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Mishra K, Bukavina L, Ghannoum M. Symbiosis and Dysbiosis of the Human Mycobiome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636131. [PMID: 34630340 PMCID: PMC8493257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of microbiological species has gained increased visibility and traction in the medical domain with major revelations about the role of bacteria on symbiosis and dysbiosis. A large reason for these revelations can be attributed to advances in deep-sequencing technologies. However, the research on the role of fungi has lagged. With the continued utilization of sequencing technologies in conjunction with traditional culture assays, we have the opportunity to shed light on the complex interplay between the bacteriome and the mycobiome as they relate to human health. In this review, we aim to offer a comprehensive overview of the human mycobiome in healthy and diseased states in a systematic way. The authors hope that the reader will utilize this review as a scaffolding to formulate their understanding of the mycobiome and pursue further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtishri Mishra
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Laura Bukavina
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Urology Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Center for Medical Mycology, and Integrated Microbiome Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Faria-Gonçalves P, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Virulence Factors as Promoters of Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidosis: A Review. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:755-773. [PMID: 34613569 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of the species of the genus Candida spp. is commensal in humans; however, some are opportunistic pathogens that can cause infection, called candidosis. Among the different types of candidosis, we highlight the vulvovaginal (VVC) which can occur in two main clinical variants: chronic (cVVC) and episodic or sporadic. The incidence of cVVC has been worrying the scientific community, promoting the research on genotypic and phenotypic causes of its occurrence. We summarize important findings on factors that favor chronic vulvovaginal candidosis with respect to molecular epidemiology and the expression of various virulence factors, while clarifying the terminology involving these infections. AIM AND METHODOLOGY The aim of this review was to gather research that linked virulence factors to VVC and its persistence and recurrence, using two databases (Pubmed and Google Scholar). Predisposing factors in women for the occurrence of cVVC and some studies that refer new preventive and alternative therapies were also included, where appropriate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Several studies have been shedding light on the increasing number of persistence and recurrences of VVC. The expression of virulence factors has been related to both chronic forms of VVC and antifungal resistance. Other studies report mutations occurring in the genome of Candida spp. during the infection phase which may be important indications for new therapies. The introduction of preventive therapies and new therapies has revealed great importance and is also highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Faria-Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University Mandume Ya Ndemufayo, Lubango, Angola.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
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53
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Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F. Exploring the global vaginal microbiome and its impact on human health. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105172. [PMID: 34500016 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Around the world, more than 175,000,000 women are diagnosed every year with gynaecological disease, in many cases contributing to high morbidity and mortality. For this reason, knowledge of the composition of the vaginal microbiome and its variations represents a real health challenge, as this is key to improving therapeutic management. This review traces the history of the poorly known vaginal microbiome and focuses on the latest findings concerning this ecosystem. Studies in the past decade have targeted complex bacterial communities within the vagina. However, due to the development of technology and the emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS), the exact definition of the vaginal microbiome has changed and can no longer be linked solely to the presence of bacteria. In order to reach a global view of the vaginal microbiome, it is essential to take into account all microorganisms that the vagina harbours, including fungi, viruses, archaea, and candidate phyla radiation. Although these communities represent only a minimal percentage of the vaginal microbiome, they may act as modifiers of its basic physiology and may play a key role in the maintenance of microbial communities, as well as metabolic and immune functions. Studies of the complex interactions between these different microorganisms have recently begun and are not yet fully understood. Results to date indicate that these microbial communities together constitute the first line of defence against infections. On the other hand, the slightest disturbance in this microbiome may lead to disease. For this reason, enhanced knowledge of these associations is critical to better identify predispositions to certain illnesses, which may open new therapeutic avenues. Currently however, only the tip of the iceberg is understood and current research on this ecosystem is revolutionising our knowledge and understanding of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Abou Chacra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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54
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Khaskheli M, Baloch S, Baloch AS, Shah SGS. Vaginal discharge during pregnancy and associated adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:1302-1308. [PMID: 34475902 PMCID: PMC8377920 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.5.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To observe the effects of vaginal discharge during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: This observational study was undertaken form June 2018 to 31 May 2019 period in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences hospital Jamshoro Unit IV. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 85 pregnant women. All the pregnant women with vaginal discharge were included in the study, while the women with bleeding and other medical disorders during pregnancy were excluded. Data was analyzed. Results: Women’s mean age as 27.4 (±4.7) years and most were 28-35 weeks pregnant (n=29, 34%) and primigravida (n=35, 41%). Seventy six women (89%) presented with vaginal discharge while nine women (11%) reported no vaginal discharge. Of those with vaginal discharge,53 women (69.7%) had vaginal infections: bacterial vaginosis (n=21, 39.6%), vaginal candidiasis (n=17, 32.1%) and vaginal trichomoniasis (n=15, 28.3%). Pathological vaginal discharge (PVD) was associated with vaginal irritation (n=30, p<0.0001), vaginal pain (n=50, p<0.0001), fever (n=12, p=0.015), uterine contractions (n=31, p<0.0001), premature membrane rupture (n=29, p<0.0001), abortion (n=13, p=0.009), pre-term delivery (n=24, p<0.0001) and post-partum endometritis (n=19, p=0.0006). PVD was associated with neonatal outcomes i.e. low birth weight (n=24, p<0.0001), low Apgar score at birth (n=22, p=0.0001), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (n=21, p=0.0002), neonatal intensive care hospitalisation (n=20, p=0.002) and early neonatal death (n=16, p=0.003). Conclusion: Pathological vaginal discharge (PVD) during pregnancy is more frequent and is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meharunnissa Khaskheli
- Meharunnissa Khaskheli, MBBS, FCPS. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shahla Baloch
- Shahla Baloch, MBBS, DGO, FCPS. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Sheeba Baloch
- Aneela Sheeba Baloch, MBBS, DMRD, FCPS. Department of Radiology Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Sarwar Shah
- Syed Ghulam Sarwar Shah, MBBS, MSc, PhD. NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, England, UK. Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, England, UK
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55
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Bohbot JM, Zhioua F. [The benefit of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in the management of vulvovaginal infections]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2021; 49:716-723. [PMID: 33933670 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J-M Bohbot
- Institut Fournier, 25, boulevard Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - F Zhioua
- Unité de procréation médicalement assistée, Département de gynécologie et obstétrique, Hôpital Aziza Othmana, Tunis, Tunisie
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56
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Baldewijns S, Sillen M, Palmans I, Vandecruys P, Van Dijck P, Demuyser L. The Role of Fatty Acid Metabolites in Vaginal Health and Disease: Application to Candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705779. [PMID: 34276639 PMCID: PMC8282898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the vast majority of women encounters at least one vaginal infection during their life, the amount of microbiome-related research performed in this area lags behind compared to alternative niches such as the intestinal tract. As a result, effective means of diagnosis and treatment, especially of recurrent infections, are limited. The role of the metabolome in vaginal health is largely elusive. It has been shown that lactate produced by the numerous lactobacilli present promotes health by limiting the chance of infection. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been mainly linked to dysbiosis, although the causality of this relationship is still under debate. In this review, we aim to bring together information on the role of the vaginal metabolome and microbiome in infections caused by Candida. Vulvovaginal candidiasis affects near to 70% of all women at least once in their life with a significant proportion of women suffering from the recurrent variant. We assess the role of fatty acid metabolites, mainly SCFA and lactate, in onset of infection and virulence of the fungal pathogen. In addition, we pinpoint where lack of research limits our understanding of the molecular processes involved and restricts the possibility of developing novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Baldewijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mart Sillen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Palmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Vandecruys
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
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57
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Menon S, Vartak R, Patel K, Billack B. Evaluation of the antifungal activity of an ebselen-loaded nanoemulsion in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102428. [PMID: 34217850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused by Candida albicans, is a common infection in women affecting their quality of life. Standard antifungal drugs (e.g., fluconazole, itraconazole) are typically fungistatic or rendered ineffective due to drug resistance indicating an urgent need to build an arsenal of novel antifungal agents. To surmount this issue, we tested the hypothesis that the organoselenium compound ebselen (EB) possesses antifungal efficacy in a mouse model of VVC. EB is a poorly water-soluble drug and DMSO as a vehicle has the potential to exhibit cytotoxic effects when administered in vivo. EB loaded self-nanoemulsifying preconcentrate (EB-SNEP) was developed, characterized in vitro, and tested in a mouse model of VVC. In vivo studies carried out with EB-SNEP (12.5 mg/kg) showed a remarkable decrease in infection by ~562-fold compared to control (infected, untreated animals). Taken together, EB nanoemulsion proved to be an effective and promising antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvidha Menon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Richa Vartak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Ketankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA.
