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Peirotén Á, Bravo D, Landete JM. Bacterial metabolism as responsible of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1922-1937. [PMID: 31161778 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1622505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PE) are compounds found in plants such as soy (isoflavones), flax seeds and cereals (lignans) and pomegranates (ellagitannins). PE have shown estrogenic/antiestrogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and apoptotic activities. The human studies are showing promising although inconsistent results about the beneficial effects of PE on ameliorating the menopausal symptoms or reducing the risk of certain cancers, cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The effects of PE on the organism are mediated by the intestinal microbiota, which transforms them into bioactive PE such as genistein, equol, enterolignans and certain urolithins. In this work, we review the most recent findings about the bacteria able to metabolize PE, together with the latest studies on the effects of PE on health. In addition, we describe the possible factors hindering the demonstration of the beneficial effect of PE on health, evincing the importance of measuring the actual circulating PE in order to encompass the variability of PE metabolism due to the intestinal microbiota. With this in mind, we also explore an approach to ensure the access to bioactive PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Peirotén
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Bravo
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Gontijo DC, Gontijo PC, Brandão GC, Diaz MAN, de Oliveira AB, Fietto LG, Leite JPV. Antioxidant study indicative of antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of an ellagitannin-rich aqueous extract from the leaves of Miconia latecrenata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:114-123. [PMID: 30853643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance; Several plant species of Miconia genus are commonly used in Brazilian folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agents and for the treatment of infectious diseases. Infusions and extracts of Miconia species are also reported as analgesic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, and antitumoral. Aim of the study; To determine the phytochemical composition of an aqueous extract of Miconia latecrenata leaves and to evaluate its antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities. Materials and Methods; The following methods were used for the different effects: I) antioxidant - β-carotene/linoleic acid, lipid peroxidation, and DPPH• radical scavenging; II) antibacterial - agar well diffusion and MIC methods); III) antimutagenic assays - Ames Test; and IV) antigenotoxic - Plasmid cleavage test. The phytochemical analysis and phenolic quantification were carried out by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and colorimetry, respectively. In addition, statistical correlation analysis was performed aiming to evaluate the Pearson correlation between phenolic compounds and biological assays. Results; A high content of tannins was observed and the ellagitannin isomers of 1,2,3,5-tris-galloyl-4,6-HHDP-glucose were identified as the main constituents of the leaves aqueous extract. High antioxidant effect, in different tests, high antibacterial activity to gram-positive and negative strains, as well as high antimutagenic activity were observed. Statistical analysis showed a high Pearson correlation for the tannin content in relation to the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial tests. In general, the antioxidant action of the aqueous extract showed low correlation with the antimutagenic activity. Conclusions; The present results confirmed the expectations regarding the pharmacological profile of M. latecrenata supporting its therapeutic potential in relation to ROS/RNS related disorders. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds of M. latecrenata can act, in turn, minimizing or inhibiting the biological macromolecules damage, especially DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Costa Gontijo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Pablo Costa Gontijo
- Setor de Agronomia, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, CEP, 75901-970, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, CEP, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Gomes Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Viana Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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53
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Yang X, Tomás-Barberán FA. Tea Is a Significant Dietary Source of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5394-5404. [PMID: 30339026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ellagitannin composition and the total content of ellagitannins in different types of tea were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry. Strictinin and seven other isomers, tellimagrandin I, and ellagic acid were identified from tea infusions. The ellagitannin content in tea infusions was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 0.15 to 4.46 mg of ellagic acid equivalent/g of tea in the infusions. The intake of ellagic acid after drinking a cup of tea brewed with 4 g of tea could range between 0.59 and 17.89 mg. These results indicate that tea can be a significant contributor to the dietary intake of ellagitannins. Urolithins, the gut microbiota metabolites produced in vivo from ellagic acid and ellagitannins, were detected in human urine after dietary tea beverage intake. Urolithin metabotypes A, B, and 0 were identified in volunteers after tea intake. These results suggest that the daily intake of ellagitannins from tea can have a role in tea health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Center for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura (CEBAS) , Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
- School of Agriculture and Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , People's Republic of China
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Center for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura (CEBAS) , Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Post Office Box 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia , Spain
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54
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Garcia-Aloy M, Hulshof PJM, Estruel-Amades S, Osté MCJ, Lankinen M, Geleijnse JM, de Goede J, Ulaszewska M, Mattivi F, Bakker SJL, Schwab U, Andres-Lacueva C. Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search. GENES & NUTRITION 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30923582 PMCID: PMC6423890 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuts and vegetable oils are important sources of fat and of a wide variety of micronutrients and phytochemicals. Following their intake, several of their constituents, as well as their derived metabolites, are found in blood circulation and in urine. As a consequence, these could be used to assess the compliance to a dietary intervention or to determine habitual intake of nuts and vegetable oils. However, before these metabolites can be widely used as biomarkers of food intake (BFIs), several characteristics have to be considered, including specificity, dose response, time response, stability, and analytical performance. We have, therefore, conducted an extensive literature search to evaluate current knowledge about potential BFIs of nuts and vegetable oils. Once identified, the strengths and weaknesses of the most promising candidate BFIs have been summarized. Results from selected studies have provided a variety of compounds mainly derived from the fatty fraction of these foods, but also other components and derived metabolites related to their nutritional composition. In particular, α-linolenic acid, urolithins, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid seem to be the most plausible candidate BFIs for walnuts, whereas for almonds they could be α-tocopherol and some catechin-derived metabolites. Similarly, several studies have reported a strong association between selenium levels and consumption of Brazil nuts. Intake of vegetable oils has been mainly assessed through the measurement of specific fatty acids in different blood fractions, such as oleic acid for olive oil, α-linolenic acid for flaxseed (linseed) and rapeseed (canola) oils, and linoleic acid for sunflower oil. Additionally, hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were the most promising distinctive BFIs for (extra) virgin olive oil. However, most of these components lack sufficient specificity to serve as BFIs. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to discover new candidate BFIs, as well as to further evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, dose-response relationships, and reproducibility of these candidate biomarkers and to eventually validate them in other populations. For the discovery of new candidate BFIs, an untargeted metabolomics approach may be the most effective strategy, whereas for increasing the specificity of the evaluation of food consumption, this could be a combination of different metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul J. M. Hulshof
