival of barnacle larvae. Additionally, the release rate of the antifoulant and the results of the marine field tests indicated that the grafted copolymers had outstanding antifouling potency against the attachment of marine macrofouling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research CenterHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
| | - Miao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research CenterHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research CenterHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
| | - Xianghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of HaikouCollege of ScienceHainan UniversityHaikou570228P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHainan Normal UniversityHaikou571158P. R. China
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Abreu FEL, Batista RM, Castro ÍB, Fillmann G. Legacy and emerging antifouling biocide residues in a tropical estuarine system (Espirito Santo state, SE, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112255. [PMID: 33744804 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contamination by antifouling biocide residues (booster biocides - diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and DCOIT; butyltin compounds-BTs (TBT, DBT and MBT); and antifouling paint particles-APPs) was appraised in sediments of Vitoria Estuarine System (VES). Even at its historical lower (ΣBTs ≤113 ng Sn g-1 dry wt), the current environmental levels of BTs in areas with a predominance of boatyards still pose a risk to the local biota and human population. DCOIT, among booster biocides, was the most frequently detected, especially in boatyards (≤40 ng g-1 dry wt) and Vitoria Port (64 ng g-1 dry wt), while APPs were also detected mainly in sediments of boatyards (≤5,969 μg g-1 dry wt). Since levels of diuron and DCOIT in APPs were as high as 1,670,000 and 899,000 ng g-1 dry wt, respectively, they are acting as secondary sources of these antifouling biocides. Therefore, VES is threatened by antifouling biocide residues due to the multiple diffuse sources of contamination, showing the need for more efforts on public policies (including temporal trend monitoring studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Eugenia Lemos Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moço Batista
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Su X, Yang M, Hao D, Guo X, Jiang L. Marine antifouling coatings with surface topographies triggered by phase segregation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:104-112. [PMID: 33895532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a ubiquitous and longstanding challenge that causes both economic and environmental problems. To address this, several antifouling strategies have been proposed, such as the release of biocidal compounds or surface chemical/physical design. Here we report a coating with surface structures (chemical heterogeneity) triggered by phase segregation, which endues the good antifouling properties, alongside robust mechanical properties, low underwater oil adhesion, and excellent optical transparency. This is achieved by arranging the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components to control the assembly and phase separation under the cross-linking and localized swelling process. The structure designs are based on the poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG), zwitterions, and hydrophobic components, which may lower the entropic and enthalpic driving forces for the adsorption of the marine organisms. Our approach could provide an effective way of manufacturing novel coating with amphiphilic micro/nanodomains structure, particularly for the marine industry. And we also showed that the coatings were stable under different temperatures and shear environments. To illustrate the applicability of such a robust coating in marine biofouling, we demonstrated significantly reduced algal adhesion and barnacle attachment in the sea (p < 0.01). We envision that this work will provide great potential for the application in antifouling marine coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dezhao Hao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High-tech Polymer Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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64
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Lee D, Choi S, Moon M, Shon M. Antifouling and Removal Efficiency of Foul‐Release Polydimethylsiloxane‐based Coatings: Lab‐Scale and Seawater Immersion Fouling Test and Hydrodynamic Shearing Test. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Lee
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Pukyong National University Busan 48513 South Korea
| | - Seungyong Choi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Pukyong National University Busan 48513 South Korea
| | - Myungjun Moon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Pukyong National University Busan 48513 South Korea
| | - Minyoung Shon
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Pukyong National University Busan 48513 South Korea
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Ytreberg E, Åström S, Fridell E. Valuating environmental impacts from ship emissions - The marine perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111958. [PMID: 33461092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is an activity responsible for a range of different pressures affecting the marine environment, air quality and human welfare. The methodology on how ship emissions impact air quality and human health are comparatively well established and used in cost-benefit analysis of policy proposals. However, the knowledge base is not the same for impacts on the marine environment and a coherent environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of shipping has not yet been made. This risk policies to be biased towards air pollution whilst trading off impacts on the marine environment. The aim of the current study was to develop a comprehensive framework on how different pressures from shipping degrade marine ecosystems, air quality and human welfare. A secondary aim was to quantify the societal damage costs of shipping due to the degradation of human welfare in a Baltic Sea case study. By adding knowledge from marine ecotoxicology and life-cycle analysis to the existing knowledge from climate, air pollution and environmental economics we were able to establish a more comprehensive conceptual framework that allows for valuation of environmental impacts from shipping, but it still omits economic values for biological pollution, littering and underwater noise. The results for the Baltic Sea case showed the total annual damage costs of Baltic Sea shipping to be 2.9 billion €2010 (95% CI 2.0-3.9 billion €2010). The damage costs due to impacts on marine eutrophication (768 million €2010) and marine ecotoxicity (582 million €2010) were in the same range as the total damage costs associated with reduced air quality (816 million €2010) and climate change (737 million €2010). The framework and the results from the current study can be used in future socio-economic assessments of ship emissions to prioritize cost efficient measures. The framework can be used globally but the damage costs presented on the marine environment are restricted to emissions on the Baltic Sea and Kattegat region as they are based on willingness to pay studies conducted on citizens around the Baltic Sea where eutrophication and emissions of chemicals are particularly threats to the state of the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Åström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Fridell
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
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66
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Koning JT, Bollmann UE, Bester K. Biodegradation of third-generation organic antifouling biocides and their hydrolysis products in marine model systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124755. [PMID: 33316671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate for some selected antifouling biocides, dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid, tralopyril, and medetomidine, is relatively poorly understood with nearly all data derived from the assessment reports. Water/sediment systems and biofilms were used to determine biodegradation of the antifouling biocides. Dichlofluanid and tolylfluanid are known to hydrolyze to form DMSA (N,N-dimethyl-N'-phenylsulfamide) and DMST (N,N-Dimethyl-N'-(4-methylphenyl)sulfamide), respectively. DMSA did not show biodegradation, but it was shown to transform abiotically into N,N-dimethylsulfamide (N,N-DMS). In contrast, the structurally similar DMST did show biodegradation with a half-life of 5.78 days. The resulting transformation product of the biodegradation of DMST is also N,N-DMS. N,N-DMS accounted for the majority of the mass balance after 27 days in the water/sediment systems. Moreover, the biofilm systems also degraded both DMSA and DMST to N,N-DMS. The hydrolysis product of tralopyril, called BCCPCA (3-bromo-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-1 H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid), was not metabolized in the experiments and remained persistent. For this compound, a new log Kow of 2.47 was determined since the previously reported Kow value seemed to overestimate sediment partitioning. Medetomidine was removed from the water/sediment system, though, not significantly more than the control. However, a transformation product (medetomidine-acid) was detected in the incubation but not in the control, pointing to limited biodegradation. These results show that tolylfluanid can be rapidly removed by biodegradation in the marine environment, while dichlofluanid, tralopyril, and medetomidine remained in the system for a longer period of time. The prolonged stability of these biocides could mean that there is potential for accumulation in the environment. This potential is also there for the DMSA (dichlofluanid) and DMST (tolylfluanid) derived transformation product N,N-DMS, which was recalcitrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper T Koning
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Denmark; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Denmark
| | - K Bester
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Denmark.