| | - Blase Billack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA.
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58
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Han Y, Liu Z, Chen T. Role of Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Gynecological Diseases and the Potential Interventions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643422. [PMID: 34220737 PMCID: PMC8249587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by the loss of Lactobacillus dominance and increase of microbial diversity, is closely related to gynecological diseases; thus, intervention on microbiota composition is significant and promising in the treatment of gynecological diseases. Currently, antibiotics and/or probiotics are the mainstay of treatment, which show favorable therapeutic effects but also bring problems such as drug resistance and high recurrence. In this review, we discuss the role of vaginal microbiota dysbiosis in various gynecological infectious and non-infectious diseases, as well as the current and potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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59
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Lehtoranta L, Hibberd AA, Yeung N, Laitila A, Maukonen J, Ouwehand AC. Short communication: Characterization of vaginal fungal communities in healthy women and women with bacterial vaginosis (BV); a pilot study. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105055. [PMID: 34146644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of the vaginal fungal community, the mycobiota, in women's health is an emerging area of research. Utilization of novel molecular technology enables more in-depth characterization and identification of fungal diversity, and their potential associations to health. The present study is a substudy of a larger observational clinical trial investigating the vaginal microbiota composition before and after antibiotic treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) infection in comparison to the microbiota of healthy women (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03187). Here, we characterized the vaginal mycobiota by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region from vaginal microbial DNA collected from healthy women and women with BV and in relation to their treatment with oral metronidazole. Interestingly, both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts and filamentous fungi consisting of more than 30 different species were detectable from 21 out of 94 vaginal swab samples. The mycobiota was dominated by Candida species (>60% of relative abundance) and especially with Candida albicans in both study groups. The abundance of C. albicans was inversely correlated with fungal diversity but did not correlate with Nugent scores. Metronidazole did not seem to have a major effect on the relative abundance of C. albicans. The results revealed the diversity of the fungal community within healthy and BV-infected women, which is worth exploring further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Lehtoranta
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland.
| | - Ashley A Hibberd
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, 4300 Duncan Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Nicolas Yeung
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arja Laitila
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- IFF Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN-02460 Kantvik, Finland
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60
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Candida albicans triggers qualitative and temporal responses in gut bacteria. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101164. [PMID: 34147760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and fungi are collectively beneficial in maintaining the balance of the gut microflora and preventing gastrointestinal diseases. However, the contributions of specific bacterial species in response to fungal dysbiosis in the gut remain poorly defined. Here, to understand the dynamic changes, we established acute a challenge with Candida albicans in mice treated without antibiotics and analyzed the changes in the diversity of bacteria during the imbalance in intestinal C. albicans with high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Our results showed significant increases in species diversity after the first day of fungal challenge and the restoration of balance among the gut microflora on the third day of challenge. To explore the interactions between the intestinal bacteria and C. albicans, the antifungal activities of bacteria isolated from the mouse feces were also determined. Nineteen aerobic bacteria with antifungal activity were identified with whole 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These bacteria were isolated on the first day of challenge more than on the third day. These results suggested that the commensal intestinal bacteria may protect the host against fungal dysbiosis in the gut by altering their own species diversity. The interaction between bacteria and fungi in the gut may be the key to maintaining the dynamic balance of microorganisms in the context of environmental changes.
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61
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Carson L, Merkatz R, Martinelli E, Boyd P, Variano B, Sallent T, Malcolm RK. The Vaginal Microbiota, Bacterial Biofilms and Polymeric Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050751. [PMID: 34069590 PMCID: PMC8161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and dynamics of the microbial species populating the human vagina are increasingly understood to play a pivotal role in vaginal health. However, our knowledge about the potential interactions between the vaginal microbiota and vaginally administered drug delivery systems is still rather limited. Several drug-releasing vaginal ring products are currently marketed for hormonal contraception and estrogen replacement therapy, and many others are in preclinical and clinical development for these and other clinical indications. As with all implantable polymeric devices, drug-releasing vaginal rings are subject to surface bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, mostly associated with endogenous microorganisms present in the vagina. Despite more than 50 years since the vaginal ring concept was first described, there has been only limited study and reporting around bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on rings. With increasing interest in the vaginal microbiome and vaginal ring technology, this timely review article provides an overview of: (i) the vaginal microbiota, (ii) biofilm formation in the human vagina and its potential role in vaginal dysbiosis, (iii) mechanistic aspects of biofilm formation on polymeric surfaces, (iv) polymeric materials used in the manufacture of vaginal rings, (v) surface morphology characteristics of rings, (vi) biomass accumulation and biofilm formation on vaginal rings, and (vii) regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Ruth Merkatz
- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.M.); (E.M.); (B.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.M.); (E.M.); (B.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Bruce Variano
- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.M.); (E.M.); (B.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Teresa Sallent
- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA; (R.M.); (E.M.); (B.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Robert Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (L.C.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Crossing Kingdoms: How the Mycobiota and Fungal-Bacterial Interactions Impact Host Health and Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00648-20. [PMID: 33526565 PMCID: PMC8090948 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00648-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. However, research from this past decade has started to complete the picture by focusing on important but largely neglected constituents of the microbiota: fungi, viruses, and archaea. The community of commensal fungi, also called the mycobiota, interacts with commensal bacteria and the host. It is thus not surprising that changes in the mycobiota have significant impact on host health and are associated with pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review we will give an overview of why the mycobiota is an important research area and different mycobiota research tools. We will specifically focus on distinguishing transient and actively colonizing fungi of the oral and gut mycobiota and their roles in health and disease. In addition to correlative and observational studies, we will discuss mechanistic studies on specific cross-kingdom interactions of fungi, bacteria, and the host.
