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KEUTEL HJ. A COMPARISON OF AGAR AND ACRYLAMIDE GEL MICROIMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE SEPARATION OF URINARY COLLOIDS*. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 121:484-9. [PMID: 14240545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rosenfeld R, Bangio H, Gerwig GJ, Rosenberg R, Aloni R, Cohen Y, Amor Y, Plaschkes I, Kamerling JP, Maya RBY. A lectin array-based methodology for the analysis of protein glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 70:415-26. [PMID: 17112594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most versatile and one of the most abundant protein modifications. It has a structural role as well as diverse functional roles in many specific biological functions, including cancer development, viral and bacterial infections, and autoimmunity. The diverse roles of glycosylation in biological processes are rapidly growing areas of research, however, Glycobiology research is limited by the lack of a technology for rapid analysis of glycan composition of glycoproteins. Currently used methods for glycoanalysis are complex, typically requiring high levels of expertise and days to provide answers, and are not readily available to all researcher. We have developed a lectin array-based method, Qproteome GlycoArray kits, for rapid analysis of glycosylation profiles of glycoproteins. Glycoanalysis is performed on intact glycoproteins, requiring only 4-6 h for most analysis types. The method, demonstrated in this manuscript by several examples, is based on binding of an intact glycoprotein to the arrayed lectins, resulting in a characteristic fingerprint that is highly sensitive to changes in the protein's glycan composition. The large number of lectins, each with its specific recognition pattern, ensures high sensitivity to changes in the glycosylation pattern. A set of proprietary algorithms automatically interpret the fingerprint signals to provide a comprehensive glycan profile output.
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Boyce WH, King JS, Fielden ML. TOTAL NONDIALYZABLE SOLIDS (TNDS) IN HUMAN URINE. IX. IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE R-1 "UROMUCOID" FRACTION. J Clin Invest 2006; 40:1453-65. [PMID: 16695876 PMCID: PMC292523 DOI: 10.1172/jci104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W H Boyce
- Department of Urology, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest College, Winston-Salem, N. C
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Greimel P, Jabs S, Storch S, Cherif S, Honke K, Braulke T, Thiem J. In vitro sulfation of N-acetyllactosaminide by soluble recombinant human β-Gal-3′-sulfotransferase. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:918-24. [PMID: 16516177 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound beta-Gal-3'-sulfotransferase (GP3ST) was expressed and used for in vitro sulfation of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Further, the regioselective transfer of sulfate to an N-acetyllactosamine derivative could be realised with soluble chimeric GP3ST, also in combination with Lac transglycosylation by means of beta-galactosidase. Two alternative straightforward chemical syntheses for the target compound could be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greimel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Ruzhanskaya AV, Milenina OE, Kravtsov EG, Dalin MV, Gabrielyan NI. Methodological Approaches to Detection of Tamm-Horsfall Protein. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 140:330-3. [PMID: 16307051 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new test system for measuring Tamm-Horsfall protein was developed. The system consists of antigenic diagnostic agent and immune serum. The specificity and sensitivity of the reagents were determined. The system was tested on 52 urine samples from subjects without renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Ruzhanskaya
- Department of Microbiology, Russian University of Peoples' Friendship
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Devuyst O, Dahan K, Pirson Y. Tamm-Horsfall protein or uromodulin: new ideas about an old molecule. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:1290-4. [PMID: 15840660 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Säemann MD, Weichhart T, Zeyda M, Staffler G, Schunn M, Stuhlmeier KM, Sobanov Y, Stulnig TM, Akira S, von Gabain A, von Ahsen U, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein links innate immune cell activation with adaptive immunity via a Toll-like receptor-4-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:468-75. [PMID: 15650774 PMCID: PMC544039 DOI: 10.1172/jci22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is expressed exclusively in the kidney and constitutes the most abundant protein in mammalian urine. A critical role for THP in antibacterial host defense and inflammatory disorders of the urogenital tract has been suggested. We demonstrate that THP activates myeloid DCs via Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) to acquire a fully mature DC phenotype. THP triggers typical TLR signaling, culminating in activation of NF-kappaB. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from TLR4- and MyD88-deficient mice were nonresponsive to THP in contrast to those from TLR2- and TLR9-deficient mice. In vivo THP-driven TNF-alpha production was evident in WT but not in Tlr4-/- mice. Importantly, generation of THP-specific Abs consistently detectable in urinary tract inflammation was completely blunted in Tlr4-/- mice. These data show that THP is a regulatory factor of innate and adaptive immunity and therefore could have significant impact on host immunity in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Säemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fukushima K, Ikehara Y, Yamashita K. Functional role played by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor glycan of CD48 in interleukin-18-induced interferon-gamma production. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18056-62. [PMID: 15760905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 induces T cells and natural killer cells to produce not only interferon-gamma but also other cytokines by binding to the IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) alpha and beta subunits. However, little is known about how IL-18, IL-18Ralpha, and IL-18Rbeta form a high-affinity complex on the cell surface and transduce the signal. We found that IL-18 and IL-18Ralpha bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycan via the third mannose 6-phosphate diester and the second beta-GlcNAc-deleted mannose 6-phosphate of GPI glycan, respectively. To determine which GPI-anchored glycoprotein is involved in the complex of IL-18 and IL-18Ralpha, IL-18Ralpha of IL-18-stimulated KG-1 cells was immunoprecipitated together with CD48 by anti-IL-18Ralpha antibody. More than 90% of CD48 was detected as beta-GlcNAc-deleted GPI-anchored glycoprotein, and soluble recombinant human CD48 without GPI glycan bound to IL-18Ralpha, indicating that CD48 is associated with IL-18Ralpha via both the peptide portion and the GPI glycan. To investigate whether the carbohydrate recognition of IL-18 is involved in physiological activities, KG-1 cells were digested with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C before IL-18 stimulation. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases and the following IL-18-dependent interferon-gamma production. These observations suggest that the complex formation of IL-18.IL-18Ralpha. CD48 via both the peptide portion and GPI glycan triggers the binding to IL-18Rbeta, and the IL-18.IL-18Ralpha.CD48.IL-18Rbeta complex induces cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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61
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Säemann MD, Weichhart T, Zeyda M, Staffler G, Schunn M, Stuhlmeier KM, Sobanov Y, Stulnig TM, Akira S, von Gabain A, von Ahsen U, Hörl WH, Zlabinger GJ. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein links innate immune cell activation with adaptive immunity via a Toll-like receptor-4–dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2005. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200522720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Pragasam V, Kalaiselvi P, Subashini B, Sumitra K, Varalakshmi P. Structural and functional modification of THP on nitration: comparison with stone formers THP. NEPHRON. PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 99:p28-34. [PMID: 15637470 DOI: 10.1159/000081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The crucial steps involved in the lithogenic process are governed by the macromolecular components of urine, of which proteins play a major role. Structurally abnormal proteins have been reported to be present in the urine of stone formers. Free radical injury has come a long way in explaining some of the pathophysiological events of renal lithiasis. Thus, our present work was designed to study the impact of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite on the biochemical components of the urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nitration on THP was carried out using peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). After nitration, biochemical components like thiols, S-nitrosothiol, hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid were determined and these factors were compared with those of stone formers and normal THP. Crystallization behavior of control, nitrated NS-THP and stone formers THP was studied. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in thiol, hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid contents in stone formers and nitrated NS-THP, when compared to that of the control THP. In contrast to this, S-nitrosothiol content was significantly increased in stone formers and nitrated NS-THP (p < 0.001) when compared with the control THP. NO(x) metabolites were significantly elevated in stone formers THP when compared with that of control THP. When subjected to CaOx crystallization, stone formers THP and nitrated NS-THP promoted both CaOx nucleation and aggregation, while normal THP was found to be an inhibitor of the above processes. CONCLUSION From our results we conclude that nitration of THP could represent one of the prime events in modifying kinetic behavior of THP, thus converting THP into a heterogeneous nucleator of renal calculi formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Pragasam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, Taramani, Chennai, India
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63
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Moritz RL, Ji H, Schütz F, Connolly LM, Kapp EA, Speed TP, Simpson RJ. A Proteome Strategy for Fractionating Proteins and Peptides Using Continuous Free-Flow Electrophoresis Coupled Off-Line to Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2004; 76:4811-24. [PMID: 15307793 DOI: 10.1021/ac049717l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extensive prefractionation is now considered to be a necessary prerequisite for the comprehensive analysis of complex proteomes where the dynamic range of protein abundances can vary from approximately 10(6) for cells to approximately 10(10) for tissues such as blood. Here, we describe a high-resolution 2D protein separation system that uses a continuous free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) device to fractionate complex protein mixtures by solution-phase isoelectric focusing (IEF) into 96 well-defined pools, each separated by approximately 0.02-0.10 pH unit depending on the gradient created, followed by rapid (approximately 6 min per