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Svavarsson J, Guls HD, Sham RC, Leung KMY, Halldórsson HP. Pollutants from shipping - new environmental challenges in the subarctic and the Arctic Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112004. [PMID: 33540274 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maritime activities in the subarctic and Arctic Ocean are predicted to substantially increase in the future due to climate change and declining sea ice cover. Inevitably, the consequences will be seen in impacts on marine ecosystems in this region at many different levels, such as increased pollution load due to antifouling biocides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and pharmaceuticals. Here we discuss the current situation and evaluate the effect of increased shipping on the environmental status of subarctic and Arctic waters, in relation to elevated loads of both legacy and emerging pollutants in the region. It is of high importance to evaluate the current levels of selected pollutants, which will most likely rise in near future. Furthermore, it is important to improve our understanding of the effects of these pollutants on marine organisms at high latitudes, as the pollutants may behave differently in cold environments compared to organisms at lower latitudes, due to dissimilar physiological responses and adaptations of the cold-water organisms. Integrative studies are needed to better understand the impact of pollutants on the marine fauna while monitoring programmes and research should be continued, with an increased capacity for emerging pollutants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörundur Svavarsson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; The University of Iceland's Research Centre in Suðurnes, Garðvegi 1, 245 Suðurnesjabær, Iceland
| | - Hermann Dreki Guls
- The University of Iceland's Research Centre in Suðurnes, Garðvegi 1, 245 Suðurnesjabær, Iceland.
| | - Ronia C Sham
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, the Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Soares KL, Sunyer-Caldú A, Barbosa SC, Primel EG, Fillmann G, Diaz Cruz MS. Rapid and cost-effective multiresidue analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and antifouling booster biocides in marine sediments using matrix solid phase dispersion. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129085. [PMID: 33321282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are many contaminants of concern that need to be accurately determined to help assess their potential environmental hazard. Despite their increasing interest, yet few environmental occurrence data exist, likely because they are present at low levels and in very complex matrices. Therefore, multiresidue analytical methods for their determination need to be highly sensitive, selective, and robust. Particularly, due to the trace levels of these chemicals in the environment, an extensive extraction procedure is required before determination. This work details the development of a fast and cheap vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion-high performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (VA-MSPD-HPLC-MS/MS) method for multiresidue determination of 59 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and booster biocides, in sediment. The validated method provided high sensitivity (0.42-36.8 ngg-1 dw quantification limits), wide and good linearity (r2 > 0.999), satisfactory accuracy (60-140%), and precision below 20% for most target analytes. In comparison with previous methods, relying on traditional techniques, the proposed method demonstrated to be more environmentally friendly, cheaper, simpler, and faster. The method was applied to monitor the occurrence of these compounds in sediments collected in Brazil, using only 2 g dw sediment samples, free-solid support, and 5 mL methanol as extraction solvent. The UV filter avobenzone, the UV stabilizer and antifreeze methylbenzotriazole, the preservative methylparaben, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin, and the biocides irgarol and 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one were determined at concentrations in the range 1.44-69.7 ngg-1 dw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lotz Soares
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18 - 26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergiane Caldas Barbosa
- PPG Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- PPG Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália S/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - M Silvia Diaz Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Severo Ochoa Excellence Center. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18 - 26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Jesus ÉPSD, Figueirêdo LPD, Maia F, Martins R, Nilin J. Acute and chronic effects of innovative antifouling nanostructured biocides on a tropical marine microcrustacean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111970. [PMID: 33517086 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of innovative antifouling nanostructured biocides DCOIT and silver associated to silica nanocapsules (SiNC) on the tropical microcrustacean Mysidopsis juniae. The toxicity of the tested compounds can be summarized as follows (acute tests): DCOIT > SiNC-Ag > SiNC-DCOIT > SiNC-DCOIT-Ag > SiNC > Ag; (chronic tests): SiNC-Ag > SiNC-DCOIT-Ag > DCOIT > Ag > SiNC, although it was not possible to determine the chronic toxicity of SiNC-DCOIT. In general, our data demonstrated that mysids were more sensitive than most temperate species, and it was possible to conclude that the combination SiNC-DCOIT-Ag showed less acute toxicity in comparison to the isolated active compounds, reinforcing data obtained for species from temperate environments on the potential use of nanomaterial to reduce toxicity to non-target species. However, despite representing less risk to the environment, the compound SiNC-DCOIT-Ag is still very toxic to the non-target tropical mysid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Édipo Paixão Silva de Jesus
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rodon s/n, 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lívia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Frederico Maia
- Smallmatek - Small Materials and Technologies, Lda., Rua Canhas, 3810-075 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roberto Martins
- CESAM - Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jeamylle Nilin
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, R. Ceará s/n Bloco 2D sala 28, 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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70
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Ytreberg E, Lagerström M, Nöu S, Wiklund AKE. Environmental risk assessment of using antifouling paints on pleasure crafts in European Union waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111846. [PMID: 33401119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To ensure sustainable use of antifouling paints, the European Union have developed a new environmental risk assessment tool, which a product must pass prior to its placement on the market. In this new tool, environmental concentrations are predicted based on estimated release rates of biocides to the aquatic environment and risk characterization ratios are calculated in regional spreadsheets. There are currently two methods in use to predict release rates of biocides; a calculation method and a laboratory method. These methods have been believed to overestimate environmental release of biocides and therefore fixed correction factors to reduce the release rate can be applied. An alternative method, known as the XRF method, has recently been developed and used to derive field release rates from antifouling paints. The aim of this study was to review the new environmental risk assessment tool and assess how the choice of release rate method and application of correction factors impact the approval of antifouling paint products. Eight coatings were environmentally risk assessed for usage in four European marine regions; Baltic, Baltic Transition, Atlantic and Mediterranean; by applying release rates of copper and zinc determined with the different methods. The results showed none of the coatings to pass the environmental risk assessment in the Baltic, Baltic Transition and the Mediterranean if field release rates were used. In contrast, most of the coatings passed if the correction factors were applied on the release rates obtained with the calculation or laboratory method. The results demonstrate the importance of release rate method choice on the outcome of antifouling product approval in EU. To reduce the impact of antifouling paints on the marine environment it is recommended that no correction factors should be allowed in the environmental risk assessment or preferably that site-specific field release rates are used. If the regulation in the European Union (and elsewhere) continues to allow correction factors, the pressure of biocides to the environment from leisure boating will result in degradation of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lagerström
