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Cavallini E, Bottiroli S, Dunlosky J, Ambiel E, Lux A, Hertzog C. Strategy-adaptation memory training: predictors of older adults’ training gains. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOver the past decades, memory training interventions have been developed in an attempt to stabilize or enhance memory functioning in aging. Only recently has attention been paid to individual differences in training gains and consequently to predictors of such gains. The aim of the present study was to identify which specific cognitive mechanisms/processes or components of the intervention were responsible for the desired change and which individuals were more responsive to memory strategic training. Eighty-one older adults (aged 55 to 82) were involved in a four-session strategy-adaptation training based on a learner-oriented approach that has previously been found to be effective in improving memory performance in practiced and untrained tasks. Results showed that baseline performance in memory tasks predicted the gains in the practiced task. Baseline performance in memory tasks and other cognitive variables, such as working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge predicted transfer effects. Interestingly, we found that the magnitude of training gain on the associative memory practiced task predicted the gains in the transfer tasks, suggesting those who best implemented the targeted strategies during training realized greater transfer to other tasks. Our study shows that older adults with larger cognitive resources will benefit more from interventions focused on the generalization via active processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cavallini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Sara Bottiroli
- Giustino Fortunato University, Benevento, 82100, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | | | - Erika Ambiel
- Hildebrand Clinic, Brissago, CH-6614, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Lux
- C.I.S.A.S. Santhià, Santhià, 13048, Italy
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Wu R, Strickland-Hughes C. Adaptation for growth as a common goal throughout the lifespan: Why and how. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Matthews ML, Wells Y, Pike KE, Kinsella GJ. Long-term effects of a memory group intervention reported by older adults. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018; 30:1044-1058. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1544570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milanda L. Matthews
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yvonne Wells
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerryn E. Pike
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glynda J. Kinsella
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Subjective memory complaints (SMC) in older adults are associated with a decline in everyday functioning and an increased risk for future cognitive decline. This study examines the effect of a memory strategy training compared to a control memory training on memory functioning in daily life. METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial with baseline, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up assessments conducted in 60 older adults (50-87 years) with SMC. Participants were randomly assigned to either seven sessions of memory strategy training or seven sessions of control memory training. Both interventions were given in small groups and included psycho-education. Primary outcome measure was memory functioning in daily life. Objective measures of memory performance and self-reported measures of strategy use were included as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS Participants in each intervention group reported an improvement in personal memory goals (p<.0005), up to 6 months after training. An interaction effect showed that participants following memory strategy training reported a larger improvement in personal memory goals (p=.002). Both intervention groups improved on two memory tests (p<.001 and p<.01). In the memory strategy training group, an increase in strategy use in daily life was the strongest predictor (p<.05) of improvement in subjective memory functioning. CONCLUSIONS Older adults with subjective memory complaints benefit from memory strategy training, especially in their memory functioning in daily life. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1110-1120).
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A randomized controlled trial of combined executive function and memory training on the cognitive and noncognitive function of individuals with mild cognitive impairment: Study rationale and protocol design. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2018; 4:556-564. [PMID: 30386820 PMCID: PMC6205116 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive training has attracted considerable attention as a safe, economical, and scalable nonpharmacologic intervention in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, no study has yet placed sufficient emphasis on the training of executive function. The present study aimed to evaluate whether memory training combined with executive training could lead to improved cognitive and noncognitive performance in patients with MCI. Furthermore, we will explore the neural correlates underlying the changed performances. Methods The proposed study is a randomized controlled trial that will include 120 patients with MCI. The eligible patients will be randomized to either an intervention group or a waitlist control group. The intervention group will receive computerized combined training (executive function and memory) for 96 sessions for more than 24 weeks. The control group will receive no intervention during the research period. Behavior data collection and a magnetic resonance imaging/electroencephalogram/near-infrared spectroscopy scan will be performed at baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention. Results The study is currently ongoing. Recruitment began in July 2017 and will conclude in December 2018. Discussion If combined training results in positive changes to cognitive function and noncognitive function in patients with MCI, this might represent a new approach to delay the cognitive decline or even provide a potential method for dementia prevention. Furthermore, the evaluation of any training-related structural changes or functional changes will help to reveal the mechanisms underlying the combined cognitive training. Trial registration This study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03232047, August 18, 2017).
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Rizkalla MN. Cognitive training in the elderly: a randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a self-administered cognitive training program. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:1384-1394. [PMID: 26644269 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1118679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a self-administered cognitive training program for improving cognition in normal elderly persons. METHOD A multisite, randomized control, double-blind trial was conducted with 28 experimental participants (Mage = 70.7 ± 8.89) and 28 active controls (Mage = 74.4 ± 9.39). Treatment conditions: experimental intervention (EI) consisted of three modules: (1) executive functioning, (2) memory, and (3) emotion training. Active control (AC) consisted of word searches, reading short stories, and answering multiple-choice questions. Treatments were self-administered one hour/five days a week for four weeks. Pre-and post-training neuropsychological outcome measures were utilized as determinants of program success. RESULTS Compared to the AC group, the EI group displayed significant gains on targeted executive (p = .002) and memory (p < .001) composites, but not the emotion (p = .105) composite. Training-induced benefits were also observed for the EI group on untrained items within global cognition (BCRS, p = .002) and functional abilities (DAD, p < .001; FRS, p = .042). The percentage of participants who showed reliable performance improvements was greater for the EI than AC on executive (55.5% vs. 12.5%), memory (55% vs. 19.5%) and functional (41% vs. 7.5%) ability. Participant recruitment and compliance rates were enhanced by the involvement of a physician. CONCLUSION Results support the efficacy of self-directed cognitive training in reliably improving cognitive and functional abilities in normal older adults. While physicians are critical in enhancing the delivery of regimented treatment, the present study illustrates the potential for self-directed prophylactic training in deterring the development of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille N Rizkalla
- a Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine , Midwestern University , Downers Grove , IL , USA
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López-Higes R, Prados JM, Rubio-Valdehita S, Rodríguez-Rojo I, de Frutos-Lucas J, Montenegro M, Montejo P, Prada D, Losada MLD. Factors Explaining Language Performance After Training in Elders With and Without Subjective Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:264. [PMID: 30233353 PMCID: PMC6129583 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores if cognitive reserve, executive functions, and working memory capacity are predictive of performance in the language domain (specifically in sentence comprehension and naming) after a cognitive training intervention. Sixty-six Spanish older adults voluntarily participated in the study, classified either as older adults with subjective cognitive decline according to Jessen et al.’s (2014) criteria (n = 35; 70.94 ± 4.16 years old) or cognitively intact (n = 31; 71.34 ± 4.96 years old). Written sentence comprehension and visual confrontation naming were assessed both immediately after recruitment (at the baseline), and then 6 months later, once each participant had completed his/her cognitive training (a well-known program in Spain, called UMAM; English translation: Madrid City Council Memory Unit Program). Cognitive reserve, executive functions (cognitive flexibility and controlled interference efficiency), and working memory capacity were measured for all participants at the baseline. Results pointed out that the subjective cognitive decline group presented greater benefits in the language domain than cognitively intact participants. We also observed that lower executive functioning and working memory capacity at the baseline predicted larger benefits in language performance after training, but only in the group of cognitively intact older adults. However, selected predictors hardly explained subjective cognitive decline participants’ results in language performance after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón López-Higes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Prados
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Rodríguez-Rojo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center of Biomedical Technology, Polytechnical University - Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaisalmer de Frutos-Lucas
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center of Biomedical Technology, Polytechnical University - Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for the Prevention of Cognitive Impairment, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Montenegro
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Montejo
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Prada
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L D Losada
