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Choi WT, Duggineni S, Xu Y, Huang Z, An J. Drug discovery research targeting the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). J Med Chem 2011; 55:977-94. [PMID: 22085380 DOI: 10.1021/jm200568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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52
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Sison EAR, Brown P. The bone marrow microenvironment and leukemia: biology and therapeutic targeting. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 4:271-83. [PMID: 21668393 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated that interaction with the bone marrow stromal microenvironment contributes to the survival of leukemia cells. One explanation for this phenomenon is the interaction between the cell surface receptors CXCR4 and CXCL12. Through CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, leukemia cells migrate to microscopic niches within the bone marrow, which leads to increased proliferation and survival. Several studies have suggested that increased CXCR4 expression may portend a poor prognosis in various types of leukemia, possibly due to increased protection of leukemia cells by bone marrow stroma. A potential therapeutic strategy to overcome this stromal-mediated survival advantage is to target CXCR4. Inhibition of CXCR4 may allow leukemia cells to be released from bone marrow niches that confer resistance to chemotherapy and negate the survival benefit imparted by bone marrow stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Allan R Sison
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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53
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Burger JA, Stewart DJ, Wald O, Peled A. Potential of CXCR4 antagonists for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:621-30. [PMID: 21504328 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy over the last decades, the death rate from lung cancer has remained largely unchanged, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. Because of the overall poor prognosis, new treatment strategies for lung cancer patients are urgently needed, and targeting CXCR4 constitutes such a novel, attractive strategy. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Lung cancer cells express CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces lung cancer cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells, which in turn provides growth- and drug-resistance signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/BKT140), can disrupt CXCR4-mediated tumor cell adhesion to stromal cells and sensitize lung cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. In this article, we summarize data about the cellular and molecular microenvironment in small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, as well as the role of CXCR4 in tumor-stroma crosstalk. In addition, we review the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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Yeung ATY, Gellatly SL, Hancock REW. Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2161-76. [PMID: 21573784 PMCID: PMC11114888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise in the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial therapies to combat these pathogens. Cationic host defence peptides (HDPs) and synthetic derivatives termed innate defence regulators (IDRs) represent a promising alternative approach in the treatment of microbial-related diseases. Cationic HDPs (also termed antimicrobial peptides) have emerged from their origins as nature's antibiotics and are widely distributed in organisms from insects to plants to mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. Although their original and primary function was proposed to be direct antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites and/or viruses, cationic HDPs are becoming increasingly recognized as multifunctional mediators, with both antimicrobial activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties. Here we provide an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of cationic HDPs, and discuss their potential application as beneficial therapeutics in overcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Y. Yeung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Shaan L. Gellatly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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55
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Choi WT, An J. Biology and clinical relevance of chemokines and chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 in human diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:637-47. [PMID: 21565895 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are implicated in a wide range of human diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into a cell is initiated by the interaction of the virus's surface envelope proteins with two cell surface components of the target cell, namely CD4 and a chemokine co-receptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5. Typical anti-HIV-1 agents include protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, but the targets of these agents tend to show rapid mutation rates. As such, strategies based on HIV-1 co-receptors have appeal because they target invariant host determinants. Chemokines and their receptors are also of general interest since they play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes in addition to AIDS. Therefore, intensive basic and translational research is ongoing for the dissection of their structure - function relationships in an effort to understand the molecular mechanism of chemokine - receptor interactions and signal transductions across cellular membranes. This paper reviews and discusses recent advances and the translation of new knowledge and discoveries into novel interventional strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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56
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Tanaka T, Narumi T, Ozaki T, Sohma A, Ohashi N, Hashimoto C, Itotani K, Nomura W, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Azamacrocyclic Metal Complexes as CXCR4 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:834-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Blockade of CXCR4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma inhibits lymph node metastases. Eur J Cancer 2010; 47:452-9. [PMID: 20965717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1; CXCL12)/CXCR4 system is involved in the establishment of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we investigated whether the blockade of CXCR4 inhibits lymph node metastasis in B88 OSCC cells. These cells harbour a functional CXCR4 and have the potential to metastasise to the lymph node in vivo. Following introduction of a vector that expresses short hairpin small interfering RNA (shRNA) against CXCR4, we isolated three clones (shCXCR4-16, -17 and -21) that showed decreased expression of CXCR4 mRNA. These clones also had reduced CXCR4 protein levels and showed impairments in calcium flux and cell migration in response to SDF-1. These cells were orthotopically inoculated into the masseter muscle of nude mice. Lymph node metastases, loss in body weight and tumour volumes were significantly inhibited in mice inoculated with shCXCR4-17 cells compared to mice inoculated with control cells. SDF-1-induced migration of B88 cells was significantly inhibited in vitro by the treatment with 1,1'-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane octahydrochloride (AMD3100), a CXCR4 antagonist. Subcutaneous administration of AMD3100 significantly inhibited the lymph node metastases of B88 cells when they were orthotopically inoculated into the masseter muscle of nude mice. Moreover, the enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in response to SDF-1 was inhibited by shRNA against CXCR4 or by treatment with AMD3100. These results suggest that blockade of CXCR4 may be a potent anti-metastatic therapy against lymph node metastases in cases of CXCR4-related OSCC.
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58
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Kaufman L, Ross MJ. Biomarkers of HIV. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Murakami T, Yamamoto N. Role of CXCR4 in HIV infection and its potential as a therapeutic target. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1025-39. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the two major coreceptors for HIV entry. Numerous efforts have been made to develop a new class of anti-HIV agents that target these coreceptors as an additional or alternative therapy to standard HAART. Among the CCR5 inhibitors developed so far, maraviroc is the first drug that has been approved by the US FDA for treating patients with R5 HIV-1. Although many CXCR4 inhibitors, some of which are highly active and orally bioavailable, have also been studied, they are still at preclinical stages or have been suspended during development. Importantly, the interaction between CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 is involved in various disease conditions, such as cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell proliferation, rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, CXCR4 inhibitors have potential as novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases as well as HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Murakami
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1–23–1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8640 Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4A, Level 5, 117597 Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in HIV resistance towards approved antiviral drugs have made it necessary to develop new and potent antiviral drugs with preferably a novel mode of action. RECENT FINDINGS Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by HIV-1. The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other classes of entry inhibitors are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. SUMMARY In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CXCR4, which is one of the main HIV coreceptors, besides CCR5, for viral entry.
