51
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Abstract
In this review, we consider how the association between adherens junctions and the actomyosin cytoskeleton influences collective cell movement. We focus on recent findings which reveal different ways for adherens junctions to promote the locomotion of cells within tissues: through lamellipodia and junctional contraction. These contributions reflect how classic cadherins establish sites of cortical actin assembly and how adherens junctions couple to contractile actomyosin, respectively. The diverse interplay between cadherin adhesion and the cytoskeleton thus provides different ways for adherens junctions to support epithelial locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafali Gupta
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
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52
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Zakharov A, Dasbiswas K. Mechanochemical induction of wrinkling morphogenesis on elastic shells. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4738-4750. [PMID: 33978668 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenetic dynamics of tissue sheets require coordinated cell shape changes regulated by global patterning of mechanical forces. Inspired by such biological phenomena, we propose a minimal mechanochemical model based on the notion that cell shape changes are induced by diffusible biomolecules that influence tissue contractility in a concentration-dependent manner - and whose concentration is in turn affected by the macroscopic tissue shape. We perform computational simulations of thin shell elastic dynamics to reveal propagating chemical and three-dimensional deformation patterns arising due to a sequence of buckling instabilities. Depending on the concentration threshold that actuates cell shape change, we find qualitatively different patterns. The mechanochemically coupled patterning dynamics are distinct from those driven by purely mechanical or purely chemical factors, and emerge even without diffusion. Using numerical simulations and theoretical arguments, we analyze the elastic instabilities that result from our model and provide simple scaling laws to identify wrinkling morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Zakharov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Kinjal Dasbiswas
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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53
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Indra I, Troyanovsky RB, Shapiro L, Honig B, Troyanovsky SM. Sensing Actin Dynamics through Adherens Junctions. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2820-2833.e3. [PMID: 32101754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We study punctate adherens junctions (pAJs) to determine how short-lived cadherin clusters and relatively stable actin bundles interact despite differences in dynamics. We show that pAJ-linked bundles consist of two distinct regions-the bundle stalk (AJ-BS) and a tip (AJ-BT) positioned between cadherin clusters and the stalk. The tip differs from the stalk in a number of ways: it is devoid of the actin-bundling protein calponin, and exhibits a much faster F-actin turnover rate. While F-actin in the stalk displays centripetal movement, the F-actin in the tip is immobile. The F-actin turnover in both the tip and stalk is dependent on cadherin cluster stability, which in turn is regulated by F-actin. The close bidirectional coupling between the stability of cadherin and associated F-actin shows how pAJs, and perhaps other AJs, allow cells to sense and coordinate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in neighboring cells-a mechanism we term "dynasensing."
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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54
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MAGIs regulate aPKC to enable balanced distribution of intercellular tension for epithelial sheet homeostasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:337. [PMID: 33712709 PMCID: PMC7954791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Constriction of the apical plasma membrane is a hallmark of epithelial cells that underlies cell shape changes in tissue morphogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity in homeostasis. Contractile force is exerted by a cortical actomyosin network that is anchored to the plasma membrane by the apical junctional complexes (AJC). In this study, we present evidence that MAGI proteins, structural components of AJC whose function remained unclear, regulate apical constriction of epithelial cells through the Par polarity proteins. We reveal that MAGIs are required to uniformly distribute Partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at AJC of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. MAGIs recruit ankyrin-repeat-, SH3-domain- and proline-rich-region-containing protein 2 (ASPP2) to AJC, which modulates Par-3-aPKC to antagonize ROCK-driven contractility. By coupling the adhesion machinery to the polarity proteins to regulate cellular contractility, we propose that MAGIs play essential and central roles in maintaining steady state intercellular tension throughout the epithelial cell sheet. Matsuzawa et al. show that adhesion-related molecules MAGI-1 and MAGI-3 localize partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at apical junctional complexes of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. This study provides insights into how tension distribution contributes to cellular contractility in epithelial tissue homeostasis.
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55
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Sakakibara S, Mizutani K, Sugiura A, Sakane A, Sasaki T, Yonemura S, Takai Y. Afadin regulates actomyosin organization through αE-catenin at adherens junctions. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151595. [PMID: 32227204 PMCID: PMC7199863 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin-undercoated adherens junctions are critical for epithelial cell integrity and remodeling. Actomyosin associates with adherens junctions through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin in vivo; however, in vitro biochemical studies in solution showed that αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin binds to F-actin less efficiently than αE-catenin that is not complexed with β-catenin. Although a "catch-bond model" partly explains this inconsistency, the mechanism for this inconsistency between the in vivo and in vitro results remains elusive. We herein demonstrate that afadin binds to αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and enhances its F-actin-binding activity in a novel mechanism, eventually inducing the proper actomyosin organization through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin at adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sakane
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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56
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Yu HH, Zallen JA. Abl and Canoe/Afadin mediate mechanotransduction at tricellular junctions. Science 2021; 370:370/6520/eaba5528. [PMID: 33243859 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structure is generated by the dynamic reorganization of cells in response to mechanical forces. Adherens junctions transmit forces between cells, but how cells sense and respond to these forces in vivo is not well understood. We identify a mechanotransduction pathway involving the Abl tyrosine kinase and Canoe/Afadin that stabilizes cell adhesion under tension at tricellular junctions in the Drosophila embryo. Canoe is recruited to tricellular junctions in response to actomyosin contractility, and this mechanosensitivity requires Abl-dependent phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine in the Canoe actin-binding domain. Preventing Canoe tyrosine phosphorylation destabilizes tricellular adhesion, and anchoring Canoe at tricellular junctions independently of mechanical inputs aberrantly stabilizes adhesion, arresting cell rearrangement. These results identify a force-responsive mechanism that stabilizes tricellular adhesion under tension during epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng H Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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57
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Lenne PF, Rupprecht JF, Viasnoff V. Cell Junction Mechanics beyond the Bounds of Adhesion and Tension. Dev Cell 2021; 56:202-212. [PMID: 33453154 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions, in particular adherens junctions, are major determinants of tissue mechanics during morphogenesis and homeostasis. In attempts to link junctional mechanics to tissue mechanics, many have utilized explicitly or implicitly equilibrium approaches based on adhesion energy, surface energy, and contractility to determine the mechanical equilibrium at junctions. However, it is increasingly clear that they have significant limitations, such as that it remains challenging to link the dynamics of the molecular components to the resulting physical properties of the junction, to its remodeling ability, and to its adhesion strength. In this perspective, we discuss recent attempts to consider the aspect of energy dissipation at junctions to draw contact points with soft matter physics where energy loss plays a critical role in adhesion theories. We set the grounds for a theoretical framework of the junction mechanics that bridges the dynamics at the molecular scale to the mechanics at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-François Rupprecht