analysis) reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of each FFE pool. Fractionated proteins are readily visualized in a virtual 2D format using software that plots protein loci, pI in the first dimension and relative hydrophobicity (i.e., RP-HPLC retention time) in the second dimension. By coupling a diode-array detector in line with a multiwavelength fluorescence detector, separated proteins can be monitored in the RP-HPLC eluent by both UV absorbance and intrinsic fluorescence simultaneously from a single experiment. Triplicate analyses of standard proteins using a pH 3-10 gradient conducted over a 3-day period revealed a high system reproducibility with a SD of 0.57 (0.05 pH unit) within the FFE pools and 0.003 (0.18 s) for protein retention times in the second-dimension RP-HPLC step. In addition, we demonstrate that the FFE-IEF/RP-HPLC separation strategy can also be applied to complex mixtures of low molecular weight compounds such as peptides. With the facile ability to measure the pH of the isoelectric focused pools, peptide pI values can be estimated and used to qualify peptide identifications made using either MS/MS sequencing approaches or pI discriminated peptide mass fingerprinting. The calculated peak capacity of this 2D liquid-based FFE-IEF/RP-HPLC system is 6720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Moritz
- Joint ProteomicS Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
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Fukushima K, Ishiyama C, Yamashita K. Recognition by TNF-alpha of the GPI-anchor glycan induces apoptosis of U937 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 426:298-305. [PMID: 15158680 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) binds to TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR) to produce a hexameric (TNF-alpha)(3)-(TNFR)(3) structure that stimulates apoptosis. We found by using ELISA that TNF-alpha binds to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor glycans of carcinoembryonic antigen, human placental alkaline phosphatase (hAP), and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. These binding abilities were inhibited by 10(-6)M mannose-6-phosphate. Treatment of hAP with mild acid and phosphatase, which releases the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) beta1 -->phosphate-->6 residue from the GPI-anchor glycan of hAP, abrogated the binding of TNF-alpha to hAP. Thus, TNF-alpha binds to the GlcNAcbeta1-->phosphate-->6Man residue in GPI-anchor glycans. To investigate whether the carbohydrate-binding ability of TNF-alpha is related to its physiological functions, human lymphoma U937 cells were used. TNF-alpha stimulates U937 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and the presence of mannose-6-phosphate inhibited this. TNF-alpha-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in U937 cells was also diminished by mannose-6-phosphate. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-pretreatment also inhibited this tyrosine phosphorylation. These data suggest that TNF-alpha stimulates U937 cell apoptosis by forming a high-affinity nanomeric (TNF-alpha)(3)-(TNFR)(3)-(GPI-anchored glycan)(3) complex. The GPI-anchored glycoprotein involved remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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65
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PERLMANN GE, TAMM I, HORSFALL FL. An electrophoretic examination of a urinary mucoprotein which reacts with various viruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 95:99-104. [PMID: 14907963 PMCID: PMC2212044 DOI: 10.1084/jem.95.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A mucoprotein isolated from human urine and possessing the capacity to react with a number of viruses is electrophoretically homogeneous at pH 6.8 and 8.6. After treatment with influenza virus and elimination of its biological activity, the substance remains homogeneous and its electrophoretic mobility is decreased by approximately 20 per cent.
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Serafini-Cessi F, Malagolini N, Cavallone D. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: biology and clinical relevance. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42:658-76. [PMID: 14520616 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is the most abundant urinary protein in mammals. Urinary excretion occurs by proteolytic cleavage of the large ectodomain of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored counterpart exposed at the luminal cell surface of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. We describe the physical-chemical structure of human THP and its biosynthesis and interaction with other proteins and leukocytes. The clinical relevance of THP reported here includes: (1) involvement in the pathogenesis of cast nephropathy, urolithiasis, and tubulointerstitial nephritis; (2) abnormalities in urinary excretion in renal diseases; and (3) the recent finding that familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy and autosomal dominant medullary cystic kidney disease 2 arise from mutations of the THP gene. We critically examine the literature on the physiological role and mechanism(s) that promote urinary excretion of THP. Some lines of research deal with the in vitro immunoregulatory activity of THP, termed uromodulin when isolated from urine of pregnant women. However, an immunoregulatory function in vivo has not yet been established. In the most recent literature, there is renewed interest in the capacity of urinary THP to compete efficiently with urothelial cell receptors, such as uroplakins, in adhering to type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli. This property supports the notion that abundant THP excretion in urine is promoted in the host by selective pressure to obtain an efficient defense against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria.
