51
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Huo MM, Hu R, Yan W, Wang YT, Chee KWA, Wang Y, Zhang JP. Acceptor Side-Chain Effects on the Excited State Dynamics of Two-Dimensional-Like Conjugated Copolymers in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1398. [PMID: 28841145 PMCID: PMC6151795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state dynamics of two-dimensional-like conjugated copolymers PFDCN and PFSDCN based on alternating fluorene and triphenylamine main chains and malononitrile pendant acceptor groups with thiophene as π-bridge, have been investigated by using transient absorption spectroscopy. There is an additional conjugated -C=C- bond in PFDCN, which distinguishes it from PFSDCN. The lowest energy absorption band of each copolymer absorption spectrum is attributed to the π-π* transition with intramolecular charge-transfer, which has a lower fluorescence contribution than those of higher energy absorption bands. The optical excitation of either PFDCN or PFSDCN solution generates polaron pairs that then self-localize and evolve to a bound singlet exciton within a few picoseconds. Due to the additional conjugated -C=C- bond in the acceptor side-chain, PFDCN has a stronger intramolecular charge-transfer characteristic compared with PFSDCN, therefore exhibiting a longer self-localization time (7 ps vs. 3 ps for PFSDCN) and a shorter fluorescence lifetime (1.48 ns vs. 1.60 ns for PFSDCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Huo
- Qingdao Research Center for Advanced Photonic Technologies, Laser Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Rong Hu
- Research Institute for New Materials Technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Qingdao Research Center for Advanced Photonic Technologies, Laser Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yi-Tong Wang
- Qingdao Research Center for Advanced Photonic Technologies, Laser Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Kuan W A Chee
- Qingdao Research Center for Advanced Photonic Technologies, Laser Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Qingdao Research Center for Advanced Photonic Technologies, Laser Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
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52
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Bohle A, Dudenko D, Koenen N, Sebastiani D, Allard S, Scherf U, Spiess HW, Hansen MR. A Generalized Packing Model for Bulk Crystalline Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) with Extended Side Chains. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bohle
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nils Koenen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Department of Chemistry; Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gauss-Straße 20 42097 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
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53
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Gross YM, Trefz D, Tkachov R, Untilova V, Brinkmann M, Schulz GL, Ludwigs S. Tuning Aggregation by Regioregularity for High-Performance n-Type P(NDI2OD-T2) Donor–Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic M. Gross
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Trefz
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Tkachov
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Untilova
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS − Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS − Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gisela L. Schulz
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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54
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Abstract
A major challenge in the growing field of bioelectronic medicine is the development of tissue interface technologies promoting device integration with biological tissues. Materials based on organic bioelectronics show great promise due to a unique combination of electronic and ionic conductivity properties. In this review, we outline exciting developments in the field of organic bioelectronics and demonstrate the medical importance of these active, electronically controllable materials. Importantly, organic bioelectronics offer a means to control cell-surface attachment as required for many device-tissue applications. Experiments have shown that cells readily attach and proliferate on reduced but not oxidized organic bioelectronic materials. In another application, the active properties of organic bioelectronics were used to develop electronically triggered systems for drug release. After incorporating drugs by advanced loading strategies, small compound drugs were released upon electrochemical trigger, independent of charge. Another type of delivery device was used to achieve well-controlled, spatiotemporal delivery of cationic drugs. Via electrophoretic transport within a polymer, cations were delivered with single-cell precision. Finally, organic bioelectronic materials are commonly used as electrode coatings improving the electrical properties of recording and stimulation electrodes. Because such coatings drastically reduce the electrode impedance, smaller electrodes with improved signal-to-noise ratio can be fabricated. Thus, rapid technological advancement combined with the creation of tiny electronic devices reacting to changes in the tissue environment helps to promote the transition from standard pharmaceutical therapy to treatment based on 'electroceuticals'. Moreover, the widening repertoire of organic bioelectronics will expand the options for true biological interfaces, providing the basis for personalized bioelectronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Löffler
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K P R Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Richter-Dahlfors
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Zhu C, Fang L. Locking the Coplanar Conformation of π‐Conjugated Molecules and Macromolecules Using Dynamic Noncovalent Bonds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843‐3255 USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843‐3255 USA
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56
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Random multiacceptor poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives containing the pentacyclic lactam acceptor unit TPTI for bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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57
