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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Martorelli D, Muraro E, Comoli P, Rosato A. The interplay between Epstein-Barr virus and the immune system: a rationale for adoptive cell therapy of EBV-related disorders. Haematologica 2010; 95:1769-77. [PMID: 20421267 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.023689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade immune system recognition and to establish latent infection in memory B cells, where the virus resides lifelong without any consequence in the majority of individuals. However, some imbalances in the equilibrium between the inherent virus transforming properties and the host immune system can lead to the development of different tumors, such as lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The expression of viral antigens in malignant cells makes them suitable targets for immunotherapeutic approaches, which are mainly based on the ex vivo expansion of EBV-specific T cells. Indeed, the infusion of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has proved not only to be safe and effective, but also capable of restoring or inducing a protective anti-virus immunity, which is lacking, albeit to a different extent, in every EBV-driven malignancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of adoptive immunotherapy approaches for EBV-related malignancies, with particular emphasis on the immunological and virological aspects linked to the clinical responses obtained. Data collected confirm the clinical relevance of the use of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the field of adoptive immunotherapy and suggest the increasing importance of this approach also against other tumors, concurrent with the increasing knowledge of the intimate and continuous interplay between the virus and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata 64, Padova, Italy
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52
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Leisegang M, Turqueti-Neves A, Engels B, Blankenstein T, Schendel DJ, Uckert W, Noessner E. T-cell receptor gene-modified T cells with shared renal cell carcinoma specificity for adoptive T-cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2333-43. [PMID: 20371691 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive therapy with genetically engineered T cells carrying redirected antigen specificity is a new option for the treatment of cancer. This approach is not yet available for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), due to the scarcity of therapeutically useful reagents. We analyzed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from RCC to identify T-cell specificities with shared tumor-specific recognition to develop T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T lymphocytes for adoptive therapy of RCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established a T-cell clone from TIL that recognized a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted tumor antigen. The TCR alpha- and beta-chain genes were isolated, modified by codon optimization and murinization, and retrovirally transduced into peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). A TCR-expressing indicator line (B3Z-TCR53) was established to screen for antigen prevalence in RCC, other malignancies, and normal cell counterparts. RESULTS TCR53-engineered PBL recapitulated the specificity of the TIL and showed tumor-specific HLA-A2-restricted effector activities (IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, cytotoxicity). PBL-TCR53 of healthy donors and RCC patients exhibited similar transduction efficiency, expansion, and polyfunctional profile. Using B3Z-TCR53 cells, 130 tumor and normal cells were screened and shared TCR53 peptide: MHC expression was found in >60% of RCC and 25% of tumor lines of other histology, whereas normal tissue cells were not recognized. CONCLUSIONS To date, TCR53 is the only TCR with shared HLA-A2-restricted recognition of RCC. It fulfills the criteria for utilization in TCR gene therapy and advances T cell-based immunotherapy to patients with RCC and other malignancies expressing the TCR ligand.
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53
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Infektionen und Immuntherapie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-009-2142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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54
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Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the increasing use of organ and stem cell transplantation and the AIDS epidemic have led to the realization that some, but not all, human cancers occur more frequently in immunosuppressed individuals. With the notable exception of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), most tumors that show strongly increased incidence rates in both transplant recipients and AIDS patients have been found to have a viral etiology. Among these are Kaposi sarcoma, diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma, cervical cancer, liver cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma and a subset of Hodgkin's disease. A viral etiology for NMSC, i.e., beta- and gamma-subtypes of human papillomavirus, has been suggested and investigated for many years, but remains controversial. In addition, the moderately increased incidence rates of several other cancers in immunosuppressed individuals (e.g., Vajdic and van Leeuwen, Int J Cancer, in press) could indicate that additional infectious causes for at least some human cancers remain to be discovered. The controversy surrounding the role of cutaneous papillomavirus subtypes in the pathogenesis of NMSC illustrates the difficulties encountered when weighing the epidemiological and molecular biology evidence arguing for an involvement of highly prevalent viruses in certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 60325, Germany.