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Narumi T, Hayashi R, Tomita K, Kobayashi K, Tanahara N, Ohno H, Naito T, Kodama E, Matsuoka M, Oishi S, Fujii N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective CXCR4 antagonists containing alkene dipeptide isosteres. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:616-21. [PMID: 20090978 DOI: 10.1039/b917236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of cyclic peptide analogues of a selective CXCR4 antagonist FC131 [cyclo(-d-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Nal-Gly-)] were synthesized and bioevaluated. Using (E)-alkene and (Z)-fluoroalkene dipeptide isosteres for Arg-Arg and Arg-Nal substructures, indispensable or the partial contribution of the two peptide bonds to the CXCR4 antagonism and anti-HIV activity was demonstrated. FC131 and the analogues were shown to selectively inhibit SDF-1 binding to CXCR4, whereas no inhibition of binding of SDF-1 to CXCR7 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Narumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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ADS-J1 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry by interacting with the gp41 pocket region and blocking fusion-active gp41 core formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4987-98. [PMID: 19786602 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00670-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a small-molecule anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti-HIV-1) compound, ADS-J1, using a computer-aided molecular docking technique for primary screening and a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a secondary screening method. In the present study, we demonstrated that ADS-J1 is an HIV-1 entry inhibitor, as determined by a time-of-addition assay and an HIV-1-mediated cell fusion assay. Further mechanism studies confirmed that ADS-J1 does not block gp120-CD4 binding and exhibits a marginal interaction with the HIV-1 coreceptor CXCR4. However, ADS-J1 inhibited the fusion-active gp41 core formation mimicked by peptides derived from the viral gp41 N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) and C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR), as determined by ELISA, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and circular dichroism analysis. Moreover, using a surface plasmon resonance assay, we found that ADS-J1 could bind directly to IQN17, a trimeric peptide containing the gp41 pocket region, resulting in the conformational change of IQN17 and the blockage of its interaction with a short D peptide, PIE7. The positively charged residue (K574) located in the gp41 pocket region is critical for the binding of ADS-J1 to NHR. These results suggest that ADS-J1 may bind to the viral gp41 NHR region through its hydrophobic and ionic interactions with the hydrophobic and positively charged resides located in the pocket region, subsequently blocking the association between the gp41 NHR and CHR regions to form the fusion-active gp41 core, thereby inhibiting HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry.
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Uchida D, Onoue T, Begum NM, Kuribayashi N, Tomizuka Y, Tamatani T, Nagai H, Miyamoto Y. Vesnarinone downregulates CXCR4 expression via upregulation of Krüppel-like factor 2 in oral cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:62. [PMID: 19671192 PMCID: PMC2738650 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have demonstrated that the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1; CXCL12)/CXCR4 system is involved in the establishment of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Chemotherapy is a powerful tool for the treatment of oral cancer, including oral SCC; however, the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of CXCR4 are unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of CXCR4 associated with the chemotherapeutic agents in oral cancer cells. RESULTS The expression of CXCR4 was examined using 3 different chemotherapeutic agents; 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and vesnarinone (3,4-dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-(1H)-quinolinone) in B88, a line of oral cancer cells that exhibits high levels of CXCR4 and lymph node metastatic potential. Of the 3 chemotherapeutic agents that we examined, only vesnarinone downregulated the expression of CXCR4 at the mRNA as well as the protein level. Vesnarinone significantly inhibited lymph node metastasis in tumor-bearing nude mice. Moreover, vesnarinone markedly inhibited 2.7-kb human CXCR4 promoter activity, and we identified the transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), as a novel vesnarinone-responsive molecule, which was bound to the CXCR4 promoter at positions -300 to -167 relative to the transcription start site. The forced-expression of KLF2 led to the downregulation of CXCR4 mRNA and impaired CXCR4 promoter activity. The use of siRNA against KLF2 led to an upregulation of CXCR4 mRNA. CONCLUSION These Results indicate that vesnarinone downregulates CXCR4 via the upregulation of KLF2 in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Oral Surgery, Division of Integrated Sciences of Translational Research, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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64
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Tanaka T, Nomura W, Narumi T, Esaka A, Oishi S, Ohashi N, Itotani K, Evans BJ, Wang ZX, Peiper SC, Fujii N, Tamamura H. Structure-activity relationship study on artificial CXCR4 ligands possessing the cyclic pentapeptide scaffold: the exploration of amino acid residues of pentapeptides by substitutions of several aromatic amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3805-9. [PMID: 19707686 DOI: 10.1039/b908286g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, downsizing of a 14-residue peptidic CXCR4 antagonist has led to the development of a highly potent CXCR4 antagonist [cyclo(-d-Tyr(1)-Arg(2)-Arg(3)-Nal(4)-Gly(5)-)]. In the present study, cyclic pentapeptide libraries that were designed by substitutions of several amino acids for d-Tyr(1) and Arg(2) in peptide were prepared and screened to evaluate binding activity for CXCR4. The above structure-activity relationship study led to the finding of several potent CXCR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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Xu J, Torres E, Mora AL, Shim H, Ramirez A, Neujahr D, Brigham KL, Rojas M. Attenuation of obliterative bronchiolitis by a CXCR4 antagonist in the murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009; 27:1302-10. [PMID: 19059110 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term success in lung transplantation is limited by obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), yet the mechanism for this disease is not well understood. Chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, have been reported to be involved in several fibrogenic processes by recruiting inflammatory and fibroblast progenitor cells into injured tissues. We hypothesized that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis also plays a role in the pathogenesis of OB. METHODS Using the mouse heterotopic allogeneic airway transplant model, we transplanted mouse tracheas from BALB/c donors into C57BL/6 recipients. At Day 10 after transplant, we found high expression of SDF-1 in cells in the sub-epithelial layers of the allograft. Approximately 26% of cells infiltrating the allograft were CD45(+)CXCR4(+), as determined by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Treatment of the recipients with a CXCR4 antagonist, TN14003, decreased cell infiltration into the grafts at Day 10 post-implantation. At Day 42, a significant reduction in luminal occlusion was found in the TN14003-treated animals compared with controls (57.40% vs 98.21%, p < 0.01). To demonstrate the relevance of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in OB, sections of lung tissue obtained from lung transplant patients with OB were examined for SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression. We found a higher number of CXCR4- and SDF-1-positive cells in samples from patients with OB as compared with normal lungs. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of lung chronic rejection and may lead to new intervention tools for the treatment of OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Harrington W, Bond V, Huang MB, Powell M, Lillard J, Manne U, Bumpers H. HIV Nef-M1 Effects on Colorectal Cancer Growth in Tumor-induced Spleens and Hepatic Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:85-91. [PMID: 20383296 DOI: 10.4255/mcpharmacol.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis and proliferation, making it a potential target for colorectal cancer therapy. Expression of this chemokine receptor on cellular surfaces appears to promote metastasis by directly stimulating tumor cell migration and invasion. The receptor/ligand, CXCR4/SDF-1alpha, pair are critically important to angiogenesis and vascular remodeling which supports cancer proliferation. Our work has shown that a novel apoptotic peptide of HIV-1, Nef-M1, can act as a CXCR4 antagonist, inducing apoptosis in CXCR4 containing cells. Four colorectal tumor cell lines (HT-29, LS174t, SW480, WiDr), were evaluated for their response to Nef-M1 peptide via in vivo and in vitro. The presence of CXCR4 receptors on tumor cells was determined using immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analyses. Solid xenografts derived from tumor cell lines grown in SCID mice, were evaluated for the persistence of the receptor. Xenografts propagated in SCID mice from each of the four cell lines demonstrated high levels of receptor expression as well. The effects of Nef-M1 in vivo via splenic injected mice and subsequent hepatic metastasis also demonstrated dramatic reduction of primary tumor growth in the spleen and secondary invasion of the liver. We concluded that Nef-M1 peptide, through physical interaction(s) with CXCR4, drives apoptotic reduction in in vivo primary tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Harrington
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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The novel CXCR4 antagonist KRH-3955 is an orally bioavailable and extremely potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: comparative studies with AMD3100. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2940-8. [PMID: 19451305 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01727-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The previously reported CXCR4 antagonist KRH-1636 was a potent and selective inhibitor of CXCR4-using (X4) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but could not be further developed as an anti-HIV-1 agent because of its poor oral bioavailability. Newly developed KRH-3955 is a KRH-1636 derivative that is bioavailable when administered orally with much more potent anti-HIV-1 activity than AMD3100 and KRH-1636. The compound very potently inhibits the replication of X4 HIV-1, including clinical isolates in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different donors. It is also active against recombinant X4 HIV-1 containing resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase and protease and envelope with enfuvirtide resistance mutations. KRH-3955 inhibits both SDF-1alpha binding to CXCR4 and Ca(2+) signaling through the receptor. KRH-3955 inhibits the binding of anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies that recognize the first, second, or third extracellular loop of CXCR4. The compound shows an oral bioavailability of 25.6% in rats, and its oral administration blocks X4 HIV-1 replication in the human peripheral blood lymphocyte-severe combined immunodeficiency mouse system. Thus, KRH-3955 is a new promising agent for HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
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68
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Burger JA, Stewart DJ. CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists: perspectives in SCLC. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:481-90. [PMID: 19335276 DOI: 10.1517/13543780902804249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer characterized by early and widespread metastases and the ability to rapidly develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Tumor cell migration and metastasis share many similarities with leukocyte trafficking, which is critically regulated by chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. SCLC cells express high levels of CXCR4 (CD184), a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment and at extramedullary sites constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces SCLC cell migration and adhesion to stromal cells that secrete CXCL12, which in turn provides growth- and drug resistance-signals to the tumor cells. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogues (TN14003/ BKT140), disrupt CXCR4-mediated SCLC cell-adhesion to stromal cells. In stromal cell co-cultures, CXCR4 antagonists also sensitize SCLC cells to cytotoxic drugs, such as etoposide, and thereby antagonize cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach in SCLC. Here, we summarize preclinical data about CXCR4 in SCLC, and the current status of the preclinical and clinical development of CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Burger
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA.
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70
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Abstract
Hematopoietic and epithelial cancer cells express CXCR4, a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces leukemia cell trafficking and homing to the marrow microenvironment, where CXCL12 retains leukemia cells in close contact with marrow stromal cells that provide growth and drug resistance signals. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogs, can disrupt adhesive tumor-stroma interactions and mobilize leukemia cells from their protective stromal microenvironment, making them more accessible to conventional drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach that is explored in ongoing clinical trials in leukemia patients. Initially, CXCR4 antagonists were developed for the treatment of HIV, where CXCR4 functions as a co-receptor for virus entry into T cells. Subsequently, CXCR4 antagonists were noticed to induce leukocytosis, and are currently used clinically for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. However, because CXCR4 plays a key role in cross-talk between leukemia cells (and a variety of other tumor cells) and their microenvironment, cancer treatment may become the ultimate application of CXCR4 antagonists. Here, we summarize the development of CXCR4 antagonists and their preclinical and clinical activities, focusing on leukemia and other cancers.