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryse C. J. Osté
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Lankinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna M. Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janette de Goede
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marynka Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Schwab
- School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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55
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Gu J, Thomas-Ahner JM, Riedl KM, Bailey MT, Vodovotz Y, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Dietary Black Raspberries Impact the Colonic Microbiome and Phytochemical Metabolites in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1800636. [PMID: 30763455 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Black raspberries (BRB) are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. These phytochemicals are poorly absorbed and may be transformed by gut microbiota into various metabolites that may impact the colonic mucosa or upon absorption have systemic bioactivity. The objective of this study is to define the impact of a BRB-containing diet on the colon microbiome in mice and quantify the phytochemical metabolites in the colon contents and circulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Male mice were fed 10% w/w freeze-dried BRB powder for 6 weeks. The colonic microbiota was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Anthocyanin and ellagitannin metabolites, protocatechuic acid, and urolithins were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. The BRB diet impacted colon mucosal microbial composition with a more robust effect observed on the luminal microflora. BRB-derived protocatechuic acid and urolithins were quantified in the colon, luminal contents, plasma, liver, and prostate with protocatechuic acid present in higher concentrations compared to urolithins. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex interactions between dietary phytochemicals, the host microbiome, and metabolism. It is demonstrated that microbially produced phytochemical metabolites are present in the colon and systemic circulation where they may exert biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Gu
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | | | - Kenneth M Riedl
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Nutrient & Phytochemical Analytic Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Nutrient & Phytochemical Analytic Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
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56
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Biazotto KR, de Souza Mesquita LM, Neves BV, Braga ARC, Tangerina MMP, Vilegas W, Mercadante AZ, De Rosso VV. Brazilian Biodiversity Fruits: Discovering Bioactive Compounds from Underexplored Sources. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1860-1876. [PMID: 30707576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Large segments of the Brazilian population still suffer from malnutrition and diet-related illnesses. In contrast, many native fruits have biodiversity and are underexploited sources of bioactive compounds and unknown to consumers. The phytochemical composition of nine underexplored Brazilian fruits was determined. Carotenoids and anthocyanins were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS), and phenolic compounds and iridoids were identified by flow injection analysis-electrospray-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS); in total, 84 compounds were identified. In addition, the chemical structure and pathway mass fragmentation of new iridoids from jenipapo ( Genipa americana) and jatoba ( Hymenae coubaril) are proposed. The highest level of carotenoids was registered in pequi ( Caryocar brasiliense; 10156.21 μg/100 g edible fraction), while the major total phenolic content was found in cambuci ( Campomanesia coubaril; 221.70 mg GAE/100 g). Anthocyanins were quantified in jabuticaba ( Plinia cauliflora; 45.5 mg/100 g) and pitanga ( Eugenia uniflora; 81.0 mg/100 g). Our study illustrates the chemical biodiversity of underexplored fruits from Brazil, supporting the identification of new compounds and encouraging the study of more food matrixes not yet investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Regina Biazotto
- Department of Biosciences , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim 136 , Santos , São Paulo CEP 11015-020 , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mendes de Souza Mesquita
- Department of Biosciences , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim 136 , Santos , São Paulo CEP 11015-020 , Brazil
| | - Bruna Vitória Neves
- Department of Biosciences , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim 136 , Santos , São Paulo CEP 11015-020 , Brazil
| | - Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga
- Department of Biosciences , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim 136 , Santos , São Paulo CEP 11015-020 , Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Bioprospection of Natural Products (LBPN) , UNESP - São Paulo State University/Coastal Campus of São Vicente , São Vicente , São Paulo 11015-020 , Brazil
| | - Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , São Paulo CEP 13083-862 , Brazil
| | - Veridiana Vera De Rosso
- Department of Biosciences , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Silva Jardim 136 , Santos , São Paulo CEP 11015-020 , Brazil
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57
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Yisimayili Z, Guo X, Liu H, Xu Z, Abdulla R, Akber Aisa H, Huang C. Metabolic profiling analysis of corilagin in vivo and in vitro using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.013 pmid: 30562708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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58
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Yisimayili Z, Guo X, Liu H, Xu Z, Abdulla R, Akber Aisa H, Huang C. Metabolic profiling analysis of corilagin in vivo and in vitro using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 165:251-260. [PMID: 30562708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corilagin is an Ellagitannin with favorable pharmacological activities. But there was no report regarding the metabolism of corilagin in vitro or in vivo. In this study, the metabolic profile of corilagin in rats as well as in rat intestinal bacteria and liver microsomes incubation system in vitro were investigated comprehensively for the first time. Consequently, with the aid of sensitive HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, corilagin and its twenty-four metabolites (fourteen phase II conjugate metabolites of corilagin, three hydrolyzed metabolites EA, GA, M3 and their seven derived metabolites) were absolutely or tentatively identified in rat biological samples (urine, feces, plasma and tissues) after oral administration of corilagin. In vitro, the three hydrolyzed metabolites were identified in rat intestinal microflora and liver microsomes. These results demonstrated that corilagin itself not only could underwent extensive phase II metabolism in rats, but also could underwent hydrolysis reaction in rats as well as in rat intestinal bacteria and liver microsomes in vitro. This study is first report to identify phase II conjugate metabolites (except mono-methylate conjugated metabolites) of pure Ellagitannin and distribution of these metabolites in vivo. In addition, clear, detailed metabolic pathways of corilagin were shown to involve hydrolysis, methylation, glycosylation, reduction, glucuronidation and sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainaipuguli Yisimayili
