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Guo C, Li Q, Chen R, Fan W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Guo L, Wang X, Qu X, Dong H. Baicalein alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction. Food Funct 2023; 14:2138-2148. [PMID: 36752061 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease, and its pathological development is closely related to the gut-liver axis. The intestinal barrier, an important component of the gut-liver axis, can prevent gut microbes and endotoxins from entering the liver. Intestinal barrier function is impaired in patients with NAFLD. Baicalein, which is the main flavonoid in Scutellariae Radix, can improve NAFLD. However, whether baicalein alleviates NAFLD by ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD mouse model is used. The effects of baicalein on lipid accumulation, inflammation and the intestinal barrier in MCD-fed mice were evaluated by detecting blood lipid levels, lipid accumulation, liver pathological changes, inflammatory factors, inflammatory signaling pathways, the three main short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), intestinal permeability and intestinal tight junction protein expression. Compared with the MCD-only group, baicalein intake decreased the serum and liver lipid levels. Moreover, the accumulation of lipid droplets and steatosis in the liver were also alleviated; all these results demonstrated that baicalein could alleviate NAFLD. Meanwhile, the levels of inflammatory cytokines decreased in the baicalein group. Further investigation of the mucosal permeability to 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in feces, and the expression of intestinal zonula occluden 1 and claudin-1 indicated that a baicalein diet could decrease the intestinal permeability caused by a MCD diet. Moreover, the protein levels of p-NF-κB p65 and the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 increased, and IκB-α and PPARα decreased in NAFLD mice, while the administration of baicalein could alleviate these changes. The above results indicated that the mechanism of baicalein in the alleviation of NAFLD lies in the regulation of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Guo
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingjun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rihong Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- Resource Center of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xinyan Qu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Identification and Evaluation of Hub Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs in High Fat Diet Induced Liver Steatosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040948. [PMID: 36839306 PMCID: PMC9963248 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most prevalent chronic liver disease, but the understanding of the mechanism of NAFLD is still limited. The aim of our study was to explore hub lncRNAs and mRNAs and pathological processes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced and lycopene-intervened liver steatosis. We analyzed the gene profiles in the GSE146627 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, and we constructed coexpression networks based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were utilized for functional enrichment analysis. We found that the turquoise, blue, brown, yellow, green, and black modules were significantly correlated with NAFLD. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that some hub lncRNAs (Smarca2, Tacc1, Flywch1, and Mef2c) might be involved in the regulation of the inflammatory and metabolic pathways (such as TNF signaling, metabolic, mTOR signaling, MAPK signaling, and p53 signaling pathways) in NAFLD. The establishment of an NAFLD mouse model confirmed that lycopene supply attenuated hepatic steatosis in HFD-induced NAFLD. Our analysis revealed that the inflammatory and metabolic pathways may be crucially involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and hub lncRNAs provide novel biomarkers, therapeutic ideas, and targets for NAFLD. Moreover, lycopene has the potential to be a phytochemical for the prevention of HFD-induced liver steatosis.
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Li Y, Wang T, Liao Q, Luo X, Wang X, Zeng S, You M, Chen Y, Ruan XZ. Loss of Splicing Factor SRSF3 Impairs Lipophagy Through Ubiquitination and Degradation of Syntaxin17 in Hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100342. [PMID: 36764525 PMCID: PMC10020108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes is the distinctive characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) is highly expressed in the liver and expression decreases in high-fat conditions. However, the role of SRSF3 in hepatic lipid metabolism needs to be clarified. Here, we showed that loss of SRSF3 was associated with lipid accumulation. We determined that SRSF3 regulated lipophagy, the process of selective degradation of lipid droplets by autophagy. Mechanistically, loss of SRSF3 impaired the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome by promoting the proteasomal degradation of syntaxin 17 (STX17), a key autophagosomal SNARE protein. We found that ubiquitination of STX17 was increased and upregulation of seven in absentia homolog 1 was responsible for the increased posttranslational modification of STX17. Taken together, our data primarily demonstrate that loss of SRSF3 weakens the clearance of fatty acids by impairing lipophagy in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, indicating a novel potential therapeutic target for fatty liver disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiumin Liao
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoting Luo
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Zeng
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyue You
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Yu X, Yang Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Guo T, Liu Y, Li H, Yang L. Cell death regulation in myocardial toxicity induced by antineoplastic drugs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1075917. [PMID: 36824370 PMCID: PMC9941345 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1075917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cardiomyocytes plays a critical role in maintaining normal physiological activity of cardiac tissue. Severe cardiotoxicity can lead to heart disease, including but not limited to arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and cardiac hypertrophy. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing new therapies for cancer that have dramatically changed the treatment of several malignancies and continue to improve patient survival, but can also lead to serious cardiac adverse effects. Mitochondria are key organelles that maintain homeostasis in myocardial tissue and have been extensively involved in various cardiovascular disease episodes, including ischemic cardiomyopathy, heart failure and stroke. Several studies support that mitochondrial targeting is a major determinant of the cardiotoxic effects triggered by chemotherapeutic agents increasingly used in solid and hematologic tumors. This antineoplastic therapy-induced mitochondrial toxicity is due to different mechanisms, usually altering the mitochondrial respiratory chain, energy production and mitochondrial kinetics, or inducing mitochondrial oxidative/nitrosative stress, ultimately leading to cell death. This review focuses on recent advances in forms of cardiac cell death and related mechanisms of antineoplastic drug-induced cardiotoxicity, including autophagy, ferroptosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, explores and evaluates key proteins involved in cardiac cell death signaling, and presents recent advances in cardioprotective strategies for this disease. It aims to provide theoretical basis and targets for the prevention and treatment of pharmacological cardiotoxicity in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianzuo Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianwei Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Liming Yang, ; Hong Li,
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China,*Correspondence: Liming Yang, ; Hong Li,
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An L, Wirth U, Koch D, Schirren M, Drefs M, Koliogiannis D, Niess H, Andrassy J, Guba M, Bazhin AV, Werner J, Kühn F. Metabolic Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis and Development of NAFLD. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010101. [PMID: 36677026 PMCID: PMC9864958 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis to hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver fibrosis, which portends a poor prognosis in NAFLD, is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins resulting from abnormal wound repair response and metabolic disorders. Various metabolic factors play crucial roles in the progression of NAFLD, including abnormal lipid, bile acid, and endotoxin metabolism, leading to chronic inflammation and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Autophagy is a conserved process within cells that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. Accumulating evidence has shown the importance of autophagy in NAFLD and its close relation to NAFLD progression. Thus, regulation of autophagy appears to be beneficial in treating NAFLD and could become an important therapeutic target.
