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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: Regulators of tumor microenvironment and the enlightenment in tumor therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105041. [PMID: 32580030 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proven to establish an important bridge of communication between cells or cells and their microenvironment. It is well known that EVs play crucial roles in many human diseases, especially in tumors. Tumor-derived EVs (TEVs) are not only involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix remodeling to promote the invasion and metastasis, but also contribute to the suppression of antitumor immune responses by carrying different inhibitory molecules. In this review, we mainly discuss the effects of TEVs on the remodeling of tumor microenvironment through immune and non-immune associated mechanisms. We summarize the latest studies about utilizing EVs in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery as well. In addition, the perspective of tumor therapy by targeting EVs is discussed in this review.
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Liu M, Chen HY, Luo L, Wang Y, Zhang D, Song N, Wang FB, Li Q, Zhang XL, Pan Q. Neutralization of IL-10 produced by B cells promotes protective immunity during persistent HCV infection in humanized mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1350-1361. [PMID: 32339264 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis and is associated with increased mortality. Interleukin (IL)-10-producing B cells (B10 cells) are regulatory cells that suppress cellular immune responses. Here, we aimed to determine whether HCV induces B10 cells and assess the roles of the B10 cells during HCV infection. HCV-induced B10 cells were enriched in CD19hi and CD1dhi CD5+ cell populations. HCV predominantly triggered the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways to drive IL-10 production by B cells. In a humanized murine model of persistent HCV infection, to neutralize IL-10 produced by B10 cells, mice were treated with pcCD19scFv-IL-10R, which contains the genes coding the anti-CD19 single-chain variable fragment (CD19scFv) and the extracellular domain of IL-10 receptor alpha chain (sIL-10Ra). This treatment resulted in significant reduction of B10 cells in spleen and liver, increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against HCV, and low viral loads in infected humanized mice. Our results indicate that targeting B10 cells via neutralization of IL-10 may offer a novel strategy to enhance anti-HCV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Neng Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Bing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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van de Veen W, Globinska A, Jansen K, Straumann A, Kubo T, Verschoor D, Wirz OF, Castro-Giner F, Tan G, Rückert B, Ochsner U, Herrmann M, Stanić B, van Splunter M, Huntjens D, Wallimann A, Fonseca Guevara RJ, Spits H, Ignatova D, Chang YT, Fassnacht C, Guenova E, Flatz L, Akdis CA, Akdis M. A novel proangiogenic B cell subset is increased in cancer and chronic inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3559. [PMID: 32426497 PMCID: PMC7220305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
B cells contribute to immune responses through the production of immunoglobulins, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Several B cell subsets with distinct functions and polarized cytokine profiles have been reported. In this study, we used transcriptomics analysis of immortalized B cell clones to identify an IgG4+ B cell subset with a unique function. These B cells are characterized by simultaneous expression of proangiogenic cytokines including VEGF, CYR61, ADM, FGF2, PDGFA, and MDK. Consequently, supernatants from these clones efficiently promote endothelial cell tube formation. We identified CD49b and CD73 as surface markers identifying proangiogenic B cells. Circulating CD49b+CD73+ B cells showed significantly increased frequency in patients with melanoma and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), two diseases associated with angiogenesis. In addition, tissue-infiltrating IgG4+CD49b+CD73+ B cells expressing proangiogenic cytokines were detected in patients with EoE and melanoma. Our results demonstrate a previously unidentified proangiogenic B cell subset characterized by expression of CD49b, CD73, and proangiogenic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Anna Globinska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alex Straumann
- Swiss EoE Clinic and EoE Research Network, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Terufumi Kubo
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daniëlle Verschoor
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ge Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ochsner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Herrmann
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Stanić
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marloes van Splunter
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Daan Huntjens
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Hergen Spits
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Desislava Ignatova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun-Tsan Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Fassnacht
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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Adhikary SR, Cuthbertson P, Turner RJ, Sluyter R, Watson D. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human ENTPD1 gene encoding CD39 is associated with worsened graft-versus-host disease in a humanized mouse model. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:397-410. [PMID: 32181525 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) protect against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The ectoenzyme CD39 is important for increasing the immunosuppressive function of Tregs. The rs10748643 (A → G) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 1 of the human ENTPD1 gene is associated with increased proportions of CD39+ Tregs. This study aimed to determine whether the rs10748643 SNP corresponded to increased proportions of CD39+ Tregs in an Australian donor population, and whether this SNP influences clinical GVHD in a humanized mouse model. Donors were genotyped for the rs10748643 SNP by Sanger sequencing, and the proportion of CD39+ T cells in donor peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. Donors encoding the G allele (donorsAG/GG ) demonstrated higher proportions of CD39+ CD3+ CD4+ CD25+ CD127lo Tregs, but not CD39+ CD3+ CD8+ T cells or CD39+ CD3+ CD4+ conventional T cells, compared with donors homozygous for the A allele (donorsAA ). NOD-SCID-IL2Rγnull mice were injected with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from either donorsAA (hCD39AA mice) or donorsAG/GG (hCD39AG/GG mice). hCD39AG/GG mice demonstrated significantly greater weight loss and GVHD clinical scores, and significantly reduced survival, compared with hCD39AA mice. hCD39AG/GG mice showed significantly higher hCD4+ :hCD8+ T-cell ratios than hCD39AA mice, but displayed similar proportions of CD3+ hCD4+ hCD25+ hCD127lo Tregs and hCD39+ Tregs. However, the proportion of human Tregs corresponded to survival in hCD39AA mice, but not in hCD39AG/GG mice. This study demonstrates that donors encoding the G allele show higher percentages of CD39+ Tregs, but cause worsened GVHD in humanized mice compared with donors homozygous for the A allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R Adhikary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Peter Cuthbertson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ross J Turner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Adenosine-producing regulatory B cells in head and neck cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1205-1216. [PMID: 32146518 PMCID: PMC7303082 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression have been identified in the tumor microenvironment including regulatory B cells (Breg). Recently, we have shown that Breg suppress T cell function by production of adenosine (ADO). However, the autocrine effect of ADO on B cells and the role of Breg in head and neck cancer remains unclear. Methods Blood (n = 42) and tumor tissue (n = 39) of head and neck cancer patients and healthy donors (n = 60) were analyzed by FACS. The effect of ADO on phenotype, intracellular signaling pathways, Ca2+ influx and ADO production was analyzed in Breg and effector B cells (Beff) by FACS, luminescence and mass spectrometry. The blockage of the ADO receptor A2A was analyzed in a murine head and neck cancer model. Results ADO-producing Breg were found in tumor tissue and peripheral blood. ADO inhibited the intracellular Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Ca2+ influx only in Beff. The inhibition of BTK by ibrutinib mimicked the effect of ADO, and ibrutinib reduced the production of ADO by downregulation of CD39 in vitro. The inhibition of ADO receptor A2A significantly reduced tumor mass and increased B cell infiltration, in vivo. Conclusion Our data demonstrate the presence of a novel ADO-producing Breg population within the tumor microenvironment in mice and humans. A new model is proposed on how ADO-producing Breg can influence the function of Beff cells in healthy donors and cancer patients. Thus, the modulation of the ADO pathway in B cells may serve as a therapeutic approach for cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00262-020-02535-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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56
