51
|
Murlidhar V, Ramnath N, Nagrath S, Reddy RM. Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer Detection. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8070061. [PMID: 27367729 PMCID: PMC4963803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving early detection of lung cancer is critical to improving lung cancer survival. Studies have shown that computerized tomography (CT) screening can reduce mortality from lung cancer, but this involves risks of radiation exposure and can identify non-cancer lung nodules that lead to unnecessary interventions for some. There is a critical need to develop alternative, less invasive methods to identify patients who have early-stage lung cancer. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising area of research, but current technology is limited by a low yield of CTCs. Alternate studies are investigating circulating nucleic acids and proteins as possible tumor markers. It is critical to develop innovative methods for early lung cancer detection that may include CTCs or other markers that are low-risk and low-cost, yet specific and sensitive, to facilitate improved survival by diagnosing the disease when it is surgically curable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Murlidhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Rishindra M Reddy
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Taubman Center 2120, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Tamminga M, Groen HHJM, Hiltermann TJN. Investigating CTCs in NSCLC-a reaction to the study of Jia-Wei Wan: a preliminary study on the relationship between circulating tumor cells count and clinical features in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1032-6. [PMID: 27293811 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.04.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menno Tamminga
- University of Groningen, the University Medical Centre of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Adams DL, Adams DK, Alpaugh RK, Cristofanilli M, Martin SS, Chumsri S, Tang CM, Marks JR. Circulating Cancer-Associated Macrophage-Like Cells Differentiate Malignant Breast Cancer and Benign Breast Conditions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1037-42. [PMID: 27197300 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based testing can be used as a noninvasive method to recover and analyze circulating tumor-derived cells for clinical use. Circulating cancer-associated macrophage-like cells (CAML) are specialized myeloid cells found in peripheral blood and associated with the presence of solid malignancies. We measured CAMLs prospectively in peripheral blood to ascertain their prevalence, specificity, and sensitivity in relation to breast disease status at clinical presentation. METHODS We report on two related but separate studies: 1) CellSieve microfilters were used to isolate CAMLs from blood samples of patients with known malignant disease (n = 41). Prevalence and specificity was compared against healthy volunteers (n = 16). 2) A follow-up double-blind pilot study was conducted on women (n = 41) undergoing core-needle biopsy to diagnose suspicious breast masses. RESULTS CAMLs were found in 93% of known malignant patients (n = 38/41), averaging 19.4 cells per sample, but none in the healthy controls. In subjects undergoing core biopsy for initial diagnosis, CAMLs were found in 88% of subjects with invasive carcinoma (n = 15/17) and 26% with benign breast conditions (n = 5/19). CONCLUSION These preliminary pilot studies suggest that the presence of CAMLs may differentiate patients with malignant disease, benign breast conditions, and healthy individuals. IMPACT We supply evidence that this previously unidentified circulating stromal cell may have utility as a screening tool to detect breast cancer in various malignancies, irrespective of disease stage. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1037-42. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane K Adams
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stuart S Martin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Saranya Chumsri
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang HB, Guo Q, Li YH, Sun ZQ, Li TT, Zhang WX, Xiang SS, Li HF. Effects of Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy and Open Esophagectomy on Circulating Tumor Cell Level in Elderly Patients with Esophageal Cancer. World J Surg 2016; 40:1655-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
55
|
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20210. [PMID: 26831813 PMCID: PMC4735798 DOI: 10.1038/srep20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several techniques have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells (CTC) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but their diagnostic and prognostic value are not yet fully established. A computerized retrieval of literatures was conducted without time restrictions using the electronic database in December 2014. Diagnostic accuracy variables were pooled and analyzed by the Meta-DiSc software. Engauge Digitizer and Stata software were used for pooled survival analysis. Twenty-two retrieved studies were eligible for systematic review, of which 9 conformed for the diagnostic test meta-analysis and 5 for the prognostic analysis. Subgroup analysis showed 24.6% pooled sensitivity and 100% pooled specificity of detections by using positive selection strategy, which moreover presented low heterogeneity. The presence of CTC was significantly associated with shorter disease free survival (DFS, HR 4.62, 95% CI 2.51-8.52). In conclusion, current evidence identifies the CTC detection assay as an extremely specific, but low sensitive test in HNSCC. Also, the presence of CTC indicates a worse DFS.