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Fukushima K, Ikehara Y, Kanai M, Kochibe N, Kuroki M, Yamashita K. A beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphate diester residue is attached to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of human placental alkaline phosphatase: a target of the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36296-303. [PMID: 12851398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotes. The minimum conserved GPI core structure of all GPI-anchored glycans has been determined as EtN-PO4-6Manalpha1-2Manalpha1-6Manalpha1-4GlcN-myo-inositol-PO3H. Human placental alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been reported to be a GPI-anchored membrane protein. AP carries one N-glycan, (NeuAcalpha2-->3)2Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc(+/-Fuc)GlcNAc, and a GPI anchor, which contains an ethanolamine phosphate diester group, as a side chain. However, we found that both sialidase-treated soluble AP (sAP) and its GPI-anchored glycan bound to a Psathyrella velutina lectin (PVL)-Sepharose column, which binds beta-GlcNAc residues. PVL binding of asialo-sAP and its GPI-anchored glycan was diminished by digestion with diplococcal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase or by mild acid treatment. After sequential digestion of asialo-sAP with beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase and acid phosphatase, the elution patterns on chromatofocusing gels were changed in accordance with the negative charges of phosphate residues. Trypsin-digested sAP was analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and the structures of two glycopeptides with GPI-anchored glycans were confirmed as peptide-EtN-PO4-6Manalpha1-->2(GlcNAcbeta1-PO4-->6)Manalpha1-6(+/-EtN-PO4-->)Manalpha1-->4GlcN, which may be produced by endo-alpha-glucosaminidase. In addition to AP, GPI-anchored carcinoembryonic antigen, cholinesterase, and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein also bound to a PVL-Sepharose column, suggesting that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphate diester residue is widely distributed in human GPI-anchored glycans. Furthermore, we found that the beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphate diester residue is important for GPI anchor recognition of aerolysin, a channel-forming toxin derived from Aeromonas hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Funaba M, Yamate T, Hashida Y, Maki K, Gotoh K, Kaneko M, Yamamoto H, Iriki T, Hatano Y, Abe M. Effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride on struvite crystal formation in urine of clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1059-64. [PMID: 12926602 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on struvite crystal formation in the urine of clinically normal cats by measuring the urine concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-insoluble sediment, urine pH, struvite activity product (SAP), number of struvite crystals in urine, and urine volume. ANIMALS 23 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURE Urine was fractionated by centrifugation with subsequent extraction of the sediment with 1 N HCl (study 1). Diets containing either 29% crude protein or 55% crude protein were fed to cats in a crossover trial of 3 weeks/period (study 2). Diets supplemented with either sodium chloride (NaCl) or NH4Cl were fed, by use of a 3 x 3 Latin-square design with 3 wk/period (study 3). In studies 2 and 3, urine samples were collected for the last 7 days of each period. RESULTS The HCl-insoluble sediment contained Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP; study 1). The high-protein diet (study 2) and dietary supplementation with NH4Cl (study 3) resulted in a decrease in urine pH, SAP, and the number of struvite crystals in urine. However, the high-protein diet decreased urine concentrations of HCl-insoluble sediment containing THP (study 2), in contrast to the NH4Cl supplementation that increased urine volume without a significant effect on the urine concentration of the HCl-insoluble sediment (study 3). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results indicate that compared with dietary supplementation with NH4Cl, the high-protein diet is preferable as a urine acidifier for the prevention of struvite crystal formation in clinically normal cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Funaba
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan
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SPRINGER GF. [Fucose containing mucins predominantly of entodermal origin with blood group and other biological characteristics]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 33:347-54. [PMID: 14382480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01467964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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71
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BOAS NF, BOLLET AJ, BUNIM JJ. Effect of acute clinical stress on the levels of hexosamine in serum and its excretion in urine. J Clin Invest 2003; 34:782-9. [PMID: 14381507 PMCID: PMC1072608 DOI: 10.1172/jci103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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72