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Bahrini K, Belghith M, Maghrebi O, Bekir J, Kchaou M, Jeridi C, Amouri R, Hentati F, Belal S, Ben Sassi S, Barbouche MR. Discriminative expression of CD39 and CD73 in Cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-Behçet's disease. Cytokine 2020; 130:155054. [PMID: 32151963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treg-mediated immune suppression involves many molecular mechanisms including the cleavage of inflammatory extracellular ATP to adenosine by CD39 ectoenzyme. In the peripheral blood of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, it has been suggested that CD39+ Treg cells have the potential to suppress pro-inflammatory IL-17 secreting cells. Herein, we studied cellular phenotype and mRNA expression of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and another neuro-inflammatory disease: the Neuro-behçet's disease (NBD). Using qRT-PCR, we assessed mRNA expression of CD39 and CD73 as well as anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) cytokines in patients Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CSF of 28 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 20 NBD and 22 controls with non inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND). The most substantial result in the CSF was the higher expression of CD39 in both RRMS and NBD patients compared to NIND. While, the expression of CD73 in CSF samples of NBD was low. In RRMS samples, we detected a significant positive correlation of both CD39 and CD73 with IL-10 expression. Moreover, results by flow cytometry revealed a high percentage of CD39 Treg cells in RRMS CSF. CD39 was preferentially expressed on B cells of NBD. Regarding inflammatory response, we showed a significant increase of IL-6 mRNA expression in NBD patients CSF while in RRMS this increase concerned TNF-α. These results bring evidence that CD39 correlates positively with an anti-inflammatory IL-10 response in RRMS. In contrast, no such association was observed in CSF of NBD patients and CD39 was preferentially expressed on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Bahrini
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Belghith
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Maghrebi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Jihène Bekir
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Kchaou
- Neurological Department of Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Cyrine Jeridi
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Rim Amouri
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Faycel Hentati
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Samir Belal
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia.
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11IPT02, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia.
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57
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Regulatory B cells in infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104076. [PMID: 32143836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are characterized by differential expression of CD5 and CD1d in mouse and CD24 and CD38 in human immune systems. The Breg family also includes LAG-3+CD138hi plasma cells, CD1d CD5 CD21 CD23 cells, Tim1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD200- expressing B cells, and CD39hiKi67+ cells originating from the transitional, marginal zone or germinal centre of the spleen. Breg cells produce IL10 and IL35 and to cause immunosuppression. These cells respond to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 agonists, CD40 ligands, IL12p35 and heat shock proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that TLR signalling component Myd88 impacts the modulation of Breg cell responses and the host's susceptibility to infection. Breg cells are found to reduce relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the Breg-mediated mechanism used to control T cell-mediated immune responses is still unclear. Here, we review the existing literature to find gaps in the current knowledge and to build a pathway to further research.
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58
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Jeske SS, Theodoraki MN, Boelke E, Laban S, Brunner C, Rotter N, Jackson EK, Hoffmann TK, Schuler PJ. Adenosine production in mesenchymal stromal cells in relation to their developmental status. HNO 2020; 68:87-93. [PMID: 31915882 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent progenitor cells found in the tumor microenvironment. They have an innate and regulatory immune activity, and they are able to produce immunosuppressive adenosine (ADO) via their ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. The present study explores ADO metabolism of MSC in relation to their developmental status. METHODS We analyzed MSC (n = 6), chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPC, n = 8), and chondrocytes (n = 8) for surface markers by flow cytometry. The ability to hydrolyze ATP and to produce ADO was tested by luminescence assays and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Significant differences in the surface marker expression of MSC, CPC, and chondrocytes were seen. While the expression of CD73 was observed to be the same on all cell types, the expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39 was significantly increased on MSC. Consequently, production of ADO was most abundant in MSC as compared with chondrocytes and CPC. CONCLUSION Mesenchymal stromal cells are potent producers of ADO and are, therefore, able to increase immunosuppression. As MSC differentiate into chondrocytes, they lose this ability and may take on other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Jeske
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - M N Theodoraki
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Boelke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Laban
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - C Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Rotter
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Mannheim University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany
| | - E K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T K Hoffmann
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - P J Schuler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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Ludwig N, Lotze MT. A treatise on endothelial biology and exosomes: homage to Theresa Maria Listowska Whiteside. HNO 2020; 68:71-79. [PMID: 31965194 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the current primary research focus of Dr. Theresa L. Whiteside. They are key mediators of intercellular communication in the head and neck, as well as other sites. Their effects in the tumor microenvironment are manifold and include suppression of immunity, promotion of angiogenesis, enabling of metastasis, as well as reprogramming of fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells. The aim of this communication is to summarize Dr. Whiteside's contribution to the field of exosome research and details the interactions of exosomes with endothelial cells leading to recent findings on how to target endothelial cells using exosomes as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bioengineering and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M T Lotze
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, G.27A, 5150 Centre Ave, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bioengineering and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Morandi F, Airoldi I, Marimpietri D, Bracci C, Faini AC, Gramignoli R. CD38, a Receptor with Multifunctional Activities: From Modulatory Functions on Regulatory Cell Subsets and Extracellular Vesicles, to a Target for Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2019; 8:E1527. [PMID: 31783629 PMCID: PMC6953043 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional cell surface protein endowed with receptor/enzymatic functions. The protein is generally expressed at low/intermediate levels on hematological tissues and some solid tumors, scoring the highest levels on plasma cells (PC) and PC-derived neoplasia. CD38 was originally described as a receptor expressed by activated cells, mainly T lymphocytes, wherein it also regulates cell adhesion and cooperates in signal transduction mediated by major receptor complexes. Furthermore, CD38 metabolizes extracellular NAD+, generating ADPR and cyclic ADPR. This ecto-enzyme controls extra-cellular nucleotide homeostasis and intra-cellular calcium fluxes, stressing its relevance in multiple physiopathological conditions (infection, tumorigenesis and aging). In clinics, CD38 was adopted as a cell activation marker and in the diagnostic/staging of leukemias. Quantitative surface CD38 expression by multiple myeloma (MM) cells was the basic criterion used for therapeutic application of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Anti-CD38 mAbs-mediated PC depletion in autoimmunity and organ transplants is currently under investigation. This review analyzes different aspects of CD38's role in regulatory cell populations and how these effects are obtained. Characterizing CD38 functional properties may widen the extension of therapeutic applications for anti-CD38 mAbs. The availability of therapeutic mAbs with different effects on CD38 enzymatic functions may be rapidly translated to immunotherapeutic strategies of cell immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (I.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (I.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Danilo Marimpietri
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (I.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Cristiano Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.C.F.)