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71
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Shim H, Oishi S, Fujii N. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a therapeutic target for neuroectodermal tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:123-34. [PMID: 19084067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of proteins associated with the trafficking and activation of leukocytes and other cell types in immune surveillance and inflammatory response. Besides their roles in the immune system, they play pleiotropic roles in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Chemokines can be classified into four subfamilies of chemokines, CXC, CC, C, or CX3C, based on their number and spacing of conserved cysteine residues near the N-terminus. This CXC subfamily can be further subclassified into two groups, depending on the presence or absence of a tripeptide motif glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) in the N-terminal domain. ELR(-)CXCL12, which binds to CXCR4 has been frequently implicated in various cancers. Over the past several years, studies have increasingly shown that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays critical roles in tumor progression, such as invasion, angiogenesis, survival, homing to metastatic sites. This review focuses on involvement of CXCR4/CXCL12 interaction in neuroectodermal cancers and their therapeutic potentials. As an attractive therapeutic target of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis for cancer chemotherapy, development history and application of CXCR4 antagonists are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Tanaka T, Tsutsumi H, Nomura W, Tanabe Y, Ohashi N, Esaka A, Ochiai C, Sato J, Itotani K, Murakami T, Ohba K, Yamamoto N, Fujii N, Tamamura H. Structure-activity relationship study of CXCR4 antagonists bearing the cyclic pentapeptide scaffold: identification of the new pharmacophore. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4374-7. [PMID: 19005596 DOI: 10.1039/b812029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly potent CXCR4 antagonist 2 [cyclo (-D-Tyr1-Arg2-Arg3-Nal4-Gly5-)] has previously been identified by screening cyclic pentapeptide libraries that were designed based on pharmacophore residues of a 14-residue peptidic CXCR4 antagonist 1. In the present study, D-Tyr and Arg in peptide 2 were replaced by a bicyclic aromatic amino acid and a cationic amino acid, respectively, and their binding activity for CXCR4 was evaluated for identification of the novel pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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73
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Tamamura H, Tsutsumi H, Nomura W, Tanaka T, Fujii N. A future perspective on the development of chemokine receptor CXCR4 antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1155-66. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.10.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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74
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Kaushik-Basu N, Basu A, Harris D. Peptide inhibition of HIV-1: current status and future potential. BioDrugs 2008; 22:161-75. [PMID: 18481899 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
More than 2 decades of intensive research has focused on defining replication mechanisms of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of AIDS. The delineation of strategies for combating this viral infection has yielded many innovative approaches toward this end. HIV-1 is a lentivirus in the family retroviridae that is relatively small with regard to both structure and genome size, having a diploid RNA genome of approximately 9 kb, with only three major genes and several gene products resulting from alternate splicing and translational frameshifting. Most marketed drugs for treating AIDS are inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase or protease enzymes, but new targets include the integrase enzyme, cell surface interactions that facilitate viral entry, and also virus particle maturation and assembly. The emergence of drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 has been the main impediment to successful treatment of AIDS. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop novel treatment strategies targeting multiple stages of the virus life-cycle. Research efforts aimed at developing successful means for combating HIV-1 infection have included development of peptide inhibitors of HIV-1. This article summarizes past and current endeavors in the development of peptides that inhibit replication of HIV-1 and the role of peptide inhibitors in the search for new anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Kaushik-Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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75
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Abstract
In this review, the author discusses recent advances in anti-HIV inhibitors, targeting CXCR4, including natural and modified chemokines, peptides and organic compounds, their mechanisms of action, and the molecular process of virus invasion of immune cells. Peptides with strong anti-HIV activity exhibit several common features, such as electrostatic charges, cyclization, beta-turns and dimerization induced by a sulphide bond. Organic compounds, such as cyclams, display a unique metal-mediated mechanism in the binding process to its target CXCR4. Understanding of their mechanisms of action may be useful for the design of more effective drugs. Consecutive interactions of viral glycoprotein gp120 with CD4 and the co-receptor, CXCR4 or another co-receptor CCR5 on the cell surface leads to virus invasion into host cells. The molecular details of the binding between HIV glycoproteins and the co-receptors also provide a basis for anti-HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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76
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Shimizu N, Tanaka A, Mori T, Ohtsuki T, Hoque A, Jinno-Oue A, Apichartpiyakul C, Kusagawa S, Takebe Y, Hoshino H. A formylpeptide receptor, FPRL1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2008; 5:52. [PMID: 18577234 PMCID: PMC2453146 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 10 members of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). As a common feature of HIV/SIV coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (NTRs). We noticed that a receptor for N-formylpeptides, FPRL1, also contains two tyrosine residues accompanied by glutamic acids in its NTR. It was reported that monocytes expressing CCR5 and FPRL1 in addition to CD4 are activated by treatment with ligands or agonists of FPRL1. Activated monocytes down-modulate CCR5 and become resistant to infection by HIV-1 strains. Thus, FPRL1 plays important roles in protection of monocyptes against HIV-1 infection. However, its own coreceptor activity has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined coreceptor activities of FPRL1 for HIV/SIV strains including primary HIV-1 isolates. Results A CD4-transduced human glioma cell line, NP-2/CD4, is strictly resistant to HIV/SIV infection. We have reported that when NP-2/CD4 cells are transduced with a GPCR having coreceptor activity, the cells become susceptible to HIV/SIV strains. When NP-2/CD4 cells were transduced with FPRL1, the resultant NP-2/CD4/FPRL1 cells became markedly susceptible to some laboratory-adapted HIV/SIV strains. We found that FPRL1 is also efficiently used as a coreceptor by primary HIV-1 isolates as well as CCR5 or CXCR4. Amino acid sequences linked to the FPRL1 use could not be detected in the V3 loop of the HIV-1 Env protein. Coreceptor activities of FPRL1 were partially blocked by the forymyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) peptide. Conclusion We conclude that FPRL1 is a novel and efficient coreceptor for HIV/SIV strains. FPRL1 works as a bifunctional factor in HIV-1 infection. Namely, the role of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection is protective and/or promotive in different conditions. FPRL1 has been reported to be abundantly expressed in the lung, spleen, testis, and neutrophils. We detected mRNA expression of FPRL1 in 293T (embryonal kidney cell line), C8166 (T cell line), HOS (osteosarcoma cell line), Molt4#8 (T cell line), U251MG (astrocytoma cell line), U87/CD4 (CD4-transduced glioma cell line), and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Roles of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection in vivo should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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77