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Woo SH, Kyung D, Lee SH, Park KS, Kim M, Kim K, Kwon HJ, Won YS, Choi I, Park YJ, Go DM, Oh JS, Yoon WK, Paik SS, Kim JH, Kim YH, Choi JH, Kim DY. TXNIP Suppresses the Osteochondrogenic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2023; 132:52-71. [PMID: 36448450 PMCID: PMC9829043 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The osteochondrogenic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a pivotal cellular process in atherosclerotic calcification. However, the exact molecular mechanism of the osteochondrogenic transition of VSMCs remains to be elucidated. Here, we explore the regulatory role of TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) in the phenotypical transitioning of VSMCs toward osteochondrogenic cells responsible for atherosclerotic calcification. METHODS The atherosclerotic phenotypes of Txnip-/- mice were analyzed in combination with single-cell RNA-sequencing. The atherosclerotic phenotypes of Tagln-Cre; Txnipflox/flox mice (smooth muscle cell-specific Txnip ablation model), and the mice transplanted with the bone marrow of Txnip-/- mice were analyzed. Public single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset (GSE159677) was reanalyzed to define the gene expression of TXNIP in human calcified atherosclerotic plaques. The effect of TXNIP suppression on the osteochondrogenic phenotypic changes in primary aortic VSMCs was analyzed. RESULTS Atherosclerotic lesions of Txnip-/- mice presented significantly increased calcification and deposition of collagen content. Subsequent single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified the modulated VSMC and osteochondrogenic clusters, which were VSMC-derived populations. The osteochondrogenic cluster was markedly expanded in Txnip-/- mice. The pathway analysis of the VSMC-derived cells revealed enrichment of bone- and cartilage-formation-related pathways and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in Txnip-/- mice. Reanalyzing public single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset revealed that TXNIP was downregulated in the modulated VSMC and osteochondrogenic clusters of human calcified atherosclerotic lesions. Tagln-Cre; Txnipflox/flox mice recapitulated the calcification and collagen-rich atherosclerotic phenotypes of Txnip-/- mice, whereas the hematopoietic deficiency of TXNIP did not affect the lesion phenotype. Suppression of TXNIP in cultured VSMCs accelerates osteodifferentiation and upregulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Treatment with the bone morphogenetic protein signaling inhibitor K02288 abrogated the effect of TXNIP suppression on osteodifferentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TXNIP is a novel regulator of atherosclerotic calcification by suppressing bone morphogenetic protein signaling to inhibit the transition of VSMCs toward an osteochondrogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Woo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea (S.-H.W., D.-M.G., J.-S.O., D.-Y.K.)
| | - Dongsoo Kyung
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea (D.K.)
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (S.H.L., K.S.P., M.K., K.K., J.-H.C.)
| | - Kyu Seong Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (S.H.L., K.S.P., M.K., K.K., J.-H.C.)
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (S.H.L., K.S.P., M.K., K.K., J.-H.C.)
| | - Kibyeong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (S.H.L., K.S.P., M.K., K.K., J.-H.C.)
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea (H.-J.K.)
| | - Young-Suk Won
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea (Y.-S.W., W.K.Y.)
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea (I.C.)
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Enviornmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea (Y.-J.P.)
| | - Du-Min Go
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea (S.-H.W., D.-M.G., J.-S.O., D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jeong-Seop Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea (S.-H.W., D.-M.G., J.-S.O., D.-Y.K.)
| | - Won Kee Yoon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea (Y.-S.W., W.K.Y.)
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea (S.S.P., J.H.K.)
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea (S.S.P., J.H.K.)
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women’s Health, College of Natural Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (S.H.L., K.S.P., M.K., K.K., J.-H.C.)
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea (S.-H.W., D.-M.G., J.-S.O., D.-Y.K.)
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Wang G, Wang Y, Bai J, Li G, Liu Y, Deng S, Zhou R, Tao K, Xia Z. Increased plasma genistein after bariatric surgery could promote remission of NAFLD in patients with obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1024769. [PMID: 36686492 PMCID: PMC9846086 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1024769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bariatric surgery is associated with a positive effect on the progress of non-alcoholic associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although weight loss is the obvious mechanism, there are also weight-independent mechanisms. Methods We collected blood samples from 5 patients with obesity before and 3 months after surgery and performed an LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics test to detect potential systemic changes. We also constructed sleeve gastrectomy (SG) mice models. The plasma, liver and intestine samples were collected and analyzed by qPCR, ELISA and HPLC. Cohousing experiments and feces transplantation experiments were performed on mice to study the effect of gut microbiota. Genistein administration experiments were used to study the in vivo function of the metabolites. Results Plasma genistein (GE) was identified to be elevated after surgery. Both clinical data and rodent models suggested that plasma GE is negatively related to the degree of NAFLD. We fed diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with GE, and we found that there was significant remission of NAFLD. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that GE could restrict the inflammation state in the liver and thus relieve NAFLD. Finally, we used co-housing experiments to alter the gut microbiota in mice, and it was identified that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) mice had a special gut microbiota phenotype, which could result in higher plasma GE levels. By feces transplantation experiment (FMT), we found that only feces from the SG mice (and not from other lean mice) could induce higher plasma GE levels. Conclusion Our studies showed that SG but not calorie restriction could induce higher plasma GE levels by altering the gut microbiota. This change could promote NAFLD remission. Our study provides new insights into the systemic effects of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery could affect remote organs via altered metabolites from the gut microbiota. Our study also identified that additional supplement of GE after surgery could be a therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shichang Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zefeng Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xu W, Hu Z, Tang Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Niu Q. Excessive Lysosomal Stress Response and Consequently Impaired Autophagy Contribute to Fluoride-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022:10.1007/s12011-022-03511-0. [PMID: 36464725 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride can cause developmental neurotoxicity; however, the precise mechanism has yet to be determined. We aimed to explore the possible role and mechanism of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity, specifically the significance of the lysosomal stress response. As an in vivo model, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) from embryo to 2 months of age. We found that NaF caused autophagic flux blockage and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. These results were validated in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro. In addition, in SH-SY5Y cells, NaF hindered autophagosome-lysosome fusion, decreased lysosomal degradation, and elevated lysosomal pH, which is the most prominent hallmark of a lysosomal stress response. Interestingly, rapamycin promoted autophagosome-lysosome fusion, effectively restoring autophagic flux and reducing apoptosis. Notably, bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal lumen alkalizer, unsurprisingly exacerbated the NaF-induced increase in lysosomal pH and decreased lysosomal degradability, as well as enhanced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that NaF exposure initiates excessive lysosomal stress response, resulting in elevated lysosomal pH, decreased lysosomal degradation, and blocked autophagic flux, which leads to neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the lysosomal stress response may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Zeyu Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Yanling Tang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China
| | - Shangzhi Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China.