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Cai Y, Huo L, Sun Y. Recent Advances in Wide-Bandgap Photovoltaic Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605437. [PMID: 28370466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed significant advances in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs). Ongoing improvements in the power conversion efficiency of OSCs have been achieved, which were mainly attributed to the design and synthesis of novel conjugated polymers with different architectures and functional moieties. Among various conjugated polymers, the development of wide-bandgap (WBG) polymers has received less attention than that of low-bandgap and medium-bandgap polymers. Here, we briefly summarize recent advances in WBG polymers and their applications in organic photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as tandem, ternary, and non-fullerene solar cells. Addtionally, we also dissuss the application of high open-circuit voltage tandem solar cells in PV-driven electrochemical water dissociation. We mainly focus on the molecular design strategies, the structure-property correlations, and the photovoltaic performance of these WBG polymers. Finally, we extract empirical regularities and provide invigorating perspectives on the future development of WBG photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Cai
- Heeger Beijing Research and Development Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Huo
- Heeger Beijing Research and Development Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Sun
- Heeger Beijing Research and Development Center, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
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58
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Modifying electronic properties of ICBA through chemical substitutions for solar cell applications. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Meena S, Alam F, Dutta V, Jacob J. Synthesis and photovoltaic device studies of azo-linked low-bandgap polymers. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Meena
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Firoz Alam
- Photovoltaic Laboratory, Centre for Energy Studies; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Viresh Dutta
- Photovoltaic Laboratory, Centre for Energy Studies; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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60
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Dong BX, Amonoo JA, Purdum GE, Loo YL, Green PF. Enhancing Carrier Mobilities in Organic Thin-Film Transistors Through Morphological Changes at the Semiconductor/Dielectric Interface Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31144-31153. [PMID: 27748580 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Charge-carrier mobilities in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) increase 5-fold when OTFTs composed of P3HT films on trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane (FTS) monolayers supported on SiO2 dielectric substrates (P3HT/FTS/SiO2/Si) are subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) processing. In contrast, carrier mobilities in P3HT/octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)/SiO2 OTFTs processed using scCO2 are comparable to mobilities measured in as-cast P3HT/OTS/SiO2/Si devices. Topographical images of the free and buried interfaces of P3HT films reveal that scCO2 selectively alters the P3HT morphology near the buried P3HT/FTS-SiO2 interface; identical processing has negligible effects at the P3HT/OTS-SiO2 interface. A combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction experiments indicate insignificant change in the orientation distribution of the intermolecular π-π stacking direction of P3HT/FTS with scCO2 processing. The improved mobilities are instead correlated with enhanced in-plane orientation of the conjugated chain backbone of P3HT after scCO2 annealing. These findings suggest a strong dependence of polymer processing on the nature of polymer/substrate interface and the important role of backbone orientation toward dictating charge transport of OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geoffrey E Purdum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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61
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Yoon WS, Kim DW, Park JM, Cho I, Kwon OK, Whang DR, Kim JH, Park JH, Park SY. A Novel Bis-Lactam Acceptor with Outstanding Molar Extinction Coefficient and Structural Planarity for Donor–Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Sik Yoon
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Park
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Illhun Cho
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Oh Kyu Kwon
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Whang
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Kim
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Park
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul, 151-744, Korea
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62
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Borzdun NI, Larin SV, Falkovich SG, Nazarychev VM, Volgin IV, Yakimansky AV, Lyulin AV, Negi V, Bobbert PA, Lyulin SV. Molecular dynamics simulation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) helical structureIn Vacuoand in amorphous polymer surrounding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Borzdun
- Department of Physics; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Sergey V. Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Stanislav G. Falkovich
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Victor M. Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Igor V. Volgin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Alexander V. Yakimansky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
- Saint-Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics, and Optics; St. Petersburg 197101 Russia
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Department of Applied Physics; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Vikas Negi
- Department of Applied Physics; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Bobbert
- Department of Applied Physics; Technische Universiteit Eindhoven; P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Department of Physics; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg 198504 Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg 199004 Russia