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63
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Eastment MC, Balkus JE, Richardson BA, Srinivasan S, Kimani J, Anzala O, Schwebke J, Fiedler TL, Fredricks DN, McClelland RS. Association Between Vaginal Bacterial Microbiota and Vaginal Yeast Colonization. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:914-923. [PMID: 32726445 PMCID: PMC7938175 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal yeast is frequently found with Lactobacillus-dominant microbiota. The relationship between vaginal yeast and other bacteria has not been well characterized. METHODS These analyses utilized data from the Preventing Vaginal Infections trial. Relative abundance of vaginal bacteria from 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplicon sequencing and quantities of 10 vaginal bacteria using taxon-directed polymerase chain reaction assays were compared at visits with and without detection of yeast on microscopy, culture, or both. RESULTS Higher relative abundances of Megasphaera species type 1 (risk ratio [RR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.95), Megasphaera species type 2 (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98), and Mageeibacillus indolicus (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.83) were associated with lower risk of detecting yeast. In contrast, higher relative abundances of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Aerococcus christensenii, Lactobacillus mucosae, Streptococcus equinus/infantarius/lutentiensis, Prevotella bivia, Dialister propionicifaciens, and Lactobacillus crispatus/helveticus were associated with yeast detection. Taxon-directed assays confirmed that increasing quantities of both Megasphaera species and M indolicus were associated with lower risk of detecting yeast, whereas increasing quantities of L crispatus were associated with higher risk of detecting yeast. CONCLUSIONS Despite an analysis that examined associations between multiple vaginal bacteria and the presence of yeast, only a small number of vaginal bacteria were strongly and significantly associated with the presence or absence of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna C Eastment
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer E Balkus
- Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sujatha Srinivasan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua Kimani
- University of Nairobi, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI)-Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Schwebke
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tina L Fiedler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David N Fredricks
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Scott McClelland
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Nairobi, Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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64
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Dutta P, Lu YJ, Hsieh HY, Lee TY, Lee YT, Cheng CM, Fan YJ. Detection of Candida albicans Using a Manufactured Electrochemical Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:166. [PMID: 33567542 PMCID: PMC7915424 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that is responsible for a lot of nosocomial infections in immunocompromised people. Cell culture is currently the predominant method for diagnosing candidiasis, but it is time consuming. In this study, we developed a rapid screen procedure by devising a method for detecting C. albicans with the use of electrochemical sensors. Through this experiment, we propose a method for the detection of C. albicans in the system through the use of personal glucose meters. The hemicellulase was used to break down the cell wall of C. albicans to glucose and oligo, which can be detected by a glucose meter. The spiked samples were prepared suspending C. albicans in urine and serum, demonstrating the feasibility of the developed method in a real situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Dutta
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jung Lu
- Division of Family and Operative Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Han-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Tyng-Yuh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yi-Tzu Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- International Ph.D. Program for Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
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65
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Carrillo-Ng H, Becerra-Goicochea L, Tarazona-Castro Y, Pinillos-Vilca L, Del Valle LJ, Aguilar-Luis MA, Tinco-Valdez C, Silva-Caso W, Martins-Luna J, Peña-Tuesta I, Aquino-Ortega R, Del Valle-Mendoza J. Variations in cervico-vaginal microbiota among HPV-positive and HPV-negative asymptomatic women in Peru. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:4. [PMID: 33407849 PMCID: PMC7788800 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize the cervicovaginal microbiota of HPV-positive and HPV-negative asymptomatic Peruvian women, by identifying the presence of 13 representative bacteria genus. Results A total of 100 HPV-positive and 100 HPV-negative women were matched by age for comparison of microbiota. The following bacteria were more frequently identified in HPV-positive patients compared to HPV-negative: Eubacterium (68 vs 32%), Actinobacteria (46 vs 33%), Fusobacterium (11 vs 6%) and Bacteroides (20 vs 13%). A comparison between high-risk and low-risk genotypes was performed and differences were found in the detection of Actinobacteria (50 vs 33.33%), Bifidobacterium (50 vs 20.83%) and Enterococcus (50 vs 29.17%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Yordi Tarazona-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.,Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Carmen Tinco-Valdez
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. .,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Isaac Peña-Tuesta
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Ronald Aquino-Ortega
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru.,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana Del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research and Innovation Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. San Marcos Cuadra 2, Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. .,Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
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66
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Pierce EC, Morin M, Little JC, Liu RB, Tannous J, Keller NP, Pogliano K, Wolfe BE, Sanchez LM, Dutton RJ. Bacterial-fungal interactions revealed by genome-wide analysis of bacterial mutant fitness. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:87-102. [PMID: 33139882 PMCID: PMC8515420 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial interactions are expected to be major determinants of microbiome structure and function. Although fungi are found in diverse microbiomes, their interactions with bacteria remain largely uncharacterized. In this work, we characterize interactions in 16 different bacterial-fungal pairs, examining the impacts of 8 different fungi isolated from cheese rind microbiomes on 2 bacteria (Escherichia coli and a cheese-isolated Pseudomonas psychrophila). Using random barcode transposon-site sequencing with an analysis pipeline that allows statistical comparisons between different conditions, we observed that fungal partners caused widespread changes in the fitness of bacterial mutants compared to growth alone. We found that all fungal species modulated the availability of iron and biotin to bacterial species, which suggests that these may be conserved drivers of bacterial-fungal interactions. Species-specific interactions were also uncovered, a subset of which suggested fungal antibiotic production. Changes in both conserved and species-specific interactions resulted from the deletion of a global regulator of fungal specialized metabolite production. This work highlights the potential for broad impacts of fungi on bacterial species within microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Pierce
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manon Morin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica C Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roland B Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel J Dutton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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67
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Assessing the Genomic Variability of Gardnerella vaginalis through Comparative Genomic Analyses: Evolutionary and Ecological Implications. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:AEM.02188-20. [PMID: 33097505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02188-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardnerella vaginalis is described as a common anaerobic vaginal bacterium whose presence may correlate with vaginal dysbiotic conditions. In the current study, we performed phylogenomic analyses of 72 G. vaginalis genome sequences, revealing noteworthy genome differences underlying a polyphyletic organization of this taxon. Particularly, the genomic survey revealed that this species may actually include nine distinct genotypes (GGtype1 to GGtype9). Furthermore, the observed link between sialidase and phylogenomic grouping provided clues of a connection between virulence potential and the evolutionary history of this microbial taxon. Specifically, based on the outcomes of these in silico analyses, GGtype3, GGtype7, GGtype8, and GGtype9 appear to have virulence potential since they exhibited the sialidase gene in their genomes. Notably, the analysis of 34 publicly available vaginal metagenomic samples allowed us to trace the distribution of the nine G. vaginalis genotypes identified in this study among the human population, highlighting how differences in genetic makeup could be related to specific ecological properties. Furthermore, comparative genomic analyses provided details about the G. vaginalis pan- and core genome contents, including putative genetic elements involved in the adaptation to the ecological niche as well as many putative virulence factors. Among these putative virulence factors, particularly noteworthy genes identified were the gene encoding cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) toxin vaginolysin and genes related to microbial biofilm formation, iron uptake, adhesion to the vaginal epithelium, as well as macrolide antibiotic resistance.IMPORTANCE The identification of nine different genotypes among members of G. vaginalis allowed us to distinguish an uneven distribution of virulence-associated genetic traits within this taxon and thus suggest the potential occurrence of putative pathogen and commensal G. vaginalis strains. These findings, coupled with metagenomics microbial profiling of human vaginal microbiota, permitted us to get insights into the distribution of the genotypes among the human population, highlighting the presence of different structural communities in terms of G. vaginalis genotypes.