Collapse
|
56
|
Rejniak KA. Circulating Tumor Cells: When a Solid Tumor Meets a Fluid Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 936:93-106. [PMID: 27739044 PMCID: PMC5113997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42023-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumor dissemination from the primary site to the sites of metastasis involves tumor cell transport through the blood or lymph circulation systems. Once the tumor cells enter the bloodstream, they encounter a new hostile microenvironment. The cells must withstand hemodynamic forces and overcome the effects of fluid shear. The cells are exposed to immunological signaling insults from leukocytes, to collisions with erythrocytes, and to interactions with platelets or macrophages. Finally, the cells need to attach to the blood vessel walls and extravasate to the surrounding stroma to form tumor metastases. Although only a small fraction of invasive cells is able to complete the metastatic process, most cancer-related deaths are the result of tumor metastasis. Thus, investigating the intracellular properties of circulating tumor cells and the extracellular conditions that allow the tumor cells to survive and thrive in this microenvironment is of vital interest. In this chapter, we discuss the intravascular microenvironment that the circulating tumor cells must endure. We summarize the current experimental and computational literature on tumor cells in the circulation system. We also illustrate various aspects of the intravascular transport of circulating tumor cells using a mathematical model based on immersed boundary principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Rejniak
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology Department, Center of Excellence in Cancer Imaging and Technology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Kim YJ, Kim SH, Fujii T, Matsunaga YT. Dual stimuli-responsive smart beads that allow “on–off” manipulation of cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:953-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature- and electric field-responsive polymer-conjugated polystyrene beads, termed smart beads, are designed to isolate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Yukiko T. Matsunaga
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Raimondi C, Nicolazzo C, Gradilone A. Circulating tumor cells isolation: the "post-EpCAM era". Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:461-70. [PMID: 26543332 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent a submicroscopic fraction detached from a primary tumor and in transit to a secondary site. The prognostic significance of CTCs in metastatic cancer patients was demonstrated for the first time more than ten years ago. To date, it seems clear enough that CTCs are highly heterogeneous and dynamically change their shape. Thus, the inadequacy of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as universal marker for CTCs detection seems unquestionable and alternative methods able to recognize a broader spectrum of phenotypes are definitely needed. In this review the pleiotropic functions of EpCAM are discussed in detail and the role of the molecule in the biology of CTCs is critically dissected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Raimondi
- Dipartimento Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolazzo
- Dipartimento Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Gradilone
- Dipartimento Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Zhang Z, Ramnath N, Nagrath S. Current Status of CTCs as Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer and Future Directions. Front Oncol 2015; 5:209. [PMID: 26484313 PMCID: PMC4588111 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have garnered a lot of attention in the past few decades. Isolation of these rare cells from the billions of blood cells has been a challenge until recent times. With the advent of new sensitive technologies that permit live cell isolation and downstream genomic analysis, the existing paradigm of CTC research has evolved to explore clinical utility of these cells. CTCs have been identified as prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in many solid tumors, including lung cancer. As a means of liquid biopsy, CTCs could play a major role in the development of personalized medicine and targeted therapies. This review discusses the state of various isolation strategies, cell separation techniques and key studies that illustrate the application of liquid biopsy to lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Gross ME, Dorff TB, Quinn DI, Agus DB, Luttgen M, Bethel K, Kolatkar A, Kuhn P. Rapid changes in circulating tumor cells following anti-angiogenic therapy. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/1/1/015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
61
|
Prevalence and number of circulating tumour cells and microemboli at diagnosis of advanced NSCLC. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26210156 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Timing and magnitude of blood release of circulating tumour cells (CTC) and circulating tumour microemboli (CTM) from primary solid cancers are uncertain. We investigated prevalence and number of CTC and CTM at diagnosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Twenty-eight consecutive patients with suspected stage III-IV lung cancer gave consent to provide 15 mL of peripheral blood soon before diagnostic CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). CTC and CTM (clusters of ≥3 CTC) were isolated by cell size filtration (ScreenCell), identified and counted by cytopathologists using morphometric criteria and (in 6 cases) immunostained for vimentin. RESULTS FNAB demonstrated NSCLC in 26 cases. At least one CTC/3 mL blood (mean 6.8 ± 3.7) was detected in 17 (65 %) and one CTM (mean 4.5 ± 3.3) in 15 (58 %) of 26 NSCLC cases. No correlation between number of CTC or CTM and tumour type or stage was observed. Neoplastic cells from both FNA and CTC/CTM were positive for vimentin but heterogeneously. CONCLUSIONS CTC can be detected in two-thirds and CTM in more than half of patients with advanced NSCLC at diagnosis. Reasons underlying lack of CTC and CTM in some advanced lung cancers deserve further investigations.