- CeRMS, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Corso Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
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Doyon-Laliberté K, Chagnon-Choquet J, Byrns M, Aranguren M, Memmi M, Chrobak P, Stagg J, Poudrier J, Roger M. NR4A Expression by Human Marginal Zone B-Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040050. [PMID: 31614541 PMCID: PMC6963983 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously characterized a human blood CD19+CD1c+IgM+CD27+CD21loCD10+ innate-like B-cell population, which presents features shared by both transitional immature and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, named herein “precursor-like” MZ B-cells. B-cells with similar attributes have been associated with regulatory potential (Breg). In order to clarify this issue and better characterize this population, we have proceeded to RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling of mature MZ and precursor-like MZ B-cells taken from the blood of healthy donors. We report that ex vivo mature MZ and precursor-like MZ B-cells express transcripts for the immunoregulatory marker CD83 and nuclear receptors NR4A1, 2, and 3, known to be associated with T-cell regulatory (Treg) maintenance and function. Breg associated markers such as CD39 and CD73 were also expressed by both populations. We also show that human blood and tonsillar precursor-like MZ B-cells were the main B-cell population to express elevated levels of CD83 and NR4A1-3 proteins ex vivo and without stimulation. Sorted tonsillar precursor-like MZ B-cells exerted regulatory activity on autologous activated CD4+ T-cells, and this was affected by a CD83 blocking reagent. We believe these observations shed light on the Breg potential of MZ populations, and identify NR4A1-3 as potential Breg markers, which as for Tregs, may be involved in stabilization of a regulatory status. Since expression and activity of these molecules can be modulated therapeutically, our findings may be useful in strategies aiming at modulation of Breg responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Doyon-Laliberté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Michelle Byrns
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Matheus Aranguren
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Meriam Memmi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Pavel Chrobak
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Faculte de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Faculte de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger 900 rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Guerra G, Deaglio S. Ectonucleotidases in Blood Malignancies: A Tale of Surface Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2301. [PMID: 31636635 PMCID: PMC6788384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia develops as the result of intrinsic features of the transformed cell, such as gene mutations and derived oncogenic signaling, and extrinsic factors, such as a tumor-friendly, immunosuppressed microenvironment, predominantly in the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. There, high extracellular levels of nucleotides, mainly NAD+ and ATP, are catabolized by different ectonucleotidases, which can be divided in two families according to substrate specificity: on one side those that metabolize NAD+, including CD38, CD157, and CD203a; on the other, those that convert ATP, namely CD39 (and other ENTPDases) and CD73. They generate products that modulate intracellular calcium levels and that activate purinergic receptors. They can also converge on adenosine generation with profound effects, both on leukemic cells, enhancing chemoresistance and homing, and on non-malignant immune cells, polarizing them toward tolerance. This review will first provide an overview of ectonucleotidases expression within the immune system, in physiological and pathological conditions. We will then focus on different hematological malignancies, discussing their role as disease markers and possibly pathogenic agents. Lastly, we will describe current efforts aimed at therapeutic targeting of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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The Role of Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells in Tumor Immunity. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2592419. [PMID: 31662750 PMCID: PMC6778893 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2592419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies on elucidating the role of lymphocytes in tumor immunity predominantly focused on T cells. However, the role of B cells in tumor immunity has increasingly received better attention in recent studies. The B cells that infiltrate tumor tissues are called tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs). It is found that TIBs play a multifaceted dual role in regulating tumor immunity rather than just tumor inhibition or promotion. In this article, latest research advances focusing on the relationship between TIBs and tumor complexity are reviewed, and light is shed on some novel ideas for exploiting TIBs as a possible tumor biomarker and potential therapeutic target against tumors.