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China.
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Tang Q, Liu W, Yang X, Tian Y, Chen J, Hu Y, Fu N. ATG5-Mediated Autophagy May Inhibit Pyroptosis to Ameliorate Oleic Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Steatosis. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:1038-1052. [PMID: 36473201 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite activated autophagy ameliorating hepatocyte steatosis and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), mechanisms underlying the beneficial roles of autophagy in hepatic deregulation of lipid metabolism remain undefined. We explored whether autophagy can ameliorate oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is involved in hepatocyte steatosis induced by OA. In addition, autophagy flux was blocked in OA-treated hepatocytes. Treatment with OA induced lipid accumulation in liver cell line L-02, which was attenuated by rapamycin (Rap), an autophagy agonist, while aggravated by autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1). Inversely, treatment with pyroptotic agonist Nigericin aggravated OA-induced hepatic steatosis, while pyroptosis antagonist disulfiram ameliorated this effect. Mechanistically, treatment with Rap downregulated the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-18, GSDMD expression evoked by OA, thus improving pyroptosis in hepatic steatosis. Significantly, overexpression of ATG5 obviously downregulated cleaved caspase-1 expressions without altering the total caspase1 expressions in hepatic cell steatosis. Taken together, our studies strongly demonstrated that the activation of ATG5 inhibits pyroptosis to improve hepatic steatosis and suggest autophagy activation as a potential therapeutic strategy for pyroptosis-mediated MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yaying Tian
- Department of Infectious and Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Yin G, Liang H, Sun W, Zhang S, Feng Y, Liang P, Chen S, Liu X, Pan W, Zhang F. Shuangyu Tiaozhi decoction alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by improving lipid deposition, insulin resistance, and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016745. [PMID: 36506575 PMCID: PMC9727266 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. Our previous studies have found that Shuangyu Tiaozhi Decoction (SYTZD) could produce an improvement in NAFLD-related indicators, but the underlying mechanism associated with this improvement remains unclear. The study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of SYTZD against NAFLD through network pharmacology and experimental verification. The components of SYTZD and SYTZD drug containing serum were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). Active components and targets of SYTZD were screened by the traditional Chinese medical systems pharmacology (TCMSP) and encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine (ETCM) databases. NAFLD-related targets were collected from the GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The component-disease targets were mapped to identify the common targets of SYTZD against NAFLD. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the common targets was constructed for selecting the core targets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the core targets was performed using the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID) database. Furthermore, animal and cell models were constructed for validating the predictions of network pharmacology. Lipid accumulation, liver histopathology, insulin resistance, and core gene expression were measured by oil red O staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, insulin tolerance test, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting, respectively. Two components and 22 targets of SYTZD against NAFLD were identified by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and relevant databases. PPI analysis found that ESR1, FASN, mTOR, HIF-1α, VEGFA, and GSK-3β might be the core targets of SYTZD against NAFLD, which were mainly enriched in the thyroid hormone pathway, insulin resistance pathway, HIF-1 pathway, mTOR pathway, and AMPK pathway. Experimental results revealed that SYTZD might exert multiple anti-NAFLD mechanisms, including improvements in lipid deposition, inflammation, and insulin resistance. SYTZD treatment led to decreases in the lipid profiles, hepatic enzyme levels, inflammatory cytokines, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). SYTZD treatment affected relative mRNA and protein levels associated with various pathways. Our findings reveal that SYTZD could alleviate NAFLD through a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Yin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyi Liang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiu Sun
- Department of Nursing, Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, Taian, China
| | - Shizhao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Pengpeng Liang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Suwen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyi Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenchao Pan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Fengxia Zhang,
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Kong A, Xu D, Hao T, Liu Q, Zhan R, Mai K, Ai Q. Role of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) on palmitate-induced inflammation and ROS production of macrophages in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104501. [PMID: 35961593 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, and it plays an essential role in mediating the inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in mammals. However, the role of ACOX1 in fish has not been completely elucidated. Herein, this study was conducted to investigate the role of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) ACOX1 (Lc-ACOX1) on palmitate (PA)-induced inflammation and ROS production. In this study, Lc-ACOX1 was cloned and characterized. The full-length CDS of Lc-acox1 was 1986 bp, encoding 661 amino acids. Tissue distribution results showed that the gene expression of Lc-acox1 was the highest in the intestine and the lowest in the spleen. Moreover, results showed that the mRNA expression of Lc-acox1 was upregulated by PA, with elevated pro-inflammatory gene expression, including il-1β, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, cox2 and ifn-γ, as well as ROS content in macrophages of large yellow croaker. Furthermore, the role of Lc-ACOX1 in inflammation induced by PA was investigated by using the ACOX1 inhibitor TDYA. Treatment of macrophages with TDYA reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes induced by PA. Moreover, inhibition of ACOX1 reduced the elevated level of ROS caused by PA and increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes. In conclusion, this study first identified that fish ACOX1 was involved in the PA-induced inflammatory response and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tingting Hao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qiangde Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Rui Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.
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Wang L, Feng J, Deng Y, Yang Q, Wei Q, Ye D, Rong X, Guo J. CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis: Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9891689. [PMID: 36299447 PMCID: PMC9575473 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9891689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression. C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes, and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues. During fibrosis, various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ, while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs. Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs; therefore, novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention. In this review, we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyue Deng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quxing Wei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Contribution of Adiponectin/Carnitine Palmityl Transferase 1A-Mediated Fatty Acid Metabolism during the Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5265616. [PMID: 36035217 PMCID: PMC9402305 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5265616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease that leads rapidly to death. The present study is aimed at discovering the in-depth pathogenesis of IPF, exploring the role of adiponectin/carnitine palmityl transferase 1A- (APN/CPT1A-) mediated fatty acid metabolism during the development of IPF, and excavating its potential mechanism. Here, THP-1 cells were differentiated into M0 macrophages, followed by polarization to M1 macrophages upon hypoxia. Subsequently, lung fibroblast HFL-1 cells were stimulated by M1 macrophages to simulate hypoxia-related IPF condition in vitro. It was discovered that the stimulation of M1 macrophages promoted fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis formation in vitro, accompanied with a disorder of the APN/CPT1A pathway, an overproduction of lipid peroxides, and a low level of autophagy in HFL-1 cells. Thereafter, APN treatment or CPT1A overexpression greatly suppressed above lipid peroxide accumulation, fibroblast proliferation, and fibrosis but activated autophagy in vitro. Furthermore, an in vivo IPF rat model was established by injection of bleomycin (BLM). Consistently, CPT1A overexpression exerted a protective role against pulmonary fibrosis in vivo; however, the antifibrosis property of CPT1A was partly abolished by 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor). In summary, APN/CPT1A-mediated fatty acid metabolism exerted its protective role in IPF partly through activating autophagy, shedding a new prospective for the treatment of IPF.