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Kreft B, Jabs WJ, Laskay T, Klinger M, Solbach W, Kumar S, van Zandbergen G. Polarized expression of Tamm-Horsfall protein by renal tubular epithelial cells activates human granulocytes. Infect Immun 2002; 70:2650-6. [PMID: 11953407 PMCID: PMC127949 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.5.2650-2656.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In renal bacterial infections granulocytes are of major importance in the primary immune defense against invading pathogens. However, the mechanisms of granulocytic activation in renal interstitial invasion have not been clarified. Renal tubular epithelial cell mechanisms inducing granulocytic activation and bacterial killing may include tubular cell expression of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), a urinary protein that is known to enhance cytokine expression in monocytes. We studied the role of THP in granulocytic activation. A strong binding of THP to human granulocytes was demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Urinary THP and supernatants of THP-expressing cultured tubular epithelial cells (MDCK) enhanced interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression by human granulocytes. Renal tubular cells growing polarized on polycarbonate membranes were used to study apical versus basal THP expression. By electron microscopy THP immunoreactivity was exclusively found on the apical surfaces of tubular cells and was absent on the basolateral cell membrane. In the apical cell culture compartment we found significantly more stimulatory activity for granulocytic IL-8 expression. CD62L, a selectin less expressed in activated granulocytes, was decreased in granulocytes incubated with urinary THP and in supernatants of THP-producing renal tubular cells but not in supernatants from THP-negative cells. Again, the effect on CD62L expression was found only in apical culture media and was absent in the basal compartment. In summary our data give evidence that renal tubular cell THP expression may be relevant in kidney diseases since THP is a potent activator of human granulocytes. The regulation of apical versus basal THP expression and release in vivo may be crucial in the induction of the inflammatory response, e.g., in bacterial renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kreft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Menozzi FD, Debrie AS, Tissier JP, Locht C, Pethe K, Raze D. Interaction of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein with Bordetella pertussis toxin. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:1193-1201. [PMID: 11932463 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-4-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), which is synthesized by renal tubular cells, is the most abundant protein in normal human urine. Although its physiological function remains unclear, it has been proposed that THP may act as a defence factor against urinary tract infections by inhibiting the binding of S- and P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to renal epithelial cells. Because THP-related proteins are also found in the superficial layers of the oral mucosa, the authors investigated the ability of THP to interfere with the cytoadherence of pathogenic bacteria that colonize mucosal surfaces other than those of the urogenital tract. In this report, it is shown that THP binds to virulent Bordetella pertussis and reduces its adherence to both renal and pulmonary epithelial cells. This cytoadherence inhibitory effect was not observed with a B. pertussis mutant lacking the pertussis toxin (PTX) operon, and was dependent on the direct interaction of THP with the S2 subunit within the PTX B oligomer. The authors also show that the glycosylation moiety of THP is crucial for its binding to PTX. The THP-PTX interaction was exploited to develop an affinity chromatography method that allows a one-step purification of active PTX. These observations suggest that besides its anti-adherence activity, THP may also trap toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria that colonize mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco D Menozzi
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Jean-Pierre Tissier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Technologie Alimentaires, 369 Rue Jules Guesde, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France2
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
| | - Dominique Raze
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U447, Mécanismes moléculaires de la pathogénie microbienne, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France1
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Fukuoka S, Kobayashi K. Analysis of the C-terminal structure of urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein reveals that the release of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored counterpart from the kidney occurs by phenylalanine-specific proteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:1044-8. [PMID: 11741296 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is a major glycoprotein synthesized in the kidney. THP is expressed on the luminal surface of the membrane with the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and excreted in urine at a rate of 50-100 mg per day. Although THP is the most abundant urinary protein, the function of THP remains unclear. In addition, little is known about the mechanism by which large amounts of THP are actively released into the urinary fluid. In this study, we examined the C-terminal structure of highly purified THP derived from human urine. Carboxypeptidase Y efficiently degraded urinary THP, indicating that the C-terminal structure of the protein contains an amino acid residue with a free carboxyl moiety. These results are consistent with our previous finding that urinary THP does not bind anti-CRD antibody. We obtained peptides from the complete digestion of urinary THP with lysylendopeptidase. We purified the most C-terminal peptide with p-phenylene diisothiocyanate-controlled pore glass (DITC-CPG) beads. N-terminal sequence analysis indicated the peptide begins with Tyr 520 and ends between E539 and E576. Direct C-terminal amino acid sequencing of highly purified urinary THP gave a sequence of -X-(Q)-G-(R)-F, corresponding to amino acids 544-548, -S-Q-G-R-F. We therefore conclude that urinary THP is generated by a proteolytic cleavage between F548 and S549, 66 amino acids upstream of a possible GPI-anchor attachment site. Because the sequence of THP, including the cleavage site, is highly homologous to that of GP2, a GPI-anchored protein within the pancreas, and both THP and GP2 are abundantly found as soluble forms in the excreted fluids, a common mechanism may exist governing the proteolytic release of GPI-anchored membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukuoka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 611-0011 Uji, Kyoto, Japan.