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68
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Zhang L, Li C, Zhai Y, Feng L, Bai K, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Li T, Li D, Li H, Cui P, Chen D, Wang H, Yang X. Analysis of the vaginal microbiome of giant pandas using metagenomics sequencing. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1131. [PMID: 33205903 PMCID: PMC7755806 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 14 vaginal samples (GPV1‐14) from giant pandas were analyzed. These vaginal samples were divided into two groups as per the region and age of giant pandas. All the vaginal samples were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing. As per the outcomes of metagenomic analysis, Proteobacteria (39.04%), Firmicutes (5.27%), Actinobacteria (2.94%), and Basidiomycota (2.77%) were found to be the dominant phyla in the microbiome of the vaginal samples. At the genus level, Pseudomonas (21.90%) was found to be the most dominant genus, followed by Streptococcus (3.47%), Psychrobacter (1.89%), and Proteus (1.38%). Metastats analysis of the microbial species in the vaginal samples of giant pandas from Wolong Nature Reserve, Dujiangyan and Ningbo Youngor Zoo, and Ya'an Bifengxia Nature Reserve was found to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Age groups, that is, AGE1 (5‐10 years old) and AGE2 (11‐16 years old), also demonstrated significantly different inter‐group microbial species (p < 0.05). For the first time, Chlamydia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were detected in giant pandas’ reproductive tract. GPV3 vaginal sample (2.63%) showed highest Chlamydia content followed by GPV14 (0.91%), and GPV7 (0.62%). GPV5 vaginal sample (7.17%) showed the highest Neisseria gonorrhoeae content, followed by GPV14 (7.02%), and GPV8 (6.50%). Furthermore, we employed eggNOG, CAZy, KEGG, and NCBI databases to investigate the functional significance of giant panda's vaginal microbial community. The outcomes indicated that giant panda's vaginal microbes were involved in biological processes. The data from this study will help in improving the reproductive health of giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Caiwu Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Qionglai Mountains Conservation Biology of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants National Permanent Scientific Research Base, Dujiangyan, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Keke Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Qionglai Mountains Conservation Biology of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants National Permanent Scientific Research Base, Dujiangyan, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Qionglai Mountains Conservation Biology of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants National Permanent Scientific Research Base, Dujiangyan, PR China
| | - Ti Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Qionglai Mountains Conservation Biology of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants National Permanent Scientific Research Base, Dujiangyan, PR China
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park, Qionglai Mountains Conservation Biology of Endangered Wild Animals and Plants National Permanent Scientific Research Base, Dujiangyan, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Danyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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James SA, Phillips S, Telatin A, Baker D, Ansorge R, Clarke P, Hall LJ, Carding SR. Preterm Infants Harbour a Rapidly Changing Mycobiota That Includes Candida Pathobionts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E273. [PMID: 33182444 PMCID: PMC7712117 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and the mycobiome are a fundamental part of the human microbiome that contributes to human health and development. Despite this, relatively little is known about the mycobiome of the preterm infant gut. Here, we have characterised faecal fungal communities present in 11 premature infants born with differing degrees of prematurity and mapped how the mycobiome develops during early infancy. Using an ITS1 sequencing-based approach, the preterm infant gut mycobiome was found to be often dominated by a single species, typically a yeast. Candida was the most abundant genus, with the pathobionts C.albicans and C.parapsilosis highly prevalent and persistent in these infants. Gestational maturity at birth affected the distribution and abundance of these Candida, with hospital-associated C.parapsilosis more prevalent and abundant in infants born at less than 31 weeks. Fungal diversity was lowest at 6 months, but increased with age and change of diet, with food-associated Saccharomycescerevisiae most abundant in infants post weaning. This study provides a first insight into the fungal communities present within the preterm infant gut, identifying distinctive features including the prominence of pathobiont species, and the influence age and environmental factors play in shaping the development of the mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. James
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - David Baker
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Rebecca Ansorge
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Paul Clarke
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Ziel—Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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70
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Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:203. [PMID: 33160356 PMCID: PMC7648308 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jeng Yang Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Abbasi A, Aghebati-Maleki A, Yousefi M, Aghebati-Maleki L. Probiotic intervention as a potential therapeutic for managing gestational disorders and improving pregnancy outcomes. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103244. [PMID: 33186834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular investigations have significantly developed our knowledge of the characteristics of the reproductive microbiome and their associations with host responses to provide an ideal milieu for the development of the embryo during the peri-implantation period and throughout pregnancy as well as to provide a successful in vitro fertilization and appropriate reproductive outcomes. In this context, the establishment of microbial homeostasis in the female reproductive tract, in various physiological periods, is a substantial challenge, which appears the application of probiotics can facilitate the achievement of this goal. So that, currently, probiotics due to its safe and natural features can be considered as a novel biotherapeutic approach. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the bacterial, fungal, and viral diversity detected in the reproductive tract, and their associations with the establishment of dysbiosis/eubiosis conditions as well as we present the significant outcomes on probiotic intervention as an efficient biotherapeutic strategy for management of gestational disorders and improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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72
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Matsui H, Higashide M, Hanaki H. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of Candida species from oropharyngeal samples. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 179:106090. [PMID: 33129918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infectious disease. Culture methods and microscopy are used to detect the presence of Candida species in clinical specimens. We have previously developed an immunochromatographic test (ICT) to enable the simple and rapid diagnosis of candidiasis. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the ICT for the detection of Candida species from pharyngeal swabs and compared the results with those of the culture method. The isolated Candida species were identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and viable cell counts were determined using selective chromogenic agar. The detection rate of C. albicans was 63.3% and 0% among ≤102 and ≥ 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of viable Candida cells from pharyngeal swabs, respectively. The detection rate of nonC. albicans Candida species, especially C. glabrata, increased commensurately from 16.7% at ≤102 CFU/mL to 75.0% at ≥106 CFU/mL. Among the 300 pharyngeal swabs analyzed, 59 cultures detected Candida species at a count of >103 CFU/mL (53 were ICT-positive). Of the remaining 241 culture-negative specimens, 219 were ICT-negative. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the ICT were 89.8%, 90.9%, and 90.7%, respectively. Taken together, the ICT evaluated can be made readily available for clinical use in detecting Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Matsui
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Higashide
- Kotobiken Medical Laboratories, Inc., 445-1, Kamiyokoba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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73
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Vaginal Yeast Infection. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-020-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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74
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Ardizzoni A, Sala A, Colombari B, Giva LB, Cermelli C, Peppoloni S, Vecchiarelli A, Roselletti E, Blasi E, Wheeler RT, Pericolini E. Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (pANCA) Impair Neutrophil Candidacidal Activity and Are Increased in the Cellular Fraction of Vaginal Samples from Women with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040225. [PMID: 33081210 PMCID: PMC7712103 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is primarily caused by Candida albicans and affects 75% of childbearing age women. Although C. albicans can colonize asymptomatically, disease is associated with an increased Candida burden, a loss of epithelial tolerance and a breakdown in vaginal microbiota homeostasis. VVC symptoms have been ascribed to a powerful inflammatory response associated with the infiltration of non-protective neutrophils (PMN). Here, we compared the immunological characteristics of vaginal fluids and cellular protein extracts obtained from 28 VVC women and from 23 healthy women colonized by Candida spp. We measured the levels of antibodies against fungal antigens and human autoantigens (anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), C. albicans germ tube antibodies (CAGTAs) and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA)), in addition to other immunological markers. Our results show that the pANCA levels detected in the cellular protein extracts from the vaginal fluids of symptomatic women were significantly higher than those obtained from healthy colonized women. Consistent with a potential physiologically relevant role for this pANCA, we found that specific anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies could completely neutralize the ex vivo killing capacity of polymorphonuclear cells. Collectively, this preliminary study suggests for the first time that pANCA are found in the pathogenic vaginal environment and can promptly impair neutrophil function against Candida, potentially preventing a protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Arianna Sala
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Bruna Colombari
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Lavinia Beatrice Giva
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio, 41225 Emilia, Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cermelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio, 41225 Emilia, Modena, Italy;
| | - Samuele Peppoloni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio, 41225 Emilia, Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Vecchiarelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Elena Roselletti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio, 41225 Emilia, Modena, Italy;
| | - Robert T. Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: (R.T.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio, 41125 Emilia, Modena, Italy; (A.A.); (A.S.); (B.C.); (C.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.)