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mTOR: A Potential New Target in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169196. [PMID: 36012464 PMCID: PMC9409235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) continues to rise, yet effective treatments are lacking due to the complex pathogenesis of this disease. Although recent research has provided evidence for the “multiple strikes” theory, the classic “two strikes” theory has not been overturned. Therefore, there is a crucial need to identify multiple targets in NAFLD pathogenesis for the development of diagnostic markers and targeted therapeutics. Since its discovery, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been recognized as the central node of a network that regulates cell growth and development and is closely related to liver lipid metabolism and other processes. This paper will explore the mechanisms by which mTOR regulates lipid metabolism (SREBPs), insulin resistance (Foxo1, Lipin1), oxidative stress (PIG3, p53, JNK), intestinal microbiota (TLRs), autophagy, inflammation, genetic polymorphisms, and epigenetics in NAFLD. The specific influence of mTOR on NAFLD was hypothesized to be divided into micro regulation (the mechanism of mTOR’s influence on NAFLD factors) and macro mediation (the relationship between various influencing factors) to summarize the influence of mTOR on the developmental process of NAFLD, and prove the importance of mTOR as an influencing factor of NAFLD regarding multiple aspects. The effects of crosstalk between mTOR and its upstream regulators, Notch, Hedgehog, and Hippo, on the occurrence and development of NAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma are also summarized. This analysis will hopefully support the development of diagnostic markers and new therapeutic targets in NAFLD.
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Cheng Q, Zhang J, Fang J, Ding H, Xu Y, Lu X, Zhang W. Untargeted metabolomics reveals the role of AQP9 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mice model. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:864-875. [PMID: 35961555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that AQP9 plays an important role in energy metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, metabolomic analyses were used to determine the slight changes in metabolic profiles and helped to understand the disease progression, therapeutic intervention of NAFLD. A mouse model of NAFLD was established with a high-fat diet (HFD), and Aqp9 knockout mice were constructed. Untargeted metabolomics techniques were used to evaluate the potential mechanism of the effect of AQP9 in NAFLD. The results indicated that AQP9 plays a regulatory role in the occurrence of NAFLD. Moreover, a total of 220 candidate biomarkers were screened and identified. Cluster analysis and enrichment analysis of differential metabolites indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis was mainly disturbed when compared against the control group, which was mitigated by knockout of Aqp9. These results show that untargeted metabolomics help to understand the effects of AQP9 in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinyu Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiru Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiyao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Bao X, Li J, Ren C, Wei J, Lu X, Wang X, Du W, Jin X, Ma B, Zhang Q, Ma B. Aucubin ameliorates liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cells activation in diabetic mice via inhibiting ER stress-mediated IRE1α/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome through NOX4/ROS pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110074. [PMID: 35961541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is closely associated with hepatic injury, which could promote/exacerbate hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and accelerate liver fibrosis progression. Aucubin (AU), as an active ingredient isolated from Eucommia ulmoides, exists a nutritional value in hepatoprotective effect and diabetic complications. However, whether it possesses more outstanding features on improving liver injury in diabetic conditions and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Our research investigated the treatment of AU on liver fibrosis and potential mechanisms on high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and high glucose (HG)&TGF-β1-induced LX-2 cells. Results showed that AU restored hepatic function without affecting blood sugar levels in diabetic mice. Meanwhile, the enhanced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-c were reversed in hepatic tissue after AU treatment. Histomorphology assays including H&E, Masson, PAS, Oil red and Sirius red staining showed that AU treatment reduced liver swelling, steatosis and fibrosis. Mechanistic studies showed that AU alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammatory responses via inhibiting ER stress-mediated IRE1α/TXNIP signaling pathway, which could postpone the development of T2DM induced hepatic fibrosis. In addition, the ROS generation and the up-regulated expression of NADHP oxidase 4 (NOX4) in the liver tissue were suppressed by AU treatment. Moreover, in vitro model, NOX4 activation was prominently enhanced and AU treatment blocked HG&TGF-β1-induced NOX4 derived superoxide generation and thereby ameliorating hepatic stellate cell activation, which can be abrogated in the overexpression of NOX4 LX-2 cells. In addition, inhibition effects on ER stress-mediated IRE1α/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome by AU treatment also were abolished in the overexpression of NOX4 LX-2 cells. Meanwhile, molecular docking results indicated that AU and NOX4 protein have a higher affinity. Taken together, AU might be a potential nutraceutical or therapeutic drug to ameliorate hepatic impairment and fibrosis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoxing Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanzhao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiting Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Li DD, Ma JM, Li MJ, Gao LL, Fan YN, Zhang YN, Tao XJ, Yang JJ. Supplementation of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Combined with Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates High-Fat-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153247. [PMID: 35956423 PMCID: PMC9370707 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Either Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) or aerobic exercise (AE) has been reported to be beneficial to hepatic lipid metabolism. However, whether the combination of LBP with AE improves lipid accumulation of NASH remains unknown. Our study investigated the influence of 10 weeks of treatment of LBP, AE, and the combination (LBP plus AE) on high-fat-induced NASH in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that LBP or AE reduced the severity of the NASH. LBP plus AE treatment more effectively ameliorated liver damage and lowered levels of serum lipid and inflammation. In addition, the combination can also regulate genes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. LBP plus AE activated AMPK, thereby increasing the expression of PPARα which controls hepatic fatty acid oxidation and its coactivator PGC-1α. Our study demonstrated the improvement of LBP plus AE on NASH via enhancing fatty acid oxidation (FAO) which was dependent on AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou-Dou Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia-Min Ma
- Yuyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Ming-Jing Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lu-Lu Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yan-Na Fan
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yan-Nan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Tao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Correspondence:
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69