Collapse
|
62
|
Morimoto A, Mogami T, Watanabe M, Iijima K, Akiyama Y, Katayama K, Futami T, Yamamoto N, Sawada T, Koizumi F, Koh Y. High-Density Dielectrophoretic Microwell Array for Detection, Capture, and Single-Cell Analysis of Rare Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130418. [PMID: 26107884 PMCID: PMC4480363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a reliable platform and workflow to detect and capture a small number of mutation-bearing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a blood sample is necessary for the development of noninvasive cancer diagnosis. In this preclinical study, we aimed to develop a capture system for molecular characterization of single CTCs based on high-density dielectrophoretic microwell array technology. Spike-in experiments using lung cancer cell lines were conducted. The microwell array was used to capture spiked cancer cells, and captured single cells were subjected to whole genome amplification followed by sequencing. A high detection rate (70.2%–90.0%) and excellent linear performance (R2 = 0.8189–0.9999) were noted between the observed and expected numbers of tumor cells. The detection rate was markedly higher than that obtained using the CellSearch system in a blinded manner, suggesting the superior sensitivity of our system in detecting EpCAM− tumor cells. Isolation of single captured tumor cells, followed by detection of EGFR mutations, was achieved using Sanger sequencing. Using a microwell array, we established an efficient and convenient platform for the capture and characterization of single CTCs. The results of a proof-of-principle preclinical study indicated that this platform has potential for the molecular characterization of captured CTCs from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morimoto
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Mogami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iijima
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Akiyama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Katayama
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Futami
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Shien-Lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Carlsson A, Nair VS, Luttgen MS, Keu KV, Horng G, Vasanawala M, Kolatkar A, Jamali M, Iagaru AH, Kuschner W, Loo BW, Shrager JB, Bethel K, Hoh CK, Bazhenova L, Nieva J, Kuhn P, Gambhir SS. Circulating tumor microemboli diagnostics for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:1111-9. [PMID: 25157764 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) are potentially important cancer biomarkers, but using them for cancer detection in early-stage disease has been assay limited. We examined CTM test performance using a sensitive detection platform to identify stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing imaging evaluation. METHODS First, we prospectively enrolled patients during 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging evaluation for lung cancer that underwent routine phlebotomy where CTM and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were identified in blood using nuclear (DAPI), cytokeratin (CK), and CD45 immune-fluorescent antibodies followed by morphologic identification. Second, CTM and CTC data were integrated with patient (age, gender, smoking, and cancer history) and imaging (tumor diameter, location in lung, and maximum standard uptake value [SUVmax]) data to develop and test multiple logistic regression models using a case-control design in a training and test cohort followed by cross-validation in the entire group. RESULTS We examined 104 patients with NSCLC, and the subgroup of 80 with stage I disease, and compared them to 25 patients with benign disease. Clinical and imaging data alone were moderately discriminating for all comers (Area under the Curve [AUC] = 0.77) and by stage I disease only (AUC = 0.77). However, the presence of CTM combined with clinical and imaging data was significantly discriminating for diagnostic accuracy in all NSCLC patients (AUC = 0.88, p value = 0.001) and for stage I patients alone (AUC = 0.87, p value = 0.002). CONCLUSION CTM may add utility for lung cancer diagnosis during imaging evaluation using a sensitive detection platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Carlsson
- *The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, La Jolla, CA; †Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA; ‡Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke, Québec; §The California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA; ‖The VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; ¶Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; #The VA Palo Alto Health Care System Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Palo Alto, CA; **Department of Radiation Oncology; ††Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; ‡‡The VA Palo Alto Health Care System Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Palo Alto, CA; §§Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA; ‖‖Nuclear Medicine Division, University of San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA; ¶¶The Moores Cancer Center, University of San Diego Medical Center, La Jolla, CA; ##The Billings Clinic, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Billings, MT; ***Departments of Bioengineering and †††Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Rodriguez-Lee M, Kuhn P, Webb DR. Advancing cancer patient care by integrating circulating tumor cell technology to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of cancer. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:384-92. [PMID: 25195582 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal dynamics of cancer, studied with physical science approaches at critical transition points of the disease can provide insight into the biology of cancer and the evolutionary changes that occur both naturally and in response to therapy. A very promising development in translational cancer medicine has been the emergence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) as minimally invasive "liquid biopsies." We envision that the future utility of CTC will not simply be confined to enumeration, but also include their routine characterization using a high-content approach that investigates morphometrics, protein expression and genomic profiling. This novel approach guided by mathematical models to predict the spread of disease from the primary site to secondary site can bring the bench to the bedside for cancer patients. It is agnostic with reference to drug choice and treatment regimen, which also means that each patient is unique. The approach is Bayesian from a data collection perspective and is patient-centric rather than drug or new chemical entity-centric. The analysis of data comes from an understanding of commonalities and differences that are detected among patients with a given cancer type. Thus, patients are treated over the course of their disease with various drug regimens that reflects our real-time understanding of their evolving tumor genomics and response to treatment. This likely means that smaller cohorts of patients receive any given regimen but we hypothesize that it would lead to better patient outcomes than with the current classic approach to drug testing and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rodriguez-Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhai H, Zhong W, Yang X, Wu YL. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy for lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 4:82-93. [PMID: 25806348 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation (LACE) meta-analysis and the meta-analysis of individual participant data reported by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Meta-analysis Collaborative Group in neo-adjuvant setting validated respectively that adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy would significantly improve overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival for resectable NSCLC. However, chemotherapy has reached a therapeutic plateau. It has been confirmed that epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeting therapy provides a dramatic response to patients with advanced EGFR-mutation positive NSCLC. Researchers have paid more attention to exploring applications of TKIs to early resectable NSCLCs. Several studies on adjuvant TKI treatment concluded its safety and feasibility. But there existed certain limitations of these studies as inference factors to interpret data accurately: the BR19 study recruited patients among which almost 52% had stage IB and only 15 (3.0%, 15/503) had been confirmed with EGFR-mutant type; retrospective studies performed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) selected EGFR mutant-type NSCLC patients but couldn't avoid inherent defects inside retrospective researches; the RADIANT study revised endpoints from targeting at EGFR immunohistochemistry (IHC)+ and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)+ mutation to only EGFR IHC+ mutation, leading to selective bias; despite that the SELECT study validated efficacy of adjuvant TKI and second round of TKI after resistance occurred, a single-arm clinical trial is not that persuasive in the absence of comparison with chemotherapy. Taking all these limitations into account, CTONG1104 in China and IMPACT in Japan have been conducted and recruiting patients to offer higher level of evidences to explore efficacy of preoperative TKI therapy for early resectable EGFR mutation positive NSCLC patients (confirmed by pathological results of tumor tissue or lymph node biopsy). On the other hand, case reports and several phase II clinical trials with small sample size tried to elbow their way on respect of preoperative TKI treatment and advised that TKI tended to improve response rate. However, no data on survival rate was present. The first phase II study of biomarker-guided neoadjuvant therapy for stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC patients stratified by EGFR mutation status, sponsored by CSLC0702, showed erlotinib tended to improve response rate, but failed to show benefits of disease-free survival (DFS) or OS. Subsequently, CTONG1103 was designed to investigate efficacy of erlotinib vs. combination of gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC) as neoadjuvant treatment in stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC with sensitizing EGFR mutation in exon 19 or 21. All these ongoing trials should be worthy of our expect to provide convincing evidences for customized therapy for patients with resectable NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhai
- 1 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhong
- 1 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuening Yang
- 1 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- 1 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China ; 2 Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Circulating tumor cells in lung cancer: detection methods and clinical applications. Lung 2015; 193:157-71. [PMID: 25690734 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have disseminated from primary and metastatic sites, and circulate in the bloodstream. Advanced immunological and molecular-based methods can be used to detect and analyze the cells with the characteristics of tumor cells, and can be detected and analyzed in the blood of cancer patients. The most commonly used methods in lung cancer combine the processes of immunomagnetic enrichment and immunocytochemical detection, morphology-based enrichment coupled with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and RT-PCR alone. CTC analysis is considered a liquid biopsy approach for early diagnosis, risk stratification, evaluation of curative efficacy, and early detection of lung cancer relapse. In this review, we discuss the present techniques for analyzing CTCs, and the restrictions of using these methods in lung cancer. We also review the clinical studies in lung cancer and discuss the underlying associations between these studies and their future applications to this disease.
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in the world and continually leads in mortality among cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer has risen only 4% (from 12% to 16%) over the past 4 decades, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle in improving lung cancer prognosis. Survival of patients undergoing lung resection is greater than 80%, suggesting that early detection and diagnosis of cancers before they become inoperable and lethal will greatly improve mortality. Lung cancer biomarkers can be used for screening, detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, therapy response monitoring, and so on. This review focuses on noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. For that purpose, our discussion in this review will focus on biological fluid-based biomarkers. The body fluids include blood (serum or plasma), sputum, saliva, BAL, pleural effusion, and VOC. Since it is rich in different cellular and molecular elements and is one of the most convenient and routine clinical procedures, serum or plasma is the main source for the development and validation of many noninvasive biomarkers. In terms of molecular aspects, the most widely validated ones are proteins, some of which are used in the clinical sector, though in limited accessory purposes. We will also discuss the lung cancer (protein) biomarkers in clinical trials and currently in the validation phase with hundreds of samples. After proteins, we will discuss microRNAs, methylated DNA, and circulating tumor cells, which are being vigorously developed and validated as potential lung cancer biomarkers. The main aim of this review is to provide researchers and clinicians with an understanding of the potential noninvasive lung cancer biomarkers in biological fluids that have recently been discovered.
Collapse
|
68
|
Kovács KA, Hegedus B, Kenessey I, Tímár J. Tumor type-specific and skin region-selective metastasis of human cancers: another example of the "seed and soil" hypothesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:493-9. [PMID: 23636347 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of human cancer is an organ-selective process that is determined by anatomical and biological factors as well as by specific microenvironmental properties. Dissemination of visceral malignancies to the skin is rather rare and usually occurs in a later stage of the disease. Using statistical approaches, both positive (renal and lung cancers) and negative (pancreatic and liver cancers) organ preferences can be identified in a variety of cancers. While certain cancer types are characterized by random distribution for skin metastasis (liver cancer), a number of cancers demonstrate a colonization preference to the region of origin: lung cancer to the supradiaphragmatic (mostly chest) and colorectal cancers to the infradiaphragmatic (abdominal) skin regions. In certain cases, however, skin metastasis develops more frequently at specific distant locations, as evidenced by the dissemination of renal cancer at the head and neck region. These findings are clinically relevant and useful especially in patients where skin metastasis is the first indication of a malignancy. Nevertheless, it is a strong argument for the predominant role of microenvironmental factors in cancer dissemination. On the other hand, skin metastases of visceral cancers provide a unique model to analyze the pathomechanisms determining organ selectivity, including the organ-specific vascularization, the dermatome-specific innervation, or immunological and developmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Kovács
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői u. 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Chen YY, Xu GB. Effect of circulating tumor cells combined with negative enrichment and CD45-FISH identification in diagnosis, therapy monitoring and prognosis of primary lung cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:240. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
70
|