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Calero MD, Navarro E. Variables that favour successful ageing / Variables que favorecen un envejecimiento exitoso. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2018.1506307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Kaschel R, Kazén M. Memory rehabilitation for older adults: preserving independent living / Rehabilitación de la memoria para adultos mayores: preservación de la autonomía de vida. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2018.1493844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lipardo DS, Tsang WWN. Falls prevention through physical and cognitive training (falls PACT) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:193. [PMID: 30143002 PMCID: PMC6109308 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults increases their fall risk. While physical exercise is effective in reducing falls rate and risk of falls, and cognitive training in improving cognitive functioning in healthy older adults, their effectiveness in preventing falls and reducing risks of falls in MCI when administered simultaneously is not yet established. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of combined physical and cognitive training in preventing falls and decreasing risks of falls among community-dwelling older persons with MCI. Methods/design This is a single-blind, multicentre, randomized controlled trial. At least ninety-three community-dwelling older adults with MCI aged 60 or above will be recruited. They will be randomly allocated into four groups: Physical Training alone (PT), Cognitive Training alone (CT), combined Physical And Cognitive Training (PACT) and Waitlist Group (WG). The PT group will perform exercises (flexibility, endurance, strengthening, and balance training) for 60–90 min three times per week for 12 weeks. The CT group will be involved in a paper-based training focusing on orientation, memory, attention and executive functioning for 60–90 min per session, once a week for 12 weeks. The PACT group will undergo cognitive training incorporated in physical exercise for 60–90 min three times per week for 12 weeks. The WG will receive the intervention, combined physical and cognitive training, at a later date. Assessors blinded to participant allocation will conduct pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up assessments. The primary outcome measure will be falls rate. The secondary outcome measures will be Physiologic Profile Assessment and Falls Risk for Older Persons in the Community, and assessments that evaluate cognitive, physical and psychological factors related to falls. Discussion Considering the possible physical, social, financial and psychological consequences of a fall, we hope to provide insights on the effectiveness of combining physical and cognitive training on falls and fall-related factors for older adults with MCI. It is projected that the combined interventions will lead to significantly lower falls rate and reduced risk of falls compared to using single or no intervention. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03167840. Registered on May 30, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Lipardo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - William W N Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Chan AS, Cheung WK, Yeung MK, Lee TL. Sustained Effects of Memory and Lifestyle Interventions on Memory Functioning of Older Adults: An 18-Month Follow-Up Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:240. [PMID: 30131690 PMCID: PMC6090041 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been much research devoted to examining the short-term effects of different interventions for improving memory functioning of older adults with memory complaints. Nevertheless, very few studies have examined the long-term effects of these interventions. Thus, the present study compared the sustained effects of a conventional memory intervention (MI) and a Chinese lifestyle intervention on improving memory functioning in older adults. Methods: Twenty-nine older adults who were aged 60 years and older and had memory complaints were recruited. Each completed 10 weekly sessions of the Dejian Mind-body Intervention (DMBI; n = 11) or MI (n = 18) approximately 18 months ago. Participants’ verbal and visual memory functioning and their subjective impression of the changes of their memory performance and physical and psychological health status were evaluated. Results: Results showed significant improvements in memory in both intervention groups at the follow-up assessments when compared with baseline. In addition, older adults in both intervention groups perceived improved memory performance and physical and psychological wellness at follow-up, with the DMBI group reporting significantly greater improvements in physical health compared to the MI group. Conclusion: Altogether, the present study provides supportive evidence that the DMBI and MI might be two effective remedies for older adults to improve or preserve their memory functioning with relatively sustained effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Chanwuyi Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie K Cheung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael K Yeung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tsz Lok Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Previous research has suggested that there is a degree of variability among older adults' response to memory training, such that some individuals benefit more than others. The aim of the present study was to identify the profile of older adults who were likely to benefit most from a strategic memory training program that has previously proved to be effective in improving memory in healthy older adults. METHOD In total, 44 older adults (60-83 years) participated in a strategic memory training. We examined memory training benefits by measuring changes in memory practiced (word list learning) and non-practiced tasks (grocery list and associative learning). In addition, a battery of cognitive measures was administered in order to assess crystallized and fluid abilities, short-term memory, working memory, and processing speed. RESULTS Results confirmed the efficacy of the training in improving performance in both practiced and non-practiced memory tasks. For the practiced memory tasks, results showed that memory baseline performance and crystallized ability predicted training gains. For the non-practiced memory tasks, analyses showed that memory baseline performance was a significant predictor of gain in the grocery list learning task. For the associative learning task, the significant predictors were memory baseline performance, processing speed, and marginally the age. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that older adults with a higher baseline memory capacity and with more efficient cognitive resources were those who tended to benefit most from the training. The present study provides new avenues in designing personalized intervention according to the older adults' cognitive profile.
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Lorthios-Guilledroit A, Parisien M, Nour K, Fournier B, Guay D, Bier N. Cognitive Health Promotion Program for Community-Dwelling Seniors: Who Are We Reaching? J Appl Gerontol 2018; 39:588-600. [PMID: 30051745 DOI: 10.1177/0733464818790190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This exploratory study examines the reach of Jog Your Mind, a multifactorial community-based program promoting cognitive vitality among seniors with no known cognitive impairment. The aim was to determine whether the program successfully reached its target population and to compare the characteristics of participants (sociodemographic, health, lifestyle, attitudes, and cognitive profile) with the general population of seniors. Twenty-three community organizations recruited 294 community-dwelling seniors willing to participate in the program. Descriptive analyses revealed that the participants were mostly Canadian-born educated women living alone. Participants' health profile and lifestyle behaviors were fairly similar to those of seniors in Québec and Canada. A large proportion of the participants were concerned about their memory. These results suggest that the program did not attract many hard-to-reach members of the population and reached seniors who may have had some cognitive challenges. Cues to action for improving the reach of cognitive health promotion programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Lorthios-Guilledroit
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Parisien
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kareen Nour
- Direction de santé publique, CISSS Montérégie-centre, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Guay
- Centre for Research and Expertise in Social Gerontology (CREGÉS), Integrated Health and Social Services University Network for West-Central Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Walters K, Frost R, Kharicha K, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Ricciardi F, Hunter R, Liljas A, Manthorpe J, Drennan V, Wood J, Goodman C, Jovicic A, Iliffe S. Home-based health promotion for older people with mild frailty: the HomeHealth intervention development and feasibility RCT. Health Technol Assess 2018; 21:1-128. [PMID: 29214975 DOI: 10.3310/hta21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild frailty or pre-frailty is common and yet is potentially reversible. Preventing progression to worsening frailty may benefit individuals and lower health/social care costs. However, we know little about effective approaches to preventing frailty progression. OBJECTIVES (1) To develop an evidence- and theory-based home-based health promotion intervention for older people with mild frailty. (2) To assess feasibility, costs and acceptability of (i) the intervention and (ii) a full-scale clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness randomised controlled trial (RCT). DESIGN Evidence reviews, qualitative studies, intervention development and a feasibility RCT with process evaluation. INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT Two systematic reviews (including systematic searches of 14 databases and registries, 1990-2016 and 1980-2014), a state-of-the-art review (from inception to 2015) and policy review identified effective components for our intervention. We collected data on health priorities and potential intervention components from semistructured interviews and focus groups with older people (aged 65-94 years) (n = 44), carers (n = 12) and health/social care professionals (n = 27). These data, and our evidence reviews, fed into development of the 'HomeHealth' intervention in collaboration with older people and multidisciplinary stakeholders. 'HomeHealth' comprised 3-6 sessions with a support worker trained in behaviour change techniques, communication skills, exercise, nutrition and mood. Participants addressed self-directed independence and well-being goals, supported through education, skills training, enabling individuals to overcome barriers, providing feedback, maximising motivation and promoting habit formation. FEASIBILITY RCT Single-blind RCT, individually randomised to 'HomeHealth' or treatment as usual (TAU). SETTING Community settings in London and Hertfordshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS A total of 51 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years with mild frailty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Feasibility - recruitment, retention, acceptability and intervention costs. Clinical and health economic outcome data at 6 months included functioning, frailty status, well-being, psychological distress, quality of life, capability and NHS and societal service utilisation/costs. RESULTS We successfully recruited to target, with good 6-month retention (94%). Trial procedures were acceptable with minimal missing data. Individual randomisation was feasible. The intervention was acceptable, with good fidelity and modest delivery costs (£307 per patient). A total of 96% of participants identified at least one goal, which were mostly exercise related (73%). We found significantly better functioning (Barthel Index +1.68; p = 0.004), better grip strength (+6.48 kg; p = 0.02), reduced psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire -3.92; p = 0.01) and increased capability-adjusted life-years [+0.017; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.001 to 0.031] at 6 months in the intervention arm than the TAU arm, with no differences in other outcomes. NHS and carer support costs were variable but, overall, were lower in the intervention arm than the TAU arm. The main limitation was difficulty maintaining outcome assessor blinding. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is lacking to inform frailty prevention service design, with no large-scale trials of multidomain interventions. From stakeholder/public perspectives, new frailty prevention services should be personalised and encompass multiple domains, particularly socialising and mobility, and can be delivered by trained non-specialists. Our multicomponent health promotion intervention was acceptable and delivered at modest cost. Our small study shows promise for improving clinical outcomes, including functioning and independence. A full-scale individually RCT is feasible. FUTURE WORK A large, definitive RCT of the HomeHealth service is warranted. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42014010370 and Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN11986672. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 73. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Walters