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63
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Kang H, Kim G, Kim J, Kwon S, Kim H, Lee K. Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7821-7861. [PMID: 27345936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades of vigorous interdisciplinary approaches has seen tremendous breakthroughs in both scientific and technological developments of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) based on nanocomposites of π-conjugated organic semiconductors. Because of their unique functionalities, the OSC field is expected to enable innovative photovoltaic applications that can be difficult to achieve using traditional inorganic solar cells: OSCs are printable, portable, wearable, disposable, biocompatible, and attachable to curved surfaces. The ultimate objective of this field is to develop cost-effective, stable, and high-performance photovoltaic modules fabricated on large-area flexible plastic substrates via high-volume/throughput roll-to-roll printing processing and thus achieve the practical implementation of OSCs. Recently, intensive research efforts into the development of organic materials, processing techniques, interface engineering, and device architectures have led to a remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiencies, exceeding 11%, which has finally brought OSCs close to commercialization. Current research interests are expanding from academic to industrial viewpoints to improve device stability and compatibility with large-scale printing processes, which must be addressed to realize viable applications. Here, both academic and industrial issues are reviewed by highlighting historically monumental research results and recent state-of-the-art progress in OSCs. Moreover, perspectives on five core technologies that affect the realization of the practical use of OSCs are presented, including device efficiency, device stability, flexible and transparent electrodes, module designs, and printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkyu Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunjin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooncheol Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, GIST-ICL International Collaboration R&D Centre, Heeger Center for Advanced Materials, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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64
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Wang L, Jakowski J, Garashchuk S, Sumpter BG. Understanding How Isotopes Affect Charge Transfer in P3HT/PCBM: A Quantum Trajectory-Electronic Structure Study with Nonlinear Quantum Corrections. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4487-500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jacek Jakowski
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Computer Science and Mathematics
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sophya Garashchuk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Computer Science and Mathematics
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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65
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Howard JB, Ekiz S, Cuellar De Lucio AJ, Thompson BC. Investigation of Random Copolymer Analogues of a Semi-Random Conjugated Polymer Incorporating Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Seyma Ekiz
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Cuellar De Lucio
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry,
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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66
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Thilanga Liyanage AD, Milián-Medina B, Zhang B, Gierschner J, Watson MD. ¿Conjugated? Copolymers from a Pechmann Dye Derivative. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña Milián-Medina
- Department for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Valencia; 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced StudiesIMDEA Nanoscience; Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Mark D. Watson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40506 USA
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67
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Nakamura T, Furukawa S, Nakamura E. Benzodipyrrole-based Donor-Acceptor-type Boron Complexes as Tunable Near-infrared-Absorbing Materials. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2016-20. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; 255 Shimo-okubo Sakura-ku, Saitama-city Saitama 338-8570 Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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68
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Punzi A, Nicoletta F, Marzano G, Fortuna CG, Dagar J, Brown TM, Farinola GM. Synthetic Routes to TEG-Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Low Band-Gap Polymers. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Nicoletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marzano
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cosimo G. Fortuna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; Università degli Studi di Catania; Viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Janardan Dagar
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Università degli studi Roma - Tor Vergata; Via del Politecnico 1 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Thomas M. Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy); Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Università degli studi Roma - Tor Vergata; Via del Politecnico 1 00133 Roma Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-ICCOM Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
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69
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da Silva DJ, Takimoto HG, dos Santos KCCW, Garcia JR, Balogh DT, Wang SH. Effect of hexyl substituent groups on photophysical and electrochemical properties of the poly[(9,9-Dioctyluorene)−2,7-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis (3-Hexylthien-5-Yl)−2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole)−2′,2″-diyl]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. da Silva
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department; Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380 São Paulo SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Herick G. Takimoto