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rahima Abdulla
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi 830011, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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59
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Tindall AM, Petersen KS, Lamendella R, Shearer GC, Murray-Kolb LE, Proctor DN, Kris-Etherton PM. Tree Nut Consumption and Adipose Tissue Mass: Mechanisms of Action. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy069. [PMID: 30488045 PMCID: PMC6252345 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is concern that tree nuts may cause weight gain due to their energy density, yet evidence shows that tree nuts do not adversely affect weight status. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown a reduced risk of chronic diseases with tree nut consumption without an increased risk of weight gain. In fact, tree nuts may protect against weight gain and benefit weight-loss interventions. However, the relation between tree nut consumption and adiposity is not well understood at the mechanistic level. This review summarizes the proposed underlying mechanisms that might account for this relation. Evidence suggests that tree nuts may affect adiposity through appetite control, displacement of unfavorable nutrients, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, availability of metabolizable energy, antiobesity action of bioactive compounds, and improved functionality of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is a common factor among these mechanisms and may mediate, in part, the relation between tree nut consumption and reduced adiposity. Further research is needed to understand the impact of tree nuts on the gut microbiome and how the gut microbial environment affects the nutrient absorption and metabolism of tree nuts. The evidence to date suggests that tree nut consumption favorably affects body composition through different mechanisms that involve the gut microbiome. A better understanding of these mechanisms will contribute to the evolving science base that addresses the causes and treatments for overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Tindall
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - Gregory C Shearer
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - David N Proctor
- Departments of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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60
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Wang D, Özen C, Abu-Reidah IM, Chigurupati S, Patra JK, Horbanczuk JO, Jóźwik A, Tzvetkov NT, Uhrin P, Atanasov AG. Vasculoprotective Effects of Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 29881352 PMCID: PMC5977444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), one of the oldest known edible fruits, is nowadays broadly consumed throughout the world. Its fruits and seeds as well as other anatomical compartments (e.g., flowers and leaves) are rich in numerous bioactive compounds and therefore, the scientific interest in this plant has been constantly growing in recent years. It has been shown that pomegranate and its extracts exhibit potent antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic properties. The present review summarizes some recent studies on pomegranate, highlighting mainly its vasculoprotective role attributed to the presence of hydrolyzable tannins ellagitannins and ellagic acid, as well as other compounds (e.g., anthocyanins and flavonoids). These in vitro and in vivo studies showed that substances derived from pomegranate reduce oxidative stress and platelet aggregation, diminish lipid uptake by macrophages, positively influence endothelial cell function, and are involved in blood pressure regulation. Clinical studies demonstrated that daily intake of pomegranate juice lessens hypertension and attenuates atherosclerosis in humans. Altogether, the reviewed studies point out the potential benefits of a broader use of pomegranate and its constituents as dietary supplements or as adjuvants in therapy of vascular diseases, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cigdem Özen
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim M Abu-Reidah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jarosław O Horbanczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Molecular Design and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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61
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Mayta-Apaza AC, Pottgen E, De Bodt J, Papp N, Marasini D, Howard L, Abranko L, Van de Wiele T, Lee SO, Carbonero F. Impact of tart cherries polyphenols on the human gut microbiota and phenolic metabolites in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:160-172. [PMID: 30055451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tart cherries have been reported to exert potential health benefits attributed to their specific and abundant polyphenol content. However, there is a need to study the impact and fate of tart cherries polyphenols in the gut microbiota. Here, tart cherries, pure polyphenols (and apricots) were submitted to in vitro bacterial fermentation assays and assessed through 16S rRNA gene sequence sequencing and metabolomics. A short-term (5 days, 8 oz. daily) human dietary intervention study was also conducted for microbiota analyses. Tart cherry concentrate juices were found to contain expected abundances of anthocyanins (cyanidin-glycosylrutinoside) and flavonoids (quercetin-rutinoside) and high amounts of chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. Targeted metabolomics confirmed that gut microbes were able to degrade those polyphenols mainly to 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acids and to lower amounts of epicatechin and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids. Tart cherries were found to induce a large increase of Bacteroides in vitro, likely due to the input of polysaccharides, but prebiotic effect was also suggested by Bifidobacterium increase from chlorogenic acid. In the human study, two distinct and inverse responses to tart cherry consumption were associated with initial levels of Bacteroides. High-Bacteroides individuals responded with a decrease in Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, and an increase of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus and Collinsella. Low-Bacteroides individuals responded with an increase in Bacteroides or Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, and a decrease of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus and Collinsella. These data confirm that gut microbiota metabolism, in particular the potential existence of different metabotypes, needs to be considered in studies attempting to link tart cherries consumption and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Pottgen
- Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jana De Bodt
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of BioScience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nora Papp
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daya Marasini
- Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Luke Howard
- Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Laszlo Abranko
- Faculty of Food Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of BioScience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, United States
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, United States.