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nöu
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin E Wiklund
- Department of Envx§ironmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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71
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Soon ZY, Jung JH, Yoon C, Kang JH, Kim M. Characterization of hazards and environmental risks of wastewater effluents from ship hull cleaning by hydroblasting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123708. [PMID: 33264892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroblasting is used to remove biofouling and exhausted antifouling paints from ship hulls. Effluents generated from this process contain paint particles, metals, and booster biocides that may have toxic effects on organisms. To understand the potential risks of effluent discharge on marine environments, we analyzed the concentrations of metals in effluents collected during the dry-dock cleaning of ship hulls by hydroblasting. Copper and zinc were the principal metals, with concentrations ranging from 1440 to 9110 μg/L and 1800 to 22,600 μg/L, respectively. These concentrations are sufficiently high to cause harmful effects to most marine organisms. Model predictions suggested that the effluent discharge from hydroblasting posed risks to the wider marine environment of a hull-cleaning site, depending on the scale of the hull-cleaning operations and the size of the receiving environment, as well as various hydrodynamic factors. These effluents are inevitably hazardous, and their environmental release should be managed and regulated on the basis of site-specific risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang Soon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kang
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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72
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Quantification of Cu and Zn in antifouling paint films by XRF. Talanta 2021; 223:121820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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73
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Vignesh V, Stafslien S, Evans M, Wise K, Marmo A, Tonks M, Brennan A. Comparative analysis of two isocyanate-free urethane-based gels for antifouling applications. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:131-144. [PMID: 33730945 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1870679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic gels consisting of acrylamide (AAM)/2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA) and non-isocyanate urethane dimethacrylate (NIUDMA) of varying molecular weights were compared. A three-level Taguchi analysis was performed using the amount of AAM/HEMA, HFBMA, NIUDMA and reaction time as dependent variables to determine the optimal formulation of the gels with maximized toughness and elastic modulus. The results were compared with commercial AF/FR Intersleek® coatings (IS 700, IS 900 and IS 1100SR) for their antifouling performance against a marine microalga (Navicula incerta), a marine bacterium (Cellulophaga lytica) and adult barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite). The toughness, elastic modulus and strain at break of the optimized AAM gels ranged from 3 to7 MPa, 25 to 72 MPa and 80% to 170%, respectively, whereas those of the optimized HEMA gels ranged from 1 to 3 MPa, 13 to 23 MPa and 76% to 160%, respectively. The gels, particularly AHN(E9) and HHN(E12), showed reductions of attachment compared with IS700 of up to 93% and 58%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Vignesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Morgan Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kellen Wise
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alec Marmo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A & M University, Texas, College Station, USA
| | - Michael Tonks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Brennan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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74
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Cai Y, Koning JT, Bester K, Bollmann UE. Abiotic fate of tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid in natural waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142160. [PMID: 33207498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the growth of unwanted organisms on ship hulls, antifouling paints, containing biocides such as tolylfluanid (N-[dichlor(fluor)methyl]sulfanyl-N-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-4-methylaniline) and dichlofluanid (N-(dichlorfluormethylthio)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamid), are applied. There are concerns over their occurrence and fate in the marine environment due to long-term immersion in water. In the present study, the hydrolysis and photolysis of these compounds were investigated. Results showed that tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid hydrolyzed completely to their respective hydrolysis products DMST (N,N-dimethyl-N'-p-tolylsulfamide) and DMSA (N,N-dimethyl-N'-phenylsulfamide) in coastal water within 24 h. Furthermore, the transformation of tolylfluanid and dichlofluanid under natural sunlight was determined in selected marine waters (coastal water and sea water) in comparison to deionized water. The experiments revealed that photodegradation rates of DMST and DMSA in coastal water were higher than in sea water or deionized water. The indirect phototransformation of the hydrolysis products with selected reactive species (triplet state organic matter, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals) showed that DMST and DMSA mainly display triplet reactivity. The measured half-lives of the hydrolysis products in natural waters were 2.7 and 23 days, with DMST being considerably faster transformed than DMSA. However, several direct and indirect photoproducts have been newly identified and measured. DMS (N,N-dimethylsulfamide), was identified as the major phototransformation product in natural waters. It is generated by indirect photodegradation processes and exhibits potential persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jasper T Koning
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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75