Katsiampoura A, Kopetz S. Clinical Applications of Liquid Biopsies in Gastrointestinal Oncology. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER RESEARCH : GCR 2014; 7:S8-S12. [PMID: 27053977 PMCID: PMC4812842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating knowledge in colorectal cancer (CRC) biology has led to an understanding of the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumorigenesis and progression of the disease. Numerous studies have focused on the identification of novel biomarkers in circulating free (cf)DNA that have the potential of guiding clinical practice. These markers are specifically attractive for the characterization of molecular profiles in patients with limited tissue access, the monitoring of therapeutic responses and the development of recurrent disease, the monitoring of the tumor evolution with therapy, and the response to therapy. Moreover, cfDNA can be useful for early detection and detection of minimal residual disease and to improve characterization of the pharmacodynamic effects of a drug. This review will focus on recent advances of cfDNA analysis and novel discoveries that have the potential to guide treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Katsiampoura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Liao D, Tlsty TD. Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. II. Population dynamics equations can be associated with interpretations. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140038. [PMID: 25097752 PMCID: PMC4071514 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mathematical equations to analyse population dynamics measurements is being increasingly applied to elucidate complex dynamic processes in biological systems, including cancer. Purely 'empirical' equations may provide sufficient accuracy to support predictions and therapy design. Nevertheless, interpretation of fitting equations in terms of physical and biological propositions can provide additional insights that can be used both to refine models that prove inconsistent with data and to understand the scope of applicability of models that validate. The purpose of this tutorial is to assist readers in mathematically associating interpretations with equations and to provide guidance in choosing interpretations and experimental systems to investigate based on currently available biological knowledge, techniques in mathematical and computational analysis and methods for in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Liao
- Department of Pathology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- Department of Pathology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
|
73
|
Muinelo-Romay L, Vieito M, Abalo A, Nocelo MA, Barón F, Anido U, Brozos E, Vázquez F, Aguín S, Abal M, López RL. Evaluation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Related Events as Prognostic Factors and Surrogate Biomarkers in Advanced NSCLC Patients Receiving First-Line Systemic Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:153-65. [PMID: 24452143 PMCID: PMC3980598 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the prognostic value of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC) and their utility for therapy monitoring in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 43 patients newly diagnosed with NSCLC were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples were obtained before the 1st, 2nd and 5th cycles of chemotherapy and analyzed using CellSearch technology. Both CTC and CTC-related objects (not morphological standard or broken epithelial cells) were counted. At baseline 18 (41.9%) patients were positive for intact CTC count and 10 (23.2%) of them had ≥5 CTC, while CK positive events were found in 79.1% of patients. The group of patients with CTC ≥5 at baseline presented worse PFS and OS than those with <5 CTC (p = 0.034 and p = 0.008, respectively). Additionally, high levels of total CK positive events were associated with poor prognosis in the group of patients with <5 CTC. Regarding therapy monitoring, patients presenting increased levels of CTC during the treatment demonstrated lower OS and PFS rates. All these data supported the value of CTC as a prognostic biomarker and as a surrogate indicator of chemotherapy effectiveness in advanced NSCLC patients, with the additional value of analyzing other “objects” such as apoptotic CTC or CK fragments to guide the clinical management of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Maria Vieito
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Alicia Abalo
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta Alonso Nocelo
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco Barón
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Urbano Anido
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena Brozos
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisca Vázquez
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Santiago Aguín
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafael López López
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Sollier E, Go DE, Che J, Gossett DR, O'Byrne S, Weaver WM, Kummer N, Rettig M, Goldman J, Nickols N, McCloskey S, Kulkarni RP, Di Carlo D. Size-selective collection of circulating tumor cells using Vortex technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:63-77. [PMID: 24061411 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A blood-based, low cost alternative to radiation intensive CT and PET imaging is critically needed for cancer prognosis and management of its treatment. "Liquid biopsies" of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a relatively non-invasive blood draw are particularly ideal, as they can be repeated regularly to provide up to date molecular information about the cancer, which would also open up key opportunities for personalized therapies. Beyond solely diagnostic applications, CTCs are also a subject of interest for drug development and cancer research. In this paper, we adapt a technology previously introduced, combining the use of micro-scale vortices and inertial focusing, specifically for the high-purity extraction of CTCs from blood samples. First, we systematically varied parameters including channel dimensions and flow rates to arrive at an optimal device for maximum trapping efficiency and purity. Second, we validated the final device for capture of cancer cell lines in blood, considering several factors, including the effect of blood dilution, red blood cell lysis and cell deformability, while demonstrating cell viability and independence on EpCAM expression. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, CTCs were successfully extracted and enumerated from the blood of patients with breast (N = 4, 25-51 CTCs per 7.5 mL) and lung cancer (N = 8, 23-317 CTCs per 7.5 mL). Importantly, samples were highly pure with limited leukocyte contamination (purity 57-94%). This Vortex approach offers significant advantages over existing technologies, especially in terms of processing time (20 min for 7.5 mL of whole blood), sample concentration (collecting cells in a small volume down to 300 μL), applicability to various cancer types, cell integrity and purity. We anticipate that its simplicity will aid widespread adoption by clinicians and biologists who desire to not only enumerate CTCs, but also uncover new CTC biology, such as unique gene mutations, vesicle secretion and roles in metastatic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Martin OA, Anderson RL, Russell PA, Cox RA, Ivashkevich A, Swierczak A, Doherty JP, Jacobs DHM, Smith J, Siva S, Daly PE, Ball DL, Martin RF, MacManus MP. Mobilization of viable tumor cells into the circulation during radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 88:395-403. [PMID: 24315565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether radiation therapy (RT) could mobilize viable tumor cells into the circulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS We enumerated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by fluorescence microscopy of blood samples immunostained with conventional CTC markers. We measured their DNA damage levels using γ-H2AX, a biomarker for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, either by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Twenty-seven RT-treated NSCLC patients had blood samples analyzed by 1 or more methods. We identified increased CTC numbers after commencement of RT in 7 of 9 patients treated with palliative RT, and in 4 of 8 patients treated with curative-intent RT. Circulating tumor cells were also identified, singly and in clumps in large numbers, during RT by cytopathologic examination (in all 5 cases studied). Elevated γ-H2AX signal in post-RT blood samples signified the presence of CTCs derived from irradiated tumors. Blood taken after the commencement of RT contained tumor cells that proliferated extensively in vitro (in all 6 cases studied). Circulating tumor cells formed γ-H2AX foci in response to ex vivo irradiation, providing further evidence of their viability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a rationale for the development of strategies to reduce the concentration of viable CTCs by modulating RT fractionation or by coadministering systemic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - R Ashley Cox