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62
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Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J, Kołodziejczyk K, Jurgoński A, Kosmala M, Milala J, Ognik K, Zduńczyk Z. Protective Effects of Ellagitannin-Rich Strawberry Extracts on Biochemical and Metabolic Disturbances in Rats Fed a Diet High in Fructose. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040445. [PMID: 29617310 PMCID: PMC5946230 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the effects of two dietary strawberry extracts rich in monomeric (ME) or dimeric (DE) ellagitannins (ETs) on gastrointestinal, blood and tissue biomarkers in Wistar rats fed high-fructose diets. Both strawberry extracts beneficially affect the antioxidant status and lipid profile of the liver and serum. The ME extract shows a greater ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in kidneys, more effectively decreases serum and liver triglycerides, and exerts greater anti-inflammatory effects in blood serum than the DE extract. The DE extract significantly reduces the activity of microbial enzymes in the cecum. These effects might be associated with higher cecum and urine levels of ET metabolites in rats fed with ME than in rats fed with DE. In conclusion, the diet-induced fructose-related disturbances observed in biochemical parameters are regulated by both extracts; nevertheless, the beneficial effects of the ME extract are mostly associated with systemic parameters, while those of the DE extracts are associated with local microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Fotschki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Monika Kosmala
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Milala
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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63
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Effect of an In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Capacity of a Microfiltrated Blackberry Juice (Rubus adenotrichos). BEVERAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages4020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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64
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Sánchez-González C, Ciudad CJ, Noé V, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Health benefits of walnut polyphenols: An exploration beyond their lipid profile. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3373-3383. [PMID: 26713565 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1126218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Walnuts are commonly found in our diet and have been recognized for their nutritious properties for a long time. Traditionally, walnuts have been known for their lipid profile, which has been linked to a wide array of biological properties and health-promoting effects. In addition to essential fatty acids, walnuts contain a variety of other bioactive compounds, such as vitamin E and polyphenols. Among common foods and beverages, walnuts represent one of the most important sources of polyphenols, hence their effect over human health warrants attention. The main polyphenol in walnuts is pedunculagin, an ellagitannin. After consumption, ellagitannins are hydrolyzed to release ellagic acid, which is converted by gut microflora to urolithin A and other derivatives such as urolithins B, C, and D. Ellagitannins possess well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity, and several studies have assessed the potential role of ellagitannins against disease initiation and progression, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize current available information relating to the potential effect of walnut polyphenols in health maintenance and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sánchez-González
- a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy , Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos J Ciudad
- b Department of Biochemistry Physiology, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación , Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Véronique Noé
- b Department of Biochemistry Physiology, Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación , Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy , Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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65
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Valdés-Sustaita B, López-Rubalcava C, González-Trujano ME, García-Viguera C, Estrada-Camarena E. Aqueous Extract of Pomegranate Alone or in Combination with Citalopram Produces Antidepressant-Like Effects in an Animal Model of Menopause: Participation of Estrogen Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2643. [PMID: 29257042 PMCID: PMC5751246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the aqueous extract of pomegranate (AE-PG) has polyphenols with estrogenic-like activities. The present work determines if AE-PG alone or in combination with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram, has antidepressant-like effects. It was also analyzed the participation of estrogen receptors (ER). AE-PG (0.1, 1.0, 10, or 100 mg/kg) was evaluated in ovariectomized female Wistar rats subjected to the forced swimming test. The effects induced by AE-PG were compared with those of citalopram (2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20.0 mg/kg) and 17β-estradiol (E2; 2.5 5.0, and 10 μg/rat). Likewise, the combination of suboptimal doses of AE-PG (0.1 mg/kg) plus citalopram (2.5 mg/kg) was evaluated. To determine if ER participates in the antidepressant-like action of pomegranate, the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen (15 mg/kg) was administered with AE-PG (1 mg/kg). AE-PG produced antidepressant-like actions with a similar behavioral profile induced by citalopram and E2. Suboptimal doses of citalopram plus AE-PG produced antidepressant-like effects. Tamoxifen was able to block AE-PG's antidepressant-like actions. These results confirm the participation of ER in AE-PG's antidepressant-like effects. Furthermore, the additive effects observed with the combined treatment of AE-PG plus citalopram could be advantageous in the treatment of depressive disorders, such as menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Valdés-Sustaita
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City C.P.14330, Mexico.
| | - Carolina López-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City C.P.14330, Mexico.
| | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City C.P.14370, Mexico.
| | | | - Erika Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente," Mexico City C.P.14370, Mexico.