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department; Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380 São Paulo SP 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Karine C. C. Weber dos Santos
- Chemistry Department; State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG); Av. Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Jarem R. Garcia
- Chemistry Department; State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG); Av. Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Debora T. Balogh
- Physics and Materials Science Department, Institute of Physics of São Carlos; University of São Paulo; CP 369 São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Shu Hui Wang
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department; Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380 São Paulo SP 05508-010 Brazil
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70
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Baruah T, Garnica A, Paggen M, Basurto L, Zope RR. Density functional study of the electronic structure of dye-functionalized fullerenes and their model donor-acceptor complexes containing P3HT. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:144304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4944469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tunna Baruah
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
| | - Amanda Garnica
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
| | - Marina Paggen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
| | - Luis Basurto
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
| | - Rajendra R. Zope
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79958, USA
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71
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Oliveira EF, Lavarda FC. Copolymers with similar comonomers: Tuning frontier orbital energies for application in organic solar cells. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Fernando Oliveira
- UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, POSMAT-Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Tecnologia De Materiais; Bauru SP 17033-360 Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Lavarda
- UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, POSMAT-Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência E Tecnologia De Materiais; Bauru SP 17033-360 Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista; Bauru SP 17033-360 Brazil
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72
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Jariwala D, Howell SL, Chen KS, Kang J, Sangwan VK, Filippone SA, Turrisi R, Marks TJ, Lauhon LJ, Hersam MC. Hybrid, Gate-Tunable, van der Waals p-n Heterojunctions from Pentacene and MoS2. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:497-503. [PMID: 26651229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a wide variety of two-dimensional (2D) materials has created new opportunities for device concepts and applications. In particular, the availability of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, in addition to semimetallic graphene and insulating boron nitride, has enabled the fabrication of "all 2D" van der Waals heterostructure devices. Furthermore, the concept of van der Waals heterostructures has the potential to be significantly broadened beyond layered solids. For example, molecular and polymeric organic solids, whose surface atoms possess saturated bonds, are also known to interact via van der Waals forces and thus offer an alternative for scalable integration with 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate the integration of an organic small molecule p-type semiconductor, pentacene, with a 2D n-type semiconductor, MoS2. The resulting p-n heterojunction is gate-tunable and shows asymmetric control over the antiambipolar transfer characteristic. In addition, the pentacene/MoS2 heterojunction exhibits a photovoltaic effect attributable to type II band alignment, which suggests that MoS2 can function as an acceptor in hybrid solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jariwala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sarah L Howell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junmo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen A Filippone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Riccardo Turrisi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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73
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Singlet Exciton Lifetimes in Conjugated Polymer Films for Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8010014. [PMID: 30979110 PMCID: PMC6432597 DOI: 10.3390/polym8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of singlet excitons in conjugated polymer films is a key factor taken into account during organic solar cell device optimization. It determines the singlet exciton diffusion lengths in polymer films and has a direct impact on the photocurrent generation by organic solar cell devices. However, very little is known about the material properties controlling the lifetimes of singlet excitons, with most of our knowledge originating from studies of small organic molecules. Herein, we provide a brief summary of the nature of the excited states in conjugated polymer films and then present an analysis of the singlet exciton lifetimes of 16 semiconducting polymers. The exciton lifetimes of seven of the studied polymers were measured using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and compared to the lifetimes of seven of the most common photoactive polymers found in the literature. A plot of the logarithm of the rate of exciton decay vs. the polymer optical bandgap reveals a medium correlation between lifetime and bandgap, thus suggesting that the Energy Gap Law may be valid for these systems. This therefore suggests that small bandgap polymers can suffer from short exciton lifetimes, which may limit their performance in organic solar cell devices. In addition, the impact of film crystallinity on the exciton lifetime was assessed for a small bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole co-polymer. It is observed that the increase of polymer film crystallinity leads to reduction in exciton lifetime and optical bandgap again in agreement with the Energy Gap Law.