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55
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Kammertoens T, Blankenstein T. Making and circumventing tolerance to cancer. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2345-53. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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56
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Uckert W, Schumacher TNM. TCR transgenes and transgene cassettes for TCR gene therapy: status in 2008. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:809-22. [PMID: 19189103 PMCID: PMC11030292 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic introduction of T cell receptor genes into T cells has been developed over the past decade as a strategy to induce defined antigen-specific T cell immunity. With the potential value of TCR gene therapy well-established in murine models and the feasibility of infusion of TCR-modified autologous T cells shown in a first phase I trial, the next key step will be to transform TCR gene transfer from an experimental technique into a robust clinical strategy. In this review, we discuss the different properties of the TCR transgene and transgene cassette that can strongly affect both the efficacy and the safety of TCR gene transfer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic/statistics & numerical data
- Codon/genetics
- Dimerization
- Feasibility Studies
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide
- Genetic Therapy/adverse effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/secondary
- Melanoma/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uckert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ton N. M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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57
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Berger C, Turtle CJ, Jensen MC, Riddell SR. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific and tumor-specific T cell immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:224-32. [PMID: 19304470 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells isolated or engineered to have specificity for diseased cells represents an ideal approach for the targeted therapy of human viral and malignant diseases. The therapeutic potential of adoptive T cell therapy for infections and cancer was demonstrated in rodent models long ago, but the task of translating this approach into an effective clinical therapy has not been easy. Carefully designed clinical trials have evaluated the transfer of antigen-specific T cells in humans, and provided insight into the barriers to efficacy and strategies to improve T cell therapy. The importance of altering the host environment to facilitate persistence and function of transferred T cells and intrinsic properties of T cells that are selected or engineered for therapy in determining their fate in vivo are key issues that have recently emerged and are informing the design of the next generation of clinical trials.
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58
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Petersen J, Wurzbacher SJ, Williamson NA, Ramarathinam SH, Reid HH, Nair AKN, Zhao AY, Nastovska R, Rudge G, Rossjohn J, Purcell AW. Phosphorylated self-peptides alter human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted antigen presentation and generate tumor-specific epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:2776-81. [PMID: 19196958 PMCID: PMC2650342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812901106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules present a variety of posttranslationally modified epitopes at the cell surface, although the consequences of such presentation remain largely unclear. Phosphorylation plays a critical cellular role, and deregulation in phosphate metabolism is associated with disease, including autoimmunity and tumor immunity. We have solved the high-resolution structures of 3 HLA A2-restricted phosphopeptides associated with tumor immunity and compared them with the structures of their nonphosphorylated counterparts. Phosphorylation of the epitope was observed to affect the structure and mobility of the bound epitope. In addition, the phosphoamino acid stabilized the HLA peptide complex in an epitope-specific manner and was observed to exhibit discrete flexibility within the antigen-binding cleft. Collectively, our data suggest that phosphorylation generates neoepitopes that represent demanding targets for T-cell receptor ligation. These findings provide insights into the mode of phosphopeptide presentation by HLA as well as providing a platform for the rational design of a generation of posttranslationally modified tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Stephanie J. Wurzbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sri H. Ramarathinam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh H. Reid
- Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Ashish K. N. Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anne Y. Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Roza Nastovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geordie Rudge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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59
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Regulatory T cells and EBV associated malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:590-2. [PMID: 19539572 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the T-regulatory cells (Tregs) not only play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance to prevent the autoimmune disease, but also inhibit the anti-tumor immunity. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that cytotoxicity T cells (CTL) can control the growth of EBV-positive tumor cells in vitro, including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), depending on the large mount of EBV antigens presented by MHC molecules on the surface of these malignant cells. However, limited benefit of CTL adoptive immunotherapy has been reported in the treatment of EBV positive HL and NPC, and Tregs are regarded as a critical hurdle in this issue. In the present review, we discuss the correlation of EBV antigens expression in the tumor cells and the induction of Tregs in tumor microenvironment. Treg subsets and its possible mechanism to attenuate the anti-tumor immunity in EBV associated malignancies are also discussed, following by the possible strategies of targeting Tregs in the future immunotherapy for EBV positive cancers.