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Jiang N, Zhang J, Ping J, Xu L. Salvianolic acid B inhibits autophagy and activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by TGF-β1 by downregulating the MAPK pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:938856. [PMID: 35991894 PMCID: PMC9385955 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.938856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In liver fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can stimulate autophagy and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Autophagy, playing a crucial role in HSCs activation, is related to liver fibrosis. Increasing evidence have suggested that antifibrosis effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) and their mechanisms of action, however, remain unclear. The aim of the article is to understand the role of Sal B in HSCs autophagy in liver fibrosis. Herein, we demonstrated that inducing TGF-β1 led to dramatic increase in autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in JS1 and LX2, which was mediated through the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK cascades. TGF-β1 significantly increased the protein of autophagy and liver fibrosis, including LC3BⅡ, ATG5, α-SMA, and Col.I; Sal B inhibits JS1 autophagy and activation by inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes and autophagic flux. Sal B significantly decreased the LC3BⅡ, ATG5, α-SMA, and Col.I protein expressions; pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine (CQ) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or silencing ATG7 further increase these reductions. However, pretreatment with autophagy agonist, rapamycin (Rapa), or overexpressed ATG5 attenuated this decrease. To further assess the importance of this mechanism, the antibody chip was used to detect the change of phosphorylation protein expression of the MAPK signaling pathway after treating JS1 with Sal B. Eleven differentially expressed proteins were verified. Sal B inhibits activation and autophagy of JS1 induced by TGF-β1 through downregulating the ERK, p38, and JNK signaling pathways, as demonstrated by downregulating p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 MAPK protein expressions. In conclusion, Sal B inhibits autophagy and activation induced by TGF-β1 of HSCs possibly by downregulating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ping
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lieming Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China,Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Lieming Xu,
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70
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Wang D, Si D, Li G, Ding Z, Yang X, Gao C. Dysregulated autophagic activity induced in response to chronic intermittent hypoxia contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Front Physiol 2022; 13:941706. [PMID: 35982710 PMCID: PMC9379323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.941706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a pathological characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that has been linked to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The specific link between CIH, autophagic activity, and NAFLD, however, has not previously been characterized. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between CIH-induced autophagy and the pathogenesis of OSA-associated NAFLD. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of proteins associated with lipid synthesis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagic activity. To establish an in vivo model system, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CIH conditions for 8 h per day over a 12-week period, and were administered chloroquine (CQ) for 1 week prior to euthanization. Levels of serum and liver triglycerides in these animals were assessed, as were proteins related to hepatic autophagy, ER stress, and lipogenesis. qPCR was additionally used to assess hepatic inflammation-related gene expression, while transmission electron microscopy was used to monitor lipid droplet (LD) accumulation and ER morphology. OSA patients and CIH model mice exhibited increases in the expression of proteins associated with hepatic autophagy, ER stress, and lipogenesis. CIH was also associated with more pronounced LD accumulation, hepatic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in these mice. While serum and hepatic TG and TC levels and serum ALT/AST were increased in response to CIH treatment, the administration of CQ to these mice led to reductions in ER stress-related proteins (XBP1, IRE1α, EIF2α) and lipogenesis-related proteins (ACC, SCD1, FASn), in addition to significantly reducing hepatic inflammation, steatosis, and LD accumulation in these animals. These results suggest that persistent CIH can drive dysregulated hepatic autophagic activity, hepatic steatosis, and ER stress, highlighting potential targets for therapeutic intervention aimed at preventing or treating OSA-associated NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongyu Si
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Zhimin Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaobing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Chaobing Gao,
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Cai J, Huang J, Yang J, Chen X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Liu Q, Zhang Z. The protective effect of selenoprotein M on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the role of the AMPKα1-MFN2 pathway and Parkin mitophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:354. [PMID: 35678878 PMCID: PMC11073218 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to a dysregulation of mitophagy, a process that is not fully understood. Parkin-related mitophagy can sustain mitochondrial homeostasis and hepatocyte viability. Herein, we report that selenoprotein M (SELENOM) plays a central role in maintaining mitophagy in high-fat diet (HFD)-mediated NAFLD. We show that SELENOM was significantly downregulated in the liver of HFD-fed mice. SELENOM deletion aggravated HFD-mediated hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; accompanied by enhanced fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress in the liver. Molecular analyses show that lipotoxicity was related to increased mitochondrial apoptosis as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial ROS production, and attenuation of mitochondrial potential in the liver of HFD-fed SELENOM-/- mice. Additionally, SELENOM deletion reduced mitophagy and aggravated hepatic injury in NAFLD. Mechanistically, SELENOM overexpression activated Parkin-mediated mitophagy to reduce mitochondrial apoptosis and remove HFD-damaged mitochondria. We further found that SELENOM regulates Parkin expression via the AMPKα1-MFN2 pathway; blockade of AMPKα1 prevented SELENOM activation of Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Our work identified SELENOM downregulation as a possible explanation for the defective mitophagy in NAFLD. Thus, targeting SELENOM may be potential new therapeutic modalities for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Zhao H, Liu H, Yang Y, Wang H. The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116208. [PMID: 35682887 PMCID: PMC9181643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death caused by inflammasomes, which can detect cell cytosolic contamination or disturbance. In pyroptosis, caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5 is activated, cleaving gasdermin D to separate its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD). The oligomerization of PFD forms macropores in the membrane, resulting in swelling and membrane rupture. According to the different mechanisms, pyroptosis can be divided into three types: canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, non-canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, and caspase-3-induced pyroptosis. Pyroptosis has been reported to play an important role in many tissues and organs, including the liver. Autophagy is a highly conserved process of the eukaryotic cell cycle. It plays an important role in cell survival and maintenance by degrading organelles, proteins and macromolecules in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the dysfunction of this process is involved in a variety of pathological processes. In recent years, autophagy and pyroptosis and their interactions have been proven to play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes, and have gradually attracted more and more attention to become a research hotspot. Therefore, this review summarized the role of autophagy and pyroptosis in liver disorders, and analyzed the related mechanism to provide a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Huiyang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yihan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Honggang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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73