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Wangsiripaisan A, Gengaro PE, Edelstein CL, Schrier RW. Role of polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein in cast formation: oligosaccharide and tubular fluid ions. Kidney Int 2001; 59:932-40. [PMID: 11231348 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059003932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In acute tubular necrosis (ATN), distal tubules are obstructed by casts formed by tubular debris, cells, and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP). Since there are Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) and Leucine-Aspartate-Valine (LDV) adhesive sequences in human THP, there may be direct integrin-mediated binding of tubular cells to THP. Alternatively, polymerization of THP may result in entrapment of the cells in its gel. METHODS Adhesion of LLC-PK(1) cells to THP-coated wells was directly measured. THP concentrate was dissolved in solutions which mimic urine from ATN (ATN-S), distal convoluted tubule (DCT-S), collecting duct (CD-S), and monomeric buffer (M buffer). THP was also denatured by either boiling or N-glycanase digestion. Gel formation of THP was then measured. Inhibition of LLC-PK(1) cell adhesion to collagen type I was measured with each solution, as well as after the collagen was pretreated with either monomeric (mTHP) or polymeric (pTHP) THP. The effect of pTHP on the settling rate of LLC-PK(1) cells in suspension was also measured. RESULTS LLC-PK(1) cells did not directly adhere to THP, a finding against integrin-mediated binding as a mechanism for in vivo tubular cell/THP cast formation. The high electrolyte concentration of ATN-S and CD-S, however, was associated with pTHP gel formation. Moreover, cells suspended in pTHP remained in suspension. In cell adhesion studies, mTHP attenuated cell adhesion by binding to the matrix, whereas pTHP attenuated cell adhesion by trapping cells in its gel. An active process was involved since both pTHP gel formation and attenuation of cell adhesion were abolished by boiling or oligosaccharide removal with N-glycanase digestion. CONCLUSIONS With renal ischemia and proximal tubule cell shedding, ATN and collecting duct fluid composition enhance THP gel formation and thus favor tubular cast formation and obstruction. The present in vitro results indicate the importance of oligosaccharide residues in mediating the effect of the THP on gel formation and potential cast formation in ATN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wangsiripaisan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Innate, non-specific, resistance mechanisms are important barriers to pathogens, particularly delaying virus multiplication at the onset of infections. These innate defense mechanisms include a series of mechanical barriers, pre-existing inhibitory molecules, and cellular responses with antimicrobial activity. The antiviral activities of these innate inhibitors reside in a variety of partly characterized substances. This review presents the innate antiviral inhibitors in cell cultures, urine, serum, the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system, tissues of crustaceans, and saliva. Medical adaptation of the innate antiviral defense mechanisms may be useful for prevention and treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA.
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77
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Easton RL, Patankar MS, Clark GF, Morris HR, Dell A. Pregnancy-associated changes in the glycosylation of tamm-horsfall glycoprotein. Expression of sialyl Lewis(x) sequences on core 2 type O-glycans derived from uromodulin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21928-38. [PMID: 10770931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001534200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is a major glycoprotein associated with human urine that binds pro-inflammatory cytokines and also inhibits in vitro T cell proliferation induced by specific antigens. THP derived from human pregnancy urine (designated uromodulin) has previously been shown to be 13-fold more effective as an inhibitor of antigen-induced T cell proliferation than THP obtained from other sources. Structural analysis of human THP and uromodulin has for the first time revealed that these glycoproteins are O-glycosylated. THP from nonpregnant females and males expresses primarily core 1 type O-glycans terminated with either sialic acid or fucose but not the sialyl Lewis(x) epitope. By contrast, the O-glycans linked to uromodulin include unusual core 2 type glycans terminated with one, two, or three sialyl Lewis(x) sequences. The specific association of these unusual carbohydrate sequences with uromodulin could explain its enhanced immunomodulatory effects compared with THP obtained from males and nonpregnant females. Analysis of THP from one of the pregnant females 2 months postpartum showed a reversion of the O-glycan profile to that found for a non-pregnant female. These data suggest that the glycosylation state of uromodulin could be under the regulation of steroidal hormones produced during pregnancy. The significant physiological implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Easton
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom
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JACUBEIT M, BRUNGER P, KNEDEL M. [Studies on the content of fucose in serum and protein fractions. I. Method of determination and normal value in serum]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000; 37:460-4. [PMID: 13655559 DOI: 10.1007/bf01483775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cavallone D, Malagolini N, Serafini-Cessi F. Binding of human neutrophils to cell-surface anchored Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 1999; 55:1787-99. [PMID: 10231441 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (T-H) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein exposed at the surface of distal nephron cells, and urinary T-H is the released soluble counterpart. The latter has been implicated in tubulointerstitial nephritis, and the proinflammatory potential has been related to its ability to bind in vitro human neutrophils (PMNs). We have examined the conditions required for the binding of neutrophils to cell-surface anchored T-H and the consequent effects. METHODS A HeLa cell-line derivative permanently transformed with human T-H cDNA and expressing T-H at the cell surface was used throughout the study. The adhesion of PMNs to cells expressing T-H was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy before and after the opsonization of cells with anti-T-H antibodies. The oxidative burst induced by adhesion of PMNs to the cells was determined by the activation of myeloperoxidase. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the release of T-H under the adhesion of activated PMNs were determined by dot-blot and Western blot analysis. RESULTS No binding of neutrophils to cell-surface-anchored T-H was observed. On the contrary, the opsonization of cells with anti-T-H antibodies resulted in a dramatic adhesion of neutrophils. Such an adhesion induced the oxidative burst of PMNs and a large increment in the release of T-H, as well as the release of the slightly faster migrating T-H form, which is normally retained intracellularly. CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that, after the autoimmune response, the adhesion of neutrophils to cell-surface T-H contributes to the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial nephritis, favoring a further accumulation of T-H in the interstitium and inducing the loss of cell integrity via reactive oxygen metabolites generated by activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cavallone