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Frost
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kalpa Kharicha
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Avgerinou
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Federico Ricciardi
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Liljas
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jill Manthorpe
- Social Care Workforce Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vari Drennan
- Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - John Wood
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Ana Jovicic
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve Iliffe
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Lokka IE, Çöltekin A, Wiener J, Fabrikant SI, Röcke C. Virtual environments as memory training devices in navigational tasks for older adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10809. [PMID: 30018315 PMCID: PMC6050286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training approaches using virtual environments (VEs) might counter age-related visuospatial memory decline and associated difficulties in wayfinding. However, the effects of the visual design of a VE in route learning are not fully understood. Therefore, we created a custom-designed VE optimized for route learning, with adjusted levels of realism and highlighted landmark locations (MixedVE). Herein we tested participants’ route recall performance in identifying direction of turn at the intersection with this MixedVE against two baseline alternatives (AbstractVE, RealisticVE). An older vs. a younger group solved the tasks in two stages (immediate vs. delayed recall by one week). Our results demonstrate that the MixedVE facilitates better recall accuracy than the other two VEs for both age groups. Importantly, this pattern persists a week later. Additionally, our older participants were mostly overconfident in their route recall performance, but the MixedVE moderated this potentially detrimental overconfidence. Before the experiment, participants clearly preferred the RealisticVE, whereas after the experiment, most of the younger, and many of the older participants, preferred the MixedVE. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the importance of tailoring visualization design in route learning with VEs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the great potential of the MixedVE and by extension, of similar VEs as memory training devices for route learning, especially for older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismini E Lokka
- University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Arzu Çöltekin
- University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Wiener
- Bournemouth University, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Sara I Fabrikant
- University of Zurich, Department of Geography, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Christina Röcke
- University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program (URPP) "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", Zurich, 8050, Switzerland
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Litwin H, Schwartz E, Damri N. Cognitively Stimulating Leisure Activity and Subsequent Cognitive Function: A SHARE-based Analysis. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 57:940-948. [PMID: 27117305 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study The aim of the inquiry was to examine whether cognitively stimulating leisure activity (CSLA) can delay or reduce cognitive decline in late life and whether its effect is moderated by education, age, or activity pattern. Design and Methods Employing secondary analysis of data on respondents aged 65 and older from the 4th and 5th waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N = 16,572), the inquiry regressed cognitive function (memory, numeracy, and fluency) at Time 2 on frequency of engagement in CSLA at baseline, controlling for cognitive function scores at baseline and a range of confounders. The study also considered education by CSLA and age by CSLA interactions, as well as the effect of CSLA patterns. Results CSLA frequency was found to be positively related to subsequent cognitive functioning on all measures, 2 years later. The effect of CSLA on memory and fluency was stronger among those with lower education, whereas the age by CSLA interaction was not significant. Respondents who started CSLA after baseline showed better cognitive functioning at Time 2 than those who did not engage in CSLA at all and those who had engaged in such activity at baseline but stopped. Implications The study documents that CSLAs constitute a potential source for the delay or reduction of cognitive decline, regardless of one's age. As such, practitioners should recognize the value of this medium and encourage its greater use in appropriate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Litwin
- Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Schwartz
- Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Damri
- Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Oh SJ, Seo S, Lee JH, Song MJ, Shin MS. Effects of smartphone-based memory training for older adults with subjective memory complaints: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:526-534. [PMID: 28071929 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1274373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored whether newly developed application (Smartphone-based brain Anti-aging and memory Reinforcement Training, SMART) improved memory performance in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC). METHOD A total of 53 adults (range: 50-68 years; 52.8% female) were randomized into either one of two intervention groups [SMART (n = 18) vs. Fit Brains® (n = 19)] or a wait-list group (n = 16). Participants in the intervention groups underwent 15-20 minutes of training per day, five days per week for 8 weeks. We used objective cognitive measures to evaluate changes with respect to four domains: attention, memory, working memory (WM), and response inhibition. In addition, we included self-report questionnaires to assess levels of SMC, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Total WM quotient [t(17) = 6.27, p < .001] as well as auditory-verbal WM score [t(17) = 4.45, p < .001] increased significantly in the SMART group but not in the control groups. Self-reports of memory contentment, however, increased in the Fit Brains® group only [t(18) = 2.12, p < .05). CONCLUSION Use of an 8-week smartphone-based memory training program may improve WM function in older adults. However, objective improvement in performance does not necessarily lead to decreased SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jin Oh
- a Department of Clinical Medical Sciences , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Sungmin Seo
- b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- c Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea
| | - Myeong Ju Song
- b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- b Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.,c Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Korea.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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68
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Sabrina R, Mossadak HT, Bakir M, Asma M, Khaoula B. Detection of Brucella spp. in milk from seronegative cows by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the region of Batna, Algeria. Vet World 2018; 11:363-367. [PMID: 29657430 PMCID: PMC5891853 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.363-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to detect Brucella spp. DNA in milk samples collected from seronegative cows using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for diagnosis of brucellosis in seronegative dairy cows to prevent transmission of disease to humans and to reduce economic losses in animal production. Materials and Methods: In this study, 65 milk samples were investigated for the detection of Brucella spp. The detection of the IS711 gene in all samples was done by real-time PCR assay by comparative cycle threshold method. Results: The results show that of the 65 DNA samples tested, 2 (3.08%) were positive for Brucella infection. The mean cyclic threshold values of IS711 real-time PCR test were 37.97 and 40.48, indicating a positive reaction. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the real-time PCR appears to offer several advantages over serological tests. For this reason, the real-time PCR should be validated on representative numbers of Brucella-infected and free samples before being implemented in routine diagnosis in human and animal brucellosis for controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabehi Sabrina
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Hamdi Taha Mossadak
- Research Laboratory HASAQ, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mamache Bakir
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Meghezzi Asma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology of Constantine Biotechnology Research Center, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Boushaba Khaoula
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology of Constantine Biotechnology Research Center, Constantine, Algeria
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Memory-focused interventions for people with cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 78:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Woods AJ, Cohen R, Marsiske M, Alexander GE, Czaja SJ, Wu S. Augmenting cognitive training in older adults (The ACT Study): Design and Methods of a Phase III tDCS and cognitive training trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 65:19-32. [PMID: 29313802 PMCID: PMC5803439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults over age 65 represent the fastest growing population in the US. Decline in cognitive abilities is a hallmark of advanced age and is associated with loss of independence and dementia risk. There is a pressing need to develop effective interventions for slowing or reversing the cognitive aging process. While certain forms of cognitive training have shown promise in this area, effects only sometimes transfer to neuropsychological tests within or outside the trained domain. This paper describes a NIA-funded Phase III adaptive multisite randomized clinical trial, examining whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of frontal cortices enhances neurocognitive outcomes achieved from cognitive training in older adults experiencing age-related cognitive decline: the Augmenting Cognitive Training in Older Adults study (ACT). METHODS ACT will enroll 360 participants aged 65 to 89 with age-related cognitive decline, but not dementia. Participants will undergo cognitive training intervention or education training-control combined with tDCS or sham tDCS control. Cognitive training employs a suite of eight adaptive training tasks focused on attention/speed of processing and working memory from Posit Science BrainHQ. Training control involves exposure to educational nature/history videos and related content questions of the same interval/duration as the cognitive training. Participants are assessed at baseline, after training (12weeks), and 12-month follow-up on our primary outcome measure, NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite Score, as well as a comprehensive neurocognitive, functional, clinical and multimodal neuroimaging battery. SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study have the potential to significantly enhance efforts to ameliorate cognitive aging and slow dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States.