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Elmas S, Skipper K, Salehifar N, Jamieson T, Andersson GG, Nydén M, Leterme SC, Andersson MR. Cyclic Copper Uptake and Release from Natural Seawater-A Fully Sustainable Antifouling Technique to Prevent Marine Growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:757-766. [PMID: 33337864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unwanted growth of fouling organisms on underwater surfaces is an omnipresent challenge for the marine industry, costing billions of dollars every year in the transportation sector alone. Copper, the most widely used biocide in antifouling paints, is at the brink of a total ban in being used in antifouling coatings, as it has become an existential threat to nontargeted species due to anthropogenic copper inputs into protected waters. In the current study, using a porous and cross-linked poly(ethylene imine) structure under marine and fouling environments, available copper from natural seawater was absorbed and electrochemically released back as a potent biocide at 1.3 V vs Ag|AgCl, reducing marine growth by 94% compared to the control electrode (coupon) at 0 V. The coating can also function as an electrochemical copper sensor enabling real-time monitoring of the electrochemical uptake and release of copper ions from natural seawater. This allows tailoring of the electrochemical program to the changing marine environments, i.e., when the vessels move from high-copper-contaminated waters to coastal regions with low concentrations of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Elmas
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Karuna Skipper
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Nahideh Salehifar
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- MEMS&NEMS Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tamar Jamieson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Magnus Nydén
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, 7 Wally's Walk, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sophie C Leterme
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science & Technology, College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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76
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Vignesh V, Nguyen THH, Vanderwal L, Stafslien S, Brennan A. Tough amphiphilic antifouling coating based on acrylamide, fluoromethacrylate and non-isocyanate urethane dimethacrylate crosslinker. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:36-48. [PMID: 33487051 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1870110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on the development of tougher gels using combinations of acrylamide, fluoromethacrylate and a non-isocyanate urethane dimethacrylate (NIUDMA) crosslinker. The NIUDMA was tailored with 2, 3-epoxypropoxy propyl-polydimethylsiloxane segments E9 (MW = 0.36 kg mol-1), E11 (MW = 0.5-0.6 kg mol-1) and E12 (MW = 1-1.4 kg mol-1). A 3 level Taguchi design was used to evaluate the role of each component of the ternary copolymer gel on the elastic modulus and toughness. The toughness ranged from 2.5-7 MJ m-3 whereas the modulus ranged from 27-70 MPa. The formulations with the highest toughness and modulus were screened for their antifouling potential in biological assays against the microalga Navicula incerta and the bacterium Cellulophaga lytica. The E9 gels showed the best performance, achieving a 73% reduction in N. incerta cells and a 92% reduction in C. lytica biofilm remaining after water jetting treatments, when compared with the commercial Intersleek product IS700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Vignesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thi Hoang Ha Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Lyndsi Vanderwal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
| | - Anthony Brennan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
- Margaret A. Ross Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, Affiliate of Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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77
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Lin X, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Self-healing, highly elastic and amphiphilic silicone-based polyurethane for antifouling coatings. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1384-1394. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic silicone-based polyurethane coatings with room temperature self-healing ability, high elasticity, excellent fouling release and fouling resistance have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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78
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Pardal A, Martinez AS, Christofoletti RA, Karythis S, Jenkins SR. Impacts of copper contamination on a rocky intertidal predator-prey interaction. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111902. [PMID: 33341076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination can change ecological interactions with potential effects on community dynamics. However, understanding real effects of metals on biota relies on studies undertaken in natural conditions. Through a field experiment, we investigated the effects of copper contamination on the responses of a barnacle prey and its predator, the dogwhelk, and explicitly their interaction. Contamination increased barnacle mortality and reduced predation with no effects on interaction strength. This was because the higher mortality of the prey compensated for the lower consumption of the predator. Despite not affecting the interaction strength, these results suggest a decrease in energy flow in the trophic chain that may lead to important changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning. This study shows the importance of manipulative experiments designed to provide mechanistic insights into ecological interactions to better clarify the effect of stressors on the structure and dynamic of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Pardal
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (CCNH/UFABC), Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP 09210-170, Brazil; Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP 11070-100, Brazil; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Aline S Martinez
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP 11070-100, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A Christofoletti
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Rua Dr Carvalho de Mendonça 144, Santos, SP 11070-100, Brazil
| | - Simon Karythis
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart R Jenkins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, United Kingdom
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79
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Wang N, Li W, Ren Y, Duan J, Zhai X, Guan F, Wang L, Hou B. Investigating the properties of nano core-shell CeO2@C as haloperoxidase mimicry catalyst for antifouling applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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80
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Li P, Li ZH. Toxicity evaluation of triphenyltin in zebrafish larvae by embryonic malformation, retinal development, and GH/IGF axis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2101-2107. [PMID: 32821994 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adverse influences of triphenyltin (TPT) on the aquatic system have been of great concern due to their widespread use and ubiquity in water environment, although it has been prohibited as antifouling coatings. In the present study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of TPT on zebrafish embryos by exposure to different concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/l) from 2-h post-fertilization (hpf). Some parameters of developmental abnormalities (hatching, survival, body length, and malformation) were recorded, as well as the expression of several genes involved in the retinal development and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Our results showed that TPT exposure induced developmental toxicity, including growth inhibition, malformation, and the dysregulation of gene expression levels related to the retinal development and GH/IGF axis. Thus, our data indicated that environmental exposure of TPT could induce developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos, and those parameters could extend our understanding of the adverse effects of TPT on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China.