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74
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Prakasam M, Anbarasan PM. Second order hyperpolarizability of triphenylamine based organic sensitizers: a first principle theoretical study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11200e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Designed metal-free dyes have been investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to evaluate the ground state and excited state geometries of triphenylamine-based organic sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prakasam
- Department of Physics
- Periyar University
- Salem-636 011
- India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - P. M. Anbarasan
- Department of Physics
- Periyar University
- Salem-636 011
- India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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75
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Wang L, Beljonne D. Optical properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) aggregates from fully atomistic investigations. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00645k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on a first-principle theoretical investigation of the optical absorption and emission spectra of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) aggregates by means of a multiscale all-atom hybrid approach, which combines molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-chemical calculations, and solving of a Frenkel–Holstein model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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76
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Zhao Z, Wang Z, Ge C, Zhang X, Yang X, Gao X. Incorporation of benzothiadiazole into the backbone of 1,2,5,6-naphthalenediimide based copolymers, enabling much improved film crystallinity and charge carrier mobility. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01709b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
By incorporating benzothiadiazole units into the main chain of 1,2,5,6-naphthalenediimide based copolymers, we report herein a new copolymer with much improved film crystallinity and charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Congwu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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77
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Guo C, Quinn J, Sun B, Li Y. Dramatically different charge transport properties of bisthienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole-bithiazole copolymers synthesized via two direct (hetero)arylation polymerization routes. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00762g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two diketopyrrolopyrrole-bithiazole copolymers with same building blocks synthesized via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization through different routes show dramatically different charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- 200 University Ave West ON
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Jesse Quinn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- 200 University Ave West ON
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- 200 University Ave West ON
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- 200 University Ave West ON
- Waterloo
- Canada
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78
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Sathiyan G, Sivakumar E, Ganesamoorthy R, Thangamuthu R, Sakthivel P. Review of carbazole based conjugated molecules for highly efficient organic solar cell application. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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79
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Kakogianni S, Lebedeva MA, Paloumbis G, Andreopoulou AK, Porfyrakis K, Kallitsis JK. Semiconducting end-perfluorinated P3HT–fullerenic hybrids as potential additives for P3HT/IC70BA blends. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials based on polythiophene–fullerene species covalently attached through aziridine bridges are presented, as potential stabilizers of P3HT:IC70BA active layers for BHJ devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kakogianni
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
| | | | | | - A. K. Andreopoulou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT)
| | | | - J. K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT)
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80
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Liu C, Wang K, Gong X, Heeger AJ. Low bandgap semiconducting polymers for polymeric photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4825-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00650c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the design rules for low bandgap semiconducting polymers, with the overview of their applications in polymer solar cells and polymer photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Xiong Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering
- Department of Polymer Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Alan J. Heeger
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
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81
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Arumugam S, Cortizo-Lacalle D, Rossbauer S, Hunter S, Kanibolotsky AL, Inigo AR, Lane PA, Anthopoulos TD, Skabara PJ. An Air-Stable DPP-thieno-TTF Copolymer for Single-Material Solar Cell Devices and Field Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27999-28005. [PMID: 25832195 DOI: 10.1021/am5080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following an approach developed in our group to incorporate tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units into conjugated polymeric systems, we have studied a low band gap polymer incorporating TTF as a donor component. This polymer is based on a fused thieno-TTF unit that enables the direct incorporation of the TTF unit into the polymer, and a second comonomer based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) molecule. These units represent a donor-acceptor copolymer system, p(DPP-TTF), showing strong absorption in the UV-visible region of the spectrum. An optimized p(DPP-TTF) polymer organic field effect transistor and a single material organic solar cell device showed excellent performance with a hole mobility of up to 5.3 × 10(-2) cm(2)/(V s) and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.3%, respectively. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices of p(DPP-TTF) blended with phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) exhibited a PCE of 1.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Arumugam
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Cortizo-Lacalle
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Rossbauer
- Department of Physics & Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hunter
- Department of Physics & Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physical-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry , 83114 Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Anto R Inigo
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Lane
- U.S. Naval Research Lab 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics & Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Skabara
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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82
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Rudenko AE, Khlyabich PP, Thompson BC. Random poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐
co
‐3‐cyanothiophene‐
co
‐3‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene) copolymers with high open‐circuit voltage in polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E. Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Petr P. Khlyabich
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
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83
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84
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Keshtov ML, Kuklin SA, Kochurov VS, Radychev NA, Xie Z, Khokhlov AR. Novel low-band-gap conjugated polymers based on benzotrithiophene derivatives for bulk heterojunction solar cells. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500815100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Kaya E, Gündüz B, Çetin A. Synthesis and characterization of conjugated polymers containing phenyl and bithiophene: controlling of optical properties with molarity. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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86