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CPT, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Virgile Viasnoff
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; CNRS Biomechanics of Cell Contacts, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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58
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López-Gay JM, Nunley H, Spencer M, di Pietro F, Guirao B, Bosveld F, Markova O, Gaugue I, Pelletier S, Lubensky DK, Bellaïche Y. Apical stress fibers enable a scaling between cell mechanical response and area in epithelial tissue. Science 2020; 370:370/6514/eabb2169. [PMID: 33060329 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems tailor their properties and behavior to their size throughout development and in numerous aspects of physiology. However, such size scaling remains poorly understood as it applies to cell mechanics and mechanosensing. By examining how the Drosophila pupal dorsal thorax epithelium responds to morphogenetic forces, we found that the number of apical stress fibers (aSFs) anchored to adherens junctions scales with cell apical area to limit larger cell elongation under mechanical stress. aSFs cluster Hippo pathway components, thereby scaling Hippo signaling and proliferation with area. This scaling is promoted by tricellular junctions mediating an increase in aSF nucleation rate and lifetime in larger cells. Development, homeostasis, and repair entail epithelial cell size changes driven by mechanical forces; our work highlights how, in turn, mechanosensitivity scales with cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López-Gay
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hayden Nunley
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meryl Spencer
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Olga Markova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David K Lubensky
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005 Paris, France
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59
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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60
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Perez-Vale KZ, Peifer M. Orchestrating morphogenesis: building the body plan by cell shape changes and movements. Development 2020; 147:dev191049. [PMID: 32917667 PMCID: PMC7502592 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, a simple ball of cells re-shapes itself into the elaborate body plan of an animal. This requires dramatic cell shape changes and cell movements, powered by the contractile force generated by actin and myosin linked to the plasma membrane at cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Here, we review three morphogenetic events common to most animals: apical constriction, convergent extension and collective cell migration. Using the fruit fly Drosophila as an example, we discuss recent work that has revealed exciting new insights into the molecular mechanisms that allow cells to change shape and move without tearing tissues apart. We also point out parallel events at work in other animals, which suggest that the mechanisms underlying these morphogenetic processes are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Z Perez-Vale
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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61
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Otani T, Furuse M. Tight Junction Structure and Function Revisited. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:805-817. [PMID: 32891490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions critical for building the epithelial barrier and maintaining epithelial polarity. The claudin family of membrane proteins play central roles in TJ structure and function. However, recent findings have uncovered claudin-independent aspects of TJ structure and function, and additional players including junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), membrane lipids, phase separation of the zonula occludens (ZO) family of scaffolding proteins, and mechanical force have been shown to play important roles in TJ structure and function. In this review, we discuss how these new findings have the potential to transform our understanding of TJ structure and function, and how the intricate network of TJ proteins and membrane lipids dynamically interact to drive TJ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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62
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Cavanaugh KE, Staddon MF, Banerjee S, Gardel ML. Adaptive viscoelasticity of epithelial cell junctions: from models to methods. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 63:86-94. [PMID: 32604032 PMCID: PMC7483996 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis relies on constituent cells' ability to finely tune their mechanical properties. Resulting elastic-like and viscous-like behaviors arise from mechanochemical signaling coordinated spatiotemporally at cell-cell interfaces. Direct measurement of junction rheology can mechanistically dissect mechanical deformations and their molecular origins. However, the physical basis of junction viscoelasticity has only recently become experimentally tractable. Pioneering studies have uncovered exciting findings on the nature of contractile forces and junction deformations, inspiring a fundamentally new way of understanding morphogenesis. Here, we discuss novel techniques that directly test junctional mechanics and describe the relevant Vertex Models, and adaptations thereof, capturing these data. We then present the concept of adaptive tissue viscoelasticity, revealed by optogenetic junction manipulation. Finally, we offer future perspectives on this rapidly evolving field describing the material basis of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Cavanaugh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637 IL, USA; James Franck Institute, and Department ofPhysics, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637 IL, USA.
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63
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Wang Y, Brieher WM. CD2AP links actin to PI3 kinase activity to extend epithelial cell height and constrain cell area. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201812087. [PMID: 31723006 PMCID: PMC7039212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are categorized as cuboidal versus squamous based on the height of the lateral membrane. Wang and Brieher show that CD2AP links PI3K activity to actin assembly to extend the height of the lateral membrane. Maintaining the correct ratio of apical, basal, and lateral membrane domains is important for epithelial physiology. Here, we show that CD2AP is a critical determinant of epithelial membrane proportions. Depletion of CD2AP or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition results in loss of F-actin and expansion of apical–basal domains, which comes at the expense of lateral membrane height in MDCK cells. We demonstrate that the SH3 domains of CD2AP bind to PI3K and are necessary for PI3K activity along lateral membranes and constraining cell area. Tethering the SH3 domains of CD2AP or p110γ to the membrane is sufficient to rescue CD2AP-knockdown phenotypes. CD2AP and PI3K are both upstream and downstream of actin polymerization. Since CD2AP binds to both actin filaments and PI3K, CD2AP might bridge actin assembly to PI3K activation to form a positive feedback loop to support lateral membrane extension. Our results provide insight into the squamous to cuboidal to columnar epithelial transitions seen in complex epithelial tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuou Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - William M Brieher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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64
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Angulo-Urarte A, van der Wal T, Huveneers S. Cell-cell junctions as sensors and transducers of mechanical forces. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183316. [PMID: 32360073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial monolayers are multicellular sheets that form barriers between the 'outside' and 'inside' of tissues. Cell-cell junctions, made by adherens junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes, hold together these monolayers. They form intercellular contacts by binding their receptor counterparts on neighboring cells and anchoring these structures intracellularly to the cytoskeleton. During tissue development, maintenance and pathogenesis, monolayers encounter a range of mechanical forces from the cells themselves and from external systemic forces, such as blood pressure or tissue stiffness. The molecular landscape of cell-cell junctions is diverse, containing transmembrane proteins that form intercellular bonds and a variety of cytoplasmic proteins that remodel the junctional connection to the cytoskeleton. Many junction-associated proteins participate in mechanotransduction cascades to confer mechanical cues into cellular responses that allow monolayers to maintain their structural integrity. We will discuss force-dependent junctional molecular events and their role in cell-cell contact organization and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Angulo-Urarte
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanne van der Wal