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Hachet-Haas M, Balabanian K, Rohmer F, Pons F, Franchet C, Lecat S, Chow KYC, Dagher R, Gizzi P, Didier B, Lagane B, Kellenberger E, Bonnet D, Baleux F, Haiech J, Parmentier M, Frossard N, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Hibert M, Galzi JL. Small neutralizing molecules to inhibit actions of the chemokine CXCL12. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23189-99. [PMID: 18556651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803947200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and the receptor CXCR4 play pivotal roles in normal vascular and neuronal development, in inflammatory responses, and in infectious diseases and cancer. For instance, CXCL12 has been shown to mediate human immunodeficiency virus-induced neurotoxicity, proliferative retinopathy and chronic inflammation, whereas its receptor CXCR4 is involved in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer metastasis and in the rare disease known as the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome. As we screened chemical libraries to find inhibitors of the interaction between CXCL12 and the receptor CXCR4, we identified synthetic compounds from the family of chalcones that reduce binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4, inhibit calcium responses mediated by the receptor, and prevent CXCR4 internalization in response to CXCL12. We found that the chemical compounds display an original mechanism of action as they bind to the chemokine but not to CXCR4. The highest affinity molecule blocked chemotaxis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes ex vivo. It was also active in vivo in a mouse model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation in which we detected inhibition of the inflammatory infiltrate. The compound showed selectivity for CXCL12 and not for CCL5 and CXCL8 chemokines and blocked CXCL12 binding to its second receptor, CXCR7. By analogy to the effect of neutralizing antibodies, this molecule behaves as a small organic neutralizing compound that may prove to have valuable pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Hachet-Haas
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat Biomolécules, Biotechnologie, Innovation thérapeutique, Université Louis Pasteur, 67401 Illkirch, France
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78
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Jones JW, Greene TA, Grygon CA, Doranz BJ, Brown MP. Cell-Free Assay of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Using Fluorescence Polarization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:424-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057108318332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed nanotechnology, the Integral Molecular lipoparticle, provides an essentially soluble cell-free system in which G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in their native conformations are concentrated within virus-like particles. As a result, the lipoparticle provides a means to overcome 2 common obstacles to the development of homogeneous, nonradioactive GPCR ligand-binding assays: membrane protein solubilization and low receptor density. The work reported here describes the first application of this nanotechnology to a fluorescence polarization (FP) molecular binding assay format. The GPCR chosen for these studies was the well-studied chemokine receptor CXCR4 for which a peptide ligand (T-22) has been previously characterized. The EC50 determined for the CXCR4-T-22 peptide interaction via FP with CXCR4 lipoparticles (15 nM) is consistent with the IC50 determined for the unlabeled T-22 peptide via competitive binding (59 nM). ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:424-429)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi Wildeson Jones
- Biologics and Biomolecular Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | | | - Christine A. Grygon
- Biologics and Biomolecular Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | | | - Martha P. Brown
- Biologics and Biomolecular Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut,
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79
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Tamamura H, Tsutsumi H, Nomura W, Fujii N. Exploratory studies on development of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 antagonists toward downsizing. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 2:1-9. [PMID: 19787093 PMCID: PMC2746577 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seven transmembrane (7TM) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) families are important targets for drug discovery, and specific antagonists for GPCR can accelerate research in the field of medicinal chemistry. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a GPCR that possesses a unique ligand CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). The interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 is essential for the migration of progenitor cells during embryonic development of the cardiovascular, hemopoietic and central nervous systems, and also involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, progression of acute and chronic leukemias, rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, CXCR4 may be an important therapeutic target in all of these diseases, and various CXCR4 antagonists have been proposed as potential drugs. Fourteen-mer peptides, T140 and its analogs, and downsized cyclic pentapeptides have been developed by us as potent CXCR4 antagonists. This article describes the development of a number of specific CXCR4 antagonists in our laboratory, including downsizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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80
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Hoskin DW, Ramamoorthy A. Studies on anticancer activities of antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1778:357-75. [PMID: 18078805 PMCID: PMC2238813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of great advances in cancer therapy, there is considerable current interest in developing anticancer agents with a new mode of action because of the development of resistance by cancer cells towards current anticancer drugs. A growing number of studies have shown that some of the cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are toxic to bacteria but not to normal mammalian cells, exhibit a broad spectrum of cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Such studies have considerably enhanced the significance of AMPs, both synthetic and from natural sources, which have been of importance both for an increased understanding of the immune system and for their potential as clinical antibiotics. The electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged components of bacterial and cancer cells and the positively charged AMPs is believed to play a major role in the strong binding and selective disruption of bacterial and cancer cell membranes, respectively. However, it is unclear why some host defense peptides are able to kill cancer cells when others do not. In addition, it is not clear whether the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the antibacterial and anticancer activities of AMPs are the same or different. In this article, we review various studies on different AMPs that exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. The suitability of cancer cell-targeting AMPs as cancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Hoskin
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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81
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Novel antiviral agents targeting HIV entry and transmission. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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82
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Moncunill G, Armand-Ugón M, Clotet-Codina I, Pauls E, Ballana E, Llano A, Romagnoli B, Vrijbloed JW, Gombert FO, Clotet B, De Marco S, Esté JA. Anti-HIV activity and resistance profile of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist POL3026. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1264-73. [PMID: 18182480 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.042911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of action of Arg(*)-Arg-Nal(2)-Cys(1x)-Tyr-Gln-Lys-(d-Pro)-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Cit-Cys(1x)-Arg-Gly-(d-Pro)(*) (POL3026), a novel specific beta-hairpin mimetic CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 antagonist. POL3026 specifically blocked the binding of anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody 12G5 and the intracellular Ca(2+) signal induced by CXC chemokine ligand 12. POL3026 consistently blocked the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including a wide panel of X4 and dualtropic strains and subtypes in several culture models, with 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) at the subnanomolar range, making POL3026 the most potent CXCR4 antagonist described to date. However, 1-[[4-(1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradec-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane (AMD3100)-resistant and stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-resistant HIV-1 strains were cross-resistant to POL3026. Time of addition experiments and a multiparametric evaluation of HIV envelope function in the presence of test compounds confirmed the activity of POL3026 at an early step of virus replication: interaction with the coreceptor. Generation of HIV-1 resistance to POL3026 led to the selection of viruses 12- and 25-fold less sensitive and with mutations in gp120, including the V3 loop region. However, POL3026 prevented the emergence of CXCR4-using variants from an R5 HIV-1 strain that may occur in the presence of anti-HIV agents targeting CC chemokine receptor 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- Retrovirology Laboratory IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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83