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy
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83
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van Rooijen JJ, Voskamp AF, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Glycosylation sites and site-specific glycosylation in human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Glycobiology 1999; 9:21-30. [PMID: 9884403 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-glycosylation sites of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein from one healthy male donor have been characterized, based on an approach using endoproteinase Glu-C (V-8 protease, Staphylococcus aureus ) digestion and a combination of chromatographic techniques, automated Edman sequencing, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Seven out of the eight potential N-glycosylation sites, namely, Asn52, Asn56, Asn208, Asn251, Asn298, Asn372, and Asn489, turned out to be glycosylated, and the potential glycosylation site at Asn14, being close to the N-terminus, is not used. The carbohydrate microheterogeneity on three of the glycosylation sites was studied in more detail by high-pH anion-exchange chromatographic profiling and 500 MHz1H-NMR spectroscopy. Glycosylation site Asn489 contains mainly di- and tri-charged oligosaccharides which comprise, among others, the GalNAc4 S (beta1-4)GlcNAc terminal sequence. Only glycosylation site Asn251 bears oligomannose-type carbohydrate chains ranging from Man5GlcNAc2to Man8GlcNAc2, in addition to a small amount of complex-type structures. Profiling of the carbohydrate moieties of Asn208 indicates a large heterogeneity, similar to that established for native human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, namely, multiply charged complex-type carbohydrate structures, terminated by sulfate groups, sialic acid residues, and/or the Sda-determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J van Rooijen
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80075, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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PUSZTAI A, MORGAN WT. Studies in immunochemistry. 18. The isolation and properties of a sialomucopolysaccharide possessing blood-group Le-a specificity and virus-receptor activity. Biochem J 1998; 78:135-46. [PMID: 13738545 PMCID: PMC1205186 DOI: 10.1042/bj0780135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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KLEMPERER HG. An effect of phloridzin on influenza virus elution and on neuraminidase activity. Virology 1998; 12:495-8. [PMID: 13756752 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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HORNE RW, WATERSON AP, WILDY P, FARNHAM AE. The structure and composition of the myxoviruses. I. Electron microscope studies of the structure of myxovirus particles by negative staining techniques. Virology 1998; 11:79-98. [PMID: 14403138 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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POULIK MD. Interaction of transferrin, haptoglobin and other serum proteins with neuraminidase of diphtheria toxin. Clin Chim Acta 1998; 6:493-502. [PMID: 14488335 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(61)90138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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89
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ANDERSON AJ, LEPPER MH, WINZLER RJ. The fractionation of urine colloids on anion-exchange cellulose. Biochem J 1998; 77:581-91. [PMID: 13683171 PMCID: PMC1205079 DOI: 10.1042/bj0770581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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KING JS, FIELDEN ML, BOYCE WH. Total nondialyzable solids in human urine. XI. Chemical analysis of purified normal uromucoid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 95:424-7. [PMID: 14037081 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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PETERSON WD, DAVENPORT FM, FRANCIS T. A study in vitro of components in the transmission cycle of swine influenza virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 114:1023-33. [PMID: 14485814 PMCID: PMC2180404 DOI: 10.1084/jem.114.6.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Swine lungworm extracts and suspensions of swine lungworms contain receptor-like substances capable of adsorbing influenza virus, a result consonant with the hypothesis (5–8) that the lungworm may be involved in the swine influenza cycle. Yet no evidence for multiplication of virus or even persistence of infectious virus in lungworms at undimished titer was found. Clearly much more information is needed, and it is hoped that the present demonstration of the practicality of studying the components of the transmission cycle proposed by Shope, will provide important tools requisite for further investigation of this problem. Studies on the role of the earthworm in the transmission of swine influenza suggest that, at best, that role would be a passive one.
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DEWITT CW, ZELL EA. Sialic acids (N,7-O-diacetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic adcid) in Escherichia coli. II. Their presence on the cell wall surface and relationship to K antigen. J Bacteriol 1998; 82:849-56. [PMID: 13885922 PMCID: PMC279267 DOI: 10.1128/jb.82.6.849-856.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DeWitt, Charles W. (The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.) and Elizabeth A. Zell. Sialic acids (N,7-O-diacetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid) in Escherichia coli. II. Their presence on the cell wall surface and relationship to K antigen. J. Bacteriol. 82:849-856. 1961.-Sialic acids obtained from Escherichia coli by weak acid hydrolysis are shown to be released from the extreme-surface, lipoprotein layer of the cell. Hydrolysis does not lyse the cells nor release cell walls. Hydrolysates do not contain compounds such as alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid or N-acetylmuramic acid, normally associated with cell walls. The surface material is released in a relatively homogeneous form by simple incubation of live cells in an acidic buffer and is susceptible to hydrolysis by viral neuraminidase, although untreated live cells will not serve as substrate. As this surface material resembles, in its initial rate of reaction with neuraminidase, human urinary mucoprotein, the sialic acid is presumably present as an alpha-ketoside. Colominic acid is insusceptible under the same conditions. Although there is good correlation of the occurrence of sialic acids with the E. coli capsular antigen, K(1), specific release of sialic acid from K(1) antigen with neuraminidase does not lessen its haptenic activity as measured by inhibition of specific agglutination.