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, United States
| | - Gene E Alexander
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, BIO5 Institute, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sara J Czaja
- Center on Aging, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, United States
| | - Samuel Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, United States
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Abstract
The age-related decline in working memory (WM) has been studied extensively. Yet, research has focused mainly on one aspect of memory, in which older adults memorised information provided to them, neglecting the frequent everyday behaviour in which memory is self-initiated (SI), meaning that individuals memorise information they selected themselves. The present study used a modified spatial span task in which young and older adults memorised spatial sequences they constructed themselves, or random sequences provided to them. The results revealed that young and older adults carefully planned and constructed structured spatial sequences, by minimising distances between successive locations, and by selecting sequences with fewer path crossings and with more linear shapes. Older adults constructed sequences that were even more structured in some aspects. Young and older adults benefited from self-initiation to the same extent, showing similar age-related declines in SI and provided spatial WM. Overall, the study shows that older adults have access to metacognitive knowledge on the structure of efficient WM representations that benefit accuracy, and shows that older adults can use strategic encoding processes efficiently when encoding is SI. More generally, SI WM explores an important aspect of behaviour, demonstrating how older adults shape their environment to facilitate cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Milchgrub
- a School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine , Hadassah and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Hagit Magen
- a School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine , Hadassah and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
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Gallant Z, Nicolson RI. "Cerebellar Challenge" for Older Adults: Evaluation of a Home-Based Internet Intervention. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:332. [PMID: 29163125 PMCID: PMC5663712 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging evidence that maintenance of function in the multiple connectivity networks involving the cerebellum is a key requirement for healthy aging. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a home-based, internet-administered "cerebellar challenge" intervention designed to create progressive challenges to vestibular function, multi-tasking, and dynamic coordination. Participants (n = 98, mean age 68.2, SD 6.6) were randomly allocated to either intervention (the cerebellar challenge training for 10 weeks) or no intervention. All participants undertook an initial series of pre-tests, and then an identical set of post-tests following the intervention period. The test battery comprised five suites of tests designed to evaluate cognitive-sensori-motor-affective functions, including Physical Coordination, Memory, Language Dexterity, Fluid Thinking and Affect. The intervention group showed significant pre- to post improvements in 9 of the 18 tests, whereas the controls improved significantly on one only. Furthermore, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement than the controls on the "Physical Coordination" suite of tests, with evidence also of differential improvement on the Delayed Picture Recall test. Frequency of intervention use correlated significantly with the improvement in balance and in peg-moving speed. It is concluded that an internet-based cerebellar challenge programme for older adults can lead to benefits in balance, coordination and declarative memory. Limitations and directions for further research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Gallant
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick I Nicolson
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Berger-Mandelbaum A, Magen H. Self-initiated object-location memory in young and older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 26:58-85. [PMID: 29157114 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1399981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored self-initiated object-location memory in ecological contexts, as aspect of memory that is largely absent from the research literature. Young and older adults memorized objects-location associations they selected themselves or object-location associations provided to them, and elaborated on the strategy they used when selecting the locations themselves. Retrieval took place 30 min and 1 month after encoding. The results showed an age-related decline in self-initiated and provided object-location memory. Older adults benefited from self-initiation more than young adults when tested after 30 min, while the benefit was equal when tested after 1 month. Furthermore, elaboration enhanced memory only in older adults, and only after 30 min. Both age groups used deep encoding strategies on the majority of the trials, but their percentage was lower in older adults. Overall, the study demonstrated the processes involved in self-initiated object-location memory, which is an essential part of everyday functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Berger-Mandelbaum
- a School of Occupational Therapy , of Hadassah and the Hebrew University Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Hagit Magen
- a School of Occupational Therapy , of Hadassah and the Hebrew University Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
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Hartley A, Angel L, Castel A, Didierjean A, Geraci L, Hartley J, Hazeltine E, Lemaire P, Maquestiaux F, Ruthruff E, Taconnat L, Thevenot C, Touron D. Successful aging: The role of cognitive gerontology. Exp Aging Res 2017; 44:82-93. [PMID: 29161195 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2017.1398849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This commentary explores the relationships between the construct of successful aging and the experimental psychology of human aging-cognitive gerontology. What can or should cognitive gerontology contribute to understanding, defining, and assessing successful aging? Standards for successful aging reflect value judgments that are culturally and historically situated. Fundamentally, they address social policy; they are prescriptive. If individuals or groups are deemed to be aging successfully, then their characteristics or situations can be emulated. If an individual or a group is deemed to be aging unsuccessfully, then intervention should be considered. Although science is never culture-free or ahistorical, cognitive gerontology is primarily descriptive of age-related change. It is not prescriptive. It is argue that cognitive gerontology has little to contribute to setting standards for successful aging. If, however, better cognitive function is taken as a marker of more successful aging-something not universally accepted-then cognitive gerontology can play an important assessment role. It has a great deal to contribute in determining whether an individual or a group evidences better cognitive function than another. More importantly, cognitive gerontology can provide tools to evaluate the effects of interventions. It can provide targeted measures of perception, attention, memory, executive function, and other facets of cognition that are more sensitive to change than most clinical measures. From a deep understanding of factors affecting cognitive function, cognitive gerontology can also suggest possible interventions. A brief narrative review of interventions that have and have not led to improved cognitive function in older adults. Finally, the enormous range is addressed in the estimates of the proportion of the population that meets a standard for aging successfully, from less than 10% to more than 90%. For research purposes, it would be better to replace absolute cutoffs with correlational approaches (e.g., Freund & Baltes, 1998, Psychology and Aging, 13, 531-543). For policy purposes, cutoffs are necessary, but we propose that assessments of successful aging be based not on absolute cutoffs but on population proportions. An example of one possible standard is this: Those more than 1 standard deviation above the mean are aging successfully; those more than 1 standard deviation below the mean are aging unsuccessfully; those in between are aging usually. Adoption of such a standard may reduce the wide discrepancies in the incidence of successful aging reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hartley
- a Department of Psychology, Scripps College , Claremont , California , USA
| | - Lucie Angel
- b Department of Psychology & CNRS, Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Alan Castel
- c Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - André Didierjean
- d Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Lisa Geraci
- e Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Joellen Hartley
- f Department of Psychology, California State University , Long Beach, Long Beach , California , USA
| | - Eliot Hazeltine
- g Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa , Ames , Iowa , USA
| | - Patrick Lemaire
- h Department of Psychology Location: Marseilles, Aix-Marseilles Université, xx , France
| | - François Maquestiaux
- d Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Eric Ruthruff
- i Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- b Department of Psychology & CNRS, Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Catherine Thevenot
- j Institute of Psychology, Université de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Dayna Touron
- k Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