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Strizki J. Targeting HIV attachment and entry for therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:93-120. [PMID: 18086410 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Strizki
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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84
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Abstract
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into target cells is mediated by the viral Envelope glycoprotein (Env) and its coordinated interaction with a receptor (CD4) and a coreceptor (usually the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4). This review describes the identification of chemokine receptors as coreceptors for HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion, the determinants of chemokine receptor usage, and the impact of nonfunctional chemokine receptor alleles on HIV-1 resistance and disease progression. Due to the important role of chemokine receptors in HIV-1 entry, inhibitors of these coreceptors are good candidates for blocking entry and development of antiretroviral therapies. We discuss the different CCR5- and CXCR4-based antiretroviral drugs that have been developed thus far, highlighting the most promising drug candidates. Resistance to these coreceptor inhibitors as well as the impact of these drugs on clinical monitoring and treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 301A Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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85
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Tsutsumi H, Tanaka T, Ohashi N, Masuno H, Tamamura H, Hiramatsu K, Araki T, Ueda S, Oishi S, Fujii N. Therapeutic potential of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 antagonists as multifunctional agents. Biopolymers 2007; 88:279-89. [PMID: 17167792 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 possesses multiple critical functions in normal and pathologic physiology. CXCR4 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that transduces signals of its endogenous ligand, the chemokine CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1, SDF-1). The interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 plays an important role in the migration of progenitors during embryologic development of the cardiovascular, hemopoietic, central nervous systems, and so on. This interaction is also known to be involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and pulmonary fibrosis. It is conjectured that this interaction may be a critical therapeutic target in all of these diseases, and several CXCR4 antagonists have been proposed as potential drugs. Fourteen-mer peptides, T140 and its analogues, were previously developed in our laboratory as specific CXCR4 antagonists that were identified as HIV-entry inhibitors, anti-cancer-metastatic agents, anti-chronic lymphocytic/acute lymphoblastic leukemia agents, and anti-RA agents. Cyclic pentapeptides, such as FC131 [cyclo(D-Tyr-Arg-Arg-L-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine-Gly)], were also previously found as CXCR4 antagonist leads based on pharmacophores of T140. This review article describes the elucidation of multiple functions of CXCR4 antagonists and the development of a number of low-molecular weight CXCR4 antagonists involving FC131 analogues and other compounds with different scaffolds including linear-type structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsutsumi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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86
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Xu J, Mora A, Shim H, Stecenko A, Brigham KL, Rojas M. Role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in the pathogenesis of lung injury and fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:291-9. [PMID: 17463394 PMCID: PMC1994230 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0187oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) participates in mobilizing bone marrow-derived stem cells, via its receptor CXCR4. We studied the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in a rodent model of bleomycin-induced lung injury in C57BL/6 wild-type and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 knockout mice. After intratracheal instillation of bleomycin, SDF-1 levels in serum and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid increased. These changes were accompanied by increased numbers of CXCR4(+) cells in the lung and a decrease in a population of CXCR4(+) cells in the bone marrow that did not occur in MMP-9(-)/(-) mice. Both SDF-1 and lung lysates from bleomycin-treated mice induced migration of bone marrow-derived stem cells in vitro that was blocked by a CXCR4 antagonist, TN14003. Treatment of mice with TN14003 with bleomycin-induced lung injury significantly attenuated lung fibrosis. Lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had higher numbers of cells expressing both SDF-1 and CXCR4 than did normal lungs. Our data suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is important in the complex sequence of events triggered by bleomycin exposure that eventuates in lung repair. SDF-1 participates in mobilizing bone marrow-derived stem cells, via its receptor CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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87
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Abstract
AbstractAntibiotic resistance is increasing at a rate that far exceeds the pace of new development of drugs. Antimicrobial peptides, both synthetic and from natural sources, have raised interest as pathogens become resistant against conventional antibiotics. Indeed, one of the major strengths of this class of molecules is their ability to kill multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides are relatively small (6 to 100 aminoacids), amphipathic molecules of variable length, sequence and structure with activity against a wide range of microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, yeast, fungi, viruses and even tumor cells. They usually act through relatively non-specific mechanisms resulting in membranolytic activity but they can also stimulate the innate immune response. Several peptides have already entered pre-clinical and clinical trials for the treatment of catheter site infections, cystic fibrosis, acne, wound healing and patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. We review the advantages of these molecules in clinical applications, their disadvantages including their low in vivo stability, high costs of production and the strategies for their discovery and optimization.
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88
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Lee CH, Kakinuma T, Wang J, Zhang H, Palmer DC, Restifo NP, Hwang ST. Sensitization of B16 tumor cells with a CXCR4 antagonist increases the efficacy of immunotherapy for established lung metastases. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:2592-9. [PMID: 17041104 PMCID: PMC2228334 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by tumor cells promotes metastasis, possibly by activating prosurvival signals that render cancer cells resistant to immune attack. Inhibition of CXCR4 with a peptide antagonist, T22, blocks metastatic implantation of CXCR4-transduced B16 (CXCR4-luc-B16) melanoma cells in lung, but not the outgrowth of established metastases, raising the question of how T22 can best be used in a clinical setting. Herein, whereas the treatment of CXCR4-luc-B16 cells in vitro with the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12 did not reduce killing induced by cisplatin or cyclophosphamide, CXCL12 markedly reduced Fas-dependent killing by gp100-specific (pmel-1) CD8(+) T cells. T22 pretreatment restored sensitivity of CXCR4-luc-B16 cells to pmel-1 killing, even in the presence of CXCL12. Two immune-augmenting regimens were used in combination with T22 to treat experimental lung metastases. First, low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment (100 mg/kg) on day 5 in combination with T22 (days 4-7) yielded a approximately 70% reduction of B16 metastatic tumor burden in the lungs compared with cyclophosphamide treatment alone (P < 0.001). Furthermore, whereas anti-CTL antigen 4 (CTLA4) monoclonal antibody (mAb; or T22 treatment) alone had little effect on established B16 metastases, pretreatment with T22 (in combination with anti-CTLA4 mAb) resulted in a 50% reduction in lung tumor burden (P = 0.02). Thus, in vitro, CXCR4 antagonism with T22 renders B16 cells susceptible to killing by antigen-specific T cells. In vivo, T22 synergizes with cyclophosphamide or anti-CTLA4 mAb in the treatment of established lung metastases, suggesting a novel strategy for augmenting the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-hung Lee