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio, 41225 Emilia, Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.T.W.); (E.P.)
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75
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Gupta P, Singh MP, Goyal K. Diversity of Vaginal Microbiome in Pregnancy: Deciphering the Obscurity. Front Public Health 2020; 8:326. [PMID: 32793540 PMCID: PMC7393601 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human microbiota plays an indispensable role in physiology, nutrition and most significantly, in imparting immunity. The role of microbiota has remained cryptic for years, until recently meticulous studies revealed the interaction and dynamics of these microbial communities. This diversified state is governed by hormonal, behavioral and physio-chemical changes in the genital tract. Many inclusive studies have revealed "Lactobacillus" to be the most dominant member of vaginal flora in most of the healthy, reproductive age group and pregnant females. A total of five community state types have been described, out of which four are dominated by Lactobacillus while the fifth one by facultative or strict anaerobic species. A variation between species stability and gestational age has also been revealed. Studies have divulged a significant higher stability of vaginal microbiota in early stages of pregnancy and the same increased subsequently. Inter-species and racial variation has shown women belonging to White, Asian, and Caucasian race to harbor more of the anaerobic flora. The vaginal microbiome in pregnancy play a significant role in preterm and spontaneous labor. This Lactobacillus-rich microbiome falls tremendously, becoming more diverse in post-partum period. Apart from these known bacterial communities in human vagina, other microbial communities have also been traced. The major fragment is constituted by vaginal viral virome and very little information exists in relation to vaginal mycobiome. Studies have revealed the abundance of ds DNA viruses in vaginal microbiome, followed by ssDNA, and few unidentified viruses. The eukaryotic viruses detected were very few, with Herpesvirales, and Papillomaviridae being the only pathogenic ones. This flora is transmitted to infants either via maternal gut, vagina or breast milk. Recent studies have given an insight for vaginal microbiome, dissociating the old concept of "healthy" and "diseased." However, more extensive studies are required to study evolution of virome and mycobiome in relation to their association with bacterial communities; to establish and decode full array of vaginal virome under the influence of genotypic and environmental factors, using novel bioinformatic, multi-omic, statistical model, and CRISPR/Cas approaches.
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76
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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77
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Mjelle R, Aass KR, Sjursen W, Hofsli E, Sætrom P. sMETASeq: Combined Profiling of Microbiota and Host Small RNAs. iScience 2020; 23:101131. [PMID: 32422595 PMCID: PMC7229328 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding microbial communities' roles in human health and disease requires methods that accurately characterize the microbial composition and their activity and effects within human biological samples. We present sMETASeq (small RNA Metagenomics by Sequencing), a novel method that uses sequencing of small RNAs to jointly measure host small RNA expression and create metagenomic profiles and detect small bacterial RNAs. We evaluated the performance of sMETASeq on a mock bacterial community and demonstrated its use on different human samples, including colon cancer, oral leukoplakia, cervix cancer, and a panel of human biofluids. In all datasets, the detected microbes reflected the biology of the different sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mjelle
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Bioinformatics Core Facility-BioCore, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Kristin Roseth Aass
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Wenche Sjursen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Eva Hofsli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7030, Norway; The Cancer Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Department of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway; Bioinformatics Core Facility-BioCore, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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78
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Cordeiro RDA, de Andrade ARC, Portela FVM, Pereira LMG, Moura SGB, Sampaio MD, Pereira EMA, de Melo Guedes GM, Bandeira SP, de Lima-Neto RG, Melo VMM, Brilhante RSN, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Proposal for a microcosm biofilm model for the study of vulvovaginal candidiasis. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:610-620. [PMID: 32619353 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1785435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a microcosm biofilm (MiB) model for the study of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Different conditions that mimic the vaginal environment were tested for MiB formation. The best growth conditions were obtained with samples incubated in vaginal fluid simulator medium pH 4.5 at 35 °C under a microaerophilic atmosphere. MiBs were evaluated for growth kinetics, fluconazole susceptibility and morphology. Samples containing high numbers of bacteria were analyzed for metagenomics. At 48 h, MiBs presented a higher cell density (CFU ml-1), a higher biomass and tolerance to fluconazole than their corresponding monospecies biofilms. Morphological analysis of MiBs revealed blastoconidia preferentially adhered to epithelial cells. Abundant Lactobacillus spp. were detected in two clinical samples; their MiBs showed a lower biomass and a higher fluconazole susceptibility. The proposed model proved to be a useful tool for the study of the complex microbial relationship in the vaginal environment, and may help to find new strategies for VVC control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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79
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Donders G, Bellen G, Oerlemans E, Claes I, Ruban K, Henkens T, Kiekens F, Lebeer S. The use of 3 selected lactobacillary strains in vaginal probiotic gel for the treatment of acute Candida vaginitis: a proof-of-concept study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1551-1558. [PMID: 32356027 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggest that certain probiotic bacterial strains have potential activity against opportunistic infections such as Candida. There are few in vivo trials using probiotics as a single treatment for acute Candida vulvovaginitis (CV). In this open-label, proof-of-concept study, selected Lactobacillus strains were tested in women with acute Candida vaginitis. Twenty women diagnosed with proven, symptomatic CV were instructed to administer a vaginal probiotic gel with L. plantarum YUN-V2.0, L. pentosus YUN-V1.0 and L. rhamnosus YUN-S1.0 for 10 consecutive days. Vaginal rinsing fluid, vaginal culture swab and vaginal smear for fresh wet-mount microscopy were collected before and 7, 14 and 28 days after start of treatment. On average, participating women were 39 years old and had an history of 5 vaginal infections of which 95% was CV. Nine women (45%) completed the study without the need of rescue medication. Women who needed rescue treatment experienced twice as much Candida infections in the past. A negative correlation was found between the clinical composite score and the time to use rescue medication (R2 = 0.127). Seventy-four per cent of participants found the study gel comfortable to use, and 42% of all women would use the tested gel again for this indication. Forty-five per cent of women were treated successfully for acute CV with a novel vaginal gel containing 3 selected Lactobacillus strains. Patients needing rescue treatment were suffering from more severe and long-standing disease. These results warrant for further testing of this new product, especially of its potential in cases with mild to moderate severity, as an adjuvant to antimycotics or as a preventive measure in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Donders
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, Gasthuismolenstraat 31, 3300, Tienen, Belgium. .,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gert Bellen
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, Gasthuismolenstraat 31, 3300, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Eline Oerlemans
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research group Environmental Ecology and Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingmar Claes
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research group Environmental Ecology and Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,YUN NV, Aartselaar, Belgium
| | - Kateryna Ruban
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, Gasthuismolenstraat 31, 3300, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Tim Henkens
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research group Environmental Ecology and Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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80