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Xu C, Li H, Tang CK. Sterol carrier protein 2 in lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, molecular biology, and potential clinical implications. Metabolism 2022; 131:155180. [PMID: 35311663 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as the most common chronic liver disease and has become a rapidly global public health problem. Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2), also called non-specific lipid-transfer protein, is predominantly expressed by the liver. SCP-2 plays a key role in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism. SCP-2 has been closely implicated in the development of NAFLD-related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gallstones. Recent studies indicate that SCP-2 plays a beneficial role in NAFLD by regulating cholesterol-, endocannabinoid-, and fatty acid-related aspects of lipid metabolism. Hence, in this paper, we summarize the latest findings about the roles of SCP-2 in hepatic steatosis and further describe its molecular function in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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74
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Pinto AP, Rocha ALD, Marafon BB, Nogueira JE, Branco LGS, Pauli JR, de Moura LP, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, da Silva ASR. Chronic rapamycin treatment decreases hepatic
IL
‐6 protein but increases autophagy markers as a protective effect against the overtraining‐induced tissue damage. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:893-902. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruno B. Marafon
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jonatas E. Nogueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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Ogata FT, Simões Sato AY, Coppo L, Arai RJ, Stern AI, Pequeno Monteiro H. Thiol-Based Antioxidants and the Epithelial/Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1037-1050. [PMID: 34541904 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The epithelial/mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly associated with tumor metastasis. Oxidative and nitrosative stress is maintained in cancer cells and is involved in the EMT. Cancer cells are endowed with high levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, which counteract the effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thiol-based antioxidant systems such as the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase (Trx/TrxR) and glutathione/glutaredoxin (GSH/Grx) are continually active in cancer cells, while the thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), the negative regulator of the Trx/TrxR system, is downregulated. Recent Advances: Trx/TrxR and GSH/Grx systems play a major role in maintaining EMT signaling and cancer cell progression. Critical Issues: Enhanced stress conditions stimulated in cancer cells inhibit EMT signaling. The elevated expression levels of the Trx/TrxR and GSH/Grx systems in these cells provide the antioxidant protection necessary to guarantee the occurrence of the EMT. Future Directions: Elevation of the intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide concentrations in cancer cells has been viewed as a promising strategy for elimination of these cells. The development of inhibitors of GSH synthesis and of the Trx/TrxR system together with genetic-based strategies to enhance Txnip levels may provide the necessary means to achieve this goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1037-1050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Toshio Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Yuri Simões Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Jun Arai
- Department of Oncology and Radiology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnold Ira Stern
- Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMol, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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76
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Liu H, Du J, Chao S, Li S, Cai H, Zhang H, Chen G, Liu P, Bu P. Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Colorectal Cancer Cell to Acquire Stem Cell-Like Features by Manipulating Lipid Droplet-Mediated Numb Degradation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105222. [PMID: 35170250 PMCID: PMC9035998 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a critical microbe that contributes to colorectal cancer progression and chemoresistance. However, whether and how F. nucleatum regulates colorectal cancer stem-like cells (CCSCs) remains unknown. Here, the authors show that F. nucleatum promotes CCSC self-renewal, and non-CCSCs to acquire CCSC features by manipulating cellular lipid accumulation. F. nucleatum infection decreases lipid accumulation in CCSCs by enhancing fatty acid oxidation, thus promoting CCSC self-renewal. In contrast, F. nucleatum increases lipid accumulation in non-CCSCs by promoting fatty acid formation. Lipids are deposited as lipid droplets, which recruits Numb, a key cell fate regulator, through the AP2A/ACSL3 complex, and MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, though VCP and UBXD8. On lipid droplets, Numb is degraded by MDM2, activating Notch signaling, thus promoting gain of stem-like cell features. Their findings demonstrate that F. nucleatum directly manipulates colorectal cancer cell fate and reveal the mechanism of lipid droplet-mediated Numb degradation for activating Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Junfeng Du
- Department of General Surgerythe 7th Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100700China
- The 2nd School of Clinical MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangdong510515China
- Medical Department of General Surgerythe 1st Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100853China
| | - Shanshan Chao
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shuoguo Li
- Center for Biological ImagingInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Huiyun Cai
- Department of General Surgerythe 7th Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100700China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- The core facilityInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of General Surgerythe 7th Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100700China
- Medical Department of General Surgerythe 1st Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100853China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Key Laboratory of RNA BiologyKey Laboratory of Protein and Peptide PharmaceuticalInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
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Zhu J, Wen Y, Zhang Q, Nie F, Cheng M, Zhao X. The monomer TEC of blueberry improves NASH by augmenting tRF-47-mediated autophagy/pyroptosis signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2022; 20:128. [PMID: 35287671 PMCID: PMC8919551 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common liver diseases and has no safe and effective drug for treatment. We have previously reported the function of blueberry, but the effective monomer and related molecular mechanism remain unclear.
Methods
The monomer of blueberry was examined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The NASH cell model was constructed by exposing HepG2 cells to free fatty acids. The NASH mouse model was induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. NASH cell and mouse models were treated with different concentrations of blueberry monomers. The molecular mechanism was studied by Oil Red O staining, ELISA, enzyme activity, haematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blot, RNA sequencing, and qRT-PCR.
Results
We identified one of the main monomer of blueberry as tectorigenin (TEC). Cyanidin-3-O glucoside (C3G) and TEC could significantly inhibit the formation of lipid droplets in steatosis hepatocytes, and the effect of TEC on the formation of lipid droplets was significantly higher than that of C3G. TEC can promote cell proliferation and inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators in NASH cell model. Additionally, TEC administration provided a protective role against high-fat diets induced lipid damage, and suppressed lipid accumulation. In NASH mouse model, TEC can activate autophagy, inhibit pyroptosis and the release of inflammatory mediators. In NASH cell model, TEC inhibited pyroptosis by stimulating autophagy. Then, small RNA sequencing revealed that TEC up-regulated the expression of tRF-47-58ZZJQJYSWRYVMMV5BO (tRF-47). The knockdown of tRF-47 blunted the beneficial effects of TEC on NASH in vitro, including inhibition of autophagy, activation of pyroptosis and release of inflammatory factors. Similarly, suppression of tRF-47 promoted the lipid injury and lipid deposition in vivo.
Conclusions
These results demonstrated that tRF-47-mediated autophagy and pyroptosis plays a vital role in the function of TEC to treat NASH, suggesting that TEC may be a promising drug for the treatment of NASH.