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Bahar-Fuchs A, Webb S, Bartsch L, Clare L, Rebok G, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. Tailored and Adaptive Computerized Cognitive Training in Older Adults at Risk for Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:889-911. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bahar-Fuchs
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Acton, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Parkville, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shannon Webb
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Bartsch
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Acton, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Linda Clare
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, Washington Singer Laboratories, The University of Exeter, UK
| | - George Rebok
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Acton, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kaarin J. Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Acton, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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76
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Self-guided strategy-adaption training for older adults: Transfer effects to everyday tasks. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 72:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vandermorris S, Davidson S, Au A, Sue J, Fallah S, Troyer AK. 'Accepting where I'm at' - a qualitative study of the mechanisms, benefits, and impact of a behavioral memory intervention for community-dwelling older adults. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:895-901. [PMID: 27376167 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1181709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gain novel, in-depth insight into therapeutic mechanisms, benefits, and impact of a multi-modal behavioral memory intervention for older adults with concerns about memory. METHODS Participants were11 community-dwelling older adults (aged 63-88) who completed the Memory and Aging Program, an evidence-based multi-modal group intervention for normal age-related memory change. Semi-structured interviews were administered post-intervention. Responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis until meaningful themes were agreed upon. RESULTS Analyses revealed a main theme of normalization as the overarching benefit of participation. The mechanism for this comprised both specific intervention content and the process of participating with others. A positive impact of the intervention was demonstrated at emotional (feelings of reassurance, hope, and confidence) and functional (increasing motivation for lifestyle change) levels; for some, there was a direct link between emotion and function. CONCLUSION This study highlighted a single, prominent therapeutic benefit of normalization, illustrated a dual mechanism for achieving this, and characterized a nuanced inter-relationship of the emotional and functional impact of the intervention for participants. Results support the notion that group behavioral interventions can educate, empower, and promote psychological well-being in older adults and may be an effective avenue to reduce risk of disease and promote sustained functional independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Vandermorris
- a Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Canada
| | - Sylvia Davidson
- b Occupational Therapy, Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Canada.,c Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - April Au
- d Department of Psychology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Joanna Sue
- a Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Canada.,e Department of Psychology , Queen's University , Kingston , Canada
| | - Shafagh Fallah
- f Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied and Evaluative Research Unit, Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- a Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Psychology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Cognitive Interventions for Cognitively Healthy, Mildly Impaired, and Mixed Samples of Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 27:403-439. [PMID: 28726168 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive interventions may improve cognition, delay age-related cognitive declines, and improve quality of life for older adults. The current meta-analysis was conducted to update and expand previous work on the efficacy of cognitive interventions for older adults and to examine the impact of key demographic and methodological variables. EBSCOhost and Embase online databases and reference lists were searched to identify relevant randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) of cognitive interventions for cognitively healthy or mildly impaired (MCI) older adults (60+ years). Interventions trained a single cognitive domain (e.g., memory) or were multi-domain training, and outcomes were assessed immediately post-intervention using standard neuropsychological tests. In total, 279 effects from 97 studies were pooled based on a random-effects model and expressed as Hedges' g (unbiased). Overall, results indicated that cognitive interventions produce a small, but significant, improvement in the cognitive functioning of older adults, relative to active and passive control groups (g = 0.298, p < .001, 95% CI = 0.248-0.347). These results were confirmed using multi-level analyses adjusting for nesting of effect sizes within studies (g = 0.362, p < .001, 95% CI = 0.275, 0.449). Age, education, and cognitive status (healthy vs. MCI) were not significant moderators. Working memory interventions proved most effective (g = 0.479), though memory, processing speed, and multi-domain interventions also significantly improved cognition. Effects were larger for directly trained outcomes but were also significant for non-trained outcomes (i.e., "transfer effects"). Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. This project was pre-registered with PROSPERO (#42016038386).
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Chan AS, Cheung WK, Yeung MK, Woo J, Kwok T, Shum DHK, Yu R, Cheung MC. A Chinese Chan-based Mind-Body Intervention Improves Memory of Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:190. [PMID: 28659789 PMCID: PMC5466997 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the adoption of lifestyle interventions to remediate age-related declines in memory functioning and physical and psychological health among older adults. This study aimed to investigate whether a Chinese Chan-based lifestyle intervention, the Dejian Mind-Body Intervention (DMBI), leads to positive benefits for memory functioning in older adults. Fifty-six adults aged 60 years or older with subjective memory complaints (SMC) were randomly assigned to receive the DMBI or a control intervention (i.e., a conventional memory intervention; MI) once a week for 10 weeks; 48 of the adults completed the intervention. Participants’ verbal and visual memory functioning before and after the intervention were compared. In addition, changes in the participants’ subjective feelings about their memory performance and physical and psychological health after the intervention were examined. The results showed that both the DMBI and MI resulted in significant improvements in both verbal and visual memory functioning and that the extent of the improvements was correlated with participants’ level of performance at baseline. In addition, compared to the MI group, the DMBI group had significantly greater improvements in subjective physical and psychological health after the intervention. In summary, the present findings support the potential of the DMBI as an alternative lifestyle intervention for improving memory functioning, subjective physical and psychological health of older adults with SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong.,Chanwuyi Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie K Cheung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael K Yeung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Kwok
- School of Public Health, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David H K Shum
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, SouthportQLD, Australia
| | - Ruby Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
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Chan SC, Chan CC, Derbie AY, Hui I, Tan DG, Pang MY, Lau SC, Fong KN. Chinese Calligraphy Writing for Augmenting Attentional Control and Working Memory of Older Adults at Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:735-746. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam C.C. Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chetwyn C.H. Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Abiot Y. Derbie
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Irene Hui
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Davynn G.H. Tan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marco Y.C. Pang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen C.L. Lau
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth N.K. Fong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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81