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66
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Milala J, Kosmala M, Karlińska E, Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Fotschki B. Ellagitannins from Strawberries with Different Degrees of Polymerization Showed Different Metabolism through Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10738-10748. [PMID: 29143528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes a comparative study of the metabolism of (1) ellagic acid, (2) monomeric ellagitannins (a mixture of α- and β-bis-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose), and (3) dimeric ellagitannins (mainly agrimoniin with both glucose residues being esterified with hexahydroxydiphenoyl) in rats fed polyphenol-rich diets. Their metabolites were identified and quantified in selected parts of the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., the stomach, small intestine, and cecum, on the second, fourth, and seventh days of the experiment, as well as in the rats' feces, blood serum, and urine. Significant differences between the metabolites of strawberry ellagitannins and ellagic acid were observed in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Urolithin A was the predominant polyphenolic metabolite of rats fed a diet supplemented with ellagic acid. On the other hand, in rats fed low degree of polymerization (DP) ellagitannins, the main metabolite was nasutin followed by urolithin A, while ellagitannins with a higher DP led to nasutin only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Milala
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Kosmala
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karlińska
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Science , Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zenon Zduńczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Science , Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Division of Food Science , Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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67
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Fujimura Y, Miura D, Tachibana H. A Phytochemical-Sensing Strategy Based on Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolic Profiling for Understanding the Functionality of the Medicinal Herb Green Tea. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101621. [PMID: 28953237 PMCID: PMC6151411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight phytochemicals have health benefits and reduce the risk of diseases, but the mechanisms underlying their activities have remained elusive because of the lack of a methodology that can easily visualize the exact behavior of such small molecules. Recently, we developed an in situ label-free imaging technique, called mass spectrometry imaging, for visualizing spatially-resolved biotransformations based on simultaneous mapping of the major bioactive green tea polyphenol and its phase II metabolites. In addition, we established a mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling technique capable of evaluating the bioactivities of diverse green tea extracts, which contain multiple phytochemicals, by focusing on their compositional balances. This methodology allowed us to simultaneously evaluate the relative contributions of the multiple compounds present in a multicomponent system to its bioactivity. This review highlights small molecule-sensing techniques for visualizing the complex behaviors of herbal components and linking such information to an enhanced understanding of the functionalities of multicomponent medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fujimura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miura
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Tachibana
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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68
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García-Villalba R, Vissenaekens H, Pitart J, Romo-Vaquero M, Espín JC, Grootaert C, Selma MV, Raes K, Smagghe G, Possemiers S, Van Camp J, Tomas-Barberan FA. Gastrointestinal Simulation Model TWIN-SHIME Shows Differences between Human Urolithin-Metabotypes in Gut Microbiota Composition, Pomegranate Polyphenol Metabolism, and Transport along the Intestinal Tract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5480-5493. [PMID: 28616977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A TWIN-SHIME system was used to compare the metabolism of pomegranate polyphenols by the gut microbiota from two individuals with different urolithin metabotypes. Gut microbiota, ellagitannin metabolism, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), transport of metabolites, and phase II metabolism using Caco-2 cells were explored. The simulation reproduced the in vivo metabolic profiles for each metabotype. The study shows for the first time that microbial composition, metabolism of ellagitannins, and SCFA differ between metabotypes and along the large intestine. The assay also showed that pomegranate phenolics preserved intestinal cell integrity. Pomegranate polyphenols enhanced urolithin and propionate production, as well as Akkermansia and Gordonibacter prevalence with the highest effect in the descending colon. The system provides an insight into the mechanisms of pomegranate polyphenol gut microbiota metabolism and absorption through intestinal cells. The results obtained by the combined SHIME/Caco-2 cell system are consistent with previous human and animal studies and show that although urolithin metabolites are present along the gastrointestinal tract due to enterohepatic circulation, they are predominantly produced in the distal colon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Laboratory of Food & Health, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Hanne Vissenaekens
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Kortrijk, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - María Romo-Vaquero
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Laboratory of Food & Health, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Juan C Espín
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Laboratory of Food & Health, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - María V Selma
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Laboratory of Food & Health, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia Spain
| | - Katleen Raes
- Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francisco A Tomas-Barberan
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Laboratory of Food & Health, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia Spain
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69
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The gut microbiota: A key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 139:82-93. [PMID: 28483461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(Poly)phenols (PPs) constitute a large family of phytochemicals with high chemical diversity that are known to be active principles of plant-derived nutraceuticals and herbal medicinal products. Their pharmacological activity, however, is difficult to demonstrate due to their mild physiological effects, and to the large inter-individual variability observed. Many PPs have little bioavailability and reach the colon almost unaltered. There they encounter the gut microbes resulting in a two-way interaction in which PPs modulate the gut microbiota composition, and the intestinal microbes catabolize the ingested PPs to release metabolites that are often more active and better absorbed than the native phenolic compounds. The type and quantity of the PP metabolites produced in humans depend on the gut microbiota composition and function, and different metabotypes have been identified. However, not all the metabolites have the same biological activity, and therefore the final health effects of dietary PPs depend on the gut microbiota composition. Stratification in clinical trials according to individuals' metabotypes is necessary to fully understand the health effects of PPs. In this review, we present and discuss the most significant and updated knowledge regarding the reciprocal interrelation of the gut microbiota with dietary PPs as a key factor that modulates the health effects of these compounds. The review will focus in those PPs that are known to be metabolized by gut microbiota resulting in bioactive metabolites.