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60
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Amadori A, Rosato A. Adoptive cell therapy against EBV-related malignancies: a survey of clinical results. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1265-94. [PMID: 18694349 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with a heterogeneous group of tumors, including lymphoproliferative disorders, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. As such neoplastic disorders express viral antigens, they can be treated by adoptive immunotherapy strategies relying mostly on in vitro generation and expansion of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), which can be administered to patients for both prophylaxis and treatment. OBJECTIVE We reviewed results obtained in all clinical trials reported thus far employing anti-EBV adoptive immunotherapy for different virus-related malignancies. METHODS 'PTLD after HSCT', 'PTLD after SOT', 'NPC', 'HD', 'SCAEBV' and 'extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma', in combination with 'Adoptive immunotherapy' and 'Adoptive transfer', were used as search keys for papers in PubMed. CONCLUSIONS Although the heterogeneity of different studies precludes their collection for a meta-analysis, it can be inferred that adoptive therapy with EBV-specific CTL is safe, well tolerated and particularly effective in the case of most immunogenic tumors, like post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- University of Padova, Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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61
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Marques S, Alenquer M, Stevenson PG, Simas JP. A single CD8+ T cell epitope sets the long-term latent load of a murid herpesvirus. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000177. [PMID: 18846211 PMCID: PMC2556087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of persistent viral infections depends critically on long-term viral loads. Yet what determines these loads is largely unknown. Here, we show that a single CD8+ T cell epitope sets the long-term latent load of a lymphotropic gamma-herpesvirus, Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). The MuHV-4 M2 latency gene contains an H2-Kd -restricted T cell epitope, and wild-type but not M2− MuHV-4 was limited to very low level persistence in H2d mice. Mutating the epitope anchor residues increased viral loads and re-introducing the epitope reduced them again. Like the Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus K1, M2 shows a high frequency of non-synonymous mutations, suggesting that it has been selected for epitope loss. In vivo competition experiments demonstrated directly that epitope presentation has a major impact on viral fitness. Thus, host MHC class I and viral epitope expression interact to set the long-term virus load. Persistent viruses present a major challenge to the immune response. Gamma-herpesviruses are a prime example, and the archetypal family member, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has been studied for many years. A major unanswered question with EBV is why long-term virus loads—a key pathogenesis outcome—vary so widely between individuals. As most EBV studies are necessarily descriptive, the murid gamma-herpesvirus MuHV-4 provides an important focus of pathogenesis research. Here, we used MuHV-4 to address what determines long-term gamma-herpesvirus loads. We find a major role for a single MHC class I–restricted latency epitope. This reflects that latency-associated viral immune evasion and transcriptional silencing create a unique setting, in which the pool of possible epitopes is small enough for epitope loss to have a significant impact on viral fitness. Our data suggest that polymorphisms in viral latency genes and in host HLA class I together determine long-term viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marques
- Instituto de Microbiologia e Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta Alenquer
- Instituto de Microbiologia e Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Microbiologia e Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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62
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Barrett AJ, Savani BN. Does chemotherapy modify the immune surveillance of hematological malignancies? Leukemia 2008; 23:53-8. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Wang-Johanning F, Radvanyi L, Rycaj K, Plummer JB, Yan P, Sastry KJ, Piyathilake CJ, Hunt KK, Johanning GL. Human endogenous retrovirus K triggers an antigen-specific immune response in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5869-77. [PMID: 18632641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that human cancer cells reactivate the expression of latent human endogenous retroviral (HERV) proteins. However, the extent to which cancer patients mount de novo immune responses against expressed HERV elements is unclear. In this study, we determined the extent of HERV-K env expression in human breast cancer (BC) and whether both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against HERV-K can be found in BC patients. We found HERV-K env protein expression in 88% of BC (n = 119) but not in normal breast (n = 76) tissues. ELISA screening assays detected significant titers of anti-HERV-K env IgG in a large proportion of BC patients. T-cell responses against HERV-K were also detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BC patients stimulated with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HERV-K env SU antigens. These responses included induction of T-cell proliferation (P = 0.0043), IFN-gamma production measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (P < 0.0001), and multiplex cytokine secretion (P = 0.0033). Multiplex cytokine analysis found a T-helper 1 cytokine response, including interleukin (IL)-2 (P = 0.0109), IL-6 (P = 0.0396), IL-8 (P = 0.0169), and IP-10 (P = 0.0045) secretion during in vitro stimulation of BC PBMC with HERV-K antigen. We also found HERV-K-specific CTLs that were capable of lysing target cells expressing HERV-K env protein in BC patients but not in normal female controls without cancer. These findings suggest that retroviral gene products are capable of acting as tumor-associated antigens activating both T-cell and B-cell responses in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang-Johanning
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 78602-6621, USA.
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64
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Watanabe K, Suzuki S, Kamei M, Toji S, Kawase T, Takahashi T, Kuzushima K, Akatsuka Y. CD137-guided isolation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8 cells for potential use in adoptive immunotherapy. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:311-320. [PMID: 18677654 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient isolation and ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T cells are crucial for successful adoptive immunotherapy against uncontrollable infections and cancers. Several methods have been reported for this purpose, for example, employing MHC-multimeric complexes, interferon-gamma secretion, and antibodies specific for molecules expressed on T-cell surfaces, including CD25, CD69, CD107a, CD137, and CD154. Of the latter, CD137 has been shown to be one of the most promising targets since it is only expressed on CD8(+) T cells early after encountering antigen, while being almost undetectable on resting cells. However, detailed comparisons between CD137-based and other methods have not yet been conducted. In this study, we therefore compared three approaches (with CD137, CD107a, and tetramers) using HLA-A24-restricted CMV pp65 and EBV BRLF1 epitopes as model antigens. We found that the CD137-based isolation of antigen-stimulated CD8(+) T cells was comparable to tetramer-based sorting in terms of purity and superior to the other two methods in terms of subsequent cell expansion. The method was less applicable to CD4(+) T cells since their CD137 upregulation is not sufficiently high. Collectively, this approach is most likely to be optimal among the methods tested for the isolation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Watanabe
- Research Reagent Division, Medical Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Ohara, Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan.