- Dermatology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takashi Kakinuma
- Dermatology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julia Wang
- Dermatology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hong Zhang
- Dermatology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branches, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branches, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sam T. Hwang
- Dermatology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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89
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Abstract
In this critical review we discuss recent advances in understanding the modes of interaction of metal ions with membrane proteins, including channels, pumps, transporters, ATP-binding cassette proteins, G-protein coupled receptors, kinases and respiratory enzymes. Such knowledge provides a basis for elucidating the mechanism of action of some classes of metallodrugs, and a stimulus for the further exploration of the coordination chemistry of metal ions in membranes. Such research offers promise for the discovery of new drugs with unusual modes of action. The article will be of interest to bioinorganic chemists, chemical biologists, biochemists, pharmacologists and medicinal chemists. (247 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liang
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UKEH9 3JJ
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90
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Scala S, Giuliano P, Ascierto PA, Ieranò C, Franco R, Napolitano M, Ottaiano A, Lombardi ML, Luongo M, Simeone E, Castiglia D, Mauro F, De Michele I, Calemma R, Botti G, Caracò C, Nicoletti G, Satriano RA, Castello G. Human melanoma metastases express functional CXCR4. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2427-33. [PMID: 16638848 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The chemokine receptor CXCR4 was identified as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in primary melanoma. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of CXCR4 in human melanoma metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CXCR4 expression was evaluated in melanoma metastases and in metastatic cell lines through immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription-PCR. The function of CXCR4 was tested in the presence of the ligand, CXCL12, through induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (Erk-1 and -2) phosphorylation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration capabilities. RESULTS CXCR4 expression was detected in 33 out of 63 (52.4%) metastases from cutaneous melanomas. Metastatic melanoma cell lines expressed cell surface CXCR4; PES 43, Alo 40, and COPA cell lines showed the highest levels of CXCR4 (>90% of positive cells); PES 41, Alo 39, PES 47, POAG, and CIMA cell lines showed low to moderate degrees of expression (5-65% of positive cells). Other chemokine receptors, CCR7 and CCR10, were detected on the melanoma cell lines; CXCL12 activated Erk-1 and Erk-2, the whose induction was specifically inhibited by AMD3100 treatment. CXCL12 increased the growth in PES 41, PES 43, and PES 47 cells under suboptimal (1% serum) and serum-free culture conditions; AMD3100 (1 mumol/L) inhibited the spontaneous and CXCL12-induced proliferation. No rescue from apoptosis was shown but PES 41, PES 43, and PES 47 cells migrate toward CXCL12. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CXCR4 is expressed and active in human melanoma metastases, suggesting that active inhibitors such as AMD3100 may be experienced in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale Foundation, Naples, Italy
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91
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Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Parmentier M. Genetics of resistance to HIV infection: Role of co-receptors and co-receptor ligands. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:387-403. [PMID: 16978874 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression is variable among individuals and populations, and in part genetically determined. Genetic variants of genes encoding HIV co-receptors and their chemokine ligands have been described, and some of these variants were associated with resistance to HIV infection and/or disease progression. We review here the reported data regarding the variants of the CCR5, CCR2, CX3CR1, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 genes. The Delta32 deletion mutant of CCR5, resulting in a non-functional receptor not reaching the cell surface, is unambiguously associated with strong, although incomplete, resistance to HIV infection for homozygotes, and retarded progression for heterozygotes. Specific haplotypes encompassing the CCR5 and CCR2 loci, and the copy number of the CCL3L1 gene, have also been convincingly correlated with delayed progression. For other gene variants, involving CXCL12/SDF-1 and CX3CR1, conclusive evidence for their relevance in the frame of HIV susceptibility is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Unité de Pathogénie Virale Moléculaire, Département de Virologie, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex, France.
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92
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Boggiano C, Jiang S, Lu H, Zhao Q, Liu S, Binley J, Blondelle SE. Identification of a d-amino acid decapeptide HIV-1 entry inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:909-15. [PMID: 16854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virion into host cells involves three major steps, each being a potential target for the development of entry inhibitors: gp120 binding to CD4, gp120-CD4 complex interacting with a coreceptor, and gp41 refolding to form a six-helix bundle. Using a D-amino acid decapeptide combinatorial library, we identified peptide dC13 as having potent HIV-1 fusion inhibitory activity, and effectively inhibiting infection by several laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 strains. While dC13 did not block binding of gp120 to CD4, nor disrupt the gp41 six-helix bundle formation, it effectively blocked the binding of an anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody and chemokine SDF-1alpha to CXCR4-expressing cells. However, because R5-using primary viruses were also neutralized, the antiviral activity of dC13 implies additional mode(s) of action. These results suggest that dC13 is a useful HIV-1 coreceptor antagonist for CXCR4 and, due to its biostability and simplicity, may be of value for developing a new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Boggiano
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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93
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Schols D. HIV co-receptor inhibitors as novel class of anti-HIV drugs. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:216-26. [PMID: 16753228 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other entry inhibitors are in various stages of pre-clinical or clinical development. In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CCR5 and CXCR4 that are the main HIV co-receptors for viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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94
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Chen GS, Yu HS, Lan CCE, Chow KC, Lin TY, Kok LF, Lu MP, Liu CH, Wu MT. CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression enhances tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:910-8. [PMID: 16634895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and their receptors, well known for their ability to attract leucocytes, also play important roles for tumour progression. OBJECTIVES To investigate the possible involvement of chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS We performed an expression analysis of chemokine receptors using a well-characterized human BCC cell line. Upon the finding of CXCR4 expression by BCC, retroviral transduction of BCC cells with the CXCR4 gene was employed to address its functional significance for BCC in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found expression of the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4 by a human cell line and a subset of tissue samples from BCC, especially in noduloulcerative and sclerosing types. Following treatment with CXCL12, the ligand for CXCR4, CXCR4-transduced BCC cells (CXCR4-BCC) showed increased proliferation under low serum concentration and resistance to apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B irradiation in vitro. Conditioned media from CXCR4-BCC preincubated with CXCL12 enhanced tubule formation of human endothelial cells in vitro. These responses of CXCR4-BCC were negated by cotreatment with either neutralizing antibodies or specific blocking peptides for CXCR4 in vitro. Moreover, xenograft tumour transplants produced by injection of CXCR4-BCC yielded significant tumour progression in nude mice, whereas additional serial injections of CXCR4-blocking peptides resulted in tumour regression. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 expression may play a critical role in tumour progression and angiogenesis of certain subtypes of BCC with more aggressive nature, and functional blockade of CXCR4 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for these tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/blood supply