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70
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Nowak A, Sójka M, Klewicka E, Lipińska L, Klewicki R, Kołodziejczyk K. Ellagitannins from Rubus idaeus L. Exert Geno- and Cytotoxic Effects against Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Caco-2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2947-2955. [PMID: 28301143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannins possess several biological activities, including anticancer properties. The goal of the present study was to investigate the cyto- and genotoxic activities of a red raspberry ellagitannin preparation (REP) in the concentration range of 2.5-160 μg/mL, as well as that of the main individual raspberry ellagitannins, sanguiin H-6 (SH-6, 12.8-256 μM) and lambertianin C (LC, 9.3-378 μM), against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. The ellagitannin concentrations used in the study correspond to those found in foodstuffs containing raspberry fruit. REP, SH-6, and LC exhibited strong concentration-dependent genotoxic properties, inducing DNA damage ranging from 7.3 ± 1.3 to 56.8 ± 4.3%, causing double-strand breaks and oxidation of DNA bases. At IC50 (124 μg/mL) the REP affected the nuclear morphology and induced the apoptosis of Caco-2 cells. Because the REP has been found to possess chemopreventive activity, it can be used as a natural food additive to enhance the health benefits of foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology , Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Sójka
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Klewicka
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology , Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Lipińska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology , Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Klewicki
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology , Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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71
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Cömert ED, Gökmen V. Antioxidants Bound to an Insoluble Food Matrix: Their Analysis, Regeneration Behavior, and Physiological Importance. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:382-399. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Doğan Cömert
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Dept. of Food Engineering; Hacettepe Univ.; 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
| | - Vural Gökmen
- Food Quality and Safety (FoQuS) Research Group, Dept. of Food Engineering; Hacettepe Univ.; 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
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72
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Xu J, Chen HB, Li SL. Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of the Interplay Between Herbal Medicines and Gut Microbiota. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1140-1185. [PMID: 28052344 DOI: 10.1002/med.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) are much appreciated for their significant contribution to human survival and reproduction by remedial and prophylactic management of diseases. Defining the scientific basis of HMs will substantiate their value and promote their modernization. Ever-increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in HM therapy by complicated interplay with HM components. This interplay includes such activities as: gut microbiota biotransforming HM chemicals into metabolites that harbor different bioavailability and bioactivity/toxicity from their precursors; HM chemicals improving the composition of gut microbiota, consequently ameliorating its dysfunction as well as associated pathological conditions; and gut microbiota mediating the interactions (synergistic and antagonistic) between the multiple chemicals in HMs. More advanced experimental designs are recommended for future study, such as overall chemical characterization of gut microbiota-metabolized HMs, direct microbial analysis of HM-targeted gut microbiota, and precise gut microbiota research model development. The outcomes of such research can further elucidate the interactions between HMs and gut microbiota, thereby opening a new window for defining the scientific basis of HMs and for guiding HM-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China
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73
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Yin P, Zhang J, Yan L, Yang L, Sun L, Shi L, Ma C, Liu Y. Urolithin C, a gut metabolite of ellagic acid, induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithin C includes apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Linlin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Lingguang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Liwei Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Lingling Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Chao Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yujun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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Sheflin AM, Melby CL, Carbonero F, Weir TL. Linking dietary patterns with gut microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2016; 8:113-129. [PMID: 27960648 PMCID: PMC5390824 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1270809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging insights have implicated the gut microbiota as an important factor in the maintenance of human health. Although nutrition research has focused on how direct interactions between dietary components and host systems influence human health, it is becoming increasingly important to consider nutrient effects on the gut microbiome for a more complete picture. Understanding nutrient-host-microbiome interactions promises to reveal novel mechanisms of disease etiology and progression, offers new disease prevention strategies and therapeutic possibilities, and may mandate alternative criteria to evaluate the safety of food ingredients. Here we review the current literature on diet effects on the microbiome and the generation of microbial metabolites of dietary constituents that may influence human health. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance of these studies to nutrition and public health and summarize further research needs required to realize the potential of exploiting diet-microbiota interactions for improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Sheflin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher L. Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,CONTACT Tiffany L. Weir 210 Gifford Building, 1571 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521-1571, USA
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75
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Lee J. Rosaceae products: Anthocyanin quality and comparisons between dietary supplements and foods. NFS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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76
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Kang I, Buckner T, Shay NF, Gu L, Chung S. Improvements in Metabolic Health with Consumption of Ellagic Acid and Subsequent Conversion into Urolithins: Evidence and Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:961-72. [PMID: 27633111 PMCID: PMC5015040 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in some fruits and nuts, including berries, pomegranates, grapes, and walnuts. EA has been investigated extensively because of its antiproliferative action in some cancers, along with its anti-inflammatory effects. A growing body of evidence suggests that the intake of EA is effective in attenuating obesity and ameliorating obesity-mediated metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize how intake of EA regulates lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo, and delineate the potential mechanisms of action of EA on obesity-mediated metabolic complications. We also discuss EA as an epigenetic effector, as well as a modulator of the gut microbiome, suggesting that EA may exert a broader spectrum of health benefits than has been demonstrated to date. Therefore, this review aims to suggest the potential metabolic benefits of consumption of EA-containing fruits and nuts against obesity-associated health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhae Kang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Teresa Buckner
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Neil F Shay
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; and
| | - Liwei Gu
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE;
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77
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In Vivo Metabolite Profiling of a Purified Ellagitannin Isolated from Polygonum capitatum in Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091110. [PMID: 27563862 PMCID: PMC6272911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagitannin is a common compound in food and herbs, but there are few detailed studies on the metabolism of purified ellagitannins. FR429 is a purified ellagitannin with antitumor potential, which is from Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don. The present study was designed to investigate the metabolic profiles of FR429 in rats in vivo. Using liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MSn-IT-TOF), total eight metabolites were found in rat bile and urine after intravenous administration of FR429, but could not be detected in plasma. These metabolites were ellagic acid, mono-methylated FR429, ellagic acid methyl ether glucuronide, ellagic acid methyl ether diglucuronide, ellagic acid dimethyl ether glucuronide, and ellagic acid dimethyl ether diglucuronide. It was concluded that methylation and subsequent glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of FR429 in rats in vivo. This is the first report on the in vivo metabolism of the purified ellagitannin in rats.