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Laboratory of DNA Repair and Genomics, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Swierczak
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy P Doherty
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daphne H M Jacobs
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia E Daly
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Ball
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Haselgrübler T, Haider M, Ji B, Juhasz K, Sonnleitner A, Balogi Z, Hesse J. High-throughput, multiparameter analysis of single cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:3279-96. [PMID: 24292433 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of cell populations in various biological systems has been widely recognized, and the highly heterogeneous nature of cancer cells has been emerging with clinical relevance. Single-cell analysis using a combination of high-throughput and multiparameter approaches is capable of reflecting cell-to-cell variability, and at the same time of unraveling the complexity and interdependence of cellular processes in the individual cells of a heterogeneous population. In this review, analytical methods and microfluidic tools commonly used for high-throughput, multiparameter single-cell analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins are discussed. Applications and limitations of currently available technologies for cancer research and diagnostics are reviewed in the light of the ultimate goal to establish clinically applicable assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haselgrübler
- Center for Advanced Bioanalysis GmbH, Gruberstraße 40-42, 4020, Linz, Austria,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
The metastatic dissemination and spread of malignant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths. CTCs detach from a primary tumor, travel through the circulatory system, and then invade and proliferate in distant organs. The detection of CTCs from blood has been established for prognostic monitoring and is predictive of patient outcome. Analysis of CTCs could enable the means for early detection and screening in cancer, as well as provide diagnostic access to tumor tissues in a minimally invasive way. The fundamental challenge with analyzing CTCs is the fact that they occur at extremely low concentrations in blood, on the order of one out of a billion cells. Various technologies have been proposed to isolate CTCs for enrichment. Here we focus on antigen-independent approaches that are not limited by specific capture antibodies. Intrinsic physical properties of CTCs, including cell size, deformability, and electrical properties, are reviewed, and technologies developed to exploit them for enrichment from blood are summarized. Physical enrichment technologies are of particular interest as they have the potential to increase yield and enable the analysis of rare CTC phenotypes that may not be otherwise obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdane A. Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Merisa Nisic
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Harouaka RA, Zhou MD, Yeh YT, Khan WJ, Das A, Liu X, Christ CC, Dicker DT, Baney TS, Kaifi JT, Belani CP, Truica CI, El-Deiry WS, Allerton JP, Zheng SY. Flexible micro spring array device for high-throughput enrichment of viable circulating tumor cells. Clin Chem 2013; 60:323-33. [PMID: 24132944 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.206805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that cause metastases in distant organs accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. CTCs have been established as a cancer biomarker of known prognostic value. The enrichment of viable CTCs for ex vivo analysis could further improve cancer diagnosis and guide treatment selection. We designed a new flexible micro spring array (FMSA) device for the enrichment of viable CTCs independent of antigen expression. METHODS Unlike previous microfiltration devices, flexible structures at the micro scale minimize cell damage to preserve viability, while maximizing throughput to allow rapid enrichment directly from whole blood with no need for sample preprocessing. Device performance with respect to capture efficiency, enrichment against leukocytes, viability, and proliferability was characterized. CTCs and CTC microclusters were enriched from clinical samples obtained from breast, lung, and colorectal cancer patients. RESULTS The FMSA device enriched tumor cells with 90% capture efficiency, higher than 10(4) enrichment, and better than 80% viability from 7.5-mL whole blood samples in <10 min on a 0.5-cm(2) device. The FMSA detected at least 1 CTC in 16 out of 21 clinical samples (approximately 76%) compared to 4 out of 18 (approximately 22%) detected with the commercial CellSearch® system. There was no incidence of clogging in over 100 tested fresh whole blood samples. CONCLUSIONS The FMSA device provides a versatile platform capable of viable enrichment and analysis of CTCs from clinically relevant volumes of whole blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdane A Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
The role of the tumor-microenvironment in lung cancer-metastasis and its relationship to potential therapeutic targets. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:558-66. [PMID: 24176790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for >80% of lung cancer cases and currently has an overall five-year survival rate of only 15%. Patients presenting with advanced stage NSCLC die within 18-months of diagnosis. Metastatic spread accounts for >70% of these deaths. Thus elucidation of the mechanistic basis of NSCLC-metastasis has potential to impact on patient quality of life and survival. Research on NSCLC metastasis has recently expanded to include non-cancer cell components of tumors-the stromal cellular compartment and extra-cellular matrix components comprising the tumor-microenvironment. Metastasis (from initial primary tumor growth through angiogenesis, intravasation, survival in the bloodstream, extravasation and metastatic growth) is an inefficient process and few released cancer cells complete the entire process. Micro-environmental interactions assist each of these steps and discovery of the mechanisms by which tumor cells co-operate with the micro-environment are uncovering key molecules providing either biomarkers or potential drug targets. The major sites of NSCLC metastasis are brain, bone, adrenal gland and the liver. The mechanistic basis of this tissue-tropism is beginning to be elucidated offering the potential to target stromal components of these tissues thus targeting therapy to the tissues affected. This review covers the principal steps involved in tumor metastasis. The role of cell-cell interactions, ECM remodeling and autocrine/paracrine signaling interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma is discussed. The mechanistic basis of lung cancer metastasis to specific organs is also described. The signaling mechanisms outlined have potential to act as future drug targets minimizing lung cancer metastatic spread and morbidity.