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Chiu HL, Chu H, Tsai JC, Liu D, Chen YR, Yang HL, Chou KR. The effect of cognitive-based training for the healthy older people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176742. [PMID: 28459873 PMCID: PMC5411084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From the perspective of disease prevention, the enhancement of cognitive function among the healthy older people has become an important issue in many countries lately. This study aim to investigate the effect of cognitive-based training on the overall cognitive function, memory, attention, executive function, and visual-spatial ability of the healthy older people. Methods Cochrane, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL of selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and previous systematic reviews were searched for eligible studies. The population focused on this study were healthy older people who participated in randomized controlled trials that investigated the effectiveness of cognitive-based training. The outcomes including change in overall cognitive function, memory, attention, executive function, and visual-spatial ability. Results We collected a total of 31 RCTs, the results showed that cognitive-based training has a moderate effect on overall cognitive function (g = 0.419; 95%CI = 0.205–0.634) and executive function (g = 0.420; 95%CI = 0.239–0.602), and a small effect on the memory (g = 0.354; 95%CI = 0.244–0.465), attention (g = 0.218; 95%CI = 0.125–0.311), and visual-spatial ability (g = 0.183;95%CI = 0.015–0.352) in healthy older people. Subgroup analysis indicated the intervention characteristics of ≧3 times each week (p = 0.042), ≧8 total training weeks (p = 0.003) and ≧24 total training sessions (p = 0.040) yields a greater effect size. Conclusions Cognitive-based training is effective for the healthy older people. This improvement can represent a clinically important benefit, provide information about the use of cognitive-based training in healthy older people, and help the healthy older people obtain the greatest possible benefit in health promotion and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ling Chiu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chu
- Gangshan Branch of Armed Forces Kaohsiung General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chen Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Doresses Liu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ren Chen
- Department of Nursing, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Yang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ru Chou
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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82
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Smart CM, Karr JE, Areshenkoff CN, Rabin LA, Hudon C, Gates N, Ali JI, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Buckley RF, Chetelat G, Hampel H, Jessen F, Marchant NL, Sikkes SAM, Tales A, van der Flier WM, Wesselman L. Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Preliminary Recommendations. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 27:245-257. [PMID: 28271346 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In subjective cognitive decline (SCD), older adults present with concerns about self-perceived cognitive decline but are found to have clinically normal function. However, a significant proportion of those adults are subsequently found to develop mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's dementia or other neurocognitive disorder. In other cases, SCD may be associated with mood, personality, and physical health concerns. Regardless of etiology, adults with SCD may benefit from interventions that could enhance current function or slow incipient cognitive decline. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, is to examine the benefits of non-pharmacologic intervention (NPI) in persons with SCD. Inclusion criteria were studies of adults aged 55 + with SCD defined using published criteria, receiving NPI or any control condition, with cognitive, behavioural, or psychological outcomes in controlled trails. Published empirical studies were obtained through a standardized search of CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE with Full Text, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES, supplemented by a manual retrieval of relevant articles. Study quality and bias was determined using PEDro. Nine studies were included in the review and meta-analysis. A wide range of study quality was observed. Overall, a small effect size was found on cognitive outcomes, greater for cognitive versus other intervention types. The available evidence suggests that NPI may benefit current cognitive function in persons with SCD. Recommendations are provided to improve future trials of NPI in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Smart
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada. .,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Justin E Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Corson N Areshenkoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Laura A Rabin
- Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Hudon
- Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicola Gates
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jordan I Ali
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Eider M Arenaza-Urquijo
- INSERM, U1077, 14074, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Basse-Normandie UMR-S1077, 14074, Caen, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR-S1077, 14074, Caen, France.,CHU de Caen, U1077, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Rachel F Buckley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gael Chetelat
- INSERM, U1077, 14074, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Basse-Normandie UMR-S1077, 14074, Caen, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, UMR-S1077, 14074, Caen, France.,CHU de Caen, U1077, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund and UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universities, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France.,Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A) and Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) UMR S 1127, Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn/Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sietske A M Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Wesselman
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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83
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Bellander M, Eschen A, Lövdén M, Martin M, Bäckman L, Brehmer Y. No Evidence for Improved Associative Memory Performance Following Process-Based Associative Memory Training in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:326. [PMID: 28119597 PMCID: PMC5220050 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies attempting to improve episodic memory performance with strategy instructions and training have had limited success in older adults: their training gains are limited in comparison to those of younger adults and do not generalize to untrained tasks and contexts. This limited success has been partly attributed to age-related impairments in associative binding of information into coherent episodes. We therefore investigated potential training and transfer effects of process-based associative memory training (i.e., repeated practice). Thirty-nine older adults (Mage = 68.8) underwent 6 weeks of either adaptive associative memory training or item recognition training. Both groups improved performance in item memory, spatial memory (object-context binding) and reasoning. A disproportionate effect of associative memory training was only observed for item memory, whereas no training-related performance changes were observed for associative memory. Self-reported strategies showed no signs of spontaneous development of memory-enhancing associative memory strategies. Hence, the results do not support the hypothesis that process-based associative memory training leads to higher associative memory performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bellander
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Eschen
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Center (INAPIC), University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lövdén
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mike Martin
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Center (INAPIC), University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Brehmer
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden; Otto Hahn Research Group on Associative Memory in Old Age, Max Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlin, Germany
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84
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Relate it! Objective and subjective evaluation of mediator-based strategies for improving source memory in younger and older adults. Cortex 2016; 91:25-39. [PMID: 28012550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined younger and older adults' ability to improve their source memory for different types of sources through imaginal and verbal (sentence) mediators. Younger (18-29 years) and older (60-75 years) adults' strategy use and source memory for either text-type (bold vs italic) or person (woman vs man) sources was assessed; strategy use was either spontaneous or the generation of imaginal mediators was instructed before encoding. Younger and older adults did not differ in spontaneous use of mediator-based strategies; however, older adults generated more images but fewer verbal mediators than younger adults. Participants were able to increase mediator generation when instructed to, resulting in substantial increases in both item and source memory for the instructed conditions in both age groups. Use of verbal mediators was more likely for the more concrete person sources for which source memory was generally better. Importantly, these objective benefits of mediator-based strategies translated into subjective benefits for both younger and older adults: Increased use of either mediator type was correlated with lower experienced task difficulty; the instructions to use imaginal mediators resulted in a significant decrease in difficulty ratings on the group level. Participants were generally able to monitor mediator benefits to both item and source memory and accurately judged mediator strategies (especially imagery) as more effective than repetition; older adults, however, rated all strategies as less effective than younger adults. Implications of these findings, especially for neuropsychological studies on source monitoring, are discussed.