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Chen H, Qiao H, Zhao Q, Wei F. microRNA-135a-5p regulates NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome-mediated hypertensive cardiac inflammation and fibrosis via thioredoxin-interacting protein. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4658-4673. [PMID: 35148667 PMCID: PMC8973706 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a severe public health problem that induces cardiac injury with alterations of gene expressions. The current study sought to evaluate the mechanism of microRNA(miR)-135a-5p in NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediation of cardiac inflammation and hypertensive cardiac fibrosis. Firstly, hypertensive mouse models were established using angiotensin II (Ang II), followed by miR-135a-5p agomir treatment. Subsequently, mouse blood pressure and basic cardiac function indexes, histopathological changes, and cardiac fibrosis were all determined, in addition to detection of factors related to inflammation and fibrosis. Additionally, mice cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were isolated and treated with Ang II. The binding relationship of miR-135a-5p and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was predicted and testified, while the interaction of TXNIP and NLRP3 was detected by means of a co-immunoprecipitation assay. It was found that miR-135a-5p was poorly-expressed in Ang II-treated mice and further exerted cardioprotective effects against hypertensive heart diseases. Moreover, over-expression of miR-135a-5p resulted in inhibition of inflammatory infiltration and almost eliminated cardiac fibrosis, as evidenced by decreased Collagen (COL)-I, COL-III, a-smooth muscle actin, NLRP3, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Mechanically, miR-135a-5p inhibited TXNIP expression to block the binding of TXNIP and NLRP3. On the other hand, TXNIP up-regulation reversed the protective role of miR-135a-5p over-expression in CFs. Collectively, our findings indicated that miR-135a-5p over-expression inhibited TXNIP expression to block the binding of TXNIP and NLRP3, thereby alleviating hypertensive cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The 8th Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huilian Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Air Force Medical Center PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The 8th Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fuling Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The 8th Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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79
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Zhou F, Ding M, Gu Y, Fan G, Liu C, Li Y, Sun R, Wu J, Li J, Xue X, Li H, Li X. Aurantio-Obtusin Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through AMPK-Mediated Autophagy and Fatty Acid Oxidation Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:826628. [PMID: 35087411 PMCID: PMC8787202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.826628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), manifested as the aberrant accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes and inflammation, has become an important cause of advanced liver diseases and hepatic malignancies worldwide. However, no effective therapy has been approved yet. Aurantio-obtusin (AO) is a main bioactive compound isolated from Cassia semen that has been identified with multiple pharmacological activities, including improving adiposity and insulin resistance. However, the ameliorating effects of AO on diet-induced NAFLD and underlying mechanisms remained poorly elucidated. Our results demonstrated that AO significantly alleviated high-fat diet and glucose-fructose water (HFSW)-induced hepatic steatosis in mice and oleic acid and palmitic acid (OAPA)-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Remarkably, AO was found to distinctly promote autophagy flux and influence the degradation of lipid droplets by inducing AMPK phosphorylation. Additionally, the induction of AMPK triggered TFEB activation and promoted fatty acid oxidation (FAO) by activating PPARα and ACOX1 and decreasing the expression of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the lipid-lowing effect of AO was significantly prevented by the pretreatment with inhibitors of autophagy, PPARα or ACOX1, respectively. Collectively, our study suggests that AO ameliorates hepatic steatosis via AMPK/autophagy- and AMPK/TFEB-mediated suppression of lipid accumulation, which opens new opportunities for pharmacological treatment of NAFLD and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Gu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guifang Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Sun
- The Second Hospital of University, Jinan, China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianzhi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- The Second Hospital of University, Jinan, China.,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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80
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Han Y, Lin B, Lu W, Wang X, Tang W, Tao X, Cai H, He C, Liu C. Time-restricted feeding improves metabolic and endocrine profiles in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1057376. [PMID: 36619541 PMCID: PMC9815607 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1057376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathy disorders in premenopausal women, which is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a new intermittent restriction dietary pattern, which has been shown to have positive benefits on obesity and glycolipid metabolism disorders. We aimed to explore the effect of the feeding regimen (ad libitum vs. TRF) on the glycolipid metabolism and reproductive endocrine disorders in a PCOS mouse model. METHODS PCOS mouse model was induced by continuous subcutaneous administration of dihydrotestosterone for 21 days. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks on an ad libitum or time- restricted diet (from 10:30 p.m. to 6:30 a.m.). RESULTS Compared to control mice, PCOS mice that received TRF treatment had significantly lower body weight, reduced adiposity, lower area under the curve (AUC) of glucose response in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and lower AUC in the insulin tolerance test (ITT). TRF also ameliorated lipid metabolism, as shown by a reduction in plasma lipid profiles (triglycerides and cholesterol) and the triglyceride content in the liver of PCOS mice. In terms of reproduction, the plasma androgen level, plasma estrogen (E2) level, and luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in PCOS mice were significantly reduced after 8 weeks of TRF treatment. In addition, ovarian histology showed that TRF inhibits cyst formation and promotes corpus luteum formation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, TRF improved metabolic and endocrine profiles in mice with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Baiwei Lin
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Disease, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshuai Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Disease, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinge Tao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Changqin Liu, ; Chunmei He,
| | - Changqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Changqin Liu, ; Chunmei He,
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81
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Guo Y, Chen J, Liu N, Liu Z, Shi B, Sun H. Association of Circulating TXNIP Levels with Fatty Liver in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:225-233. [PMID: 35115798 PMCID: PMC8800583 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s349153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a crucial modulator of the redox system, plays a crucial role in modulating lipid/glucose metabolism. Hence, this study aimed to explore whether circulating TXNIP is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We enrolled 110 new patients with T2DM. In this study, we determined hepatic fat fraction (HFF), which represents a hepatic fat level, by Dixon magnetic resonance imaging. TXNIP and the other biochemical profiles of the patients were measured using fasting plasma. RESULTS Among the 110 patients with T2DM, 41 were classified as without fatty liver, whereas 34 and 35 were with mild and moderate-to-severe fatty liver, respectively. The patients with diabetes and advanced fatty liver had significantly higher TXNIP levels (P <0.001) than other patients. The prevalence of severe NAFLD showed an increasing trend with the increase in TXNIP quartiles (for all trends, P <0.05). HFF showed a positive correlation with TXNIP (r = 0.516, P <0.001). Even main risk factors were adjusted, TXNIP level was associated with NAFLD as analyzed by logistic regression. CONCLUSION TXNIP level remarkably increases among diabetics, which shows its positive relationship with the severity of NAFLD. TXNIP is a promising NAFLD biomarker that offers an efficient way to evaluate and monitor fatty liver progression among patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bimin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Sun Email
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82
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Mohamed IN, Li L, Ismael S, Ishrat T, El-Remessy AB. Thioredoxin interacting protein, a key molecular switch between oxidative stress and sterile inflammation in cellular response. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1979-1999. [PMID: 35047114 PMCID: PMC8696646 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue and systemic inflammation have been the main culprit behind the cellular response to multiple insults and maintaining homeostasis. Obesity is an independent disease state that has been reported as a common risk factor for multiple metabolic and microvascular diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), retinopathy, critical limb ischemia, and impaired angiogenesis. Sterile inflammation driven by high-fat diet, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, alteration of intracellular calcium level and associated release of inflammatory mediators, are the main common underlying forces in the pathophysiology of NAFLD, ischemic retinopathy, stroke, and aging brain. This work aims to examine the contribution of the pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) to the expression and activation of NLRP3-inflammasome resulting in initiation or exacerbation of sterile inflammation in these disease states. Finally, the potential for TXNIP as a therapeutic target and whether TXNIP expression can be modulated using natural antioxidants or repurposing other drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam N Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California North State University, Elk Grove, CA 95758, United States
| | - Luling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California North State University, Elk Grove, CA 95758, United States
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Azza B El-Remessy
- Department of Pharmacy, Doctors Hospital of Augusta, Augusta, GA 30909, United States
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83
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Loss of hepatic Flcn protects against fibrosis and inflammation by activating autophagy pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21268. [PMID: 34711912 PMCID: PMC8553785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease worldwide and can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by triglyceride accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. No pharmacological agents are currently approved to treat these conditions, but it is clear now that modulation of lipid synthesis and autophagy are key biological mechanisms that could help reduce or prevent these liver diseases. The folliculin (FLCN) protein has been recently identified as a central regulatory node governing whole body energy homeostasis, and we hypothesized that FLCN regulates highly metabolic tissues like the liver. We thus generated a liver specific Flcn knockout mouse model to study its role in liver disease progression. Using the methionine- and choline-deficient diet to mimic liver fibrosis, we demonstrate that loss of Flcn reduced triglyceride accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammation in mice. In this aggressive liver disease setting, loss of Flcn led to activation of transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 to promote autophagy, promoting the degradation of intracellular lipid stores, ultimately resulting in reduced hepatocellular damage and inflammation. Hence, the activity of FLCN could be a promising target for small molecule drugs to treat liver fibrosis by specifically activating autophagy. Collectively, these results show an unexpected role for Flcn in fatty liver disease progression and highlight new potential treatment strategies.