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Yang LL, Mao L, Wu H, Chen L, Deng WW, Xiao Y, Li H, Zhang L, Sun ZJ. pDC depletion induced by CD317 blockade drives the antitumor immune response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2019; 96:131-139. [PMID: 31422204 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysregulation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Increased infiltration of pDCs has been reported in the microenvironment of HNSCC. However, the precise immunological role of pDC and the therapeutic effects of pDC depletion in HNSCC need to be further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD317 antibodies were applied for depleting pDCs in an immunocompetent transgenic HNSCC mouse model. Tumor volume was monitored. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted for studying the immune profile changes after pDC depletion. In addition, immunohistochemical staining was carried out in a human HNSCC tissue microarray for detecting the infiltration of pDCs. We also analyzed the survival implication of pDCs and its correlation with other immune related markers in human HNSCC. RESULTS pDC depletion in the transgenic HNSCC mouse model significantly delayed tumor growth. After pDCs were depleted, T cells were markedly revitalized, and the proportions of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were decreased. In human HNSCC microenvironment, pDC infiltration was upregulated and its high infiltration conferred a poor prognosis. Moreover, pDC infiltration was closely correlated with the expression of Foxp-3, PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that pDCs play a negative immunomodulatory role in HNSCC and may present as a target for effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei- MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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65
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Gutiérrez C, Lopez-Abente J, Pérez-Fernández V, Prieto-Sánchez A, Correa-Rocha R, Moreno-Guillen S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Pion M. Analysis of the dysregulation between regulatory B and T cells (Breg and Treg) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213744. [PMID: 30917149 PMCID: PMC6436717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between regulatory B (Breg) and T (Treg) compartments, which play crucial roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the context of HIV. Using flow cytometry, the phenotypes of different Breg and Treg subsets from HIV-infected and healthy individuals were analyzed, along with the suppressive capacity of Breg. Peripheral blood samples of thirteen HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals, fourteen treated-HIV+ individuals with undetectable viral load and twelve healthy individuals were analyzed. The absolute counts of Breg and Treg subsets were decreased in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals in comparison to treated-HIV+ and healthy individuals. Interestingly, correlations between Breg subsets (CD24hiCD27+ and PD-L1+ B cells) and IL-10-producing Breg observed in healthy individuals were lost in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals. However, a correlation between frequencies of CD24hiCD38hi or TIM-1+-Breg subsets and Treg was observed in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals and not in healthy individuals. Therefore, we hypothesized that various Breg subsets might have different functions during B and T-cell homeostasis during HIV-1 infection. In parallel, stimulated Breg from HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals presented a decreased ability to suppress CD4+ T-cell proliferation in comparison to the stimulated Breg from treated-HIV+ or healthy individuals. We demonstrate a dysregulation between Breg and Treg subsets in HIV-infected individuals, which might participate in the hyper-activation and exhaustion of the immune system that occurs in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutiérrez
- Molecular Immunovirology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Lopez-Abente
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Pérez-Fernández
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Prieto-Sánchez
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno-Guillen
- Molecular Immunovirology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Molecular ImmunoBiology Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
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Huang Y, Gu Z, Fan Y, Zhai G, Zhao X, Sun Q, Shi Y, Lin G. Inhibition of the adenosinergic pathway: the indispensable part of oncological therapy in the future. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:53-67. [PMID: 30809739 PMCID: PMC6439062 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has produced many unexpected breakthroughs in oncological therapy; however, it still has many deficiencies. For example, the number of patients who are unresponsive to anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), anti-cytotoxic T-like antigen-4 (CTLA4), and anti-programmed death-1 (PD1) therapies cannot be ignored, and the search for an undiscovered immunosuppressive pathway is imminent. Five decades ago, researchers found that activation of the adenosinergic pathway was negatively correlated with prognosis in many cancers. This review describes the entire process of the adenosinergic pathway in the tumor microenvironment and the mechanism of immunosuppression, which promotes tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Additionally, the review explores factors that regulate this pathway, including signaling factors secreted by the tumor microenvironment and certain anti-tumor drugs. Additionally, the combination of adenosinergic pathway inhibitors with chemotherapy, checkpoint blockade therapy, and immune cell-based therapy is summarized. Finally, certain issues regarding treatment via inhibition of this pathway and the use of targeted nanoparticles to reduce adverse reactions in patients are put forward in this review. Graphical Abstract The inhibitors of adenosinergic pathway loaded nanoparticles enter tumor tissue through EPR effect, and inhibit adenosinergic pathway to enhance or restore the effect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy, chemotherapies and immune cell-based therapy. Note: EPR means enhanced penetration and retention, × means blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Wang K, Gong H, Chai R, Yuan H, Chen Y, Liu J. RETRACTED: Aberrant frequency of IL-35 producing B cells in colorectal cancer patients. Cytokine 2019; 102:206-210. [PMID: 29054723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. Due to a dispute about the authenticity of the data reported in Figure 1B, the authors have decided to retract this article. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou450052, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 86 Taoyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong518052, China
| | - Rui Chai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China.
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, 310014Hangzhou, China.
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68
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Morandi F, Horenstein AL, Quarona V, Faini AC, Castella B, Srinivasan RC, Strom SC, Malavasi F, Gramignoli R. Ectonucleotidase Expression on Human Amnion Epithelial Cells: Adenosinergic Pathways and Dichotomic Effects on Immune Effector Cell Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:724-735. [PMID: 30587530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanism(s) underlying the immunoregulatory activities of placenta-derived human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC). The working hypothesis is that NAD+ and ATP, along with ectoenzymes involved in their metabolism, play a significant role in hAEC-mediated immune regulation. Proof of principle of the hypothesis was obtained by analyzing the interactions between hAEC and the main human leukocyte populations. The results obtained indicate that hAEC constitutively express a unique combination of functional ectoenzymes, driving the production of adenosine (ADO) via canonical (CD39, CD73) and alternative (CD38, CD203a/PC-1, CD73) pathways. Further, the picture is completed by the observation that hAEC express A1, A2a, and A2b ADO receptors as well as ADO deaminase, the enzyme involved in ADO catabolism. The contribution of the purinergic mediator to immunomodulation was confirmed by exposing in vitro different immune effector cells to the action of primary hAECs. B cells showed an enhanced proliferation and diminished spontaneous apoptosis when in contact with hAEC. T cell proliferation was partially inhibited by hAEC through ADO production, as confirmed by using specific ectoenzyme inhibitors. Further, hAEC induced an expansion of both T and B regulatory cells. Last, hAEC inhibited NK cell proliferation. However, the involvement of ADO-producing ectoenzymes is less apparent in this context. In conclusion, hAEC exert different in vitro immunoregulatory effects, per se, as a result of interactions with different populations of immune effector cells. These results support the view that hAEC are instrumental for regenerative medicine as well as in therapeutic applications for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- UOC Laboratorio Cellule Staminali post natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Immunologia dei Trapianti, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; and
| | - Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Corso Faini
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Castella
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Raghuraman C Srinivasan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; and