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85
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Klimova B. Computer-Based Cognitive Training in Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:313. [PMID: 28066236 PMCID: PMC5168996 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present there is a rapid growth of aging population groups worldwide, which brings about serious economic and social problems. Thus, there is considerable effort to prolong the active life of these older people and keep them independent. The purpose of this mini review is to explore available clinical studies implementing computer-based cognitive training programs as intervention tools in the prevention and delay of cognitive decline in aging, with a special focus on their effectiveness. This was done by conducting a literature search in the databases Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and Springer, and consequently by evaluating the findings of the relevant studies. The findings show that computerized cognitive training can lead to the improvement of cognitive functions such as working memory and reasoning skills in particular. However, this training should be performed over a longer time span since a short-term cognitive training mainly has an impact on short-term memory with temporary effects. In addition, the training must be intense to become effective. Furthermore, the results indicate that it is important to pay close attention to the methodological standards in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Klimova
- Department of Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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86
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Walton CC, Naismith SL, Lampit A, Mowszowski L, Lewis SJG. Cognitive Training in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 31:207-216. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968316680489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Walton
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology; Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre,University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Naismith
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology; Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre,University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amit Lampit
- Regenerative Neuroscience Group, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loren Mowszowski
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology; Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre,University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon J. G. Lewis
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology; Brain and Mind Centre & The Charles Perkins Centre,University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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87
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Niu YN, Zhu X, Li J, Fu JN. The ERP Effects of Combined Cognitive Training on Intention-Based and Stimulus-Based Actions in Older Chinese Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1670. [PMID: 27833579 PMCID: PMC5081365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decreases in action are caused by neuromuscular weakness and cognitive decline. Although physical interventions have been reported to have beneficial effects on cognitive function in older adults, whether cognitive training improves action-related function remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of combined cognitive training on intention-based and stimulus-based actions in older adults using event-related potentials (ERPs). A total of 26 healthy older adults (16 in the training group and 10 in the control group) participated in the study. The training group received 16 sessions of cognitive training, including eight sessions of executive function training and eight sessions of memory strategy training. Before and after training, both groups of participants underwent cognitive assessments and ERP recordings during both the acquisition and test phases with a motor cognitive paradigm. During the acquisition phase, subjects were asked to press one of two keys, either using a self-selected (intention-based) method or based on the preceding stimulus (stimulus-based). During the test phase, subjects were asked to respond to the pre-cues with either congruent or incongruent tasks. Using ERP indices—including readiness potential, P3 and contingent negative variation to identify motor preparation, stimulus processing and interference effect, respectively—we revealed the effects of training on both intention-based and stimulus-based actions. The correlations were also computed between the improved cognitive performance and the ERP amplitudes. It was shown that the improved executive function might extend substantial benefits to both actions, whereas associative memory may be specifically related to the bidirectional action-effect association of intention-based action, although the training effect of memory was absent during the insufficient training hours. In sum, the present study provided empirical evidence demonstrating that action could benefit from cognitive training. Clinical Trial Registration: www.chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR-OON-16007793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Niu
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Fu
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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88
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Silva AR, Pinho MS, Macedo L, Souchay C, Moulin C. Mnemonic anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease is caused by a failure to transfer online evaluations of performance: Evidence from memory training programs. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:419-433. [PMID: 27677926 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1231799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a debate about the ability of patients with Alzheimer's disease to build an up-to-date representation of their memory function, which has been termed mnemonic anosognosia. This form of anosognosia is typified by accurate online evaluations of performance, but dysfunctional or outmoded representations of function more generally. METHOD We tested whether people with Alzheimer's disease could adapt or change their representations of memory performance across three different six-week memory training programs using global judgements of learning. RESULTS We showed that whereas online assessments of performance were accurate, patients continued to make inaccurate overestimations of their memory performance. This was despite the fact that the magnitude of predictions shifted according to the memory training. That is, on some level patients showed an ability to change and retain a representation of performance over time, but it was a dysfunctional one. For the first time in the literature we were able to use an analysis using correlations to support this claim, based on a large heterogeneous sample of 51 patients with Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSION The results point not to a failure to retain online metamemory information, but rather that this information is never used or incorporated into longer term representations, supporting but refining the mnemonic anosognosia hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Silva
- a Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Pinho
- a Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Luís Macedo
- b Department of Informatics Engineering , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Céline Souchay
- c Laboratoire de Psychologie & NeuroCognition (CNRS UMR 5105) , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - Christopher Moulin
- c Laboratoire de Psychologie & NeuroCognition (CNRS UMR 5105) , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
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89
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Requena C, Turrero A, Ortiz T. Six-Year Training Improves Everyday Memory in Healthy Older People. Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:135. [PMID: 27375479 PMCID: PMC4899618 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Everyday memory of older persons does not improve with intensive memory training programs. This study proposes a change in these programs based on a time-extended and massive intervention format. DESIGN AND METHODS The sample of 1007 healthy older persons (mean age 71.85; SD = 5.12) was randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group followed an extended 6 years of training (192 sessions over 192 weeks) whereas the control group received an intensive training (3 sessions per week for a total of 32 sessions in 11 weeks). The program included cognitive and emotional content whose effects were assessed with the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) and with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Both groups were evaluated initially, after 32 sessions, and again after 6 years. RESULTS The relative improvements measured with Blom's derivative showed that everyday memory and mental status of the experimental group were significantly better both in the short (Δ% 8.31 in RBMT and Δ% 1.51 in MMSE) and in the long term (Δ% 12.54 in RBMT and Δ% 2.56 in MMSE). For everyday memory and mental level, the overall gain estimate representing the mean difference in pre-post change between time-extended and intensive groups was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.13-0.40) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.40-0.67), respectively. Time-extended programs have significantly improved everyday memory in contrast with the usual intensive programs whose effects decay with time. There are also significant increases in mental level scores while daily life functionality is preserved in all subjects who completed the training. IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that it is possible to preserve everyday memory in the long term with continuous training and practice. Massive and time-extended formats may contribute in the future to a paradigm shift in memory programs for healthy older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Requena
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de León León, Spain
| | - Agustín Turrero
- Department of Biostatistics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Ortiz
- Department of Medical Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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90
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Li B, Zhu X, Hou J, Chen T, Wang P, Li J. Combined Cognitive Training vs. Memory Strategy Training in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:834. [PMID: 27375521 PMCID: PMC4896109 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As mnemonic utilization deficit in older adults associates with age-related decline in executive function, we hypothesized that memory strategy training combined with executive function training might induce larger training effect in memory and broader training effects in non-memory outcomes than pure memory training. The present study compared the effects of combined cognitive training (executive function training plus memory strategy training) to pure memory strategy training. Forty healthy older adults were randomly assigned to a combined cognitive training group or a memory strategy training group. A control group receiving no training was also included. Combined cognitive training group received 16 sessions of training (eight sessions of executive function training followed by eight sessions of memory strategy training). Memory training group received 16 sessions of memory strategy training. The results partly supported our hypothesis in that indeed improved performance on executive function was only found in combined training group, whereas memory performance increased less in combined training compared to memory strategy group. Results suggest that combined cognitive training may be less efficient than pure memory training in memory outcomes, though the influences from insufficient training time and less closeness between trained executive function and working memory could not be excluded; however it has broader training effects in non-memory outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR-OON-16007793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; English Department, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tingji Chen
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Science and Humanities, University of TampereTampere, Finland
| | - Pengyun Wang
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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91
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Chan KS, Gross AL, Pezzin LE, Brandt J, Kasper JD. Harmonizing Measures of Cognitive Performance Across International Surveys of Aging Using Item Response Theory. J Aging Health 2015; 27:1392-414. [PMID: 26526748 DOI: 10.1177/0898264315583054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To harmonize measures of cognitive performance using item response theory (IRT) across two international aging studies. METHOD Data for persons ≥65 years from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N = 9,471) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA, N = 5,444). Cognitive performance measures varied (HRS fielded 25, ELSA 13); 9 were in common. Measurement precision was examined for IRT scores based on (a) common items, (b) common items adjusted for differential item functioning (DIF), and (c) DIF-adjusted all items. RESULTS Three common items (day of date, immediate word recall, and delayed word recall) demonstrated DIF by survey. Adding survey-specific items improved precision but mainly for HRS respondents at lower cognitive levels. DISCUSSION IRT offers a feasible strategy for harmonizing cognitive performance measures across other surveys and for other multi-item constructs of interest in studies of aging. Practical implications depend on sample distribution and the difficulty mix of in-common and survey-specific items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty S Chan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jason Brandt