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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65
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Houssin NS, Martin JB, Coppola V, Yoon SO, Plageman TF. Formation and contraction of multicellular actomyosin cables facilitate lens placode invagination. Dev Biol 2020; 462:36-49. [PMID: 32113830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis relies on the intrinsic ability of cells, often through remodeling the cytoskeleton, to shape epithelial tissues during development. Epithelial invagination is an example of morphogenesis that depends on this remodeling but the cellular mechanisms driving arrangement of cytoskeletal elements needed for tissue deformation remain incompletely characterized. To elucidate these mechanisms, live fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry on fixed specimens were performed on chick and mouse lens placodes. This analysis revealed the formation of peripherally localized, circumferentially orientated and aligned junctions enriched in F-actin and MyoIIB. Once formed, the aligned junctions contract in a Rho-kinase and non-muscle myosin dependent manner. Further molecular characterization of these junctions revealed a Rho-kinase dependent accumulation of Arhgef11, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor known to regulate the formation of actomyosin cables and junctional contraction. In contrast, the localization of the Par-complex protein Par3, was reduced in these circumferentially orientated junctions. In an effort to determine if Par3 plays a negative role in MyoIIB accumulation, Par3-deficient mouse embryos were analyzed which not only revealed an increase in bicellular junctional accumulation of MyoIIB, but also a reduction of Arhgef11. Together, these results highlight the importance of the formation of the multicellular actomyosin cables that appear essential to the initiation of epithelial invagination and implicate the potential role of Arhgef11 and Par3 in their contraction and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica B Martin
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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66
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Molecular organization, regulation and function of tricellular junctions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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67
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Cavanaugh KE, Staddon MF, Munro E, Banerjee S, Gardel ML. RhoA Mediates Epithelial Cell Shape Changes via Mechanosensitive Endocytosis. Dev Cell 2020; 52:152-166.e5. [PMID: 31883774 PMCID: PMC7565439 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial remodeling involves ratcheting behavior whereby periodic contractility produces transient changes in cell-cell contact lengths, which stabilize to produce lasting morphogenetic changes. Pulsatile RhoA activity is thought to underlie morphogenetic ratchets, but how RhoA governs transient changes in junction length, and how these changes are rectified to produce irreversible deformation, remains poorly understood. Here, we use optogenetics to characterize responses to pulsatile RhoA in model epithelium. Short RhoA pulses drive reversible junction contractions, while longer pulses produce irreversible junction length changes that saturate with prolonged pulse durations. Using an enhanced vertex model, we show this is explained by two effects: thresholded tension remodeling and continuous strain relaxation. Our model predicts that structuring RhoA into multiple pulses overcomes the saturation of contractility and confirms this experimentally. Junction remodeling also requires formin-mediated E-cadherin clustering and dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Thus, irreversible junction deformations are regulated by RhoA-mediated contractility, membrane trafficking, and adhesion receptor remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Cavanaugh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, IL, USA
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, IL, USA; James Franck Institute, Department of Physics, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, IL, USA.
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68
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Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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69
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Finegan TM, Hervieux N, Nestor-Bergmann A, Fletcher AG, Blanchard GB, Sanson B. The tricellular vertex-specific adhesion molecule Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000522. [PMID: 31805038 PMCID: PMC6894751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In epithelia, tricellular vertices are emerging as important sites for the regulation of epithelial integrity and function. Compared to bicellular contacts, however, much less is known. In particular, resident proteins at tricellular vertices were identified only at occluding junctions, with none known at adherens junctions (AJs). In a previous study, we discovered that in Drosophila embryos, the adhesion molecule Sidekick (Sdk), well-known in invertebrates and vertebrates for its role in the visual system, localises at tricellular vertices at the level of AJs. Here, we survey a wide range of Drosophila epithelia and establish that Sdk is a resident protein at tricellular AJs (tAJs), the first of its kind. Clonal analysis showed that two cells, rather than three cells, contributing Sdk are sufficient for tAJ localisation. Super-resolution imaging using structured illumination reveals that Sdk proteins form string-like structures at vertices. Postulating that Sdk may have a role in epithelia where AJs are actively remodelled, we analysed the phenotype of sdk null mutant embryos during Drosophila axis extension using quantitative methods. We find that apical cell shapes are abnormal in sdk mutants, suggesting a defect in tissue remodelling during convergence and extension. Moreover, adhesion at apical vertices is compromised in rearranging cells, with apical tears in the cortex forming and persisting throughout axis extension, especially at the centres of rosettes. Finally, we show that polarised cell intercalation is decreased in sdk mutants. Mathematical modelling of the cell behaviours supports the notion that the T1 transitions of polarised cell intercalation are delayed in sdk mutants, in particular in rosettes. We propose that this delay, in combination with a change in the mechanical properties of the converging and extending tissue, causes the abnormal apical cell shapes in sdk mutant embryos. This study identifies the adhesion molecule Sidekick as a resident protein of tricellular vertices between cells, at the level of adherens junctions. A combination of quantitative methods and modelling provides evidence that Sidekick facilitates polarised cell intercalation during Drosophila axis extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guy B. Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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70
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Bonello TT, Choi W, Peifer M. Scribble and Discs-large direct initial assembly and positioning of adherens junctions during the establishment of apical-basal polarity. Development 2019; 146:dev.180976. [PMID: 31628110 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is a fundamental property of animal tissues. Drosophila embryos provide an outstanding model for defining mechanisms that initiate and maintain polarity. Polarity is initiated during cellularization, when cell-cell adherens junctions are positioned at the future boundary of apical and basolateral domains. Polarity maintenance then involves complementary and antagonistic interplay between apical and basal polarity complexes. The Scribble/Dlg module is well-known for promoting basolateral identity during polarity maintenance. Here, we report a surprising role for Scribble/Dlg in polarity initiation, placing it near the top of the network-positioning adherens junctions. Scribble and Dlg are enriched in nascent adherens junctions, are essential for adherens junction positioning and supermolecular assembly, and also play a role in basal junction assembly. We test the hypotheses for the underlying mechanisms, exploring potential effects on protein trafficking, cytoskeletal polarity or Par-1 localization/function. Our data suggest that the Scribble/Dlg module plays multiple roles in polarity initiation. Different domains of Scribble contribute to these distinct roles. Together, these data reveal novel roles for Scribble/Dlg as master scaffolds regulating assembly of distinct junctional complexes at different times and places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Bonello
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA .,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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71