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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A strategy of targeting B10 cell by CD19scFv-IL10R for tumor therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:990-996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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Sakkas LI, Daoussis D, Mavropoulos A, Liossis SN, Bogdanos DP. Regulatory B cells: New players in inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:1133-1141. [PMID: 30409417 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a new subset of B cells with immunoregulatory functions, mainly through IL-10 production. Bregs suppress inflammatory Th1 and Th17 differentiation and induce Tregs suppressing autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to review the literature related to Bregs in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). METHODS A literature review of publications in PUBMED published in English was performed using the relevant combinations of terms. RESULTS All relevant publications are discussed. Overall, recent studies in rheumatic diseases found Bregs to be decreased in ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) and in systemic sclerosis (SSc), particularly in SSc-associated lung fibrosis. In AAV Bregs levels are negatively correlated with autoantibody levels whereas in SSc this association is less clear but there is an inverse association with Th1 and Th17 cells. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Bregs were decreased, particularly in RA-associated lung fibrosis. In psoriatic arthritis IL-10 + Bregs are decreased and inversely associated with Th1 and Th17 cells. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the role of Bregs is unclear. In experimental diseases, when Bregs were expanded ex-vivo, they ameliorated established disease. CONCLUSION Bregs appear to be a new player in the pathogenesis of ARDs, and may offer a new strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41 110, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Daoussis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41 110, Greece
| | - Stamatis-Nick Liossis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa 41 110, Greece
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Zacca ER, Onofrio LI, Acosta CDV, Ferrero PV, Alonso SM, Ramello MC, Mussano E, Onetti L, Cadile II, Stancich MI, Taboada Bonfanti MC, Montes CL, Acosta Rodríguez EV, Gruppi A. PD-L1 + Regulatory B Cells Are Significantly Decreased in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Increase After Successful Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2241. [PMID: 30327652 PMCID: PMC6174216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: B cells play an important role in the development and maintenance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although IL-10-producing B cells represent a major subset of regulatory B cells (Bregs) able to suppress autoimmune and inflammatory responses, recent reports showed that B cell-mediated immune suppression may also occur independent of IL-10. For instance, B cells can modulate T cell immune responses through the expression of regulatory molecules such as PD-L1. So far, PD-L1-expressing B cells have not been analyzed in RA patients. Objective: To analyze the frequency of PD-L1-expressing B cells in the peripheral blood of RA patients compared to healthy controls (HC) matched for sex and age, their function on T cell response and their changes in response to therapy. Methods: Fresh peripheral blood B cells from RA patients and HC were characterized by flow cytometry and their functionality assessed in a co-culture system with autologous T cells. Results: The frequencies of CD19+PD-L1+ B cells, CD24hiCD38-PD-L1+ and CD24hiCD38hiPD-L1+ B cells were significantly lower in untreated RA patients than in HC. In a follow-up study, the frequencies of PD-L1+ B cells (CD19+PD-L1+ B cells, CD24hiCD38-PD-L1+ and CD24hiCD38hiPD-L1+ B cells) increased significantly after treatment in good responder patients, although the frequency of total CD24hiCD38hi B cells decreased. CD19+ B cells from untreated RA patients and HC upregulated PD-L1 expression similarly upon stimulation with CpG plus IL-2 and were able to suppress, in vitro, CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production in a PD-L1-dependent manner. Conclusions: Our results show that PD-L1+ B cells exhibiting T cell suppressive capacity are significantly decreased in untreated RA patients but increase in response to successful treatment. PD-L1 expression on B cells from RA patients can be modulated in vitro and PD-L1+ B cells could thus provide new perspectives for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía R Zacca
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luisina I Onofrio
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina D V Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paola V Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Alonso
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas (HNC), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Ramello
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mussano
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Onetti
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Isaac I Cadile
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria I Stancich
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria C Taboada Bonfanti
- Servicio de Reumatología. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina L Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva V Acosta Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
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72
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Ding YG, Chen G, Li Q, Wen XF, Wei L, Yang HS. Frequency of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells associated with disease activity in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1458-1462. [PMID: 30225218 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between IL-10-producing regulatory B (B10) cells and the clinical features of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). METHODS A total of 30 patients with TAO were recruited at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from May 2015 to December 2015. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from blood samples of 30 TAO patients and 16 healthy controls and stimulated with CD40 ligand and CpG for 48h. The frequency of IL-10+ B cells was examined by flow cytometry and the correlation between the frequency of IL-10+ B cells and clinical features of TAO was analyzed by SPSS. RESULTS The frequency of IL-10+ B cells among CD19+ B cells in TAO patients was significantly lower than in healthy controls (TAO: 4.66%±1.88% vs healthy control: 6.82%±2.40%, P<0.01). The frequency of IL-10+ B cells showed a positive correlation with disease activity of TAO measured by Clinical Activity Score (CAS) (r=0.50, P<0.01), and became higher in TAO patients with family history of Graves' disease (GD) (P=0.04). CONCLUSION The decrease of the frequency of IL-10+ B cells in TAO patients indicates the deficiency of B10 cells in TAO, and the positive association with disease activity suggests its important role in TAO inflammation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.,Qindao Ludong Eye Hospital, Qingdao 266600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.,Ningxia Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the First Clinical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, the Cooperative Teaching Hospital of North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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73
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Shao C, Yang F, Miao S, Liu W, Wang C, Shu Y, Shen H. Role of hypoxia-induced exosomes in tumor biology. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:120. [PMID: 30098600 PMCID: PMC6087002 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hypoxia is a major regulator of angiogenesis and always influences the release of exosomes in various types of tumors. The present review aimed to assess the role of hypoxia-induced exosomes in the tumor biology. Methods The relevant publications were retrieved from PubMed using keywords such as hypoxia, exosome, extracellular vesicles, tumor, cancer, and other similar terms. Results Recent studies have shown that cancer cells produce more exosomes under hypoxic conditions than do parental cells under normoxic conditions. The secretion and function of exosomes could be influenced by hypoxia in various types of cancer. Hypoxia-induced exosomes play critical roles in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and the immune system. Conclusions These findings provide new insights into the complex networks underlying cellular and genomic regulation in response to hypoxia and might provide novel and specific targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Shao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengming Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyu Miao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weitao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoshan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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74
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Liu Y, Yao Y, Wang ZC, Ning Q, Liu Z. Novel innate and adaptive lymphocytes: The new players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory upper airway diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2018. [PMID: 29513401 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Y. Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z.-C. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Q. Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease; Institute of Infectious Disease; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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75
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The Role of Extracellular Adenosine Generation in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7019398. [PMID: 29769837 PMCID: PMC5892213 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7019398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an immunosuppressive molecule, which suppresses the immune responses by interacting with specific receptors expressed by immune effector cells. ADO is produced from ATP through the enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73. Alternatively, ADO can be generated starting from NAD+, which is metabolized by the concerted action of CD38, CD203a/PC-1, and CD73. The role of ADO in immunity has been characterized in the last years in physiology and in pathological settings. This review examines a panel of reports focused on the functions of ADO in the context of human autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and the selected animal models. The final aim is to consider the role of adenosinergic ectoenzymes and ADO receptors as novel therapeutic targets for selected diseases.