Collapse
|
80
|
Harouaka R, Kang Z, Zheng SY, Cao L. Circulating tumor cells: advances in isolation and analysis, and challenges for clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:209-21. [PMID: 24134902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are rare cancer cells released from tumors into the bloodstream that are thought to have a key role in cancer metastasis. The presence of CTCs has been associated with worse prognosis in several major cancer types, including breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. There is considerable interest in CTC research and technologies for their potential use as cancer biomarkers that may enhance cancer diagnosis and prognosis, facilitate drug development, and improve the treatment of cancer patients. This review provides an update on recent progress in CTC isolation and molecular characterization technologies. Furthermore, the review covers significant advances and limitations in the clinical applications of CTC-based assays for cancer prognosis, response to anti-cancer therapies, and exploratory studies in biomarkers predictive of sensitivity and resistance to cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdane Harouaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhigang Kang
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:338-56. [PMID: 23830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death due to cancer is its metastatic deposit in numerous tissues and organs. The metastatic process requires the migration of malignant cells from primary sites to distant environments. Even for tumors initially spreading through lymphatic vessels, hematogenous transport is the most common metastatic pathway. The detachment of cancer cells from a primary tumor into the blood stream is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As these cells circulate further in the bloodstream they are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The CTC population is highly resilient, enabling the cells to colonize a foreign microenvironment. Alternatively, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may arise from differentiated cancer cells through EMT and an embryonic transdifferentiation process. The presence of CTCs/CSCs in blood seems to be a determining factor of metastasis. This paper reviews various methods of clinical cancer detection as well as the biology and molecular characterization of CTCs/CSCs. Our goal was to summarize clinical studies which used CTC/CSCs for prognosis in patients with breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
82
|
An observational study of circulating tumor cells and (18)F-FDG PET uptake in patients with treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67733. [PMID: 23861795 PMCID: PMC3702496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated the relationship of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor glucose metabolism as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake since both have been associated with patient prognosis. Materials & Methods We performed a retrospective screen of patients at four medical centers who underwent FDG PET-CT imaging and phlebotomy prior to a therapeutic intervention for NSCLC. We used an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) independent fluid biopsy based on cell morphology for CTC detection and enumeration (defined here as High Definition CTCs or “HD-CTCs”). We then correlated HD-CTCs with quantitative FDG uptake image data calibrated across centers in a cross-sectional analysis. Results We assessed seventy-one NSCLC patients whose median tumor size was 2.8 cm (interquartile range, IQR, 2.0–3.6) and median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 7.2 (IQR 3.7–15.5). More than 2 HD-CTCs were detected in 63% of patients, whether across all stages (45 of 71) or in stage I disease (27 of 43). HD-CTCs were weakly correlated with partial volume corrected tumor SUVmax (r = 0.27, p-value = 0.03) and not correlated with tumor diameter (r = 0.07; p-value = 0.60). For a given partial volume corrected SUVmax or tumor diameter there was a wide range of detected HD-CTCs in circulation for both early and late stage disease. Conclusions CTCs are detected frequently in early-stage NSCLC using a non-EpCAM mediated approach with a wide range noted for a given level of FDG uptake or tumor size. Integrating potentially complementary biomarkers like these with traditional patient data may eventually enhance our understanding of clinical, in vivo tumor biology in the early stages of this deadly disease.