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de León A, Arias E, Moggio I, Gallardo-Vega C, Ziolo R, Rodríguez O, Trigari S, Giorgetti E, Leibig C, Evans D. Synthesis of mercaptopropyl-(phenylene)s-benzoates passivated gold nanoparticles: Implications for plasmonic photovoltaic cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 456:182-9. [PMID: 26122799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The incorporation of gold nanoparticles in heterojunction solar cells is expected to increase the efficiency due to plasmon effects, but the literature studies are sometimes controversial. In this work, gold nanoparticles passivated with (Ph)n-(CH2)3SH (n=1, 2, 3) have been synthesized by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid with sodium borohydride in two ways: (1) one-phase where both the thiol and the gold salt are solubilized in a mixture of methanol with acetic acid: Au-s-(Ph)n or (2), two-phase, using tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) to transfer gold from water to toluene where the thiol is solubilized, Au(TOAB)-s-(Ph)n. The morphological, experimental and simulated optical properties were studied and analyzed as a function of the thiol and of the synthetic procedure in order to correlate them with the efficiency of plasmonic hybrid solar cells in the following configuration ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM-C60:Au-nanoparticles/Field's metal, where PEDOT PSS is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), P3HT is poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and PCBM-C60 is [6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester. Our findings indicate that the gold nanoparticles incorporation is affecting the electrical properties of the active layer giving a maximum efficiency for Au-s-(Ph)3. Moreover, TOAB, which is usually used in the synthesis of thiol passivated gold nanoparticles, has negative effects in both plasmonic and electrical properties. This result is important for optoelectronic applications of gold nanoparticles prepared with any procedures that involve TOAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arxel de León
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Ivana Moggio
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Gallardo-Vega
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Ronald Ziolo
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Oliverio Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna 140, 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Silvana Trigari
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Emilia Giorgetti
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Carl Leibig
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Dean Evans
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA.
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87
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Sun B, Hong W, Thibau ES, Aziz H, Lu ZH, Li Y. Polyethylenimine (PEI) As an Effective Dopant To Conveniently Convert Ambipolar and p-Type Polymers into Unipolar n-Type Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18662-18671. [PMID: 26244847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we added a small amount of polyethylenimine (PEI) into several ambipolar and p-type polymer semiconductors and used these blends as channel materials in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). It is found that PEI can effectively suppress hole transport characteristics while maintaining or promoting the electron transport performance. Unipolar n-channel OTFTs with electron-only transport behavior is achieved for all the polymer semiconductors chosen with 2-10 wt % PEI. The electron-rich nitrogen atoms in PEI are thought to fill the electron traps, raise the Fermi level and function as trapping sites for holes, leading to promotion of electron transport and suppression of hole transport. This work demonstrates a convenient general approach to transforming ambipolar and p-type polymer semiconductors into unipolar n-type polymer semiconductors that are useful for printed logic circuits and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel S Thibau
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | | | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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88
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Dou L, Liu Y, Hong Z, Li G, Yang Y. Low-Bandgap Near-IR Conjugated Polymers/Molecules for Organic Electronics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12633-65. [PMID: 26287387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letian Dou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ziruo Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ‡California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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89
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Howard JB, Noh S, Beier AE, Thompson BC. Fine Tuning Surface Energy of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Heteroatom Modification of the Alkyl Side Chains. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:725-730. [PMID: 35596496 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has pointed to polymer miscibility and surface energy as key figures of merit in the formation of organic alloys and synergistic behavior between components in ternary blend solar cells. Here, we present a simple model system and first report of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based random copolymers featuring either a semifluoroalkyl (P3HT-co-FHT) or oligoether (P3HT-co-MET) side chain, prepared via Stille polycondensation. Water drop contact angle measurements demonstrated that P3HT-co-FHT polymers reached a minimum surface energy of 14.2 mN/m at 50% composition of comonomers, while in contrast, P3HT-co-MET polymers increased as high as 27.0 mN/m at 50% composition, compared to P3HT at 19.9 mN/m. Importantly, the surface energy of the copolymers was found to vary regularly with comonomer composition and exhibited fine-tuning. Optical and electronic properties of the polymers are found to be composition independent as determined by UV-vis and CV measurements; HOMO energy levels ranged from 5.25 to 5.30 eV; and optical band gaps all measured 1.9 eV. Following this model, surface energy modification of state-of-the-art polymers, without altering desirable electronic and optical properties, is proposed as a useful tool in identifying and exploiting more alloying polymer pairs for ternary blend solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Sangtaik Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alejandra E. Beier
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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90
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Conductance of a single flexible molecular wire composed of alternating donor and acceptor units. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7397. [PMID: 26145188 PMCID: PMC4507002 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-scale electronics is mainly concerned by understanding charge transport through individual molecules. A key issue here is the charge transport capability through a single--typically linear--molecule, characterized by the current decay with increasing length. To improve the conductance of individual polymers, molecular design often either involves the use of rigid ribbon/ladder-type structures, thereby sacrificing for flexibility of the molecular wire, or a zero band gap, typically associated with chemical instability. Here we show that a conjugated polymer composed of alternating donor and acceptor repeat units, synthesized directly by an on-surface polymerization, exhibits a very high conductance while maintaining both its flexible structure and a finite band gap. Importantly, electronic delocalization along the wire does not seem to be necessary as proven by spatial mapping of the electronic states along individual molecular wires. Our approach should facilitate the realization of flexible 'soft' molecular-scale circuitry, for example, on bendable substrates.