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Gaziano R, Sabbatini S, Roselletti E, Perito S, Monari C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Based Probiotics as Novel Antimicrobial Agents to Prevent and Treat Vaginal Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:718. [PMID: 32373104 PMCID: PMC7186379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal infections affect 70% of women during their lifetimes and account for millions of annual doctors’ visits. These infections are predominantly represented by vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Although standard antimicrobial agents remain the major strategy for the prevention and treatment of vaginal infections, both VVC and BV are difficult to treat due to high rates of resistance and recurrence, high probability of complications, and negative effects on the vaginal microbiota. This review focuses on a new approach of yeast-based probiotics for the prevention and/or treatment of these common vaginal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Roselletti
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Perito
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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81
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Łaniewski P, Ilhan ZE, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. The microbiome and gynaecological cancer development, prevention and therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:232-250. [PMID: 32071434 PMCID: PMC9977514 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT), similar to other mucosal sites, harbours a site-specific microbiome, which has an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis. In the majority of women of reproductive age, the microbiota of the lower FRT (vagina and cervix) microenvironment is dominated by Lactobacillus species, which benefit the host through symbiotic relationships. By contrast, the upper FRT (uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries) might be sterile in healthy individuals or contain a low-biomass microbiome with a diverse mixture of microorganisms. When dysbiosis occurs, altered immune and metabolic signalling can affect hallmarks of cancer, including chronic inflammation, epithelial barrier breach, changes in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, genome instability, angiogenesis and metabolic dysregulation. These pathophysiological changes might lead to gynaecological cancer. Emerging evidence shows that genital dysbiosis and/or specific bacteria might have an active role in the development and/or progression and metastasis of gynaecological malignancies, such as cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancers, through direct and indirect mechanisms, including modulation of oestrogen metabolism. Cancer therapies might also alter microbiota at sites throughout the body. Reciprocally, microbiota composition can influence the efficacy and toxic effects of cancer therapies, as well as quality of life following cancer treatment. Modulation of the microbiome via probiotics or microbiota transplant might prove useful in improving responsiveness to cancer treatment and quality of life. Elucidating these complex host-microbiome interactions, including the crosstalk between distal and local sites, will translate into interventions for prevention, therapeutic efficacy and toxic effects to enhance health outcomes for women with gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Łaniewski
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine – Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA,UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Phoenix/Tucson, AZ, USA,Correspondence:
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82
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Colonization Resistance in the Infant Gut: The Role of B. infantis in Reducing pH and Preventing Pathogen Growth. High Throughput 2020; 9:ht9020007. [PMID: 32230716 PMCID: PMC7349288 DOI: 10.3390/ht9020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, there has been a steady increase in the stool pH of infants from industrialized countries. Analysis of historical data revealed a strong association between abundance of Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiome of breasted infants and stool pH, suggesting that this taxon plays a key role in determining the pH in the gut. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is uniquely equipped to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) from breastmilk into acidic end products, mainly lactate and acetate. The presence of these acidic compounds in the infant gut is linked to a lower stool pH. Conversely, infants lacking B. infantis have a significantly higher stool pH, carry a higher abundance of potential pathogens and mucus-eroding bacteria in their gut microbiomes, and have signs of chronic enteric inflammation. This suggests the presence of B. infantis and low intestinal pH may be critical to maintaining a protective environment in the infant gut. Here, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that feeding B. infantis EVC001 to breastfed infants results in significantly lower fecal pH compared to controls and propose that low pH is one critical factor in preventing the invasion and overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the infant gut, a process known as colonization resistance.
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83
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Song R, Yan F, Cheng M, Dong F, Lin Y, Wang Y, Song B. Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Exopolysaccharide/Nystatin Nanoemulsion for Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2027-2044. [PMID: 32273700 PMCID: PMC7104221 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As one of the classic anti-Canidia albicans (CA) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) drugs, nystatin (NYS) is limited by poor water solubility and easy aggregation. Traditional NYS vaginal delivery formulations do not fully adapt to the specific environment of the vaginal cavity. The use of exopolysaccharides (EPS) has great application potential in emulsifiers, but its use has not been reported in nanoemulsions. In this work, an EPS/NYS nanoemulsion (ENNE) was developed to improve the activities of NYS against CA and VVC. METHODS The ENNE was prepared by ultrasonic method using EPS as an emulsifier, liquid paraffin oil as an oil phase, PEG400 as a co-emulsifier, and NYS as the loaded drug. ENNE preparation was optimized by response surface method. After optimization, in vitro and in vivo analysis of the anti-CA activity; animal experiments; staining with propidium iodide (PI), periodic acid-schiff (PAS), and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E); and cytokine experiments were performed to investigate the therapeutic ability against VVC. RESULTS The optimal formulation and preparation parameters of ENNE were determined as follows: EPS content of 1.5%, PEG400 content of 3.2%, NYS content of 700 μg/mL, paraffin oil content of 5.0%, ultrasonic time of 15 min, and ultrasonic amplitude of 35%. The ENNE showed an encapsulated structure with an average particle size of 131.1 ± 4.32 nm. ENNE exhibited high storage and pH stability, as well as slow release. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ENNE against CA was only 0.125 μg/mL and the inhibition zone was 19.0 ± 0.5 mm, for greatly improved anti-CA effect. The prepared ENNE destroyed the membrane of CA cells, and exhibited good anti-CA effect in vivo and therapeutic ability against VVC. CONCLUSION The results of this study will promote the application of EPS in nanotechnology, which should lead to new and effective local drug formulations for treating VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiteng Song
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fakun Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Medical Imaging Specialty, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong261053, People’s Republic of China
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84
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Stout MJ, Wylie TN, Gula H, Miller A, Wylie KM. The microbiome of the human female reproductive tract. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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85
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Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: An Immunological Perspective. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020144. [PMID: 31972980 PMCID: PMC7074770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a widespread vaginal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans. VVC affects up to 75% of women of childbearing age once in their life, and up to 9% of women in different populations experience more than three episodes per year, which is defined as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). RVVC results in diminished quality of life as well as increased associated healthcare costs. For a long time, VVC has been considered the outcome of inadequate host defenses against Candida colonization, as in the case of primary immunodeficiencies associated with persistent fungal infections and insufficient clearance. Intensive research in recent decades has led to a new hypothesis that points toward a local mucosal overreaction of the immune system rather than a defective host response to Candida colonization. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the host immune response in VVC pathogenesis and suggests that a tightly regulated fungus-host-microbiota interplay might exert a protective role against recurrent Candida infections.