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- G-S Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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95
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Abstract
Antimicrobial host defense peptides are produced by all complex organisms as well as some microbes and have diverse and complex antimicrobial activities. Collectively these peptides demonstrate a broad range of antiviral and antibacterial activities and modes of action, and it is important to distinguish between direct microbicidal and indirect activities against such pathogens. The structural requirements of peptides for antiviral and antibacterial activities are evaluated in light of the diverse set of primary and secondary structures described for host defense peptides. Peptides with antifungal and antiparasitic activities are discussed in less detail, although the broad-spectrum activities of such peptides indicate that they are important host defense molecules. Knowledge regarding the relationship between peptide structure and function as well as their mechanism of action is being applied in the design of antimicrobial peptide variants as potential novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Jenssen
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Lower Mall Research Station, 232-2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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96
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Hatse S, Balzarini J, Liekens S. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12) binds to endothelial cells and signals through a receptor different from CXCR4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:192-9. [PMID: 16875673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12) is an angiogenic chemokine that is believed to act solely via its cognate receptor CXCR4. Evidence is now provided for the existence of a different CXCL12 binding and signaling receptor on endothelial cells. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) strongly expressed CXCR4 and exhibited high binding capacity for fluorescently labeled CXCL12. However, CXCL12 binding was not correlated with the CXCR4 expression level and was virtually unaffected by the specific CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 or T22. Similar observations were made in endothelial cells of mouse and human origin. Also, AMD3100 failed to block CXCL12 internalization and CXCL12-induced intracellular signal transduction via extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 in BAECs. In contrast, CXCL12 binding and signaling were almost completely inhibited by the CXCR4 antagonist in T-lymphoid SupT1 cells. Together, our data point to the existence of an additional receptor through which CXCL12 exerts its biological effects in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Hatse
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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97
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Tamamura H, Fujii N. The therapeutic potential of CXCR4 antagonists in the treatment of HIV infection, cancer metastasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 9:1267-82. [PMID: 16300475 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.6.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 is the receptor of the chemokine CXCL12, which is involved in progression and metastasis of several types of cancer cells, HIV infection and rheumatoid arthritis. The authors developed selective CXCR4 antagonists, T22 and T140, initially as anti-HIV agents, which inhibit T cell line-tropic (X4-) HIV-1 infection through their specific binding to CXCR4. Recently, T140 analogues have also been shown to inhibit CXCL12-induced migration of breast cancer cells, leukaemia T cells, pancreatic cancer cells, small cell lung cancer cells, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells, pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells and so on in vitro. Biostable T140 analogues significantly suppressed pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer cells and melanoma cells in mice. Furthermore, these compounds significantly suppressed the delayed-type hypersensitivity response induced by sheep red blood cells and collagen-induced arthritis, which represent in vivo mouse models of arthritis. Thus, T140 analogues proved to be attractive lead compounds for chemotherapy of these problematic diseases. This article reviews recent research on T140 analogues, referring to several other CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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98
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Tamamura H, Ojida A, Ogawa T, Tsutsumi H, Masuno H, Nakashima H, Yamamoto N, Hamachi I, Fujii N. Identification of a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Antagonists against the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Having the Dipicolylamine−Zinc(II) Complex Structure. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3412-5. [PMID: 16722661 DOI: 10.1021/jm060025u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several low molecular weight nonpeptide compounds having the dipicolylamine-zinc(II) complex structure were identified as potent and selective antagonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. These compounds showed strong inhibitory activity against CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, and the top compound exhibited significant anti-HIV activity. Zinc(II)-dipicolylamine unit-containing compounds proved to be useful and attractive lead compounds for chemotherapy of these diseases as nonpeptide CXCR4 antagonists possessing the novel scaffold structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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99
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Hanaoka H, Mukai T, Tamamura H, Mori T, Ishino S, Ogawa K, Iida Y, Doi R, Fujii N, Saji H. Development of a 111In-labeled peptide derivative targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for imaging tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:489-94. [PMID: 16720240 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is highly expressed in tumor cells and plays an important role in tumor metastasis. The aim of this study was to develop a radiopharmaceutical for the imaging of CXCR4-expressing tumors in vivo. Based on structure-activity relationships, we designed a 14-residue peptidic CXCR4 inhibitor, Ac-TZ14011, as a precursor for radiolabeled peptides. For 111In-labeling, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was attached to the side chain of d-Lys(8) which is distant from the residues indispensable for the antagonistic activity. In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 inhibited the binding of a natural ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, to CXCR4 in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 7.9 nM (Ac-TZ14011: 1.2 nM). In biodistribution experiments, more 111In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 accumulated in the CXCR4-expressing tumor than in blood or muscle. Furthermore, the tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were significantly reduced by coinjection of Ac-TZ14011, indicating a CXCR4-mediated accumulation in tumor. These findings suggested that 111In-DTPA-Ac-TZ14011 would be a potential agent for the imaging of CXCR4 expression in metastatic tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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100
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Briz V, Poveda E, Soriano V. [HIV entry into the cells--mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities]. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 126:341-8. [PMID: 16650368 PMCID: PMC7131321 DOI: 10.1157/13085735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells is the first step in the viral replication cycle, which has been explored as a new therapeutic target. A better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the entry process has led to the development of agents, which may inhibit each of the different steps of the viral entry process: attachment of the gp120 to the CD4 cell receptor; binding of the gp120 to CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors; and the fusion of viral and cell membranes. Entry inhibitors are the latest family of antiretroviral compounds, being enfuvirtide, a fusion inhibitor, the first approved. Several other entry inhibitors are currently in clinical development and hopefully soon will be part of the therapeutic armamentarium against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Briz
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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