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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81
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Abreu FEL, Lima da Silva JN, Castro ÍB, Fillmann G. Are antifouling residues a matter of concern in the largest South American port? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122937. [PMID: 32768825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, levels of booster biocides (diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and DCOIT), butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT and MBT) and antifouling paint particles (APPs) were assessed in sediments of areas under the influence of the largest Latin American port, marinas, boat traffic and ship/boat maintenance facilities located within Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SSES). Contamination profile was directly related to local maritime activities, where sediments from the main navigation channel (MNC) presented low levels of antifouling residues while adjacent areas (AA), characterized by the presence of boats and boatyards, showed higher contamination considering all analyzed residues. Moreover, areas under the influence of fishing boats/yards presented relevant levels of butyltins (ΣBTs > 300 ng g-1) and APPs (>100 μg g-1), while marinas dominated by recreational boats showed higher booster biocides occurrence. Sites located nearby shipyards in the MNC and boatyards in the AA presented expressive amounts of APPs (>200 μg g-1). These APPs represent an important long-term source of biocides to the SSES. Thus, the profile of maritime activities in association to local oceanographic conditions drive the spatial distribution of antifouling residues within SESS, which in some case presented levels above sediment guidelines for TBT, DCOIT and diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma E L Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Natália Lima da Silva
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 11030-400, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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82
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Sousa AP, Nunes B. Standard and biochemical toxicological effects of zinc pyrithione in Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103402. [PMID: 32693026 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical toxicity in the environment may be the consequence of exposure of living organisms to multiple substances, with distinct putative effects. Among this mulytiplicity of chemicals that occur in the wild, pharmaceutical drugs and antifoulers are prone to exert toxic effects on non-target organisms. To characterize the toxicity elicited by a compound of this specific class, the present study used standard and biochemical-based tools to quantify the toxic response of the antifouler and antidandruff zinc pyrithione in Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina. The analised parameters were immobility, reproduction, behavioral alteration (swimming patterns), anti-oxidant defense (catalase activity), metabolism (GSTs activities), and neurotoxicity (ChE activity) after exposure to sublethal concentrations of this drug. Exposure to zinc pyrithione has been shown to have neurotoxic and oxidative effects, with changes in swimming behavior. There were no changes in reproductive traits of exposed individuals, from both species. The obtained data demonstrate that ecologically relevant levels of zinc pyrithione can deleteriously alter critical parameters in two distinct freshwater microcrustacean species, although with distinct toxicity patterns and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Sousa
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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83
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Sullivan T, O’Callaghan I. Recent Developments in Biomimetic Antifouling Materials: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E58. [PMID: 33143169 PMCID: PMC7709699 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'biomimetic' might be applied to any material or process that in some way reproduces, mimics, or is otherwise inspired by nature. Also variously termed bionic, bioinspired, biological design, or even green design, the idea of adapting or taking inspiration from a natural solution to solve a modern engineering problem has been of scientific interest since it was first proposed in the 1960s. Since then, the concept that natural materials and nature can provide inspiration for incredible breakthroughs and developments in terms of new technologies and entirely new approaches to solving technological problems has become widely accepted. This is very much evident in the fields of materials science, surface science, and coatings. In this review, we survey recent developments (primarily those within the last decade) in biomimetic approaches to antifouling, self-cleaning, or anti-biofilm technologies. We find that this field continues to mature, and emerging novel, biomimetic technologies are present at multiple stages in the development pipeline, with some becoming commercially available. However, we also note that the rate of commercialization of these technologies appears slow compared to the significant research output within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sullivan
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland;
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T23 XE10 Cork, Ireland
| | - Irene O’Callaghan
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, T23 TK30 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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84
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Advanced Numerical Method for Determining the Wetted Area of Container Ships for Increased Estimation Accuracy of Copper Biocide Emissions. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research into the consequences of the accumulation of copper biocides in the marine environment has intensified since the ban on the use of organotin tributyltin (TBT) and the introduction of copper-based compounds in antifouling (AF) coatings. The specific emission of copper biocides and the surface of the wetted area of a vessel are the key parameters for the estimation of biocide emission. The estimated values of specific emissions of copper biocides should be taken with caution and their limitations and suitability for various surfaces and types of vessel should be known. Baseline limitations are also present in determining vessels’ wetted area. The available models do not provide realistic values, allowing multiple deviations. The proposed method of determining the wetted area considering container vessels and the specifics of their forms results in a set of hydrostatic diagrams that enable much more accurate estimation. The use of Automatic Identification System (AIS) is also proposed in terms of independent collection of required calculation parameters, enabling a full assessment of the total emission of copper biocides from container ships in the observed area.
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85
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Vilas-Boas C, Carvalhal F, Pereira B, Carvalho S, Sousa E, Pinto MMM, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100489. [PMID: 32992876 PMCID: PMC7600153 DOI: 10.3390/md18100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT50) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Francisca Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Sílvia Carvalho
- CQB—Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Almeida
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Elisabete R. Silva
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.S.); (M.C.-d.-S.)
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.S.); (M.C.-d.-S.)
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86
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The Rhodamine Isothiocyanate Analogue as a Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Has the Potential to Control Microbially-Induced Biofouling. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090484. [PMID: 32971837 PMCID: PMC7551263 DOI: 10.3390/md18090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been proven to be an innovative approach to interfering with biofilm formation, since this process is regulated by QS signals. However, most studies have focused on single-species biofilm formation, whereas studies of the effects of signal interference on the development of multispecies biofilm, especially in the natural environment, are still lacking. Here we develop and evaluate the anti-biofilm capability of a new QSI (rhodamine isothiocyanate analogue, RIA) in natural seawater. During the experiment, biofilm characteristics, microbial communities/functions and network interactions were monitored at 36, 80, and 180 h, respectively. The results showed that the biomass and 3D structure of the biofilm were significantly different in the presence of the QSI. The expression of genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide synthesis was also downregulated in the QSI-treated group. Dramatic differences in microbial composition, β-diversity and functions between the RIA-treated group and the control group were also observed, especially in the early stage of biofilm development. Furthermore, co-occurrence model analysis showed that RIA reduced the complexity of the microbial network. This study demonstrates that rhodamine isothiocyanate analogue is an efficient QS inhibitor and has potential applications in controlling biofouling caused by multispecies biofilm, especially in the early stage of biofouling formation.