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86
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Azevedo MJ, Pereira MDL, Araujo R, Ramalho C, Zaura E, Sampaio-Maia B. Influence of delivery and feeding mode in oral fungi colonization - a systematic review. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2020; 7:36-45. [PMID: 32025512 PMCID: PMC6993125 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.02.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal acquisition of microorganisms from maternal and environmental sources contributes to the child microbiome development. Several studies showed that the mode of delivery and breastfeeding may have impact on the oral bacterial colonization, however, the influence on oral fungal colonization is still unknown. We performed a systematic literature review on mother to child oral fungi transmission, namely regarding the association between the mode of delivery and breastfeeding in oral yeast colonization. Our analysis revealed no significant differences between the oral mycobiome of breastfed and bottle-fed children. As for the delivery mode, the majority of studies found a relation between fungal colonization and vaginal delivery. Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated fungi species. Our analysis suggests that maternal breastfeeding does not seem to influence oral mycology, but vaginal delivery appears to promote oral yeast colonization in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joao Azevedo
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- EpiUnit- Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Dept. Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia
| | - Carla Ramalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Egija Zaura
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Microorganisms that reside within or transmit through arthropod reproductive tissues have profound impacts on host reproduction, health and evolution. In this Review, we discuss select principles of the biology of microorganisms in arthropod reproductive tissues, including bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi. We review models of specific symbionts, routes of transmission, and the physiological and evolutionary outcomes for both hosts and microorganisms. We also identify areas in need of continuing research, to answer the fundamental questions that remain in fields within and beyond arthropod-microorganism associations. New opportunities for research in this area will drive a broader understanding of major concepts as well as the biodiversity, mechanisms and translational applications of microorganisms that interact with host reproductive tissues.
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88
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Scott NA, Mann ER. Regulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by the microbiota at mucosal sites. Immunology 2020; 159:26-38. [PMID: 31777068 PMCID: PMC6904663 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues contain distinct microbial communities that differ drastically depending on the barrier site, and as such, mucosal immune responses have evolved to be tailored specifically for their location. Whether protective or regulatory immune responses against invading pathogens or the commensal microbiota occur is controlled by local mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). Comprising macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), the functions of these cells are highly dependent on the local environment. For example, the intestine contains the greatest bacterial load of any site in the body, and hence, intestinal MNPs are hyporesponsive to bacterial stimulation. This is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which harmful immune responses directed against the trillions of harmless bacteria that line the gut lumen are avoided. Regulation of MNP function by the microbiota has been characterized in the most depth in the intestine but there are several mucosal sites that also contain their own microbiota. In this review, we present an overview of how MNP function is regulated by the microbiota at mucosal sites, highlighting recent novel pathways by which this occurs in the intestine, and new studies elucidating these interactions at mucosal sites that have been characterized in less depth, including the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Scott
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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89
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Azzam SZ, Cayme GJ, Martinez LR. Polymicrobial interactions involving fungi and their importance for the environment and in human disease. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103942. [PMID: 31881258 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding polymicrobial interactions involving fungi in the environment and the human mycobiome is necessary to address environmental and medically related problems such as drought or antimicrobial resistance. The diversity of these interactions highlights the complexity of fungi, considering how some interactions can be antagonistic, while others synergistic. Over the years, an increase in studies on the mycobiome have revealed similarities between the human and environmental hosts. More recently, studies have focused on microbial commensal relationships and identifying causative agents of human disease. The overlap of some of these interactions is impossible to ignore, indicating that there are areas for medical exploitation that need to be further investigated. This review provides the latest advances in polymicrobial interactions involving fungi and discusses the importance of the fungal lifestyle in the environment and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Z Azzam
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ginelle J Cayme
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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90
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Zangl I, Pap IJ, Aspöck C, Schüller C. The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 7:1-14. [PMID: 31921929 PMCID: PMC6946018 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.01.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities have an important role in health and disease. Candida spp. are ubiquitous commensals and sometimes opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans, colonizing mucosal surfaces of the genital, urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the oral cavity. They mainly cause local mucosal infections in immune competent individuals. However, in the case of an ineffective immune defense, Candida infections may become a serious threat. Lactobacillus spp. are part of the human microbiome and are natural competitors of Candida in the vaginal environment. Lactic acid, low pH and other secreted metabolites are environmental signals sensed by fungal species present in the microbiome. This review briefly discusses the ternary interaction between host, Lactobacillus species and Candida with regard to fungal infections and the potential antifungal and fungistatic effect of Lactobacillus species. Our understanding of these interactions is incomplete due to the variability of the involved species and isolates and the complexity of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Aspöck
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Schüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria.,Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), BOKU, Tulln, Austria
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91
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Ramírez-Lozada T, Espinosa-Hernández VM, Frías-De-León MG, Martínez-Herrera E. Update of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Patients. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-019-00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotypic switching of Candida spp. plays an important role in the development of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Farnesol, as a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans, has the ability to prevent yeast-to-hyphal conversion in vitro. However, the mechanism underlying this ability is unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in protein levels to better understand how farnesol impacts processes contributing to VVC. METHODS The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation technique was used to detect protein expression in C. albicans strain SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876) with or without farnesol exposure. Proteins with a threshold fold change greater than 1.5 were screened and considered differentially expressed proteins. All the altered proteins were analyzed using Gene Ontology annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation, and metabolic pathway annotation. RESULTS Between the farnesol-exposed group and the farnesol-unexposd group, we detected 297 altered proteins among all 2047 tested proteins based on a threshold fold change of more than 1.5 (P < 0.05). Eighty-seven of the 297 altered proteins exhibited metabolic enzyme activity and participated in 85 metabolic pathways according to KEGG pathway analysis. Most of these metabolic pathways were associated with central carbon metabolism processes. In the sterol synthesis pathway, which involves the synthesis of farnesol, ERG25 (methylsterol monooxygenase) and ERG4 (delta 24(24(1))-sterol reductase) were both down-regulated in the farnesol-exposed group. All six altered proteases associated with the oxidative phosphorylation process were down-regulated in the farnesol-exposed group relative to the farnesol-unexposed group. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms underlying farnesol-induced phenotype switching involves the adjustment of metabolic activities and epigenetic modification. Exogenous farnesol had an evident, but non-deterministic effect on the synthesis of ergosterol. The potential drug activity of farnesol warrants further investigation.
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93
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The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:331-345. [PMID: 30824884 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dense and diverse ecosystem that is involved in many physiological functions as well as in disease pathogenesis. It is dominated by bacteria, which have been extensively studied in the past 15 years; however, other microorganisms, such as fungi, phages, archaea and protists, are also present in the gut microbiota. Exploration of the fungal component, namely, the mycobiota, is at an early stage, and several specific technical challenges are associated with mycobiota analysis. The number of fungi in the lower gastrointestinal tract is far lower than that of bacteria, but fungal cells are much larger and much more complex than bacterial cells. In addition, a role of the mycobiota in disease, notably in IBD, is indicated by both descriptive data in humans and mechanistic data in mice. Interactions between bacteria and fungi within the gut, their functional roles and their interplay with the host and its immune system are fascinating areas that researchers are just beginning to investigate. In this Review, we discuss the newest data on the gut mycobiota and explore both the technical aspects of its study and its role in health and gastrointestinal diseases.