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Varadarajan S, Stephenson RE, Miller AL. Multiscale dynamics of tight junction remodeling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/22/jcs229286. [PMID: 31754042 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues that generate biological barriers in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) are responsible for maintaining a selectively permeable seal between epithelial cells, but little is known about how TJs dynamically remodel in response to physiological forces that challenge epithelial barrier function, such as cell shape changes (e.g. during cell division) or tissue stretching (e.g. during developmental morphogenesis). In this Review, we first introduce a framework to think about TJ remodeling across multiple scales: from molecular dynamics, to strand dynamics, to cell- and tissue-scale dynamics. We then relate knowledge gained from global perturbations of TJs to emerging information about local TJ remodeling events, where transient localized Rho activation and actomyosin-mediated contraction promote TJ remodeling to repair local leaks in barrier function. We conclude by identifying emerging areas in the field and propose ideas for future studies that address unanswered questions about the mechanisms that drive TJ remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaraajan Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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72
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Otani T, Nguyen TP, Tokuda S, Sugihara K, Sugawara T, Furuse K, Miura T, Ebnet K, Furuse M. Claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate tight junction formation and epithelial polarity. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3372-3396. [PMID: 31467165 PMCID: PMC6781433 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) establish the epithelial barrier and are thought to form a membrane fence to regulate epithelial polarity, although the roles of TJs in epithelial polarity remain controversial. Claudins constitute TJ strands in conjunction with the cytoplasmic scaffolds ZO-1 and ZO-2 and play pivotal roles in epithelial barrier formation. However, how claudins and other TJ membrane proteins cooperate to organize TJs remains unclear. Here, we systematically knocked out TJ components by genome editing and show that while ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells lacked TJ structures and epithelial barriers, claudin-deficient cells lacked TJ strands and an electrolyte permeability barrier but formed membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier. Moreover, epithelial polarity was disorganized in ZO-1/ZO-2-deficient cells, but not in claudin-deficient cells. Simultaneous deletion of claudins and a TJ membrane protein JAM-A resulted in a loss of membrane appositions and a macromolecule permeability barrier and in sporadic epithelial polarity defects. These results demonstrate that claudins and JAM-A coordinately regulate TJ formation and epithelial polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Thanh Phuong Nguyen
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kei Sugihara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugawara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity," Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Entzündung, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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73
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues, by providing a semipermeable barrier to ions and solutes, by contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity, and by functioning as signaling platforms. TJ are associated with the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology. TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue integrity. Mechano-sensing and mechano-transduction properties of several AJ proteins have been characterized during the last decade. However, little is known about how mechanical forces act on TJ and their proteins, how TJ control the mechanical properties of cells and tissues, and what are the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here I review recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the relationships between mechanical force and TJ biology.
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74
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Heuzé ML, Sankara Narayana GHN, D'Alessandro J, Cellerin V, Dang T, Williams DS, Van Hest JC, Marcq P, Mège RM, Ladoux B. Myosin II isoforms play distinct roles in adherens junction biogenesis. eLife 2019; 8:46599. [PMID: 31486768 PMCID: PMC6756789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junction (AJ) assembly under force is essential for many biological processes like epithelial monolayer bending, collective cell migration, cell extrusion and wound healing. The acto-myosin cytoskeleton acts as a major force-generator during the de novo formation and remodeling of AJ. Here, we investigated the role of non-muscle myosin II isoforms (NMIIA and NMIIB) in epithelial junction assembly. NMIIA and NMIIB differentially regulate biogenesis of AJ through association with distinct actin networks. Analysis of junction dynamics, actin organization, and mechanical forces of control and knockdown cells for myosins revealed that NMIIA provides the mechanical tugging force necessary for cell-cell junction reinforcement and maintenance. NMIIB is involved in E-cadherin clustering, maintenance of a branched actin layer connecting E-cadherin complexes and perijunctional actin fibres leading to the building-up of anisotropic stress. These data reveal unanticipated complementary functions of NMIIA and NMIIB in the biogenesis and integrity of AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina L Heuzé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | | | - Joseph D'Alessandro
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Victor Cellerin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Tien Dang
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - David S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Cm Van Hest
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Laboratoire Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, Sorbonne Université and CNRS UMR 7636, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris and CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
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75
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Merkel CD, Li Y, Raza Q, Stolz DB, Kwiatkowski AV. Vinculin anchors contractile actin to the cardiomyocyte adherens junction. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2639-2650. [PMID: 31483697 PMCID: PMC6761764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherens junction (AJ) couples the actin cytoskeletons of neighboring cells to allow mechanical integration and tissue organization. The physiological demands of intercellular adhesion require that the AJ be responsive to dynamic changes in force while maintaining mechanical load. These demands are tested in the heart, where cardiomyocyte AJs must withstand repeated cycles of actomyosin-mediated contractile force. Here we show that force-responsive cardiomyocyte AJs recruit actin-binding ligands to selectively couple actin networks. We employed a panel of N-cadherin-αE-catenin fusion proteins to rebuild AJs with specific actin linkages in N-cadherin-null cardiomyocytes. In this system, vinculin recruitment was required to rescue myofibril integration at nascent contacts. In contrast, loss of vinculin from the AJ disrupted junction morphology and blocked myofibril integration at cell–cell contacts. Our results identify vinculin as a critical link to contractile actomyosin and offer insight to how actin integration at the AJ is regulated to provide stability under mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Merkel
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Qanber Raza
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Adam V Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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76
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Rouaud F, Vasileva E, Spadaro D, Tsukita S, Citi S. R40.76 binds to the α domain of ZO-1: role of ZO-1 (α+) in epithelial differentiation and mechano-sensing. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:e1653748. [PMID: 31438766 PMCID: PMC6748370 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1653748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of epithelia and endothelia depends on tight junctions, which are formed by the polymerization of claudins on a scaffold of ZO proteins. Two differentially spliced isoforms of ZO-1 have been described, depending on the presence of the α domain, but the function of this domain is unclear. ZO-1 also contains a C-terminal ZU5 domain, which is involved in a mechano-sensitive intramolecular interaction with the central (ZPSG) region of ZO-1. Here we use immunoblotting and immunofluorescence to map the binding sites for commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against ZO-1, and for a new polyclonal antibody (R3) that we developed against the ZO-1 C-terminus. We demonstrate that antibody R40.76 binds to the α domain, and the R3 antibody binds to the ZU5 domain. The (α+) isoform of ZO-1 shows higher expression in epithelial versus endothelial cells, and in differentiated versus undifferentiated primary keratinocytes, suggesting a link to epithelial differentiation and a potential molecular adaptation to junctions subjected to stronger mechanical forces. These results provide new tools and hypotheses to investigate the role of the α and ZU5 domains in ZO-1 mechano-sensing and dynamic interactions with the cytoskeleton and junctional ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rouaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University , Tokyo , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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77