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87
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Lode T, Heuschele J, Andersen T, Titelman J, Hylland K, Borgå K. Contrasting Effects of Predation Risk and Copper on Copepod Respiration Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1765-1773. [PMID: 32557750 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural biotic and anthropogenic stressors can interact to alter contaminant toxicity. Energetic restrictions are potential mechanisms causing this pattern. To identify processes underlying observed effects of predation risk and copper (Cu) on delayed copepod age at maturity, we examined how these 2 stressors affect respiration rates. We tested 2 very different copepod species: the large, pelagic calanoid Calanus finmarchicus and the small, semibenthic harpacticoid Tigriopus brevicornis. Adult individuals were exposed for 12 h to the treatments: predation risk, Cu (23 µg L-1 ), combined predation risk and Cu (23 µg L-1 ), or control. Oxygen concentrations were monitored continuously. The 2 species differed in their responses. We found no clear effects of either stressor in C. finmarchicus. In T. brevicornis, predation risk increased respiration rates, whereas Cu alone had little impact. In contrast, combined exposure to predation risk and Cu interacted to reduce respiration rates to less than expected. We further observed an effect of sex because female-biased T. brevicornis replicates were more sensitive to both predation risk (increased respiration rates) and Cu exposure (reduced respiration rates). The present study provides further evidence that predation risk can interact with copepod responses toward Cu exposure. Interactive effects of biotic stressors ought to be considered to improve future marine environmental monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1765-1773. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Lode
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Heuschele
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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88
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Lagerström M, Ferreira J, Ytreberg E, Eriksson-Wiklund AK. Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27674-27687. [PMID: 32394257 PMCID: PMC7334261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (KD) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the KD value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lagerström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - João Ferreira
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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89
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Almeida JR, Palmeira A, Campos A, Cunha I, Freitas M, Felpeto AB, Turkina MV, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E. Structure-Antifouling Activity Relationship and Molecular Targets of Bio-Inspired(thio)xanthones. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1126. [PMID: 32751491 PMCID: PMC7463931 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alternative ecological and effective antifouling technologies is still challenging. Synthesis of nature-inspired compounds has been exploited, given the potential to assure commercial supplies of potential ecofriendly antifouling agents. In this direction, the antifouling activity of a series of nineteen synthetic small molecules, with chemical similarities with natural products, were exploited in this work. Six (4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 17) of the tested xanthones showed in vivo activity toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae (EC50: 3.53-28.60 µM) and low toxicity to this macrofouling species (LC50 > 500 µM and LC50/EC50: 17.42-141.64), and two of them (7 and 10) showed no general marine ecotoxicity (<10% of Artemia salina mortality) after 48 h of exposure. Regarding the mechanism of action in mussel larvae, the best performance compounds 4 and 5 might be acting by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (in vitro and in silico studies), while 7 and 10 showed specific targets (proteomic studies) directly related with the mussel adhesive structure (byssal threads), given by the alterations in the expression of Mytilus collagen proteins (PreCols) and proximal thread proteins (TMPs). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built with predictive capacity to enable speeding the design of new potential active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Micaela Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
- ISPSO—Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Suisse Occidentale, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Barreiro Felpeto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria V. Turkina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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90
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Billot R, Plener L, Jacquet P, Elias M, Chabrière E, Daudé D. Engineering acyl-homoserine lactone-interfering enzymes toward bacterial control. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12993-13007. [PMID: 32690609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes able to degrade or modify acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) have drawn considerable interest for their ability to interfere with the bacterial communication process referred to as quorum sensing. Many proteobacteria use AHL to coordinate virulence and biofilm formation in a cell density-dependent manner; thus, AHL-interfering enzymes constitute new promising antimicrobial candidates. Among these, lactonases and acylases have been particularly studied. These enzymes have been isolated from various bacterial, archaeal, or eukaryotic organisms and have been evaluated for their ability to control several pathogens. Engineering studies on these enzymes were carried out and successfully modulated their capacity to interact with specific AHL, increase their catalytic activity and stability, or enhance their biotechnological potential. In this review, special attention is paid to the screening, engineering, and applications of AHL-modifying enzymes. Prospects and future opportunities are also discussed with a view to developing potent candidates for bacterial control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Billot
- Gene&GreenTK, Marseille, France; IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Mikael Elias
- Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric Chabrière
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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91
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Lee H, Depuydt S, Choi S, Han T, Park J. Rapid toxicity assessment of six antifouling booster biocides using a microplate-based chlorophyll fluorescence in Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:559-570. [PMID: 32333251 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides of antifouling agents can cause problems in marine ecosystems by damaging to non-target algal species. Aquatic bioassays are important means of assessing the quality of water containing mixtures of contaminants and of providing a safety standard for water management in an ecological context. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive test method was developed using free-living male and female gametophytes of the brown macroalga Undaria pinnatifida. A conventional fluorometer was employed to evaluate the acute (48 h) toxic effects of six antifouling biocides: 4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-isothiazolone (DCOIT), diuron, irgarol, medetomidine, tolylfluanid, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT). The decreasing toxicity in male and female gametophytes as estimated by EC50 (effective concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs) values was: diuron (0.037 and 0.128 mg l-1, respectively) > irgarol (0.096 and 0.172 mg l-1, respectively) > tolylfluanid (0.238 and 1.028 mg l-1, respectively) > DCOIT (1.015 and 0.890 mg l-1, respectively) > medetomidine (12.032 and 12.763 mg l-1, respectively). For ZnPT, 50% fluorescence inhibition of U. pinnatifida gametophytes occurred at concentrations above 0.4 mg l-1. The Undaria method is rapid, simple, practical, and cost-effective for the detection of photosynthesis-inhibiting biocides, thus making a useful tool for testing the toxicity of antifouling agents in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Han
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5, Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21985, Republic of Korea.