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94
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Krüger W, Vielreicher S, Kapitan M, Jacobsen ID, Niemiec MJ. Fungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:E70. [PMID: 31117285 PMCID: PMC6630686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria encounter each other in various niches of the human body. There, they interact directly with one another or indirectly via the host response. In both cases, interactions can affect host health and disease. In the present review, we summarized current knowledge on fungal-bacterial interactions during their commensal and pathogenic lifestyle. We focus on distinct mucosal niches: the oral cavity, lung, gut, and vagina. In addition, we describe interactions during bloodstream and wound infections and the possible consequences for the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Sarah Vielreicher
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Mario Kapitan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Maria Joanna Niemiec
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena 07745, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena 07747, Germany.
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95
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Starishko OM, Voronkova YS, Ostanina TH, Voronkova OS. Vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in Dnipro city (Ukraine): Species spectrum of Candida and their susceptibility to antimycotics. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is one of the most common pathological processes, especially among women of reproductive age, especially pregnant. It can be expressed as Candida carriage and as an active form of infection. Although candidiasis is caused by opportunistic microorganisms, its effects can be quite significant, so it is necessary to treat it with the use of antimycotic drugs. In view of the spread among these microorganisms of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, the determining factor for the success of therapeutic measures, it is important to make a preliminary assessment of the susceptibility to antimycotics of strains isolated from persons with Candida carriage or active candidiasis. The aim of the research was to study the species range of fungi of the genus Candida isolated from the reproductive tract in women with dysbiosis and to study their susceptibility to antimycotics. Total of 227 samples of biological material from women aged 16 to 56 years have been investigated. Microscopic and cultural methods of detecting of fungi in the primary material were used for research. For the identification of species of Candida fungi, a polymerase chain reaction method in real-time was used. It was determined that the frequency of detection of Candida fungi in the composition of vaginal microbiome during inflammatory pathological processes was 76.7%. It was shown that the incidence of Candida carriage – 51.7% – slightly exceeded the frequency of detection of the active form of infection – 48.3%. The species spectrum of pathogens included: C. albicans (57.1%), C. krusei (12.6%), C. glabrata (19.5%) and Candida spp. (16.1%). In the case of active form of infection, C. albicans was prevalent – 64 (76.2%) cases. In the case of Candida carriage, other species were prevalent – 58 (64.4%) cases. The most effective drug against all isolates was amphotericin B – more than 87% of isolates were susceptible. The least effective drug was nystatin: less than 60% of isolates were susceptible. There is a rather high level of resistance to certain antimycotic drugs among the Candida species, which requires a prior preliminary study of the susceptibility of isolated strains to antimycotics for the purpose of choosing a rational and effective treatment scheme.
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96
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Sailer M, Colli E, Regidor PA. In vitro evaluation of microbial adhesion to a contraceptive vaginal ring with a new polymer composition. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2019; 24:188-191. [PMID: 30977415 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2019.1595575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the amount of Candida albicans and Lactobacillus acidophilus adhering to the surface of Ornibel, a contraceptive vaginal ring with a new polymer composition, in comparison with NuvaRing. Methods: Ornibel and NuvaRing were tested for adhesion of microorganisms in vitro. The vaginal rings were aseptically sectioned into 1 cm segments. Suspensions of C. albicans (1-2 × 107 colony-forming units [CFU]/ml) and L. acidophilus (1-2 × 108 CFU/ml) were prepared and incubated either in monoculture or as co-culture with the ring segments. After incubation, adherent C. albicans and L. acidophilus were quantified by plate counting. Results: In monoculture, the measured amount of adhesion of C. albicans on the ring surface was significantly lower with Ornibel compared with NuvaRing (p = 6.77 × 10-5), while the adherence of L. acidophilus did not differ between the two rings. Similarly, when co-incubated with C. albicans, the number of adhering L. acidophilus microorganisms was significantly lower with Ornibel compared with NuvaRing (p = .018) . This reduction also resulted in significantly lower levels of adhering L. acidophilus in co-culture compared with L. acidophilus when incubated alone (p = .003). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that the adherence of C. albicans, as well as that of L. acidophilus when co-cultured with C. albicans, is lower with the Ornibel vaginal ring compared with NuvaRing. These in vitro findings warrant future human trials using molecular techniques to assess the vaginal microbiota composition and to establish whether Ornibel can support vaginal health.
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Jones L, Kumar J, Mistry A, Sankar Chittoor Mana T, Perry G, Reddy VP, Obrenovich M. The Transformative Possibilities of the Microbiota and Mycobiota for Health, Disease, Aging, and Technological Innovation. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E24. [PMID: 30925795 PMCID: PMC6631383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is extremely important for the health of the host across its lifespan.Recent studies have elucidated connections between the gut microbiota and neurological diseaseand disorders such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism, and a host of otherbrain illnesses. Dysbiosis of the normal gut flora can have negative consequences for humans,especially throughout key periods during our lifespan as the gut microbes change with age in bothphenotype and number of bacterial species. Neurologic diseases, mental disorders, and euthymicstates are influenced by alterations in the metabolites produced by gut microbial milieu. Weintroduce a new concept, namely, the mycobiota and microbiota-gut-brain neuroendocrine axis anddiscuss co-metabolism with emphasis on means to influence or correct disruptions to normal gutflora throughout the lifespan from early development to old age. These changes involveinflammation and involve the permeability of barriers, such as the intestine blood barrier, the blood⁻brain barrier, and others. The mycobiota and microbiota⁻gut⁻brain axis offer new research horizonsand represents a great potential target for new therapeutics, including approaches based aroundinflammatory disruptive process, genetically engineered drug delivery systems, diseased cellculling "kill switches", phage-like therapies, medicinal chemistry, or microbial parabiosis to namea few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jones
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jessica Kumar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Adil Mistry
- Departments of Engineering and Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | | | - George Perry
- Distinguished University Chair in Neurobiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - V Prakash Reddy
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MI, 65409, USA.
| | - Mark Obrenovich
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Departments of Engineering and Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- MD and CSO, the Gilgamesh Foundation.org, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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98
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Diop K, Dufour JC, Levasseur A, Fenollar F. Exhaustive repertoire of human vaginal microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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99
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Pruski P, Lewis HV, Lee YS, Marchesi JR, Bennett PR, Takats Z, MacIntyre DA. Assessment of microbiota:host interactions at the vaginal mucosa interface. Methods 2018; 149:74-84. [PMID: 29705211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation of the role that vaginal microbiota play in health and disease throughout a woman's lifespan. This has been driven partly by molecular techniques that enable detailed identification and characterisation of microbial community structures. However, these methods do not enable assessment of the biochemical and immunological interactions between host and vaginal microbiota involved in pathophysiology. This review examines our current knowledge of the relationships that exist between vaginal microbiota and the host at the level of the vaginal mucosal interface. We also consider methodological approaches to microbiomic, immunologic and metabolic profiling that permit assessment of these interactions. Integration of information derived from these platforms brings the potential for biomarker discovery, disease risk stratification and improved understanding of the mechanisms regulating vaginal microbial community dynamics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pruski
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Holly V Lewis
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Yun S Lee
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Department of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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