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84
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Fan HP, Zhu ZX, Xu JJ, Li YT, Guo CW, Yan H. The lncRNA CASC9 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the miR-424-5p/TXNIP pathway. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211037495. [PMID: 34407684 PMCID: PMC8381429 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211037495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the mechanism by which the long non-coding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 9 (CASC9) alleviates sepsis-related acute kidney injury (S-AKI). METHODS A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI model was established to simulate S-AKI. HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells were treated with LPS to establish an in vitro model, and mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS to generate an in vivo model. Subsequently, the mRNA expression of inflammatory and antioxidant factors was validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed using an assay kit. Apoptosis was detected by western blotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS CASC9 was significantly downregulated in the LPS-induced AKI model. CASC9 attenuated cell inflammation and apoptosis and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of cells. Regarding the mechanism, miR-424-5p was identified as the downstream target of CASC9, and the interaction between CASC9 and miR-424-5p promoted thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression. CONCLUSIONS CASC9 alleviates LPS-induced AKI in vivo and in vitro, and CASC9 directly targets miR-424-5p and further promotes the expression of TXNIP. We have provided a possible reference strategy for the treatment of S-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Fan
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Zhu
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tang Li
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Wen Guo
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fujian, Quanzhou, China
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85
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Liu W, Zhang G, Sun B, Wang S, Lu Y, Xie H. Activation of NLR family, domain of pyrin containing 3 inflammasome by nitrous oxide through thioredoxin-interacting protein to induce nerve cell injury. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4768-4779. [PMID: 34348577 PMCID: PMC8806838 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1954741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has been shown to be neurotoxic, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this work is to probe into the impact of N2O on nerve cell injury through regulating thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/the NOD-like receptor domain of pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway. The results indicated that, N2O exposure elevated TXNIP/NLRP3 expression in vivo and in vitro, led to declined learning and memory capabilities in mice, reduced apoptosis rate in hippocampal neuron and Nissl bodies, elevated inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, as well as cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expressions, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Overexpressing TXNIP or NLRP3 further aggravated these injuries, but knocking down TXNIP or NLRP3 improved them. CO-IP indicated that TXNIP and NLRP3 can be combined, with interaction relationship. All in all, the results manifested that N2O is available to promote nerve cell inflammation and apoptosis through activating the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway that can be used as a potential target for N2O-induced nerve damage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenJuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai City, China
| | - GuangMing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai City, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - ShuYan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai City, China
| | - YinZhong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai City, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Klapan K, Frangež Ž, Markov N, Yousefi S, Simon D, Simon HU. Evidence for Lysosomal Dysfunction within the Epidermis in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2838-2848.e4. [PMID: 34090855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Autophagy plays a substantial role in the homeostasis of an organism. Loss or impairment of autophagy is associated with multiple diseases. To investigate the possibility that autophagy plays a role in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, we investigated the levels of key ATG proteins in human skin specimens as well as in primary human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to inflammatory stimuli in vitro. Although TNF-α facilitated the induction of autophagy in an initial phase, it reduced the levels and enzymatic activities of lysosomal cathepsins in later time periods, resulting in autophagy inhibition. Therefore, TNF-α appears to play a dual role in the regulation of autophagy. The relevance of these in vitro findings was supported by the observation that the protein levels of cathepsins D and L are decreased in both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis skin specimens. Taken together, this study suggests that TNF-α blocks autophagy in keratinocytes after long-term exposure, a mechanism that may contribute to the chronicity of inflammatory diseases of the skin and, perhaps, of other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Klapan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikita Markov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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87
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Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scarano F, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Ruga S, Zito MC, Macri R, Bulotta R, Muscoli C, Mollace V. From Metabolic Syndrome to Neurological Diseases: Role of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651021. [PMID: 33816502 PMCID: PMC8017166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is not a single pathology, but a constellation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including: central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The global incidence of Metabolic syndrome is estimated to be about one quarter of the world population; for this reason, it would be desirable to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in order to develop treatments that can reduce or eliminate the damage caused. The effects of Metabolic syndrome are multiple and wide ranging; some of which have an impact on the central nervous system and cause neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular process, essential for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials and for the degradation of damaged cellular organelle. Therefore, autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective mechanism; even if excessive cellular degradation can be detrimental. To date, it is known that systemic autophagic insufficiency is able to cause metabolic balance deterioration and facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic syndrome and the onset of several neurological diseases related to it. Furthermore, since autophagy has been found to be of particular importance in metabolic disorders, the probable involvement of this degradative process is assumed to be responsible for the attenuation of neurological disorders resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bulotta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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