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Imran Alsous J, Martin AC. ZnUMBA Crosses the Border. Dev Cell 2019; 48:423-424. [PMID: 30782409 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Breaks in tight junctions cause transient tissue leaks. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Stephenson et al. (2019) show that local RhoA activation and actomyosin contractions concentrate tight junction proteins at the breach, which repairs the leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Imran Alsous
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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78
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Konishi S, Yano T, Tanaka H, Mizuno T, Kanoh H, Tsukita K, Namba T, Tamura A, Yonemura S, Gotoh S, Matsumoto H, Hirai T, Tsukita S. Vinculin is critical for the robustness of the epithelial cell sheet paracellular barrier for ions. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900414. [PMID: 31399484 PMCID: PMC6689668 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinculin in the apical junctional complex maintains the paracellular barrier function specifically for ions, but not for large solutes, by buffering mechanical fluctuations. The paracellular barrier function of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cell sheets is robustly maintained against mechanical fluctuations, by molecular mechanisms that are poorly understood. Vinculin is an adaptor of a mechanosensory complex at the adherens junction. Here, we generated vinculin KO Eph4 epithelial cells and analyzed their confluent cell-sheet properties. We found that vinculin is dispensable for the basic TJ structural integrity and the paracellular barrier function for larger solutes. However, vinculin is indispensable for the paracellular barrier function for ions. In addition, TJs stochastically showed dynamically distorted patterns in vinculin KO cell sheets. These KO phenotypes were rescued by transfecting full-length vinculin and by relaxing the actomyosin tension with blebbistatin, a myosin II ATPase activity inhibitor. Our findings indicate that vinculin resists mechanical fluctuations to maintain the TJ paracellular barrier function for ions in epithelial cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Namba
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan.,Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan .,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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79
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Letizia A, He D, Astigarraga S, Colombelli J, Hatini V, Llimargas M, Treisman JE. Sidekick Is a Key Component of Tricellular Adherens Junctions that Acts to Resolve Cell Rearrangements. Dev Cell 2019; 50:313-326.e5. [PMID: 31353315 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tricellular adherens junctions are points of high tension that are central to the rearrangement of epithelial cells. However, the molecular composition of these junctions is unknown, making it difficult to assess their role in morphogenesis. Here, we show that Sidekick, an immunoglobulin family cell adhesion protein, is highly enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in Drosophila. This localization is modulated by tension, and Sidekick is itself necessary to maintain normal levels of cell bond tension. Loss of Sidekick causes defects in cell and junctional rearrangements in actively remodeling epithelial tissues like the retina and tracheal system. The adaptor proteins Polychaetoid and Canoe are enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in a Sidekick-dependent manner; Sidekick functionally interacts with both proteins and directly binds to Polychaetoid. We suggest that Polychaetoid and Canoe link Sidekick to the actin cytoskeleton to enable tricellular adherens junctions to maintain or transmit cell bond tension during epithelial cell rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - DanQing He
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Victor Hatini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology and Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Jaharis 322, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Jessica E Treisman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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80
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Awadia S, Huq F, Arnold TR, Goicoechea SM, Sun YJ, Hou T, Kreider-Letterman G, Massimi P, Banks L, Fuentes EJ, Miller AL, Garcia-Mata R. SGEF forms a complex with Scribble and Dlg1 and regulates epithelial junctions and contractility. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2699-2725. [PMID: 31248911 PMCID: PMC6683736 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Scribble polarity complex is implicated in regulation of epithelial junctions and apical polarity. Here, we show that SGEF, a RhoG-specific GEF, forms a ternary complex with Scribble and Dlg1, two members of the Scribble complex. SGEF targets to apical junctions in a Scribble-dependent fashion and functions in the regulation of actomyosin-based contractility and barrier function at tight junctions as well as E-cadherin-mediated formation of adherens junctions. Surprisingly, SGEF does not control the establishment of polarity. However, in 3D cysts, SGEF regulates the formation of a single open lumen. Interestingly, SGEF's nucleotide exchange activity regulates the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions, and in cysts the number of lumens formed, whereas SGEF's scaffolding activity is critical for regulation of actomyosin contractility and lumen opening. We propose that SGEF plays a key role in coordinating junctional assembly and actomyosin contractility by bringing together Scribble and Dlg1 and targeting RhoG activation to cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Young Joo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Titus Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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81
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Ko CS, Tserunyan V, Martin AC. Microtubules promote intercellular contractile force transmission during tissue folding. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2726-2742. [PMID: 31227595 PMCID: PMC6683747 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, forces transmitted between cells are critical for sculpting epithelial tissues. Actomyosin contractility in the middle of the cell apex (medioapical) can change cell shape (e.g., apical constriction) but can also result in force transmission between cells via attachments to adherens junctions. How actomyosin networks maintain attachments to adherens junctions under tension is poorly understood. Here, we discovered that microtubules promote actomyosin intercellular attachments in epithelia during Drosophila melanogaster mesoderm invagination. First, we used live imaging to show a novel arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton during apical constriction: medioapical Patronin (CAMSAP) foci formed by actomyosin contraction organized an apical noncentrosomal microtubule network. Microtubules were required for mesoderm invagination but were not necessary for initiating apical contractility or adherens junction assembly. Instead, microtubules promoted connections between medioapical actomyosin and adherens junctions. These results delineate a role for coordination between actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems in intercellular force transmission during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint S Ko
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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82
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Manning LA, Perez-Vale KZ, Schaefer KN, Sewell MT, Peifer M. The Drosophila Afadin and ZO-1 homologues Canoe and Polychaetoid act in parallel to maintain epithelial integrity when challenged by adherens junction remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1938-1960. [PMID: 31188739 PMCID: PMC6727765 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, cells must change shape and move without disrupting tissue integrity. This requires cell-cell junctions to allow dynamic remodeling while resisting forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Multiple proteins play roles in junctional-cytoskeletal linkage, but the mechanisms by which they act remain unclear. Drosophila Canoe maintains adherens junction-cytoskeletal linkage during gastrulation. Canoe's mammalian homologue Afadin plays similar roles in cultured cells, working in parallel with ZO-1 proteins, particularly at multicellular junctions. We take these insights back to the fly embryo, exploring how cells maintain epithelial integrity when challenged by adherens junction remodeling during germband extension and dorsal closure. We found that Canoe helps cells maintain junctional-cytoskeletal linkage when challenged by the junctional remodeling inherent in mitosis, cell intercalation, and neuroblast invagination or by forces generated by the actomyosin cable at the leading edge. However, even in the absence of Canoe, many cells retain epithelial integrity. This is explained by a parallel role played by the ZO-1 homologue Polychaetoid. In embryos lacking both Canoe and Polychaetoid, cell junctions fail early, with multicellular junctions especially sensitive, leading to widespread loss of epithelial integrity. Our data suggest that Canoe and Polychaetoid stabilize Bazooka/Par3 at cell-cell junctions, helping maintain balanced apical contractility and tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathiena A Manning