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76
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Sakkas LI, Mavropoulos A, Zafiriou E, Roussaki-Schulze A, Bogdanos DP. The effect of Apremilast on signal transduction and IL-10 production in CD39high regulatory B cells in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2018; 29:59-61. [PMID: 32185301 PMCID: PMC7045954 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.29.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) are of great importance in autoimmunity, as they inhibit proinflammatory T cells. We have shown that IL-10-producing Bregs in psoriatic arthritis(PsA) were decreased and inversely correlated with IFNγ+T cells (TH1 cells) and IL-17+ T cells (TH17 cells). B cells with overexpression of CD39 have also inhibitory effects on proinflammatory T cells. Preliminary results. Our preliminary data showed that Apremilast, a phosphodiesterase-4(PDE-4) inhibitor, used in the treatment of PsA and psoriasis (Ps) increased IL-10-producing Bregs and reduced IFNγ+CD3+ T cells and IL-17+CD3+ T cells. We also found reduced activation of p38MAP kinase and the transcription factor STAT3, two important signaling pathways of IL-10 production, in PsA. Specific Aims. The aim of this research proposal is to study for the first time the immunomodulatory effect of Apremilast on signaling pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD39high B cells in PsA and Ps. Methods. We will study CD39 expression in B cells from patients with PsA and Ps before and after Apremilast treatment and their relation to IFNγ+ and IL-17+ T cells. Activation of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), STAT3, and p38MAPK in PBMCs and CD39high B cells from patients with PsA and Ps before and after Apremilast. The effect of CD39high B cells on T cell IFNγ and IL-17 production will also be studied. Significance. This study will elucidate the molecular pathways of Apremilast and better define Bregs in PsA and Ps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Efterpi Zafiriou
- Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Roussaki-Schulze
- Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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77
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Canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:25-30. [PMID: 29550257 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an immunosuppressive molecule with multiple functions in different human organs. ADO is released through the concerted action of surface molecules endowed with enzymatic functions, that belong to two different adenosinergic pathways. The canonical pathway is started by CD39, that converts ATP to AMP. On the other hand, the non-canonical pathway metabolizes NAD+ to ADPR, through the action of CD38. The latter byproduct is then converted to AMP by CD203a/PC-1. Both pathways converge to CD73, that fully degrades AMP to the final product ADO. In this Review we take into account the most relevant finding regarding the expression of ectoenzymes belonging to both adenosinergic pathways in different cell types, including regulatory cell subsets and neoplastic cells. Moreover, we summarize the role of these molecules in different physiological and pathological settings. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic application of specific inhibitors of ectoenzymes and/or ADO receptors.
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78
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Schuler PJ, Brunner C, Hoffmann TK. [B cells in head and neck oncology]. HNO 2018; 66:296-300. [PMID: 29500500 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-018-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As immunotherapy is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of head and neck cancer, a fundamental understanding of the immunological relationships in the tumor microenvironment is required. The importance of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B) has been largely neglected so far. In the current literature, however, a significant influence of B cells on tumor growth is described, so that this cell population is now also perceived as a therapeutic target structure. Regulatory B cells (Breg) represent a subset of B cells with immunosuppressive properties. In addition to the secretion of IL-10, Breg can be defined by their ability to produce adenosine. Adenosine is known as an immunosuppressive messenger in the tumor microenvironment whose effect can be prevented by immunotherapeutic approaches. Understanding the tumor immunological relationships, including the different B‑cell functions, can help to effectively combine standard approaches including surgery or radiochemotherapy with immunotherapy. In the present article, recent findings on B cells and adenosine in head and neck cancer are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - C Brunner
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - T K Hoffmann
- Klinik für Hals‑, Nasen‑, Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
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79
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The IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) and regulatory T cell subsets in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:543-549. [PMID: 29349658 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) by producing Aquaporin 4-specific autoantibodies (AQP4-ab); on the other hand, there are certain B cells that suppress immune responses by producing regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10. In this study, we investigated the presence of IL-10-producing Breg cells among lymphocyte subsets. Twenty-two seropositive NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients (29 samples) and 13 healthy controls (HCs) (14 samples) were enrolled. All NMOSD patients have received one or more immunosuppressive drugs. The phenotype and frequency of B cell and T cell subsets in the peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. We defined Breg cells as IL-10-producing B (B10) cells, which are CD19+CD39+CD1d+IL-10+. The potential relations were evaluated between specific lymphocyte subsets and AQP4-ab intensity measured by the cell-based indirect immunofluorescence assay. The frequency of B10 cells was higher in patients with NMOSD regardless of the disease status than that in HCs (attack samples; p = 0.009 and remission samples; p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the frequency of IL-17+ Treg cells among Treg cells was higher during remission than during an attack (uncorrected p = 0.032). Among the lymphocyte subsets, B10 cells alone showed a positive correlation with the intensity of AQP4-ab positivity (ρ [rho] = 0.402 and p = 0.031). It was suggested that the suppressive subsets including B10 and IL-17+ Treg cells might have important roles in controlling disease status in NMOSD. Further functional studies may help to elucidate the immunological role of B10 and IL-17+ Treg cells in NMOSD.