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan.
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- T Cell Technologies, Inc., 3-5-10 Marunouchi, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0002, Japan
| | - Michi Kamei
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Toji
- Research Reagent Division, Medical Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1063-103 Ohara, Terasawaoka, Ina, Nagano, 396-0002, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kawase
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Toshitada Takahashi
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kuzushima
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Akatsuka
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan.
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Mitchell DA, Karikari I, Cui X, Xie W, Schmittling R, Sampson JH. Selective modification of antigen-specific T cells by RNA electroporation. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:511-21. [PMID: 18471037 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that the efficient transfection of T cells by RNA electroporation requires prior activation of T cells with mitogens or by anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. We hypothesized that this requirement for T cell activation could be leveraged to express marker genes within activated T cells responding to antigen-pulsed dendritic cells and allow for the selective enrichment and modification of antigen-specific T cells. Using electroporation of mRNA encoding green fluorescent protein as a marker gene, we demonstrate that RNA electroporation can efficiently allow for the separation of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from bulk culture responding to cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cytomegalovirus-specific T cells can be functionally modified by RNA transfection of the C-X-C chemokine receptor, CXCR2, to migrate efficiently toward a variety of CXCR2-specific chemokines in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the utility of RNA transfection as a simple method by which to purify and selectively modify the function of antigen-specific T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy, and importantly provide evidence that transient expression of proteins by RNA transfection is an efficient means of modulating the in vivo function of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Mitchell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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66
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Appelbaum FR. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2927-9. [PMID: 18565876 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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67
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Gottschalk S. Clinical and virological characteristics of patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: insights and questions. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1535-6. [PMID: 18419487 DOI: 10.1086/587665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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68
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Zakrzewski JL, Suh D, Markley JC, Smith OM, King C, Goldberg GL, Jenq R, Holland AM, Grubin J, Cabrera-Perez J, Brentjens RJ, Lu SX, Rizzuto G, Sant'Angelo DB, Riviere I, Sadelain M, Heller G, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Lu C, van den Brink MRM. Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:453-61. [PMID: 18376399 PMCID: PMC2731996 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a strategy for adoptive immunotherapy using T-lineage committed lymphoid precursor cells generated by Notch1-based culture. We found that allogeneic T-cell precursors can be transferred to irradiated individuals irrespective of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparities and give rise to host-MHC restricted and host-tolerant functional allogeneic T cells, improving survival in irradiated recipients as well as enhancing anti-tumor responses. T-cell precursors transduced to express a chimeric receptor targeting hCD19 resulted in significant additional anti-tumor activity, demonstrating the feasibility of genetic engineering of these cells. We conclude that ex vivo generated MHC-disparate T-cell precursors from any donor can be used universally for 'off-the-shelf' immunotherapy, and can be further enhanced by genetic engineering for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Zakrzewski
- Department Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Leukotriene B4 activates T cells that inhibit B-cell proliferation in EBV-infected cord blood–derived mononuclear cell cultures. Blood 2008; 111:2693-703. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific cellular memory is not transferred from mother to child. Therefore, EBV-induced B-cell proliferation in in vitro–infected cord blood mononuclear cell cultures is not inhibited. However, by addition of immunomodulators, polysaccharide K (PSK) or truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) that activate monocytes, EBV-specific T-cell response could be generated in such cultures. Presently, we demonstrate that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is involved in the effect of the immunomodulators. LTB4 was detected in the medium, and T-cell activation was compromised by addition of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors. Moreover, we found that LTB4 added to infected cultures, which did not receive the immunomodulators, induced functional activation of the T cells. LTB4 activated the monocytes and acted directly on the T cells. In consequence, addition of LTB4 inhibited the EBV-induced proliferation of B lymphocytes. Specific cytotoxicity could be generated by restimulation of the T cells. The experiments showed successive stages of T-cell activation in acquisition of their immunologic effector function. This is orchestrated by complex cellular interactions, and autocrine loops mediated by soluble factors—here interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-15, IL-12, and LTB4. Importantly, the results indicate that endogenous LTB4 can induce T-cell activation that inhibits the EBV-induced proliferation of B lymphocytes.