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91
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Park JK. Charge Transport Behavior of Benzodithiophene–Diketopyrrololpyrrole-based Conjugated Polymer in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kuen Park
- Department of Chemistry; Hankuk University of Foreign Studies; Kyunggi-Do 449-791 Korea
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92
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Bléger D, Hecht S. Visible-Light-Activated Molecular Switches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11338-49. [PMID: 26096635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to influence key properties of molecular systems by using light holds much promise for the fields of materials science and life sciences. The cornerstone of such systems is molecules that are able to reversibly photoisomerize between two states, commonly referred to as photoswitches. One serious restriction to the development of functional photodynamic systems is the necessity to trigger switching in at least one direction by UV light, which is often damaging and penetrates only partially through most media. This review provides a summary of the different conceptual strategies for addressing molecular switches in the visible and near-infrared regions of the optical spectrum. Such visible-light-activated molecular switches tremendously extend the scope of photoswitchable systems for future applications and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bléger
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany) http://www.hechtlab.de.
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany) http://www.hechtlab.de.
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93
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94
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Jin X, Sun W, Zhang Q, Ruan K, Cheng Y, Xu H, Xu Z, Li Q. Reduced energy offset via substitutional doping for efficient organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A444-A455. [PMID: 26072869 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.00a444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Charge carrier transport in bulk heterojunction that is central to the device performance of solar cells is sensitively dependent on the energy level alignment of acceptor and donor. However, the effect of energy level regulation induced by nickel ions on the primary photoexcited electron transfer and the performance of P3HT/TiO2 hybrid solar cells remains being poorly understood and rarely studied. Here we demonstrate that the introduction of the versatile nickel ions into TiO2 nanocrystals can significantly elevate the conduction and valence band energy levels of the acceptor, thus resulting in a remarkable reduction of energy level offset between the conduction band of acceptor and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of donor. By applying transient photoluminescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies, we demonstrate that the electron transfer becomes more competitive after incorporating nickel ions. In particular, the electron transfer life time is shortened from 30.2 to 16.7 ps, i.e., more than 44% faster than pure TiO2 acceptor, thus leading to a notable increase of power conversion efficiency in organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells. This work underscores the promising virtue of engineering the reduction of 'excess' energy offset to accelerate electron transport and demonstrates the potential of nickel ions in applications of solar energy conversion and photon detectors.