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78
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Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, García-Villalba R, Núñez-Sánchez MA, Selma MV, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC. Urolithins, the rescue of “old” metabolites to understand a “new” concept: Metabotypes as a nexus among phenolic metabolism, microbiota dysbiosis, and host health status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María A. Núñez-Sánchez
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María V. Selma
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - María T. García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Research Group on Quality; Safety; and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
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79
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Nakanishi M, Chen Y, Qendro V, Miyamoto S, Weinstock E, Weinstock GM, Rosenberg DW. Effects of Walnut Consumption on Colon Carcinogenesis and Microbial Community Structure. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:692-703. [PMID: 27215566 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Walnuts are composed of a complex array of biologically active constituents with individual cancer-protective properties. Here, we assessed the potential benefit of whole walnut consumption in a mouse tumor bioassay using azoxymethane. In study 1, a modest reduction (1.3-fold) in tumor numbers was observed in mice fed a standard diet (AIN-76A) containing 9.4% walnuts (15% of total fat). In study 2, the effects of walnut supplementation was tested in the Total Western Diet (TWD). There was a significant reduction (2.3-fold; P < 0.02) in tumor numbers in male mice fed TWD containing 7% walnuts (10.5% of total fat). Higher concentrations of walnuts lacked inhibitory effects, particularly in female mice, indicating there may be optimal levels of dietary walnut intake for cancer prevention. Since components of the Mediterranean diet have been shown to affect the gut microbiome, the effects of walnuts were therefore tested in fecal samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Carcinogen treatment reduced the diversity and richness of the gut microbiome, especially in male mice, which exhibited lower variability and greater sensitivity to environmental changes. Analysis of individual operational taxonomic units (OTU) identified specific groups of bacteria associated with carcinogen exposure, walnut consumption, and/or both variables. Correlation analysis also identified specific OTU clades that were strongly associated with the presence and number of tumors. Taken together, our results indicate that walnuts afford partial protection to the colon against a potent carcinogenic insult, and this may be due, in part, to walnut-induced changes to the gut microbiome. Cancer Prev Res; 9(8); 692-703. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Yanfei Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Veneta Qendro
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Erica Weinstock
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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Ismail T, Calcabrini C, Diaz AR, Fimognari C, Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Akhtar S, Sestili P. Ellagitannins in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050151. [PMID: 27187472 PMCID: PMC4885066 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally accepted that diets rich in fruit and vegetables lead to reduction in the risk of common forms of cancer and are useful in cancer prevention. Indeed edible vegetables and fruits contain a wide variety of phytochemicals with proven antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and chemopreventive activity; moreover, some of these phytochemicals also display direct antiproliferative activity towards tumor cells, with the additional advantage of high tolerability and low toxicity. The most important dietary phytochemicals are isothiocyanates, ellagitannins (ET), polyphenols, indoles, flavonoids, retinoids, tocopherols. Among this very wide panel of compounds, ET represent an important class of phytochemicals which are being increasingly investigated for their chemopreventive and anticancer activities. This article reviews the chemistry, the dietary sources, the pharmacokinetics, the evidence on chemopreventive efficacy and the anticancer activity of ET with regard to the most sensitive tumors, as well as the mechanisms underlying their clinically-valuable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ismail
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Anna Rita Diaz
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini (RN), Italy; (C.C.); (C.F.); (E.T.); (E.C.)
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan; (T.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-722-303-414
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81
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Spanogiannopoulos P, Bess EN, Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:273-87. [PMID: 26972811 PMCID: PMC5243131 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of human genetic polymorphisms in therapeutic outcomes is well established, the role of our 'second genome' (the microbiome) has been largely overlooked. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms that link the human gut microbiome to the efficacy and toxicity of xenobiotics, including drugs, dietary compounds and environmental toxins. Continued progress in this area could enable more precise tools for predicting patient responses and for the development of a new generation of therapeutics based on, or targeted at, the gut microbiome. Indeed, the admirable goal of precision medicine may require us to first understand the microbial pharmacists within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Bess
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rachel N. Carmody
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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82
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Chen F, Wen Q, Jiang J, Li HL, Tan YF, Li YH, Zeng NK. Could the gut microbiota reconcile the oral bioavailability conundrum of traditional herbs? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:253-264. [PMID: 26723469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A wealth of information is emerging about the impact of gut microbiota on human health and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. As we learn more, we find out the gut microbiota has the potential as new territory for drug targeting. Some novel therapeutic approaches could be developed through reshaping the commensal microbial structure using combinations of different agents. The gut microbiota also affects drug metabolism, directly and indirectly, particularly towards the orally administered drugs. Herbal products have become the basis of traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicine and also been being considered valuable materials in modern drug discovery. Of note, low oral bioavailability but high bioactivity is a conundrum not yet solved for some herbs. Since most of herbal products are orally administered, the herbs' constituents are inevitably exposed to the intestinal microbiota and the interplays between herbal constituents and gut microbiota are expected. Emerging explorations of herb-microbiota interactions have an opportunity to revolutionize the way we view herbal therapeutics. The present review aims to provide information regarding the health promotion and/or disease prevention by the interplay between traditional herbs with low bioavailability and gut microbiota through gut microbiota via two different types of mechanisms: (1) influencing the composition of gut microbiota by herbs and (2) metabolic reactions of herbal constituents by gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major data bases (PubMed and Web of Science) were searched using "gut microbiota", "intestinal microbiota", "gut flora", "intestinal flora", "gut microflora", "intestinal microflora", "herb", "Chinese medicine", "traditional medicine", or "herbal medicine" as keywords to find out studies regarding herb-microbiota interactions. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) was also used to collect the data of commonly used medicinal herbs and their quality control approaches. RESULTS Among the 474 monographs of herbs usually used in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the quality control approach of 284 monographs is recommended to use high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Notably, the major marker compounds (>60%) for quality control are polyphenols, polysaccharides and saponins, with significant oral bioavailability conundrum. Results from preclinical and clinical studies on herb-microbiota interactions showed that traditional herbs could exert heath promotion and disease prevention roles via influencing the gut microbiota structure. On the other hand, herb constituents such as ginsenoside C-K, hesperidin, baicalin, daidzin and glycyrrhizin could exert their therapeutic effects through gut microbiota-mediated bioconversion. CONCLUSIONS Herb-microbiota interaction studies provide novel mechanistic understanding of the traditional herbs that exhibit poor oral bioavailability. "Microbiota availability" could be taken consideration into describing biological measurements in the therapeutic assessment of herbal medicine. Our review should be of value in stimulating discussions among the scientific community on this relevant theme and prompting more efforts to complement herb-microbiota interactions studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Qi Wen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yin-Feng Tan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yong-Hui Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Nian-Kai Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