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70
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DiGiusto DL, Cooper LJN. Preparing clinical grade Ag-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy trials. Cytotherapy 2008; 9:613-29. [PMID: 17943498 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701650320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of clinical-grade T cells for adoptive immunotherapy has evolved from the ex vivo numerical expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to sophisticated bioengineering processes often requiring cell selection, genetic modification and other extensive tissue culture manipulations, to produce desired cells with improved therapeutic potential. Advancements in understanding the biology of lymphocyte signaling, activation, homing and sustained in vivo proliferative potential have redefined the strategies used to produce T cells suitable for clinical investigation. When combined with new technical methods in cell processing and culturing, the therapeutic potential of T cells manufactured in academic centers has improved dramatically. Paralleling these technical achievements in cell manufacturing is the development of broadly applied regulatory standards that define the requirements for the clinical implementation of cell products with ever-increasing complexity. In concert with academic facilities operating in compliance with current good manufacturing practice, the prescribing physician can now infuse T cells with a highly selected or endowed phenotype that has been uniformly manufactured according to standard operating procedures and that meets federal guidelines for quality of investigational cell products. In this review we address salient issues related to the technical, immunologic, practical and regulatory aspects of manufacturing these advanced T-cell products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DiGiusto
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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71
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Polliack A, van Besien K, Seymour JF. 2007: The year in review for Leukemia and Lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190801890544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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72
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Ramasamy R, Tong CK, Seow HF, Vidyadaran S, Dazzi F. The immunosuppressive effects of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells target T cell proliferation but not its effector function. Cell Immunol 2008; 251:131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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73
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74
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Adhikary D, Behrends U, Boerschmann H, Pfünder A, Burdach S, Moosmann A, Witter K, Bornkamm GW, Mautner J. Immunodominance of lytic cycle antigens in Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD4+ T cell preparations for therapy. PLoS One 2007; 2:e583. [PMID: 17611619 PMCID: PMC1894652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of human malignancies. EBV-positive post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients has been successfully treated by the adoptive transfer of polyclonal EBV-specific T cell lines containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell components. Although patients receiving T cell preparations with a higher CD4+ T cell proportion show better clinical responses, the specificity of the infused CD4+ component has remained completely unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We generated LCL-stimulated T cell lines from 21 donors according to clinical protocols, and analyzed the antigen specificity of the CD4+ component in EBV-specific T cell preparations using a genetically engineered EBV mutant that is unable to enter the lytic cycle, and recombinantly expressed and purified EBV proteins. Surprisingly, CD4+ T cell lines from acutely and persistently EBV-infected donors consistently responded against EBV lytic cycle antigens and autoantigens, but barely against latent cycle antigens of EBV hitherto considered principal immunotherapeutic targets. Lytic cycle antigens were predominantly derived from structural proteins of the virus presented on MHC II via receptor-mediated uptake of released viral particles, but also included abundant infected cell proteins whose presentation involved intercellular protein transfer. Importantly, presentation of virion antigens was severely impaired by acyclovir treatment of stimulator cells, as currently performed in most clinical protocols. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that structural antigens of EBV are the immunodominant targets of CD4+ T cells in LCL-stimulated T cell preparations. These findings add to our understanding of the immune response against this human tumor-virus and have important implications for the improvement of immunotherapeutic strategies against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Adhikary
- Clinical Cooperation Group, Institute for Clinical and Molecular Biology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany; Children's Hospital, Hematology-Oncology, University of Technology, Munich, Germany
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75
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Kennedy-Nasser AA, Bollard CM. T cell therapies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: surely there must be a better way than DLI? Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40:93-104. [PMID: 17502898 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the past few years have significantly improved adoptive immunotherapy strategies available following autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Minimal residual disease, relapsed disease and viral infections remain a significant cause of mortality in patients undergoing HSCT. Novel therapies are critically needed to overcome these management dilemmas, while sparing the graft-versus-tumor effect and avoiding graft-versus-host disease. This review focuses on the T-cell strategies currently available to allay disease while minimizing toxicities in patients who have undergone HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kennedy-Nasser
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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76