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95
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Chen Z, Li Q, Chen C, Du J, Tong J, Jin X, Li Y, Yuan Y, Qin Y, Wei T, Sun W. Enhanced charge transport and photovoltaic performance induced by incorporating rare-earth phosphor into organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:24499-508. [PMID: 25307965 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, dysprosium ion decorated yttrium oxide (Dy(3+):Y2O3) nanocrystal phosphors were incorporated into TiO2 acceptor thin film in a bid to enhance the light harvest, charge separation and transfer in the hybrid solar cells. The results show that the energy level offset between the donor (P3HT) and the acceptor (Dy(3+):Y2O3-TiO2) has been narrowed down, thus leading to the enhanced electron and hole transports, and also photovoltaic performances as compared to pure TiO2 without incorporating Dy(3+):Y2O3. By applying femtosecond transient optical spectroscopy, after the incorporation of dopant Dy(3+):Y2O3 into TiO2 at 6 wt%, both the hot electron and hole transfer lifetimes have been shortened, that is, from 30.2 ps and 6.94 ns to 25.1 ps and 1.26 ns, respectively, and an enhanced efficiency approaching 3% was achieved as compared to 2.0% without doping, indicating that the energetic charges are captured more efficiently benefitting a higher power conversion efficiency. Moreover, these results reveal that both the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) edges of the acceptor were elevated by 0.57 and 0.32 eV, respectively, after incorporating 6 wt% Dy(3+):Y2O3. This work demonstrates that distinct energy level alignment engineered by Dy(3+):Y2O3 phosphor has an important role in pursuing efficient future solar cells and underscores the promising potential of rare-earth phosphor in solar applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Ministry of Education, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China.
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96
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Löffler S, Libberton B, Richter-Dahlfors A. Organic bioelectronics in infection. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4979-4992. [PMID: 32262450 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics is a rapidly growing field of both academic and industrial interest. Specific attributes make this class of materials particularly interesting for biomedical and medical applications, and a whole new class of biologically compatible devices is being created owing to structural and functional similarities to biological systems. In parallel, modern advances in biomedical research call for dynamically controllable systems. In infection biology, a progressing bacterial infection can be studied dynamically, at much higher resolution and on a smaller spatial scale than ever before, and it is now understood that minute changes in the tissue microenvironment play pivotal roles in the outcome of infections. This review merges the fields of infection biology and organic bioelectronics, describing the ability of conducting polymer devices to sense, modify, and interact with the infected tissue microenvironment. Though the primary focus is from the perspective of bacterial infections, general examples from cell biology and regenerative medicine are included where relevant. Spatially and temporally controlled biomimetic in vitro systems will greatly aid our molecular understanding of the infection process, thereby providing exciting opportunities for organic bioelectronics in future diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Löffler
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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97
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Liu C, Dong S, Cai P, Liu P, Liu S, Chen J, Liu F, Ying L, Russell TP, Huang F, Cao Y. Donor-Acceptor Copolymers Based on Thermally Cleavable Indigo, Isoindigo, and DPP Units: Synthesis, Field Effect Transistors, and Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9038-9051. [PMID: 25867524 DOI: 10.1021/am5089956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of donor-acceptor type of π-conjugated copolymers based on tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc) substituted indigo, isoindigo or diketopyrrolopyrrole as the acceptor unit and a benzodithiophene derivative as the donor unit was designed and synthesized. These copolymers can be readily dissolved in organic solvents and can produce uniform films by solution deposition. Thermal treatment of copolymer films at 200 °C for 10 min resulted in elimination of t-Boc side groups in nearly quantitative yield as suggested by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The elimination of the bulky t-Boc side groups resulted in the emergence of N-H···O═C hydrogen bonding interactions by virtue of the lactam structures of the indigo, isoindigo and diketopyrrolopyrrole units. Of particular interests is the distinctly increased field-effect mobility of these copolymers after thermal treatment, which may arise from the enhanced coplanarity and intermolecular ordering of the indigo, isoindigo or diketopyrrolopyrrole units after elimination of the bulky t-Boc side groups. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of latent side groups provides a viable strategy to construct conjugated polymers that can attain more ordered intermolecular stacking by simple thermal treatments. On the other hand, despite the thermal cleavage of t-Boc groups can also lead to increased ordering of polymer chains when blending with [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester, the photovoltaic performances of the resulting bulk heterojunction solar cells did not obviously increase due to the serious phase separation and coarsening of the film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Liu
- ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Thomas P Russell
- ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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98
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Persano L, Camposeo A, Pisignano D. Active polymer nanofibers for photonics, electronics, energy generation and micromechanics. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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99
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Synthesis of two-dimensional π-conjugated polymers pendent with benzothiadiazole and naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole moieties for polymer solar cells. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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100
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Tong J, Guo P, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang P, Yang C, Chen D, Xia Y. Synthesis of modified benzothiadiazole-thiophene-cored acceptor and carbazole/indolocarbazole alternating conjugated polymers and their photovoltaic applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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