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92
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Booster Biocides Levels in the Major Blood Cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) Cultivation Areas along the Coastal Area of Peninsular Malaysia. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment.
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93
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Ferraz MA, Choueri RB, Castro ÍB, Simon da Silva C, Gallucci F. Influence of sediment organic carbon on toxicity depends on organism's trophic ecology. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114134. [PMID: 32062462 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies which showed the influence of organic carbon on the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants on benthic invertebrates suggest this was primarily due to its influence on the interstitial water concentrations of the contaminant. A higher organic content offers more binding sites for organic contaminants, which means lower toxicity for organisms whose exposure route is mainly through contaminated interstitial water. However, a higher organic content in the sediment could mean a higher toxicity for deposit-feeding organisms, which can assimilate the contaminant by ingestion of contaminated particles. To investigate the influence of sedimentary organic carbon content on the toxicity of an organic contaminant on a benthic community, a microcosm experiment was carried out where natural nematode assemblages were exposed to three concentrations of Irgarol in sediments with two different levels of organic carbon for 7 and 35 days. The response of the nematode assemblage to sediment contamination by Irgarol differed between organically "Lower organic carbon" and "Higher organic carbon" sediments. Responses were genus specific and although community composition was the same in both sediments in the beginning of the assay, contamination by Irgarol affected different genera at each sediment type. Also, the differential amount of organic carbon promoted responses of different functional groups. In Lower organic carbon sediments, contaminated treatments showed lower abundances of the genus Viscosia and the group of predacious nematodes, which were probably affected by an increased availability of Irgarol in the interstitial water in this treatment. In Higher organic carbon sediments, the group of deposit-feeders were mainly affected, suggesting the ingestion of contaminated food as the main route of contamination in this condition. These results indicate that the bioavailability of toxic substances in sediments is not only determined by their partitioning between the different phases of the sediment but also by the organism's trophic ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aliceda Ferraz
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, 11030-100, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, 11030-100, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecília Simon da Silva
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, 11030-100, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Gallucci
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, 11030-100, Santos, SP, Brazil
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94
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Immunotoxicity in Ascidians: Antifouling Compounds Alternative to Organotins—V. the Case of Dichlofluanid. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dichlofluanid has long been employed as a fungicide in agriculture and has been massively introduced in antifouling paints for boat hulls over the last two decades. One of the most important toxic effects of antifoulants is represented by immunosuppression in marine invertebrates, which can be analysed in vitro with a number of short-term toxicity assays on haemocytes. Among bioindicators, the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri is a useful candidate; it is a filter-feeding organism living in the water-sediment interface that is found worldwide and is sensitive to antifouling xenobiotics. Dichlofluanid adversely affects both immunocyte lines (phagocyte and cytotoxic lines) after exposure to sublethal concentrations. At 0.05 μM (16.65 μg/L), dichlofluanid induced haemocyte apoptosis and cell shrinkage with a decrease in both motility and phagocytosis. At the lowest concentration (0.01 μM, 3.33 μg/L), inhibition of pivotal enzymatic activities of phagocytes and cytotoxic cells occurred. At the highest concentration (0.1 μM, 33.3 μg/L), dichlofluanid increased glutathione oxidation, leading to stress conditions. The effects of dichlofluanid on immune defence responses are similar to those of organometal-based antifoulants (i.e., organotin compounds and zinc pyrithione), and its use in coastal areas requires attention.
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95
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Suppression of Hydrophobic Recovery in Photo-Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-initiated chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) functionalizes carbon nanotube (CNT)-enhanced porous substrates with a highly polar polymeric nanometric film, rendering them super-hydrophilic. Despite its ability to generate fully wettable surfaces at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure, PICVD coatings normally undergo hydrophobic recovery. This is a process by which a percentage of oxygenated functional group diffuse/re-arrange from the top layer of the deposited film towards the bulk of the substrate, taking the induced hydrophilic property of the material with them. Thus, hydrophilicity decreases over time. To address this, a vertical chemical gradient (VCG) can be deposited onto the CNT-substrate. The VCG consists of a first, thicker highly cross-linked layer followed by a second, thinner highly functionalized layer. In this article, we show, through water contact angle and XPS measurements, that the increased cross-linking density of the first layer can reduce the mobility of polar functional groups, forcing them to remain at the topmost layer of the PICVD coating and to suppress hydrophobic recovery. We show that employing a bi-layer VCG suppresses hydrophobic recovery for five days and reduces its effect afterwards (contact angle stabilizes to 42 ± 1° instead of 125 ± 3°).