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Liu FF, Frappier L, Kim J, O'Sullivan B, Hui A, Bastianutto C. East-West Symposium on nasopharyngeal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67:703-8. [PMID: 17141974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve greater understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular oncology, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), an international meeting was held in June 2005, Toronto, Canada. RESULTS Further insights were obtained into the role of EBV in NPC development, with its diverse effects ranging from proliferative signals via NF-kB, to immunesuppression, to angiogenic gene regulation. Subsequently, multiple pathways are dysregulated in NPC as revealed by expression array analyses, including apoptosis, integrin, and B-catenin cascades. Advances have been made in the diagnosis and monitoring of NPC, using transoral brushings and plasma levels of EBV transcripts, which may not directly correlate with the number of circulating tumor cells, but is nevertheless informative in predicting and tracking disease response. Many novel therapies have promising results, particularly in the areas of immunotherapies, and the exploration of molecularly targeted approaches such as cetuximab or histone deacetylase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The results from large randomized trials and meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated the benefit of concurrent chemotherapy with curative radiation therapy, but at a cost of greater acute and late-tissue toxicities. Further advances are required to achieve an improved understanding on the inter-relationship between environmental and genetic determinants in NPC development, to reduce the global burden of this disease. At the same time, novel therapeutic approaches are necessary to increase curability of NPC, but with reduced long-term toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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77
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Seiler MP, Gottschalk S, Cerullo V, Ratnayake M, Mane VP, Clarke C, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Rooney CM, Lee B. Dendritic Cell Function After Gene Transfer with Adenovirus-calcium Phosphate Co-precipitates. Mol Ther 2007; 15:386-92. [PMID: 17235318 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for initiating and directing antigen-specific T-cell responses. Genetic modification of DC is under study for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, and antigen-targeted immunosuppression. Adenovirus (Ad) type 5 (Ad5)-mediated gene transfer to mouse bone marrow DCs and human monocyte-derived DCs is inefficient because neither express the cognate high-affinity Ads receptor. We show that co-precipitating adenoviral vectors with calcium phosphate (CaPi) increased gene expression (2000-fold) and transduction efficiency (50-fold) in mouse DC, primarily owing to receptor-independent viral uptake. Moreover, Ad5:CaPi-treated DCs were activated to express the maturation surface molecules CD40 and CD86, and to secrete proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6. However, neither DC transduction nor maturation was dependent on viral protein interactions with cell surface integrin. Ad5:CaPi also transduced human DC more efficiently than Ad5 alone, similar to a genetically modified vector (Ad5f35) targeted to the CD46 receptor. As such, this approach combines the efficiency of adenoviral-mediated endosomal escape and nuclear trafficking with the receptor independence of nonviral gene delivery. Importantly, CaPi co-precipitation could be used to functionally modify DC to activate and expand cytomegalovirus-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This study identifies a simple technique to improve the efficacy of current Ad5 gene transfer, in support of clinical adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Seiler
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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78
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is linked to approximately 90% of B-cell lymphomas associated with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), a serious complication for immunosuppressed transplant recipients. In this paper, we review the myriad ways by which EBV can inadvertently drive the genesis and persistence of B-cell lymphomas, particularly when the antiviral immune response is compromised. Probing the basic mechanisms by which EBV infection proceeds and contributes to malignancy in such cases will hopefully improve our understanding and treatment of PTLD and other EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Snow
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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79
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Riddell SR. Engineering antitumor immunity by T-cell adoptive immunotherapy. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2007; 2007:250-256. [PMID: 18024637 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells has been used successfully to treat experimental tumors in animal models and viral infections in humans, but harnessing the exquisite specificity and potency of T cells to treat human malignancy has proven challenging. The efforts to use T cells to treat patients with cancer have often been informative in identifying limitations that must be overcome to improve therapeutic efficacy, and a clearer picture of the requirements for successful adoptive T-cell transfer is gradually emerging. Indolent and a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas in humans have been shown to be susceptible to eradication by T cells in clinical settings where highly immunogenic minor histocompatibility or viral antigens are presented by tumor cells. In this article, we will review how recent advances in our understanding of the properties of antigen-specific T cells that facilitate their long-term persistence in vivo and reversion to the memory pool after in vitro culture, combined with approaches to molecularly engineer T cells with receptors that target molecules expressed by B-cell lymphoma, are providing opportunities to broaden the application of T-cell therapy and improve its efficacy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, MS D3100, Seattle, WA 98109-4417, USA.