Collapse
|
83
|
Boshuizen R, Kuhn P, van den Heuvel M. Circulating tumor cells in non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:456-8. [PMID: 23050106 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with survival of cancer patients. Several methods have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells. The number of CTCs in NSCLC is lower than in other solid tumors. To date, trials are ongoing for a better understanding of CTCs. Besides association with prognosis, CTCs can be used to assess the efficacy of treatment and they are important substrates for molecular profiling of the tumor..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Boshuizen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Cho EH. Circulating tumor cells as emerging tumor biomarkers in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:444-5. [PMID: 23050101 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Cho
- BioNano Genomics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Casavant BP, Mosher R, Warrick JW, Maccoux LJ, Berry SMF, Becker JT, Chen V, Lang JM, McNeel DG, Beebe DJ. A negative selection methodology using a microfluidic platform for the isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells. Methods 2013; 64:137-43. [PMID: 23806645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) exist in the peripheral blood stream of metastatic cancer patients at rates of approximately 1 CTC per billion background cells. In order to capture and analyze this rare cell population, various techniques exist that range from antibody-based surface marker positive selection to methods that use physical properties of CTCs to negatively exclude background cells from a CTC population. However, methods to capture cells for functional downstream analyses are limited due to inaccessibility of the captured sample or labeling techniques that may be prohibitive to cell function. Here, we present a negative selection method that leverages a Microfluidic Cell Concentrator (MCC) to allow collection and analysis of this rare cell population without needing cell adhesion or other labeling techniques to keep the cells within the chamber. Because the MCC is designed to allow collection and analysis of non-adherent cell populations, multiple staining steps can be applied in parallel to a given CTC population without losing any of the population. The ability of the MCC for patient sample processing of CTCs for enumeration was demonstrated with five patient samples, revealing an average of 0.31 CTCs/mL. The technique was compared to a previously published method - the ELISPOT - that showed similar CTC levels among the five patient samples tested. Because the MCC method does not use positive selection, the method can be applied across a variety of tumor types with no changes to the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Casavant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Schonbrun E, Di Caprio G, Schaak D. Dye exclusion microfluidic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:8793-8798. [PMID: 23571968 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.008793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an optical system to measure height maps of non-adherent cells as they flow through a microfluidic channel. The cells are suspended in an index-matching absorbing buffer, where cell height is evaluated by measuring the difference in absorption between the cell and the background. Unlike interferometric microscopes, the measured cell height is nearly independent of the cell's optical properties. The height maps are captured using a single exposure of a color camera, and consequently the system is capable of high-throughput characterization of large collections of cells. Using this system, we have measured more than 1600 height maps and volumes of three different leukemia cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Schonbrun
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ma XL, Xiao ZL, Liu L, Liu XX, Nie W, Li P, Chen NY, Wei YQ. Meta-analysis of circulating tumor cells as a prognostic marker in lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:1137-44. [PMID: 22799295 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play potential roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with various cancer types. The aim of this study was to comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the evidence for the use of CTCs to predict the survival outcome of lung cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature was identified using Medline and EMBASE. Patients' clinical characteristics, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) together with CTC positive rates at different time points (before, during and after treatment) were extracted. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the prognostic role of CTCs and the correlation between the CTC appearance and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total of 12 articles containing survival outcomes and clinical characteristics and 15 articles containing only clinical characteristics were included for the global meta-analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS predicted by pro-treatment CTCs was 2.61 [1.82, 3.74], while the HR for PFS was 2.37 [1.41, 3.99]. The HR for OS predicted by post-treatment CTCs was 4.19 [2.92, 6.00], while the HR for PFS was 4.97 [3.05, 8.11]. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to histological classification and detection method. Odds ratio (OR) showed the appearance of pro-treatment CTCs correlated with the lymph node status, distant metastasis, and TNM staging, while post-treatment CTCs correlated with TNM staging only. CONCLUSION Detection of CTCs in the peripheral blood indicates a poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Nieva JJ, Kuhn P. Fluid biopsy for solid tumors: a patient's companion for lifelong characterization of their disease. Future Oncol 2012; 8:989-98. [PMID: 22894671 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently diagnosed and treated based on the results of a tissue biopsy of the primary tumor or a metastasis using invasive techniques such as surgical resection or needle biopsy. New technology for retrieving cancer cells from the circulation, developed in the last 5 years, has made it possible to obtain a 'fluid biopsy' from the bloodstream without the need for an invasive procedure. This technological development makes it possible to diagnose and manage cancer from a blood test rather than from a traditional biopsy. It also allows the repeated sampling of cancer cells from a patient, making it possible, in a practical manner, to interrogate the disease repeatedly in order to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells evolve within a given individual. The ability to obtain cancer cells repeatedly also has the potential to substantially advance drug development by enabling early ex vivo validation of both targets and early-stage compounds, as well as creating new efficiencies in the drug development process during clinical trials.
Collapse
|
89
|
|
90
|
Rejniak KA. Investigating dynamical deformations of tumor cells in circulation: predictions from a theoretical model. Front Oncol 2012; 2:111. [PMID: 23024961 PMCID: PMC3444760 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is inevitable for tumor cells to deal with various mechanical forces in order to move from primary to metastatic sites. In particular, the circulating tumor cells that have detached from the primary tumor and entered into the bloodstream need to survive in a completely new microenvironment. They must withstand hemodynamic forces and overcome the effects of fluid shear before they can leave the vascular system (extravasate) to establish new metastatic foci. One of the hypotheses of the tumor cell extravasation process is based on the so called “adhesion cascade” that was formulated and observed in the context of leukocytes circulating in the vascular system. During this process, the cell needs to switch between various locomotion strategies, from floating with the blood stream, to rolling on the endothelial wall, to tumor cell arrest and crawling, and finally tumor cell transmigration through the endothelial layer. The goal of this project is to use computational mechanical modeling to investigate the fundamental biophysical parameters of tumor cells in circulation. As a first step to build a robust in silico model, we consider a single cell exposed to the blood flow. We examine parameters related to structure of the actin network, cell nucleus and adhesion links between the tumor and endothelial cells that allow for successful transition between different transport modes of the adhesion cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Rejniak
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Oncologic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
|
92
|
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|