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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Aboud FE, Bougma K, Lemma T, Marquis GS. Evaluation of the effects of iodized salt on the mental development of preschool-aged children: a cluster randomized trial in northern Ethiopia. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 27145299 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cluster randomized effectiveness trial was used to examine the effects on mental development of introducing iodized salt to children 4 to 6 years of age in Ethiopia, where there were reportedly high levels of iodine deficiency. Sixty district clusters were randomized to receive iodized salt early at their markets with assistance from regular salt distributors or later as introduced by market forces. At pre- and post-iodization, 1602 children were given cognitive/language tests (namely School Readiness, WPPSI verbal reasoning, WPPSI Matrix reasoning), and mothers were interviewed concerning demographics, nutrition and health. Children's weight, height, urine and a blood sample were taken. Analyses of covariance, adjusting for clustering and baseline levels were conducted. Urinary iodine concentrations were significantly higher at endline in the intervention children than controls though both medians were above threshold. Overall, less than 5% were anemic. There were no significant main effect differences between groups on the cognitive/language tests, but there were effect modifiers, namely mother's education, child's sex and diet. For example, the intervention group performed better on the school readiness test than controls if their mothers had attended school, but not otherwise. In conclusion, the data are consistent with negative findings from studies where children 6 to 12 years were supplemented with an iodine capsule, indicating that the benefits of iodine, in salt or capsule form, for brain development may be restricted to children under 3 years. Yet, benefits may be tied to those with more educational resources or may compensate for conditions of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Aboud
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karim Bougma
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Tizita Lemma
- Department of Psychology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Grace S Marquis
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Watanabe Y, Grommen SVH, De Groef B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone: Mediator of vertebrate life stage transitions? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 228:60-68. [PMID: 26874222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormones, particularly thyroid hormones and corticosteroids, play critical roles in vertebrate life stage transitions such as amphibian metamorphosis, hatching in precocial birds, and smoltification in salmonids. Since they synergistically regulate several metabolic and developmental processes that accompany vertebrate life stage transitions, the existence of extensive cross-communication between the adrenal/interrenal and thyroidal axes is not surprising. Synergies of corticosteroids and thyroid hormones are based on effects at the level of tissue hormone sensitivity and gene regulation. In addition, in representative nonmammalian vertebrates, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates hypophyseal thyrotropin secretion, and thus functions as a common regulator of both the adrenal/interrenal and thyroidal axes to release corticosteroids and thyroid hormones. The dual function of CRH has been speculated to control or affect the timing of vertebrate life history transitions across taxa. After a brief overview of recent insights in the molecular mechanisms behind the synergic actions of thyroid hormones and corticosteroids during life stage transitions, this review examines the evidence for a possible role of CRH in controlling vertebrate life stage transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Sylvia V H Grommen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Bert De Groef
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Hypothyroidism Enhanced Ectonucleotidases and Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rat Synaptosomes can be Prevented by the Naturally Occurring Polyphenol Quercetin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:53-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kumar BK, Reddy AG, Krishna AV, Quadri SSYH, Kumar PS. Developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos and lead is linked to thyroid disruption. Vet World 2016; 9:133-41. [PMID: 27051198 PMCID: PMC4819362 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.133-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A role of thyroid disruption in developmental neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) and lead is studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 female rats after conception were randomized into four groups of six each and treated as follows: Group I - Sham was administered distilled water orally. Group II - A positive control was administered methyl methimazole at 0.02% orally in drinking water. Group III - MCP orally at 0.3 mg/kg and Group IV - Lead acetate at 0.2% orally in drinking water. The drug was administered from gestation day 3 through post-natal day 21 in all the groups. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, thyroid profile (thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4), neurodevelopment (brain wet weights, DNA, RNA and protein), and neurobehavioral (elevated plus maze, photoactometry, and Morris water maze) parameters were assessed in pups. A histopathology of thyroid of dams and brain of progeny was conducted. Results: Inhibition of AChE was <20%. Thyroid profile decreased in the treatment groups. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral parameters did not reveal any significant changes. Thyroid architecture was affected significantly with MCP and lead. Cortical layers too were affected. The three layers of cerebellum either had abnormal arrangement or decreased cellularity in all treated groups relating to thyroid disruption. Conclusion: MCP and lead might have affected the development of cerebrum and cerebellum via thyroid disruption leading to developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kala Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - A Gopala Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