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80
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Shanker A, Sayers T. Sensitizing tumor cells to immune-mediated cytotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:163-71. [PMID: 17713003 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis underlying tumor destruction in vivo by specific antitumor CD8+ T cells remains unclear. We propose that the local production of certain tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-family members (death ligands) may be more important for tumor destruction in vivo than previously thought. Also, the apoptotic response of some tumor cells to the TNF-family member TRAIL can be augmented by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade). Thus, bortezomib may sensitize tumor cells to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and could potentially improve the beneficial effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Shanker
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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81
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Kashkar H, Seeger JM, Hombach A, Deggerich A, Yazdanpanah B, Utermöhlen O, Heimlich G, Abken H, Krönke M. XIAP targeting sensitizes Hodgkin lymphoma cells for cytolytic T-cell attack. Blood 2006; 108:3434-40. [PMID: 16868249 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-021675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The immunosurveillance of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is insufficient, and the clinical experience with adoptive transfer of CTLs is limited. We have previously reported that defects in mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and elevated XIAP expression confer resistance to different apoptotic stimuli in HL cells. Here, we aimed to develop molecular strategies to overcome the resistance of HL cells against CTL-mediated killing via granzyme B (grzB). In HL cells, grzB-induced mitochondrial release of proapoptotic Smac is blocked, which results in complete abrogation of cytotoxicity mediated by CTLs. Cytosolic expression of recombinant mature Smac enhanced caspase activity induced by grzB and restored the apoptotic response of HL cells. Similarly, down-regulation of XIAP by RNA interference markedly enhanced the susceptibility of HL cells for CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. XIAP gene knockdown sensitized HL cells for killing by antigen-specific CTLs redirected by grafting with a chimeric anti-CD30scFv-CD3zeta immunoreceptor. The results suggest that XIAP targeting by Smac agonists or XIAP-siRNA can be used as a synergistic strategy for cellular immunotherapy of Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Köln, Germany.
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82
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Williamson NA, Rossjohn J, Purcell AW. Tumors reveal their secrets to cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14649-50. [PMID: 17005729 PMCID: PMC1595405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606951103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Williamson
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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83
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Munker R, Reibke R, Kolb HJ. Graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactions: a summary of the Seventh International Symposium held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, February 22nd–25th, 2006, Tolerance and Immunity, an update on lymphoid malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38:593-607. [PMID: 16980992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Seventh International Symposium on graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactions was held in Garmisch Partenkirchen (Germany, near Lake Riessersee) between January 22nd and 25th, 2006. A total of more than 100 invited participants (scientists and clinicians working in the area of allogeneic stem cell transplantation) discussed research in the area of lymphoid malignancies. Major topics of the 2006 meeting were lymphocyte biology, experimental systems, lymphoma pathogenesis, cellular therapy in vivo and vitro, idiotype-specific responses and graft-versus-malignancy reactions for lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Further highlights were immune responses to blasts of ALL, haploidentical transplantation, role of natural killer cells, clinical guidelines for allogeneic transplantation and adoptive immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma, new antibody-mediated strategies. As can be seen in the summaries of the individual presentations, progress was made in the understanding of lymphoma biology and in the clinical application of graft-versus-lymphoma or graft-versus-myeloma effects. Each day was followed by round-table discussions, which summarized new data and challenged established concepts. The discussions resulted in new insights and projects for basic research and clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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84
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Griffiths PD. Antivirals in the transplant setting. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:192-200. [PMID: 16793148 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past quarter of a century, antiviral drugs have moved from an experimental adventure in transplant patients to a situation where they are used routinely to prevent diseases caused by several viruses. Furthermore, they have significantly reduced several medical complications of transplantation, such as graft rejection, thereby implicating viruses as components of their pathogenesis. By controlling these major complication, the development of these antiviral drugs and their prodrugs, has therefore greatly facilitated the clinical expansion of transplantation, allowing life saving procedures to be offered to more patients who could potentially benefit. This article will briefly summaries which viruses are important following transplantation and outline the evidence-base from randomized controlled clinical trails for the deployment of antiviral drugs to prevent viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Griffiths
- Centre for Virology, Department of Infection, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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85
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Snow AL, Vaysberg M, Krams SM, Martinez OM. EBV B lymphoma cell lines from patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:976-85. [PMID: 16611333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphomas associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) represent a significant complication of immunosuppression in transplant recipients. In immunocompetent individuals, EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) prevent the outgrowth of activated B lymphoblasts through apoptosis induction. Soluble versions of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2 ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in numerous tumor cell types. Given the therapeutic potential of TRAIL, we examined the sensitivity of EBV+ spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines (SLCL) derived from patients with PTLD to treatment with soluble TRAIL. Despite abundant expression of TRAIL receptors (TRAIL-R), resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis was observed in all SLCL examined. This resistance could not be overcome by concomitant treatment with several pharmacological agents. Unlike BJAB positive control cells, for each SLCL tested, cleavage and activation of caspase 8 was inhibited due to failed recruitment of FADD and caspase 8 to TRAIL receptors upon stimulation. Further indicative of a proximal defect, TRAIL receptor aggregation could not be detected on the cell surface of SLCL following ligand engagement. These results suggest that the use of TRAIL for eliminating PTLD-associated tumors may be of limited clinical utility, and illustrate another mechanism by which EBV+ B lymphoma cells can evade tumor surveillance at the level of death receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Snow