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kia Z Perez-Vale
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kristina N Schaefer
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mycah T Sewell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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83
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Finegan TM, Bergstralh DT. Division orientation: disentangling shape and mechanical forces. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1187-1198. [PMID: 31068057 PMCID: PMC6592245 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are essential for the generation of cell diversity and for tissue shaping during morphogenesis. Cells in tissues are mechanically linked to their neighbors, upon which they impose, and from which they experience, physical force. Recent work in multiple systems has revealed that tissue-level physical forces can influence the orientation of cell division. A long-standing question is whether forces are communicated to the spindle orienting machinery via cell shape or directly via mechanosensing intracellular machinery. In this article, we review the current evidence from diverse model systems that show spindles are oriented by tissue-level physical forces and evaluate current models and molecular mechanisms proposed to explain how the spindle orientation machinery responds to extrinsic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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84
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Rauskolb C, Cervantes E, Madere F, Irvine KD. Organization and function of tension-dependent complexes at adherens junctions. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224063. [PMID: 30837288 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions provide attachments between neighboring epithelial cells and a physical link to the cytoskeleton, which enables them to sense and transmit forces and to initiate biomechanical signaling. Examination of the Ajuba LIM protein Jub in Drosophila embryos revealed that it is recruited to adherens junctions in tissues experiencing high levels of myosin activity, and that the pattern of Jub recruitment varies depending upon how tension is organized. In cells with high junctional myosin, Jub is recruited to puncta near intercellular vertices, which are distinct from Ena-containing puncta, but can overlap Vinc-containing puncta. We identify roles for Jub in modulating tension and cellular organization, which are shared with the cytohesin Step, and the cytohesin adapter Sstn, and show that Jub and Sstn together recruit Step to adherens junctions under tension. Our observations establish Jub as a reporter of tension experienced at adherens junctions, and identify distinct types of tension-dependent and tension-independent junctional complexes. They also identify a role for Jub in mediating a feedback loop that modulates the distribution of tension and cellular organization in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Rauskolb
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estelle Cervantes
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ferralita Madere
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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85
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Rho Flares Repair Local Tight Junction Leaks. Dev Cell 2019; 48:445-459.e5. [PMID: 30773490 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions contribute to epithelial barrier function by selectively regulating the quantity and type of molecules that cross the paracellular barrier. Experimental approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of tight junctions are typically global, tissue-scale measures. Here, we introduce Zinc-based Ultrasensitive Microscopic Barrier Assay (ZnUMBA), which we used in Xenopus laevis embryos to visualize short-lived, local breaches in epithelial barrier function. These breaches, or leaks, occur as cell boundaries elongate, correspond to visible breaks in the tight junction, and are followed by transient localized Rho activation, or Rho flares. We discovered that Rho flares restore barrier function by driving concentration of tight junction proteins through actin polymerization and ROCK-mediated localized contraction of the cell boundary. We conclude that Rho flares constitute a damage control mechanism that reinstates barrier function when tight junctions become locally compromised because of normally occurring changes in cell shape and tissue tension.
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86
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Dubey P, Kapoor T, Gupta S, Shirolikar S, Ray K. Atypical septate junctions maintain the somatic enclosure around maturing spermatids and prevent premature sperm release in Drosophila testis. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.036939. [PMID: 30635267 PMCID: PMC6398457 DOI: 10.1242/bio.036939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions prevent paracellular flow and maintain cell polarity in an epithelium. These junctions are also required for maintaining the blood-testis barrier, which is essential for sperm differentiation. Septate junctions in insects are orthologous to the tight junctions. In Drosophila testis, major septate junction components co-localize at the interface of germline and somatic cells initially, and then condense between the two somatic cells in a cyst after germline meiosis. Their localization is extensively remodeled in subsequent stages. We find that characteristic septate junctions are formed between the somatic cyst cells at the elongated spermatid stage. Consistent with previous reports, knockdown of essential junctional components – Discs-large-1 and Neurexin-IV – during the early stages disrupted sperm differentiation beyond the spermatocyte stage. Knockdown of these proteins during the final stages of spermatid maturation caused premature release of spermatids inside the testes, resulting in partial loss of male fertility. These results indicate the importance of maintaining the integrity of the somatic enclosure during spermatid coiling and release in Drosophila testis. It also highlights the functional similarity with the tight junction proteins during mammalian spermatogenesis. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Septate junctions seal the somatic enclosure around maturing spermatids in Drosophila testis. The junction integrity, maintained by Dlg1 and NrxIV, is essential for keeping the somatic enclosure intact until the mature spermatids are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dubey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Tushna Kapoor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Samir Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Seema Shirolikar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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87
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Finegan TM, Na D, Cammarota C, Skeeters AV, Nádasi TJ, Dawney NS, Fletcher AG, Oakes PW, Bergstralh DT. Tissue tension and not interphase cell shape determines cell division orientation in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100072. [PMID: 30478193 PMCID: PMC6356066 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the cell behaviors that drive morphogenesis of the Drosophila follicular epithelium during expansion and elongation of early-stage egg chambers. We found that cell division is not required for elongation of the early follicular epithelium, but drives the tissue toward optimal geometric packing. We examined the orientation of cell divisions with respect to the planar tissue axis and found a bias toward the primary direction of tissue expansion. However, interphase cell shapes demonstrate the opposite bias. Hertwig's rule, which holds that cell elongation determines division orientation, is therefore broken in this tissue. This observation cannot be explained by the anisotropic activity of the conserved Pins/Mud spindle-orienting machinery, which controls division orientation in the apical-basal axis and planar division orientation in other epithelial tissues. Rather, cortical tension at the apical surface translates into planar division orientation in a manner dependent on Canoe/Afadin, which links actomyosin to adherens junctions. These findings demonstrate that division orientation in different axes-apical-basal and planar-is controlled by distinct, independent mechanisms in a proliferating epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Finegan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daxiang Na
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christian Cammarota
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Austin V Skeeters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tamás J Nádasi
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nicole S Dawney
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dan T Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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88