| | - A Vamsi Krishna
- Department of Bio-technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - S S Y H Quadri
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P Shiva Kumar
- Sri P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana State University for Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Science, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
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Lazarus J, Taylor P. HYPOTHYROXINAEMIA AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2016; 12:1-6. [PMID: 31258792 PMCID: PMC6586752 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to indicate the current position on the role of thyroxine (T4) and fetal brain development with particular relevance to the human situation. Adequate maternal iodine nutrition and maternal circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations are essential to ensure optimum T4 placental passage which in turn will ensure transport of T4 into fetal brain cells. These processes are discussed and the role of thyroid hormone transporters is considered. The emphasis on isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia (IH) as an important factor affecting brain development is discussed from the animal experimental point of view as well as in the clinical setting. There is evidence of neurocognitive impairment as assessed by different modalities in children up to the age of 8 years and some suggestion of increased psychiatric disorder in older persons whose mothers had IH during gestation. Although international guidelines have not in general recommended thyroxine therapy for IH the recent demonstration of adverse obstetric outcomes in women with isolated maternal hypothyroxinaemia may warrant a revision of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Lazarus
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - P.N. Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Gereben B, McAninch EA, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Scope and limitations of iodothyronine deiodinases in hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:642-652. [PMID: 26416219 PMCID: PMC5003781 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated expression and activity of the iodothyronine deiodinases regulate thyroid hormone levels in hypothyroidism. Once heralded as the pathway underpinning adequate thyroid-hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, the role of these enzymes has come into question as they have been implicated in both an inability to normalize serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and the incomplete resolution of hypothyroid symptoms. These observations, some of which were validated in animal models of levothyroxine monotherapy, challenge the paradigm that tissue levels of T3 and thyroid-hormone signalling can be fully restored by administration of levothyroxine alone. The low serum levels of T3 observed among patients receiving levothyroxine monotherapy occur as a consequence of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) in the hypothalamus being fairly insensitive to ubiquitination. In addition, residual symptoms of hypothyroidism have been linked to a prevalent polymorphism in the DIO2 gene that might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Here, we discuss how these novel findings underscore the clinical importance of iodothyronine deiodinases in hypothyroidism and how an improved understanding of these enzymes might translate to therapeutic advances in the care of millions of patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony Street 43, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, 212 Cohn Building, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Biological and Health Science, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação 930, Building 16, São Paulo, SP 01302, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, 212 Cohn Building, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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58
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Yau VM, Lutsky M, Yoshida CK, Lasley B, Kharrazi M, Windham G, Gee N, Croen LA. Prenatal and neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone levels and autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:719-30. [PMID: 25178989 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are critical for normal brain development. This study examined autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels measured in mid-pregnancy maternal serum and infant blood after birth. Three groups of children born in Orange County, CA in 2000-2001 were identified: ASD (n = 78), developmental delay (n = 45), and general population controls (GP) (n = 149). Samples were retrieved from prenatal and newborn screening specimen archives. Adjusted logistic regression models showed inverse associations between ASD and log transformed TSH levels in maternal serum samples (ASD vs. GP: OR [95 % CI] 0.33 [0.12-0.91], Early Onset ASD vs. GP: 0.31 [0.10-0.98]). Results for thyroid levels in newborn blood samples were similar though not significant (ASD vs. GP: 0.61 [0.18-2.04]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Yau