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83
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Mora-Cubillos X, Tulipani S, Garcia-Aloy M, Bulló M, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. Plasma metabolomic biomarkers of mixed nuts exposure inversely correlate with severity of metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2480-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Mora-Cubillos
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sara Tulipani
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA); Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Málaga Hospital Complex (Virgen de la Victoria), Campus de Teatinos s/n; University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; IISPV; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA); Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Málaga Hospital Complex (Virgen de la Victoria), Campus de Teatinos s/n; University of Málaga; Málaga Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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84
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Sánchez-González C, Ciudad CJ, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Noé V. Urolithin A causes p21 up-regulation in prostate cancer cells. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1099-112. [PMID: 25962506 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Walnuts contain several bioactive compounds, including pedunculagin, a polyphenol metabolized by microbiota to form urolithins, namely urolithin A (UA). The aim of this study was to determine gene expression changes in prostate cancer cells after incubation with UA. METHODS We performed a genomic analysis to study the effect of UA on LNCaP prostate cells. Cells were incubated with 40 µM UA for 24 h, and RNA was extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix Human Genome U219 array. Microarray results were analyzed using GeneSpring v13 software. Differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, fold change > 2) were used to perform biological association networks. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry and apoptosis measured by the rhodamine method and by caspases 3 and 7 activation. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. RESULTS We identified two nodes, FN-1 and CDKN1A, among the differentially expressed genes upon UA treatment. CDKN1A was validated, its mRNA and protein levels were significantly up-regulated, and the promoter activation measured by luciferase. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in G1-phase, and we also observed an induction of apoptosis and caspases 3 and 7 activation upon UA treatment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a potential role of UA as a chemopreventive agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos J Ciudad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Véronique Noé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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85
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Effect of the degree of toasting on the extraction pattern and profile of antioxidant polyphenols leached from oak chips in model wine systems. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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86
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Kim YH, Fujimura Y, Sasaki M, Yang X, Yukihira D, Miura D, Unno Y, Ogata K, Nakajima H, Yamashita S, Nakahara K, Murata M, Lin IC, Wariishi H, Yamada K, Tachibana H. In situ label-free visualization of orally dosed strictinin within mouse kidney by MALDI-MS imaging. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9279-9285. [PMID: 25195619 DOI: 10.1021/jf503143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a powerful technique for visualizing the distribution of a wide range of biomolecules within tissue sections. However, methodology for visualizing a bioactive ellagitannin has not yet been established. This paper presents a novel in situ label-free MALDI-MSI technique for visualizing the distribution of strictinin, a bioactive ellagitannin found in green tea, within mammalian kidney after oral dosing. Among nine representative matrix candidates, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN), harmane, and ferulic acid showed higher sensitivity to strictinin spotted onto a MALDI sample plate. Of these, 1,5-DAN enables visualization of a two-dimensional image of strictinin directly spotted on mouse kidney sections with the highest sensitivity. Furthermore, 1,5-DAN-based MALDI-MSI could detect the unique distribution of orally dosed strictinin within kidney sections. This in situ label-free imaging technique will contribute to the localization analysis of strictinin and its biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Garcia-Aloy M, Llorach R, Urpi-Sarda M, Tulipani S, Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Fitó M, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Andres-Lacueva C. Novel multimetabolite prediction of walnut consumption by a urinary biomarker model in a free-living population: the PREDIMED study. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3476-83. [PMID: 24882253 DOI: 10.1021/pr500425r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial impact of walnuts on human health has been attributed to their unique chemical composition. In order to characterize the dietary walnut fingerprinting, spot urine samples from two sets of 195 (training) and 186 (validation) individuals were analyzed by an HPLC-q-ToF-MS untargeted metabolomics approach, selecting the most discriminating metabolites by multivariate data analysis (VIP ≥ 1.5). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to design a multimetabolite prediction biomarker model. The global performance of the model and each included metabolite in it was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves, using the area under the curve (AUC) values. Dietary exposure to walnuts was characterized by 18 metabolites, including markers of fatty acid metabolism, ellagitannin-derived microbial compounds, and intermediate metabolites of the tryptophan/serotonin pathway. The predictive model of walnut exposure included at least one compound of each class. The AUC (95% CI) for the combined biomarker model was 93.4% (90.1-96.8%) in the training set and 90.2% (85.9-94.6%) in the validation set. The AUCs for individual metabolites were ≤85%. As far as we know, this is the first study proposing a combination of biomarkers of walnut exposure in a population under free-living conditions, as considered in epidemiological studies examining associations between diet and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Hardman WE. Diet components can suppress inflammation and reduce cancer risk. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:233-40. [PMID: 24944766 PMCID: PMC4058555 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology studies indicate that diet or specific dietary components can reduce the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An underlying cause of these diseases is chronic inflammation. Dietary components that are beneficial against disease seem to have multiple mechanisms of action and many also have a common mechanism of reducing inflammation, often via the NFκB pathway. Thus, a plant based diet can contain many components that reduce inflammation and can reduce the risk for developing all three of these chronic diseases. We summarize dietary components that have been shown to reduce cancer risk and two studies that show that dietary walnut can reduce cancer growth and development. Part of the mechanism for the anticancer benefit of walnut was by suppressing the activation of NFκB. In this brief review, we focus on reduction of cancer risk by dietary components and the relationship to suppression of inflammation. However, it should be remembered that most dietary components have multiple beneficial mechanisms of action that can be additive and that suppression of chronic inflammation should reduce the risk for all three chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, 1600 Medical Center Dr., Huntington, West Virginia 25701-3655, USA
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