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Manning LA, Peifer M. Getting into shape: tissue tension drives oriented cell divisions during organogenesis. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101246. [PMID: 30679198 PMCID: PMC6356058 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The shapes and architecture of the organs in the animal body develop through complex coordination of cell shape change, cell migration, and cell proliferation. Finegan et al (2019 ) use the simple model of the Drosophila ovary and elongation of each egg chamber to explore this process. They find that a gradient of myosin‐driven tension exists along the axis of organ elongation and that this orients the division of the constituent cells. This and other recent work highlight how tissue‐level tension plays a key role in regulating tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathiena A Manning
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
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89
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Arnold TR, Shawky JH, Stephenson RE, Dinshaw KM, Higashi T, Huq F, Davidson LA, Miller AL. Anillin regulates epithelial cell mechanics by structuring the medial-apical actomyosin network. eLife 2019; 8:39065. [PMID: 30702429 PMCID: PMC6424563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces sculpt organisms during development, while misregulation of cellular mechanics can promote disease. Here, we investigate how the actomyosin scaffold protein anillin contributes to epithelial mechanics in Xenopus laevis embryos. Increased mechanosensitive recruitment of vinculin to cell-cell junctions when anillin is overexpressed suggested that anillin promotes junctional tension. However, junctional laser ablation unexpectedly showed that junctions recoil faster when anillin is depleted and slower when anillin is overexpressed. Unifying these findings, we demonstrate that anillin regulates medial-apical actomyosin. Medial-apical laser ablation supports the conclusion that that tensile forces are stored across the apical surface of epithelial cells, and anillin promotes the tensile forces stored in this network. Finally, we show that anillin's effects on cellular mechanics impact tissue-wide mechanics. These results reveal anillin as a key regulator of epithelial mechanics and lay the groundwork for future studies on how anillin may contribute to mechanical events in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kayla M Dinshaw
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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90
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Sánchez-Corrales YE, Röper K. Alignment of cytoskeletal structures across cell boundaries generates tissue cohesion during organ formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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91
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Acharya BR, Nestor-Bergmann A, Liang X, Gupta S, Duszyc K, Gauquelin E, Gomez GA, Budnar S, Marcq P, Jensen OE, Bryant Z, Yap AS. A Mechanosensitive RhoA Pathway that Protects Epithelia against Acute Tensile Stress. Dev Cell 2018; 47:439-452.e6. [PMID: 30318244 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions are tensile structures that couple epithelial cells together. Junctional tension can arise from cell-intrinsic application of contractility or from the cell-extrinsic forces of tissue movement. Here, we report a mechanosensitive signaling pathway that activates RhoA at adherens junctions to preserve epithelial integrity in response to acute tensile stress. We identify Myosin VI as the force sensor, whose association with E-cadherin is enhanced when junctional tension is increased by mechanical monolayer stress. Myosin VI promotes recruitment of the heterotrimeric Gα12 protein to E-cadherin, where it signals for p114 RhoGEF to activate RhoA. Despite its potential to stimulate junctional actomyosin and further increase contractility, tension-activated RhoA signaling is necessary to preserve epithelial integrity. This is explained by an increase in tensile strength, especially at the multicellular vertices of junctions, that is due to mDia1-mediated actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul R Acharya
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Xuan Liang
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shafali Gupta
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kinga Duszyc
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Estelle Gauquelin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75205, France
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Sorbonne Universite, PSL Research University, Paris and CNRS UMR 168, Paris 75005, France
| | - Oliver E Jensen
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zev Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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92
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Bosveld F, Wang Z, Bellaïche Y. Tricellular junctions: a hot corner of epithelial biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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93
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Kuo WT, Singh G, Sailer A, Wang Y, Shen L, Fanning AS, Turner JR. The scaffolding protein ZO-1 coordinates actomyosin and epithelial apical specializations in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17317-17335. [PMID: 30242130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia assemble into sheets that compartmentalize organs and generate tissue barriers by integrating apical surfaces into a single, unified structure. This tissue organization is shared across organs, species, and developmental stages. The processes that regulate development and maintenance of apical epithelial surfaces are, however, undefined. Here, using an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout (KO) mouse and cultured epithelial cells, we show that the tight junction scaffolding protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is essential for development of unified apical surfaces in vivo and in vitro We found that U5 and GuK domains of ZO-1 are necessary for proper apical surface assembly, including organization of microvilli and cortical F-actin; however, direct interactions with F-actin through the ZO-1 actin-binding region (ABR) are not required. ZO-1 lacking the PDZ1 domain, which binds claudins, rescued apical structure in ZO-1-deficient epithelia, but not in cells lacking both ZO-1 and ZO-2, suggesting that heterodimerization with ZO-2 restores PDZ1-dependent ZO-1 interactions that are vital to apical surface organization. Pharmacologic F-actin disruption, myosin II motor inhibition, or dynamin inactivation restored apical epithelial structure in vitro and in vivo, indicating that ZO-1 directs epithelial organization by regulating actomyosin contraction and membrane traffic. We conclude that multiple ZO-1-mediated interactions contribute to coordination of epithelial actomyosin function and genesis of unified apical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wangsun Choi
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Gurminder Singh
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | | | | | - Le Shen
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alan S Fanning
- the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- From the Departments of Pathology and .,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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94
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Carvalho L, Patricio P, Ponte S, Heisenberg CP, Almeida L, Nunes AS, Araújo NAM, Jacinto A. Occluding junctions as novel regulators of tissue mechanics during wound repair. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4267-4283. [PMID: 30228162 PMCID: PMC6279375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple epithelial repair is mediated by the contraction of an actomyosin cable and cellular rearrangements at the wound edge. Carvalho et al. show that occluding junctions are required for epithelial repair by regulating these cellular rearrangements and tissue mechanical properties. In epithelial tissues, cells tightly connect to each other through cell–cell junctions, but they also present the remarkable capacity of reorganizing themselves without compromising tissue integrity. Upon injury, simple epithelia efficiently resolve small lesions through the action of actin cytoskeleton contractile structures at the wound edge and cellular rearrangements. However, the underlying mechanisms and how they cooperate are still poorly understood. In this study, we combine live imaging and theoretical modeling to reveal a novel and indispensable role for occluding junctions (OJs) in this process. We demonstrate that OJ loss of function leads to defects in wound-closure dynamics: instead of contracting, wounds dramatically increase their area. OJ mutants exhibit phenotypes in cell shape, cellular rearrangements, and mechanical properties as well as in actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the wound edge. We propose that OJs are essential for wound closure by impacting on epithelial mechanics at the tissue level, which in turn is crucial for correct regulation of the cellular events occurring at the wound edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Carvalho
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Patricio
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Ponte
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Almeida
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Sorbonne Université/Team Mamba, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation Paris, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, BC187, Paris, France
| | - André S Nunes
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno A M Araújo
- Centro de Física Teórica e Computacional, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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95