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80
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Whiteside TL. Head and Neck Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6-13. [PMID: 28751445 PMCID: PMC5754223 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of the head and neck (HNC) is a heterogeneous disease of the upper aerodigestive tract, encompassing distinct histologic types, different anatomic sites, and human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive as well as HPV-negative cancers. Advanced/recurrent HNCs have poor prognosis with low survival rates. Tumor-mediated inhibition of antitumor immune responses and a high mutational burden are common features of HNCs. Both are responsible for the successful escape of these tumors from the host immune system. HNCs evolve numerous mechanisms of evasion from immune destruction. These mechanisms are linked to genetic aberrations, so that HNCs with a high mutational load are also highly immunosuppressive. The tumor microenvironment of these cancers is populated by immune cells that are dysfunctional, inhibitory cytokines, and exosomes carrying suppressive ligands. Dysfunctional immune cells in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNC can be made effective by the delivery of immunotherapies in combination with conventional treatments. With many promising immune-based strategies available, the future of immune therapies in HNC is encouraging, especially as methods for genetic profiling and mapping the immune landscape of the tumor are being integrated into a personalized approach. Efficiency of immune therapies is expected to rapidly improve with the possibility for patients' selection based on personal immunogenomic profiles. Noninvasive biomarkers of response to therapy will be emerging as a better understanding of the various molecular signals co-opted by the tumors is gained. The emerging role of immunotherapy as a potentially beneficial addition to standard treatments for recurrent/metastatic HNC offers hope to the patients for whom no other therapeutic options exist. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 6-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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81
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Abstract
Despite the success of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-PD1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) therapies in advanced cancer, a considerable proportion of patients remain unresponsive to these treatments (known as innate resistance). In addition, one-third of patients relapse after initial response (known as adaptive resistance), which suggests that multiple non-redundant immunosuppressive mechanisms coexist within the tumour microenvironment. A major immunosuppressive mechanism is the adenosinergic pathway, which now represents an attractive new therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Activation of this pathway occurs within hypoxic tumours, where extracellular adenosine exerts local suppression through tumour-intrinsic and host-mediated mechanisms. Preclinical studies in mice with adenosine receptor antagonists and antibodies have reported favourable antitumour immune responses with some definition of the mechanism of action. Currently, agents targeting the adenosinergic pathway are undergoing first-in-human clinical trials as single agents and in combination with anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 therapies. In this Review, we describe the complex interplay of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the development of primary tumours and metastases and discuss the merits of targeting one or more components that compose the adenosinergic pathway. We also review the early clinical data relating to therapeutic agents inhibiting the adenosinergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Vijayan
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arabella Young
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
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82
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Whiteside TL. The effect of tumor-derived exosomes on immune regulation and cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2583-2592. [PMID: 29198150 PMCID: PMC5827821 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory receptor/ligands that in part mimic the profiles of the parent tumor cells. Operating as an intercellular communication system, TEX deliver protumor or antitumor signals to immune and nonimmune cells reprogramming their functions. Mechanisms responsible for cellular reprogramming include cell surface signaling and/or uptake of TEX by recipient cells. Once internalized, TEX transfer mRNA, miRNA and proteins that promote transcriptional/translational activities. TEX-mediated signaling is contextual and, in the tumor microenvironment, TEX largely mediate suppression. TEX may interfere with immune therapies either by sequestration of therapeutic antibodies or elimination of vaccine-induced or adoptively-transferred immune effector cells. TEX are emerging as an ubiquitous subcellular system regulating immune responses in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology & Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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83
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IL-10-Producing B Cells Suppress Effector T Cells Activation and Promote Regulatory T Cells in Crystalline Silica-Induced Inflammatory Response In Vitro. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8415094. [PMID: 28831210 PMCID: PMC5558645 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8415094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to crystalline silica leads to silicosis, which is characterized by persistent lung inflammation and lung fibrosis. Multiple immune cells have been demonstrated to participate in crystalline silica-induced immune responses. Our previous study indicated that B10 could control lung inflammation through modulating the Th balance in experimental silicosis in mice. However, the regulatory mechanism of B10 on CD4+ T cells is still unclear. MACS-sorted CD19+ B cells from the three different groups were cultured with CD4+ T cells either with or without transwell insert plates to evaluate the effects of B10 on CD4+ T cells, including Teff and Treg. B10 was eliminated by anti-CD22 application in vivo. Flow cytometry was used to test the frequencies of CD4+ T cells, and the expressions of the related cytokines were detected by real-time PCR and CBA. Insufficient B10 elevated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and promoted Th responses in a way independent upon cell-cell contact in the Teff and B cell coculture system. B10 could both increase Treg activity and enhance conversion of Teff into Treg. Our findings demonstrated that B10 could affect Th responses by the release of IL-10, enhancing Treg functions and converting Teff into Treg.
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84
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Sarvaria A, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:662-674. [PMID: 28626234 PMCID: PMC5549607 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between immune effector cells and immunosuppressive cells and how this regulates the tumor microenvironment has been well described. A significant contribution of immune regulatory cells, including regulatory T cells, to tumor progression has been widely reported. An emerging body of evidence has recently recognized a role for B cells in modulating the immune response to tumors and lymphoid malignancies. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a newly designated subset of B cells that have been shown to play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses involved in inflammation, autoimmunity and, more recently, cancer. Bregs can suppress diverse cell subtypes, including T cells, through the secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, and can facilitate the conversion of T cells to regulatory T cells, thus attenuating anti-tumor immune responses. Similar B-cell subpopulations have been reported to be recruited to the tumor but to acquire their immunosuppressive properties within the tumor bed and thereby attenuate anti-tumor immune responses. However, despite a pivotal role for Bregs in promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis, the phenotypic diversity of the cell surface markers that are unique to Bregs remains unclear in mice and humans. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of Bregs and review our current knowledge of Bregs and their inhibition of anti-tumor immune responses in murine tumor models and cancer patients.
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85
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Muller L, Simms P, Hong CS, Nishimura MI, Jackson EK, Watkins SC, Whiteside TL. Human tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) regulate Treg functions via cell surface signaling rather than uptake mechanisms. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1261243. [PMID: 28919985 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1261243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are ubiquitously present in the tumor microenvironment and plasma of cancer patients. TEX carry a cargo of multiple stimulatory and inhibitory molecules and deliver them to recipient cells, serving as a communication network for the tumor. The mechanisms TEX use for delivering messages to recipient cells were evaluated using PKH26-labeled TEX produced by cultured human tumor cells, exosomes produced by dendritic cells-derived exosomes (DEX), or exosomes isolated from plasma of cancer patients (EXO). Human T-cell subsets, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes were co-incubated with TEX, DEX, or EXO and binding or internalization of labeled vesicles was evaluated by confocal microscopy and/or Amnis-based flow cytometry. Vesicle-induced Ca2+ influx in recipient T cells was monitored, and TEX-induced inosine production in Treg was determined by mass spectrometry. In contrast to B cells, NK cells or monocytes, conventional T cells did not internalize labeled vesicles. Minimal exosome uptake was only evident in Treg following prolonged co-incubation with TEX. All exosomes induced Ca2+ influx in T cells, with TEX and EXO isolated from cancer patients' plasma delivering the strongest, sustained signaling to Treg. Such sustained signaling resulted in the significant upregulation of the conversion of extracellular ATP to inosine (adenosine metabolite) by Treg, suggesting that TEX signaling could have functional consequences in these recipient cells. Thus, modulation of Treg suppressor functions by TEX is mediated by mechanisms dependent on cell surface signaling and does not require TEX internalization by recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Muller