- Program in Immunology, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5492, USA
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86
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Cavallo F, Curcio C, Forni G. Immunotherapy and immunoprevention of cancer: where do we stand? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:717-26. [PMID: 15934846 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although evolution has shaped the immune system to control microbial invasions, this does not necessarily mean that the immune system can not be triggered to eliminate tumour cells. The exploitation of the terrific potential of the immune system to recognise cell alterations and to selectively destroy large populations of neoplastic cells is a possibility made even more attractive by the advances in our understanding of the immune mechanisms and our ability to manipulate them. This review summarises the state of the different immunotherapy strategies available or in development today, and examines the future developments that hold out the promise of an effective control of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavallo
- University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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87
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Klass CM, Offermann MK. Targeting human herpesvirus-8 for treatment of Kaposi??s sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2005; 17:447-55. [PMID: 16093794 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000172823.01190.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human herpesvirus-8, also called the Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, is present in all cases of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma and in some cases of multicentric Castleman's disease. This review discusses mechanisms by which human herpesvirus-8 contributes to tumorigenesis and how this knowledge can be used to target the virus for the treatment of these tumors. RECENT FINDINGS Most primary effusion lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells are latently infected with human herpesvirus-8 and hence resistant to antiherpesvirus drugs that are dependent on lytic replication. In contrast, many of the cells infected with human herpesvirus-8 in multicentric Castleman's disease support lytic replication, so that clinical improvement frequently occurs in response to treatment with antiherpesvirus drugs. The resistance of latently-infected tumor cells to antiherpesvirus drugs can be overcome by inducing human herpesvirus-8 to reenter the lytic cascade in the presence of antiherpesvirus drugs. This leads to apoptosis of virally infected cells without increasing production of infectious virus. Alternatively, the replication and maintenance of the human herpesvirus-8 episome during latency can be disrupted by glycyrrhizic acid or hydroxyurea so that the virus no longer contributes to tumorigenesis. Both the innate and acquired immune systems can also be augmented to help prevent or treat human herpesvirus-8-associated tumors. SUMMARY Novel strategies targeting human herpesvirus-8, which is present in all cases of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma, provide opportunities for selectively killing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Manuela Klass
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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88
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal complications are frequent in renal transplant recipients and can include oral lesions, esophagitis, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, colon disorders and malignancy. Oral lesions may be caused by drugs such as cyclosporine and sirolimus, by virus or fungal infections. Leukoplakia may develop in patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The commonest esophageal disorder is represented by fungal esophagitis usually caused by candida. A number of patients may suffer from nausea, vomiting and gastric discomfort. These disorders are more frequent in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Peptic ulcer is more rare than in the past. Patients with a history of peptic ulcer are particularly prone to this complication. Other gastroduodenal disorders are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex infection. Diarrhea is a frequent disorder which may be caused by pathogen microorganisms or by immunosuppressive agents. The differential diagnosis may be difficult. Colon disorders mainly consist of hemorrhage, usually sustained by CMV infection, or perforation which may be caused by diverticulitis or intestinal ischemia. Colon cancer, anal carcinoma, and EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are particularly frequent in transplant recipients. A particular gastric lymphoma called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma may develop in renal transplant patients. It usually responds to the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ponticelli
- Clinical Immunology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.
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89
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90
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Auletta JJ, Lazarus HM. Immune restoration following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an evolving target. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:835-57. [PMID: 15778723 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the definitive cure for many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, delays in immune reconstitution (IR) following HSCT significantly limit the success of transplantation and increase the risk for infection and disease relapse in the transplant recipient. Therefore, ways to measure and to manipulate immune recovery following HSCT are emerging and their success depends directly upon an enhanced understanding for the underlying mechanisms responsible for reconstituted immunity and hematopoiesis. Recent discoveries in the activation, function, and regulation of dendritic cell (DC), natural killer (NK) cell, and T-lymphocyte subtypes have been critical in developing immunotherapies used to prevent graft-versus-host disease and to enhance graft-versus-leukemia. For example, regulatory T cells that induce tolerance and NK receptor-tumor ligand disparities that result in tumor lysis are being used to minimize GVHD and tumor burden, respectively. Furthermore, expansion and modulation of immune effector cells are being used to augment hematopoietic and immune recovery and to decrease transplant-related toxicity in the transplant recipient. Specifically, DC expansion and incorporation into antitumor and anti-microbial vaccines is fast approaching application into clinical trials. This paper will review our current understanding for IR following HSCT and the novel ways in which to restore immune function and decrease transplant-related toxicity in the transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Auletta
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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