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Schaumann EN, Staddon MF, Gardel ML, Banerjee S. Force localization modes in dynamic epithelial colonies. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2835-2847. [PMID: 30207837 PMCID: PMC6249864 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell behaviors, including tissue remodeling, morphogenesis, and cancer metastasis, rely on dynamics among cells, their neighbors, and the extracellular matrix. The lack of quantitative models precludes understanding of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions regulate tissue-scale force transmission to guide morphogenic processes. We integrate biophysical measurements on model epithelial tissues and computational modeling to explore how cell-level dynamics alter mechanical stress organization at multicellular scales. We show that traction stress distribution in epithelial colonies can vary widely for identical geometries. For colonies with peripheral localization of traction stresses, we recapitulate previously described mechanical behavior of cohesive tissues with a continuum model. By contrast, highly motile cells within colonies produce traction stresses that fluctuate in space and time. To predict the traction force dynamics, we introduce an active adherent vertex model (AAVM) for epithelial monolayers. AAVM predicts that increased cellular motility and reduced intercellular mechanical coupling localize traction stresses in the colony interior, in agreement with our experimental data. Furthermore, the model captures a wide spectrum of localized stress production modes that arise from individual cell activities including cell division, rotation, and polarized migration. This approach provides a robust quantitative framework to study how cell-scale dynamics influence force transmission in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik N Schaumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael F Staddon
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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96
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AIP1 and cofilin ensure a resistance to tissue tension and promote directional cell rearrangement. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3295. [PMID: 30202062 PMCID: PMC6131156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand how tissue mechanics shapes animal body, it is critical to clarify how cells respond to and resist tissue stress when undergoing morphogenetic processes, such as cell rearrangement. Here, we address the question in the Drosophila wing epithelium, where anisotropic tissue tension orients cell rearrangements. We found that anisotropic tissue tension localizes actin interacting protein 1 (AIP1), a cofactor of cofilin, on the remodeling junction via cooperative binding of cofilin to F-actin. AIP1 and cofilin promote actin turnover and locally regulate the Canoe-mediated linkage between actomyosin and the junction. This mechanism is essential for cells to resist the mechanical load imposed on the remodeling junction perpendicular to the direction of tissue stretching. Thus, the present study delineates how AIP1 and cofilin achieve an optimal balance between resistance to tissue tension and morphogenesis.
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97
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Mutations in the Drosophila tricellular junction protein M6 synergize with RasV12 to induce apical cell delamination and invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8358-8363. [PMID: 30061406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807343115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications from metastasis are responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Despite the outsized medical impact of metastasis, remarkably little is known about one of the key early steps of metastasis: departure of a tumor cell from its originating tissue. It is well documented that cellular delamination in the basal direction can induce invasive behaviors, but it remains unknown if apical cell delamination can induce migration and invasion in a cancer context. To explore this feature of cancer progression, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila and discovered that mutations in the protein M6 synergize with oncogenic Ras to drive invasion following apical delamination without crossing a basement membrane. Mechanistically, we observed that M6-deficient RasV12 clones delaminate as a result of alterations in a Canoe-RhoA-myosin II axis that is necessary for both the delamination and invasion phenotypes. To uncover the cellular roles of M6, we show that it localizes to tricellular junctions in epithelial tissues where it is necessary for the structural integrity of multicellular contacts. This work provides evidence that apical delamination can precede invasion and highlights the important role that tricellular junction integrity can play in this process.
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98
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Lidgerwood GE, Morris AJ, Conquest A, Daniszewski M, Rooney LA, Lim SY, Hernández D, Liang HH, Allen P, Connell PP, Guymer RH, Hewitt AW, Pébay A. Role of lysophosphatidic acid in the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:750-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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99
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Chu CW, Xiang B, Ossipova O, Ioannou A, Sokol SY. The Ajuba family protein Wtip regulates actomyosin contractility during vertebrate neural tube closure. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213884. [PMID: 29661847 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajuba family proteins are implicated in the assembly of cell junctions and have been reported to antagonize Hippo signaling in response to cytoskeletal tension. To assess the role of these proteins in actomyosin contractility, we examined the localization and function of Wtip, a member of the Ajuba family, in Xenopus early embryos. Targeted in vivo depletion of Wtip inhibited apical constriction in neuroepithelial cells and elicited neural tube defects. Fluorescent protein-tagged Wtip showed predominant punctate localization along the cell junctions in the epidermis and a linear junctional pattern in the neuroectoderm. In cells undergoing Shroom3-induced apical constriction, the punctate distribution was reorganized into a linear pattern. Conversely, the linear junctional pattern of Wtip in neuroectoderm changed to a more punctate distribution in cells with reduced myosin II activity. The C-terminal fragment of Wtip physically associated with Shroom3 and interfered with Shroom3 activity and neural fold formation. We therefore propose that Wtip is a tension-sensitive cytoskeletal adaptor that regulates apical constriction during vertebrate neurulation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bo Xiang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andriani Ioannou
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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100
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Golenkina S, Chaturvedi V, Saint R, Murray MJ. Frazzled can act through distinct molecular pathways in epithelial cells to regulate motility, apical constriction, and localisation of E-Cadherin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194003. [PMID: 29518139 PMCID: PMC5843272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin receptors of the DCC/NEO/UNC-40/Frazzled family have well established roles in cell migration and axon guidance but can also regulate epithelial features such as adhesion, polarity and adherens junction (AJ) stability. Previously, we have shown that overexpression of Drosophila Frazzled (Fra) in the peripodial epithelium (PE) inhibits wing disc eversion and also generates cellular protrusions typical of motile cells. Here, we tested whether the molecular pathways by which Fra inhibits eversion are distinct from those driving motility. We show that in disc proper (DP) epithelial cells Fra, in addition to inducing F-Actin rich protrusions, can affect localization of AJ components and columnar cell shape. We then show that these phenotypes have different requirements for the three conserved Fra cytoplasmic P-motifs and for downstream genes. The formation of protrusions required the P3 motif of Fra, as well as integrins (mys and mew), the Rac pathway (Rac1, wave and, arpc3) and myosin regulatory light chain (Sqh). In contrast, apico-basal cell shape change, which was accompanied by increased myosin phosphorylation, was critically dependent upon the P1 motif and was promoted by RhoGef2 but inhibited by Rac1. Fra also caused a loss of AJ proteins (DE-Cad and Arm) from basolateral regions of epithelial cells. This phenotype required all 3 P-motifs, and was dependent upon the polarity factor par6. par6 was not required for protrusions or cell shape change, but was required to block eversion suggesting that control of AJ components may underlie the ability of Fra to promote epithelial stability. The results imply that multiple molecular pathways act downstream of Fra in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Golenkina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vishal Chaturvedi
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Saint
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J. Murray
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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