- Autism Research Program, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
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59
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Bordbar A, Farjadnia M. Maternal Morbidities and Occurrence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2015; 4:156-161. [PMID: 31110865 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1559825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most serious neurological morbidities in preterm infants. Several prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal risk factors have been detected in different studies. However, maternal conditions that may render the neonates to IVH have been the subject of very few studies. Preterm infants with and without IVH were included in the study, and maternal obstetrics and general health clinical files were reviewed for any kind of morbidity. Data were then analyzed with statistical software to assess the association between maternal conditions and IVH. A total of 115 neonates with IVH and 120 infants without IVH were recruited. Among all maternal conditions, prolonged rupture of membrane (p = 0.00), laparoscopic surgery for infertility (p = 0.001), and in vitro fertilization (IVF) (p = 0.00) increased the risk of IVH in neonates significantly. IVF remained strongly associated with IVH even after controlling for confounding variables (odds ratio: 9.75; confidence interval: 2.66-35.75; p = 0.001). Based on our findings, prolonged rupture of membrane and IVF were maternal conditions that increased the risk of IVH. Laparoscopic surgery for infertility was also associated with an increased risk of IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Bordbar
- Department of Neonatology, Akbarabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahgol Farjadnia
- Department of Neonatology, Akbarabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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60
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Tamijani SMS, Karimi B, Amini E, Golpich M, Dargahi L, Ali RA, Ibrahim NM, Mohamed Z, Ghasemi R, Ahmadiani A. Thyroid hormones: Possible roles in epilepsy pathology. Seizure 2015; 31:155-64. [PMID: 26362394 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine, primarily known as metabolism regulators, are tyrosine-derived hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They play an essential role in normal central nervous system development and physiological function. By binding to nuclear receptors and modulating gene expression, THs influence neuronal migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. Any uncorrected THs supply deficiency in early life may result in irreversible neurological and motor deficits. The development and function of GABAergic neurons as well as glutamatergic transmission are also affected by THs. Though the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown, the effects of THs on inhibitory and excitatory neurons may affect brain seizure activity. The enduring predisposition of the brain to generate epileptic seizures leads to a complex chronic brain disorder known as epilepsy. Pathologically, epilepsy may be accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and eventually dysregulation of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. Based on the latest evidence on the association between THs and epilepsy, we hypothesize that THs abnormalities may contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We also review gender differences and the presumed underlying mechanisms through which TH abnormalities may affect epilepsy here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benyamin Karimi
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raymond Azman Ali
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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61
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Calzà L, Fernández M, Giardino L. Role of the Thyroid System in Myelination and Neural Connectivity. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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62
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Roberts SC, Bianco AC, Stapleton HM. Disruption of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity in cultured human glial cells by polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1265-74. [PMID: 26004626 PMCID: PMC4827872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are endocrine disruptors and suspected neurodevelopmental toxicants. While the direct mechanisms of neurodevelopmental toxicity have not been fully elucidated, it is conceivable that alterations in thyroid hormone levels in the developing brain may contribute to these effects. Cells within the brain locally convert thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) through the action of the selenodeiodinase type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2). Previous studies have demonstrated that PBDEs can alter hepatic deiodinase activity both in vitro and in vivo; however, the effects of PBDEs on the deiodinase isoforms expressed in the brain are not well understood. Here, we studied the effects of several individual PBDEs and hydroxylated metabolites (OH-BDEs) on DIO2 activity in astrocytes, a specialized glial cell responsible for production of more than 50% of the T3 required by the brain. Primary human astrocytes and H4 glioma cells were exposed to individual PBDEs or OH-BDEs at concentrations up to 5 μM. BDE-99 decreased DIO2 activity by 50% in primary astrocyte cells and by up to 80% in the H4 cells at doses of ≥500 nM. 3-OH-BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 5'-OH-BDE-99 also decreased DIO2 activity in cultured H4 glioma cells by 45-80% at doses of approximately 1-5 μM. Multiple mechanisms appear to contribute to the decreased DIO2 activity, including weakened expression of DIO2 mRNA, competitive inhibition of DIO2, and enhanced post-translational degradation of DIO2. We conclude that decreases in DIO2 activity caused by exposure to PBDEs may play a role in the neurodevelopmental deficits caused by these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Roberts