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Simms
- Loyola University Chicago, Oncology Research Institute, Maywood, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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86
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Abstract
As the rate-limiting enzyme in ATP/ADP–AMP–adenosine pathway, CD39 would be a novel checkpoint inhibitor target in preventing adenosine-triggered immune-suppressive effect. In addition, CD39hi Tregs, but not CD25hi Tregs, exhibit sustained Foxp3 levels and functional abilities, indicating it could represent a new specific marker of Tregs. Similarly, inhibition of CD39 enzymatic function at the surface of tumor cells alleviates their immunosuppressive activity. Far from conclusive, present research revealed that CD39 also dephosphorylated and thus inactivated self- and pathogen-associated phosphoantigens of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which may be the most promising subpopulation for cellular vaccine. CD39 is also tightly related to Th17 cells and can be regarded as a Th17 cells marker. In this review, we focus on present research of CD39 ectoenzyme and provide insights into its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Bo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatric Diseases, and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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87
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Hasan D, Blankman P, Nieman GF. Purinergic signalling links mechanical breath profile and alveolar mechanics with the pro-inflammatory innate immune response causing ventilation-induced lung injury. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:363-386. [PMID: 28547381 PMCID: PMC5563293 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary infection or vigorous cyclic deformation of the alveolar epithelial type I (AT I) cells by mechanical ventilation leads to massive extracellular ATP release. High levels of extracellular ATP saturate the ATP hydrolysis enzymes CD39 and CD73 resulting in persistent high ATP levels despite the conversion to adenosine. Above a certain level, extracellular ATP molecules act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the pro-inflammatory response of the innate immunity through purinergic receptors on the surface of the immune cells. This results in lung tissue inflammation, capillary leakage, interstitial and alveolar oedema and lung injury reducing the production of surfactant by the damaged AT II cells and deactivating the surfactant function by the concomitant extravasated serum proteins through capillary leakage followed by a substantial increase in alveolar surface tension and alveolar collapse. The resulting inhomogeneous ventilation of the lungs is an important mechanism in the development of ventilation-induced lung injury. The high levels of extracellular ATP and the upregulation of ecto-enzymes and soluble enzymes that hydrolyse ATP to adenosine (CD39 and CD73) increase the extracellular adenosine levels that inhibit the innate and adaptive immune responses rendering the host susceptible to infection by invading microorganisms. Moreover, high levels of extracellular adenosine increase the expression, the production and the activation of pro-fibrotic proteins (such as TGF-β, α-SMA, etc.) followed by the establishment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djo Hasan
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Blankman
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gary F Nieman
- Department of Surgery, Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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88
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Whiteside TL. Exosomes carrying immunoinhibitory proteins and their role in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:259-267. [PMID: 28369805 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent emergence of exosomes as information carriers between cells has introduced us to a new previously unknown biological communication system. Multi-directional cross-talk mediated by exosomes carrying proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between normal cells, cells harbouring a pathogen or cancer and immune cells has been instrumental in determining outcomes of physiological as well as pathological conditions. Exosomes play a key role in the broad spectrum of human diseases. In cancer, tumour-derived exosomes carry multiple immunoinhibitory signals, disable anti-tumour immune effector cells and promote tumour escape from immune control. Exosomes delivering negative signals to immune cells in cancer, viral infections, autoimmune or other diseases may interfere with therapy and influence outcome. Exosomes can activate tissue cells to produce inhibitory factors and thus can suppress the host immune responses indirectly. Exosomes also promise to be non-invasive disease biomarkers with a dual capability to provide insights into immune dysfunction as well as disease progression and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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89
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Whiteside TL. Targeting adenosine in cancer immunotherapy: a review of recent progress. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 17:527-535. [PMID: 28399672 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1316197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adenosine pathway plays a key role in modulating immune responses in health and in disease. In health, anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine balance pro-inflammatory ATP, limiting tissue destruction by activated immune cells. In disease, this balance is disturbed. Areas covered: This review focuses on cancer and explains how in the microenvironment, the ATP-adenosine balance shifts towards an excess of extracellular adenosine Expert commentary: The CD73-adenosine axis plays a key role in the inhibition of anti-tumor functions of immune effector cells. Today, adenosine emerges as one of the immune checkpoints that are implicated in the tumor escape from the host immune system. The adenosine pathway is currently viewed as a significant barrier to the effectiveness of immune therapies and becomes an important therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacologic inhibitors or antibodies specific for the components of the adenosine pathways or adenosine receptors show efficacy in pre-clinical studies and are entering the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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90
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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91
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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92
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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93
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Whiteside TL. Exosomes in Cancer: Another Mechanism of Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:81-89. [PMID: 29275466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles (EV) produced under physiological and pathological conditions by all cells and present in all body fluids. They are critical components of the intercellular communication network. Tumor cells release exosomes which are enriched in immunosuppressive molecules as well as biologically-active soluble factors and enzymes. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) interact with immune effector cells in the tumor microenvironment and in the circulation, deliver negative signals to these cells and interfere with their anti-tumor functions. By suppressing functions of immune effector cells, TEX promote tumor progression and facilitate tumor escape from the immune system. Thus, TEX can be viewed as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Silencing of TEX-mediated immune inhibition without disrupting the physiologically important cellular communication networks represents a considerable challenge. Current efforts are directed at achieving a better understanding of the role exosomes play in cancer progression and/or outcome and of molecular/genetic mechanisms responsible for immunoinhibitory activity of TEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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94
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Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation: What Is on the B Side? Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8491956. [PMID: 27956762 PMCID: PMC5121468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8491956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are in the spotlight for their role in immune homeostasis maintenance and tolerance achievement as in the last years the correlation with functional and increased Breg numbers in autoimmune diseases and transplantation has been extensively proven. Their study is, however, in its infancy with still little knowledge and consensus on their origin, phenotype, and mechanism of action. All this hampers the pursuit of an effective Breg induction method for therapeutic purposes. In this review we aim to summarize the studies on human Breg and their implication in kidney transplantation and to further discuss the issues surrounding therapeutic applications of this cell subset.
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95
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040035. [PMID: 27775593 PMCID: PMC5192355 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as critical components of an intercellular information network between the tumor and the host. The tumor escapes from the host immune system by using a variety of mechanisms designed to impair or eliminate anti-tumor immunity. TEX carrying a cargo of immunoinhibitory molecules and factors represent one such mechanism. TEX, which are present in all body fluids of cancer patients, deliver negative molecular or genetic signals to immune cells re-programming their functions. Although TEX can also stimulate immune activity, in the microenvironments dominated by the tumor, TEX tend to mediate immune suppression thus promoting tumor progression. The TEX content, in part resembling that of the parent cell, may serve as a source of cancer biomarkers. TEX also interfere with immune therapies. A better understanding of TEX and their contribution to cancer progression and cancer patients’ response to immune therapies represents a challenging new field of investigation.
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