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA The Copper Ridge Institute, Sykesville, MD, USA
| | - Judith D Kasper
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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92
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Abstract
There has recently been a great deal of interest in cognitive interventions, particularly when applied in older adults with the goal of slowing or reversing age-related cognitive decline. Although seldom directly investigated, one of the fundamental questions concerning interventions is whether the intervention alters the rate of cognitive change, or affects the level of certain cognitive measures with no effect on the trajectory of change. This question was investigated with a very simple intervention consisting of the performance of three versions (treatment) or one version (control) of the relevant cognitive tests at an initial occasion. Participants were retested at intervals ranging from less than 1 to 12 years, which allowed rates of change to be examined in the control and treatment groups. Although the intervention can be considered modest, participants in the treatment group had about .25 standard deviations less negative cognitive change over an interval of approximately three years than those in the control group, which is comparable to effect sizes reported with more intensive interventions. However, there were no interactions of the intervention with length of the interval between occasions, and thus there was no evidence that the intervention affected the course of age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Salthouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400
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93
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Rose NS, Rendell PG, Hering A, Kliegel M, Bidelman GM, Craik FIM. Cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults' prospective memory following training with the Virtual Week computer game. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:592. [PMID: 26578936 PMCID: PMC4623669 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) – the ability to remember and successfully execute our intentions and planned activities – is critical for functional independence and declines with age, yet few studies have attempted to train PM in older adults. We developed a PM training program using the Virtual Week computer game. Trained participants played the game in 12, 1-h sessions over 1 month. Measures of neuropsychological functions, lab-based PM, event-related potentials (ERPs) during performance on a lab-based PM task, instrumental activities of daily living, and real-world PM were assessed before and after training. Performance was compared to both no-contact and active (music training) control groups. PM on the Virtual Week game dramatically improved following training relative to controls, suggesting PM plasticity is preserved in older adults. Relative to control participants, training did not produce reliable transfer to laboratory-based tasks, but was associated with a reduction of an ERP component (sustained negativity over occipito-parietal cortex) associated with processing PM cues, indicative of more automatic PM retrieval. Most importantly, training produced far transfer to real-world outcomes including improvements in performance on real-world PM and activities of daily living. Real-world gains were not observed in either control group. Our findings demonstrate that short-term training with the Virtual Week game produces cognitive and neural plasticity that may result in real-world benefits to supporting functional independence in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Rose
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Toronto, ON, Canada ; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G Rendell
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Hering
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gavin M Bidelman
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Toronto, ON, Canada ; Institute for Intelligent Systems and School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Memphis Memphis, TN, USA
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94
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Kinsella GJ, Ames D, Storey E, Ong B, Pike KE, Saling MM, Clare L, Mullaly E, Rand E. Strategies for Improving Memory: A Randomized Trial of Memory Groups for Older People, Including those with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 49:31-43. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glynda J. Kinsella
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George’s Hospital, Kew, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Neuroscience (Medicine), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Ong
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerryn E. Pike
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Linda Clare
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exete, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mullaly
- Cognitive, Dementia and Memory Service, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Rand
- Cognitive, Dementia and Memory Service, Caulfield Hospital, Caulfield, Australia
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95
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Donovan KA, Walker LM, Wassersug RJ, Thompson LMA, Robinson JW. Psychological effects of androgen-deprivation therapy on men with prostate cancer and their partners. Cancer 2015; 121:4286-99. [PMID: 26372364 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical benefits of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for men with prostate cancer (PC) have been well documented and include living free from the symptoms of metastases for longer periods and improved quality of life. However, ADT comes with a host of its own serious side effects. There is considerable evidence of the adverse cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal effects of ADT. Far less has been written about the psychological effects of ADT. This review highlights several adverse psychological effects of ADT. The authors provide evidence for the effect of ADT on men's sexual function, their partner, and their sexual relationship. Evidence of increased emotional lability and depressed mood in men who receive ADT is also presented, and the risk of depression in the patient's partner is discussed. The evidence for adverse cognitive effects with ADT is still emerging but suggests that ADT is associated with impairment in multiple cognitive domains. Finally, the available literature is reviewed on interventions to mitigate the psychological effects of ADT. Across the array of adverse effects, physical exercise appears to have the greatest potential to address the psychological effects of ADT both in men who are receiving ADT and in their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Donovan
- Supportive Care Medicine Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Psychosocial Resources and Rehabilitation Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J Wassersug
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Australian Research Center in Sex, Health, and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lora M A Thompson
- Supportive Care Medicine Department, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John W Robinson
- Department of Psychosocial Resources and Rehabilitation Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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96
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Maintaining older brain functionality: A targeted review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:453-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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97
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Sandberg P, Rönnlund M, Derwinger-Hallberg A, Stigsdotter Neely A. Memory plasticity in older adults: Cognitive predictors of training response and maintenance following learning of number–consonant mnemonic. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2015; 26:742-60. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1046459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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98
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Abstract
Previous tests of the SeniorWISE intervention with community-residing older adults that were designed to improve affect and cognitive performance were successful and positively affected these outcomes. In this study, we tested whether adding yoga to the intervention would affect the outcomes. Using a quasiexperimental pre-post design, we delivered 12 hours of SeniorWISE memory training that included a 30-minute yoga component before each training session. The intervention was based on the four components of self-efficacy theory: enactive mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiologic arousal. We recruited 133 older adults between the ages of 53 and 96 years from four retirement communities in Central Texas. Individuals were screened and tested and then attended training sessions two times a week over 4 weeks. A septuagenarian licensed psychologist taught the memory training, and a certified yoga instructor taught yoga. Eighty-three participants completed at least 9 hours (75%) of the training and completed the posttest. Those individuals who completed made significant gains in memory performance, instrumental activities of daily living, and memory self-efficacy and had fewer depressive symptoms. Thirteen individuals advanced from poor to normal memory performance, and seven improved from impaired to poor memory performance; thus, 20 individuals improved enough to advance to a higher functioning memory group. The findings from this study of a memory training intervention plus yoga training show that the benefits of multifactorial interventions had additive benefits. The combined treatments offer a unique model for brain health programs and the promotion of nonpharmacological treatment with the goals of maintaining healthy brain function and boosting brain plasticity.
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99
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Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: systematic review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:335-359. [PMID: 24998488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cognitive training, specifically computerized cognitive training (CCT) and virtual reality cognitive training (VRCT), programs for individuals living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and therefore at high risk of cognitive decline. After searching a range of academic databases (CINHAL, PSYCinfo, and Web of Science), the studies evaluated (N = 16) were categorized as CCT (N = 10), VRCT (N = 3), and multimodal interventions (N = 3). Effect sizes were calculated, but a meta-analysis was not possible because of the large variability of study design and outcome measures adopted. The cognitive domains of attention, executive function, and memory (visual and verbal) showed the most consistent improvements. The positive effects on psychological outcomes (N = 6) were significant reductions on depressive symptoms (N = 3) and anxiety (N = 2) and improved perceived use of memory strategy (N = 1). Assessments of activities of daily living demonstrated no significant improvements (N = 8). Follow-up studies (N = 5) demonstrated long-term improvements in cognitive and psychological outcomes (N = 3), and the intervention groups showed a plateau effect of cognitive functioning compared with the cognitive decline experienced by control groups (N = 2). CCT and VRCT were moderately effective in long-term improvement of cognition for those at high risk of cognitive decline. Total intervention time did not mediate efficacy. Future research needs to improve study design by including larger samples, longitudinal designs, and a greater range of outcome measures, including functional and quality of life measures, to assess the wider effect of cognitive training on individuals at high risk of cognitive decline.
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100
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Miotto EC, Balardin JB, Savage CR, Martin MDGM, Batistuzzo MC, Amaro Junior E, Nitrini R. Brain regions supporting verbal memory improvement in healthy older subjects. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 72:663-70. [PMID: 25252229 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite growing interest in developing cognitive training interventions to minimize the aging cognitive decline process, no studies have attempted to explore which brain regions support the application of semantic strategies during verbal memory encoding. Our aim was to investigate the behavioral performance and brain correlates of these strategies in elderly individuals using fMRI in healthy older subjects. METHOD Subjects were scanned twice on the same day, before and after, directed instructions to apply semantic strategies during the encoding of word lists. RESULTS Improved memory performance associated to increased semantic strategy application and brain activity in the left inferior and middle and right medial superior prefrontal cortex were found after the directed instructions. There was also reduced activation in areas related to strategy mobilization. CONCLUSION Improved memory performance in older subjects after the application of semantic strategies was associated with functional brain reorganization involving regions inside and outside the typical memory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane C Miotto
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joana B Balardin
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cary R Savage
- Center for Health Behavior Neuroscience, Kansas University, Kansas, EUA
| | - Maria da Graça M Martin
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Batistuzzo
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro Junior
- Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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