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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63
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Van Herck SLJ, Delbaere J, Bourgeois NMA, McAllan BM, Richardson SJ, Darras VM. Expression of thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases at the brain barriers in the embryonic chicken: Insights into the regulation of thyroid hormone availability during neurodevelopment. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:30-9. [PMID: 25745816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators in the development of the vertebrate brain. Therefore, TH access to the developing brain needs to be strictly regulated. The brain barriers separate the central nervous system from the rest of the body and impose specific transport mechanisms on the exchange of molecules between the general circulation and the nervous system. As such they form ideal structures for regulating TH exchange between the blood and the brain. To investigate the mechanism by which the developing brain regulates TH availability, we investigated the ontogenetic expression profiles of TH transporters, deiodinases and the TH distributor protein transthyretin (TTR) at the brain barriers during embryonic and early postnatal development using the chicken as a model. In situ hybridisation revealed expression of the TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and 10 (MCT10), organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) and L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the inactivating type 3 deiodinase (D3) in the choroid plexus which forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR which additionally indicated strongly increasing expression of TTR as well as detectable expression of the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) and the (in)activating type 1 deiodinase (D1). In the brain capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier in situ hybridisation showed exclusive expression of LAT1 and D2. The combined presence of LAT1 and D2 in brain capillaries suggests that the blood-brain barrier forms the main route for receptor-active T3 uptake into the embryonic chicken brain. Expression of multiple transporters, deiodinases and TTR in the choroid plexus indicates that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is also important in regulating early TH availability. The impact of these barrier systems can be deduced from the clear difference in T3 and T4 levels as well as the T3/T4 ratio between the developing brain and the general circulation. We conclude that the tight regulation of TH exchange at the brain barriers from early embryonic stages is one of the factors needed to allow the brain to develop within a relative microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn L J Van Herck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Delbaere
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele M A Bourgeois
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bronwyn M McAllan
- The University of Sydney, Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, and Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Veerle M Darras
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Leuven, Belgium.
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64
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Min H, Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Teng W, Xi Q, Chen J. Maternal Hypothyroxinemia-Induced Neurodevelopmental Impairments in the Progeny. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1613-1624. [PMID: 25666160 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal hypothyroxinemia can induce neurodevelopmental impairments in the developing fetus. We here review recent studies on the epidemiology and molecular mechanisms associated with this important public health issue. In 2011, the American Thyroid Association defined maternal hypothyroxinemia as low serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels (<5th or <10th percentile) existing in conjunction with normal serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels during pregnancy. Compared to clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinemia is more commonly found in pregnant women. Hypothyroxinemia usually ensues in response to several factors, such as mild iodine deficiency, environmental endocrine disrupters, or certain thyroid diseases. Unequivocal evidence demonstrates that maternal hypothyroxinemia leads to negative effects on fetal brain development, increasing the risks for cognitive deficits and poor psychomotor development in resulting progeny. In support of this, rodent models provide direct evidence of neurodevelopmental damage induced by maternal hypothyroxinemia, including dendritic and axonal growth limitation, neural abnormal location, and synaptic function alteration. The neurodevelopmental impairments induced by hypothyroxinemia suggest an independent