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96
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Guerreiro ADS, Abreu FEL, Fillmann G, Sandrini JZ. Effects of chlorothalonil on the antioxidant defense system of mussels Perna perna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110119. [PMID: 31891835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil is an effective fungicide used in agriculture and formulations of antifouling paints, which use and possible toxicity has been generating great concern. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of chlorothalonil on the antioxidant defense system (ADS) of the mussel Perna perna. The ADS was evaluated in gills and digestive gland after 24 h and 96 h of exposure to environmental relevant levels of chlorothalonil (0.1 and 10 μg/L). The activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutamate cysteine-ligase (GCL) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), levels of non-enzymatic defenses, represented by glutathione (GSH), and lipoperoxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyls (PCO) were evaluated. Results indicated that exposure to chlorothalonil is affecting the ADS in both tissues. While the activity of SOD increased and GST and GSH were not altered in gills, they decreased in digestive gland after 24 h of exposure to 10 μg/L of chlorothalonil. The contrasting results indicate that gills and digestive gland presented different patterns of responses after exposure to chlorothalonil. Moreover, a tissue-specific response to chlorothalonil was observed. Gills could be acting as the first line of defense, presenting higher enzymatic levels with minor effects on the parameters analyzed. On the other hand, digestive gland, with lower levels of antioxidant defenses, was the most affect organ by chlorothalonil. It also should be highlighted that the fungicide reduced the glutathione metabolism in the digestive gland, which can lead to an imbalance of the redox state within the cells of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda da Silveira Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fiamma Eugênia Lemos Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, IO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, IO, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Zomer Sandrini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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97
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The Benefits of the ZnO/Clay Composite Formation as a Promising Antifungal Coating for Paint Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mold is a serious problem in different environments as industrial, agricultural, hospital and household, especially for human health. Large quantities of mold spores can potentially cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Therefore, it is essential to keep buildings free of fungi without harming human health and the environment. Here, we pose a composite of modified bentonite clay and ZnO nanoparticles as an alternative antifungal preservative. The new composite is obtained by an easy and eco-friendly method based on a dry nanodispersion, without altering the properties of each material. The antifungal test reveals a robust response against fungi thanks to the ZnO nanoparticles’ contribution. Our results reveal that the antifungal activity of ZnO/clay composite is governed by both a uniform distribution and an adequate concentration of the ZnO nanoparticles onto the clay surface. Specifically, we find that for concentration below 10 wt.% of the ZnO nanoparticles, the nanoparticles are well dispersed onto clay giving rise to an excellent antifungal response. By contrast, when the concentration of ZnO increases, the formation of ZnO agglomerates onto the clay surface is favored. This effect provokes that antifungal behavior changes towards a more moderate improvement. Finally, we have demonstrated that this composite can be used as a promising paint preservative for antifungal applications.
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98
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Bus T, Dale ML, Reynolds KJ, Bastiaansen CWM. Thermoplastic, rubber-like marine antifouling coatings with micro-structures via mechanical embossing. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:138-145. [PMID: 32223324 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1734576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New processing routes and materials for non-biocidal, antifouling (AF) coatings with an improved performance are currently much sought after for a range of marine applications. Here, the processing, physical properties and marine AF performance of a fluorinated coating based on a thermoplastic (non-crosslinked) fluorinated polymer are reported. It was found that the addition of lubricating oil and hydrodynamic drag reducing microstructures improved the AF properties substantially, i.e. the settlement of a marine biofilm, containing mixed microalgae including diatoms, was reduced to low levels. More importantly, the remaining fouling was removed from the coatings at low hydrodynamic shear rates and promising AF properties were obtained. Moreover, additional potential benefits were revealed originating from the thermoplastic nature of the coating material which might result in significant cost reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bus
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L Dale
- AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd, Gateshead, UK
| | | | - Cees W M Bastiaansen
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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99
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Mai H, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Martin C, Mazzela N, Gonzalez P, Morin B. An environmentally realistic pesticide and copper mixture impacts embryonic development and DNA integrity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3600-3611. [PMID: 30368696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequent occurrences of pesticides in the environment have raised concerns that combined exposure to these chemicals may result in enhanced toxicity through additive or synergistic interaction between compounds. Spermatozoa and embryos of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were exposed to different concentrations of a pesticide mixture with and without copper, mimicking the cocktail of pollutants occurring in the oyster culture area of Arcachon Bay. For the 1× exposure condition, measured concentration corresponds to a total concentration of 1.083 μg L-1 for the mixture of 14 pesticides and to 6.330 μg L-1 for copper (Cu). Several endpoints including larval abnormalities, DNA damage to spermatozoa and embryo and gene expression in D-larvae were investigated. Results demonstrated that pesticide mixtures in combination with or without copper induced a dose-dependent increase in embryotoxic and genotoxic effects on D-larvae from the lowest tested dose of 0.1×. Transcription of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress (cat), respiratory chain (coxI), metal detoxification (mt1 and mt2), and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p53) was found to be significantly downregulated while the xenobiotic biotransformation gene gst was significantly upregulated in embryos exposed to pesticide mixture with and without Cu. These findings raise the question of the possible impacts of mixtures of pesticides and metals on wild or farmed oyster populations from polluted coastal marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Mai
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
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100
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Lopes FC, Junior ASV, Corcini CD, Sánchez JAA, Pires DM, Pereira JR, Primel EG, Fillmann G, Martins CDMG. Impacts of the biocide chlorothalonil on biomarkers of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and sperm quality in guppy Poecilia vivipara. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109847. [PMID: 31732268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil is a fungicide present in antifouling paints and other formulations used in agriculture, although studies have shown this chemical to be toxic to fish species. To clarify the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil for these non-target organisms, the present study evaluated the toxic effects of this biocide for the estuarine guppy Poecilia vivipara in terms of an acute mortality test (96 h) and the analysis of biomarkers of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and sperm quality. The LC50 calculated for P. vivipara was 40.8 μg/L of chlorothalonil. For the analysis of biomarkers, fish were exposed (96 h) to 1 and 10 μg/L of chlorothalonil. It was observed that chlorothalonil alters the levels of pro- and antioxidants towards oxidative stress. In the gills, a negative effect on total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) was detected, while there was a reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver. However, levels of glutathione (GSH) and the activity and glutamate-cysteine-ligase (GCL) increased in both tissues, as a possible detoxification response. Following chlorothalonil exposure, oxidative damage measured by lipoperoxidation (LPO) significantly increased at the cellular level only (red blood cells (RBCs) and sperm cells). An increase in fluidity of membranes, reactive oxygen species concentration and micronuclei (MNs) incidence were also seen in RBCs. In sperm cells, LPO increased, while membrane and mitochondrial functionality as well as sperm motility decreased. Based on these results, chlorothalonil can be considered as a toxic compound for fish, causing genotoxicity and affecting the RBCs physiology and the fertility of males of P. vivipara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Chaves Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sergio Varela Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Dahl Corcini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jessica Andrea Albañil Sánchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Martins Pires
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Veterinária. Faculdade de Veterinária. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Caixa Postal 354, CEP. 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ribeiro Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila De Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália Km 8, CEP. 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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