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Briend E, Saklani-Jusforgues H, Fontan E. An endogenous human immunostimulant acting on mononuclear phagocytes: a study in laboratory mice. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 149:703-9. [PMID: 9851528 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(99)80043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Briend
- Cantab Pharmaceutical Research Limited, Cambridge, Great Britain
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98
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK 73104, USA.
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Malagolini N, Cavallone D, Serafini-Cessi F. Intracellular transport, cell-surface exposure and release of recombinant Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. Kidney Int 1997; 52:1340-50. [PMID: 9350657 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (T-H), first described as the major urinary glycoprotein, is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein which mainly resides at the luminal face of cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) and early distal convoluted tubules of nephron. Since no human renal cell-line producing T-H is available, T-H cDNA was transfected in HeLa cells and a cell line was selected in which 95% of the cells stably expressed T-H, in order to elucidate the biosynthesis, mechanisms regulating the transport of T-H along the exocytic pathway, exposure at the cell surface and release in soluble form. Treatment of cells with an exogenous reducing agent results in a drastic delay in the conversion from precursor to mature T-H. Since the accumulating T-H-precursor carries glycans not yet processed by Golgi-mannosidases, we propose that the formation of a correct set of intrachain disulphide bonds is required for T-H exit out the endoplasmic reticulum. Even the treatment of cells with an inhibitor of GPI-anchor biosynthesis results in an intracellular accumulation of T-H precursor, loss of T-H localization into Golgi apparatus and reduced surface exposure. These results indicate that the GPI-anchor addition is necessary for T-H delivery to the cell-surface. The release rate of new synthesized T-H shows an initial lag time very likely depending on the time required for T-H surface exposure. A portion of released T-H appears to contain ethanolamine, a component of GPI anchor, indicating that, at least in HeLa cells, a GPI-specific phospholipase contributes to the T-H release. Exposure of cells to monensin and brefeldin A results in a loss of accumulation of T-H in the Golgi perinuclear region and a reduced delivery to the cell surface. Under monensin treatment an intermediate T-H form non-exposed at the cell surface is released in the medium, indicating that a soluble T-H may be produced inside the cell under conditions that alter the Golgi apparatus. If such an event occurs in polarized kidney cells, a T-H release from the basolateral face may be postulated, inasmuch as the GPI-anchor is an apical sorting signal. Since T-H is a powerful autoantigen, the accumulation of soluble T-H in the interstitium of TAL may cause the formation of immunocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malagolini
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Fukushima K, Hara-Kuge S, Ohkura T, Seko A, Ideo H, Inazu T, Yamashita K. Lectin-like characteristics of recombinant human interleukin-1beta recognizing glycans of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10579-84. [PMID: 9099704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.16.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that 35S-labeled recombinant human interleukin-1beta (rhIL-1beta) binds phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated human placental alkaline phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-treated trypanosome surface variant glycoproteins, and urinary uromodulin immobilized on plates or immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The interaction between rhIL-1beta and these glycoproteins was lectin-like, since it was inhibited in the presence of specific saccharides, i.e. mannose 6-phosphate or synthetic Ac-NH.CH2.CH2. PO4--->6Manalpha1-->(+/-2Manalpha1-->+/-6Manalpha1-->) propyl at about 1 microM. On the other hand, a wide variety of compounds including biantennary sugar chains derived from these glycoproteins as well as ethanolamine phosphate, inositol phosphate, mannose 6-sulfate, mannose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and mannitol 6-phosphate did not show any inhibitory effect at concentrations up to 1 mM. These results indicate that rhIL-1beta interacts with these glycoproteins via the mannose 6-phosphate diester of glycans on the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Furthermore, when monolayers of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells on polycarbonate filter membranes were incubated with 35S-rhIL-1beta in either the apical or basolateral chamber, 35S-interleukin-1beta was found to bind specifically to the apical membranes with a Ka value of 4.6 x 10(7) M-1, and the specific interaction was inhibited by 1 microM mannose 6-phosphate. Since the mannose 6-phosphate diester moiety exists only in the GPI glycans on plasma membranes, it was evident that interleukin-1beta can directly interact with the mannose 6-phosphate diester component of the intact glycan of GPI anchors on plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan
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