role of T4. Increasing evidence indicates that adequate thyroxine is required for the mothers in order to protect against the abnormal brain development in their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110013, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110013, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110013, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110013, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110013, People's Republic of China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Krebs J. The plethora of PMCA isoforms: Alternative splicing and differential expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:2018-24. [PMID: 25535949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review the four different genes of the mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) and their spliced isoforms are discussed with respect to their tissue distribution, their differences during development and their importance for regulating Ca²⁺ homeostasis under different conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 13th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Krebs
- NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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López-Espíndola D, Morales-Bastos C, Grijota-Martínez C, Liao XH, Lev D, Sugo E, Verge CF, Refetoff S, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Mutations of the thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 cause prenatal brain damage and persistent hypomyelination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2799-804. [PMID: 25222753 PMCID: PMC4255116 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the MCT8 (SLC16A2) gene, encoding a specific thyroid hormone transporter, cause an X-linked disease with profound psychomotor retardation, neurological impairment, and abnormal serum thyroid hormone levels. The nature of the central nervous system damage is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to define the neuropathology of the syndrome by analyzing brain tissue sections from MCT8-deficient subjects. DESIGN We analyzed brain sections from a 30th gestational week male fetus and an 11-year-old boy and as controls, brain tissue from a 30th and 28th gestational week male and female fetuses, respectively, and a 10-year-old girl and a 12-year-old boy. METHODS Staining with hematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining for myelin basic protein, 70-kDa neurofilament, parvalbumin, calbindin-D28k, and synaptophysin were performed. Thyroid hormone determinations and quantitative PCR for deiodinases were also performed. RESULTS The MCT8-deficient fetus showed a delay in cortical and cerebellar development and myelination, loss of parvalbumin expression, abnormal calbindin-D28k content, impaired axonal maturation, and diminished biochemical differentiation of Purkinje cells. The 11-year-old boy showed altered cerebellar structure, deficient myelination, deficient synaptophysin and parvalbumin expression, and abnormal calbindin-D28k expression. The MCT8-deficient fetal cerebral cortex showed 50% reduction of thyroid hormones and increased type 2 deiodinase and decreased type 3 deiodinase mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were reached: 1) brain damage in MCT8 deficiency is diffuse, without evidence of focal lesions, and present from fetal stages despite apparent normality at birth; 2) deficient hypomyelination persists up to 11 years of age; and 3) the findings are compatible with the deficient action of thyroid hormones in the developing brain caused by impaired transport to the target neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (D.L.-E., C.G.-M., J.B., A.G.-F.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Carrera de Tecnología Médica (D.L.-E.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Alcalde Sergio Prieto Nieto 452, 2581907 Viña del Mar, Chile; Department of Pathology (C.M.-B.), La Paz University Hospital, E-28046 Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (C.G-M., J.B.), Unit 708, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.), Pediatrics (S.R.), and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Institute of Medical Genetics (D.L.), Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel; South Eastern Area Laboratory Services (E.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital (C.F.V.), Randwick, and School of Women's and Children's Health (C.F.V.), University of New South Wales, Sydney 2010, Australia
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Rodrigues F, Grenha J, Ortez C, Nascimento A, Morte B, M-Belinchón M, Armstrong J, Colomer J. Hypotonic male infant and MCT8 deficiency - a diagnosis to think about. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:252. [PMID: 25284458 PMCID: PMC4287395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormone is crucial in the development of different organs, particularly the brain. MCT8 is a specific transporter of triiodothyronine (T3) hormone and MCT8 gene mutations cause a rare X-linked disorder named MCT8 deficiency, also known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, characterized by psychomotor retardation and hypotonia. Typically, elevation of T3 and delayed myelination in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging are found. Case presentation We present a 24-month-old boy, born from non-consanguineous healthy parents, with severe motor and cognitive delay and global hypotonia, being unable to hold head upright or sit without support. Deep tendon reflexes were absent bilaterally at the ankles. T3 was elevated and thyroxine slightly decreased, consistent with MCT8 deficiency. Genetic studies confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusions Although a rare disease (MCT8 mutations have been reported in about 50 families all around the world), we illustrate the importance of excluding Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome in the evaluation of floppy male infants with development delay, without history of perinatal asphyxia. The simple evaluation of thyroid status, including T3, T4 and TSH can guide the diagnosis, avoiding a number of useless, expensive and invasive investigations and allowing appropriate genetic counseling to the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rodrigues
- Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Department, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Materno-Infantil Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lou Q, Zhang Y, Ren D, Xu H, Zhao Y, Qin Z, Wei W. Molecular characterization and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and their responsiveness to TR agonist and antagonist in Rana nigromaculata. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2084-2094. [PMID: 25288553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering some advantages of Rana nigromaculata as an experimental species, we propose that this species, like Xenopus laevis, could be used to assay thyroid hormone (TH) signaling disrupting actions. To validate the utilizability of R. nigromaculata, we investigated the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to a TH receptor (TR) agonist (T3) and antagonist (amiodarone) by analyzing expression, based on characterizing TR cDNA and developmental expression patterns. With high levels of identity with the corresponding genes in X. laevis, both TRα and TRβ in R. nigromaculata exhibited roughly similar developmental expression patterns to those of X. laevis, in spite of some species-specific differences. Both TRα and TRβ expression had greater changes in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis. T3 exposure for 2days induced more dramatic increases of TRβ expression in stage 27 than in stage 34 tadpoles but not in stage 42 tadpoles, showing that the responsiveness of R. nigromaculata to TH decreased with development and disappeared at the onset of metamorphic climax. Corresponding to greater changes of TRβ expression in the liver and intestine than in the tail and brain during metamorphosis, the liver and intestine had higher responsiveness to exogenous T3 than the tail and brain. Amiodarone inhibited T3-induced TRβ expression. Our results show that R. nigromaculata can be used as a model species for assaying TH signaling disrupting actions by analyzing TRβ expression, and intestine tissues at stage 27 are ideal test materials due to high responsiveness and easy accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wuji Wei
- College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zada D, Tovin A, Lerer-Goldshtein T, Vatine GD, Appelbaum L. Altered behavioral performance and live imaging of circuit-specific neural deficiencies in a zebrafish model for psychomotor retardation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004615. [PMID: 25255244 PMCID: PMC4177677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms and treatment of psychomotor retardation, which includes motor and cognitive impairment, are indefinite. The Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is an X-linked psychomotor retardation characterized by delayed development, severe intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, and spastic paraplegia, in combination with disturbed thyroid hormone (TH) parameters. AHDS has been associated with mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (mct8/slc16a2) gene, which is a TH transporter. In order to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of AHDS, MCT8 knockout mice were intensively studied. Although these mice faithfully replicated the abnormal serum TH levels, they failed to exhibit the neurological and behavioral symptoms of AHDS patients. Here, we generated an mct8 mutant (mct8−/−) zebrafish using zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-mediated targeted gene editing system. The elimination of MCT8 decreased the expression levels of TH receptors; however, it did not affect the expression of other TH-related genes. Similar to human patients, mct8−/− larvae exhibited neurological and behavioral deficiencies. High-throughput behavioral assays demonstrated that mct8−/− larvae exhibited reduced locomotor activity, altered response to external light and dark transitions and an increase in sleep time. These deficiencies in behavioral performance were associated with altered expression of myelin-related genes and neuron-specific deficiencies in circuit formation. Time-lapse imaging of single-axon arbors and synapses in live mct8−/− larvae revealed a reduction in filopodia dynamics and axon branching in sensory neurons and decreased synaptic density in motor neurons. These phenotypes enable assessment of the therapeutic potential of three TH analogs that can enter the cells in the absence of MCT8. The TH analogs restored the myelin and axon outgrowth deficiencies in mct8−/− larvae. These findings suggest a mechanism by which MCT8 regulates neural circuit assembly, ultimately mediating sensory and motor control of behavioral performance. We also propose that the administration of TH analogs early during embryo development can specifically reduce neurological damage in AHDS patients. In a wide range of brain disorders, mutations in specific genes cause alterations in the development and function of neural circuits that ultimately affect behavior. A major challenge is to uncover the mechanism and provide treatment which is capable of preventing brain damage. Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is a severe psychomotor retardation characterized by intellectual disabilities, neurological impairment and abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Mutations in the TH transporter MCT8 are associated with AHDS. Mice that lack the MCT8 protein exhibited impaired TH levels, as is the case in human patients; however, they lack neurological defects. Here, we generated an mct8 mutant (mct8−/−) zebrafish, which exhibited neurological and behavioral deficiencies and mimics pathological conditions of AHDS patients. The zebrafish is a simple transparent vertebrate and its nervous system is conserved with mammals. Time-lapse live imaging of single axons and synapses, and video-tracking of behavior revealed deficiencies in neural circuit assembly, which are associated with disturbed sleep and altered locomotor activity. In addition, since the mct8−/− larvae provides a highthroughput platform for testing therapeutic drugs, we showed that TH analogs can recover neurological deficiencies in an animal model for psychomotor retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zada
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adi Tovin
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Lerer-Goldshtein
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gad David Vatine
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Koromilas C, Liapi C, Zarros A, Tsela S, Zissis KM, Kalafatakis K, Skandali N, Voumvourakis K, Carageorgiou H, Tsakiris S. Inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in the hypothalamus, pons and cerebellum of the offspring rat due to experimentally-induced maternal hypothyroidism. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:1438-44. [PMID: 25123521 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.955003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is known to be particularly susceptible to thyroid hormone insufficiency and can result in extensive structural and functional deficits within the central nervous system (CNS), subsequently leading to the establishment of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptomatology. The current study evaluated the effects of gestational and/or lactational maternal exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism (as a suggestive multilevel experimental approach to the study of hypothyroidism-induced changes that has been developed and characterized by the authors) on crucial brain enzyme activities of 21-day-old Wistar rat offspring in a CNS region-specific manner. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase in the offspring hypothalamus, cerebellum and pons were assessed. The study demonstrated that maternal exposure to PTU (0.05% w/v in the drinking water) during the critical periods of neurodevelopment can result in an inhibition of hypothalamic, pontine and cerebellar Na(+),K(+)-ATPase; a major marker of neuronal excitability and metabolic energy production as well as an important regulator of important systems of neurotransmission. On the other hand, no significant changes in the activities of the herein offspring CNS regions' AChE and Mg(2+)-ATPase were recorded. The observed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition: (i) is region-specific (and non-detectable in whole brain homogenetes), (ii) could constitute a central event in the pathophysiology of clinically-relevant hypothyroidism-associated developmental neurotoxicity, (iii) occurs under all examined experimental schemes, and (iv) certainly deserves further clarification at a molecular and histopathological level. As these findings are analyzed and compared to the available literature, they also underline the need for the adoption and further study of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity as a consistent neurochemical marker within the context of a systematic comparative study of existing (and novel) simulation approaches to congenital and early age hypothyroidism.
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Maternal Subclinical Hypothyroidism Impairs Neurodevelopment in Rat Offspring by Inhibiting the CREB Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:432-41. [PMID: 25193019 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is indispensable for fetal brain development, and maternal thyroid hormone deficiency is thought to result in severe and irreversible brain impairments in learning and memory. Epidemiological and animal studies by our group had shown that maternal subclinical hypothyroidism had significant negative impact on neurodevelopment. But, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these neurological alterations remain unclear. In the present study, we performed thyroidectomy and injected L-T4 daily in Wistar rats to induce maternal subclinical hypothyroidism. Our data indicated that the pups from subclinical group showed prolonged latencies during the learning process in the Morris water maze as compared to the control group. Transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway is closely associated with synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Consistent with behavioral results, Western blotting also showed decreased activation of three important upstream modulators of CREB signaling pathway: phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinases (P-ERK1/2), phospho-calcium-dependent-calmodulin kinase IV (P-CaMKIV), phospho-serine/threonine protein kinase AKT(P-AKT), as well as total CREB and phospho-CREB as compared to the control at postnatal day 7 (PND 7) in hippocampus. Our findings suggested that decreased activation of the CREB signaling pathway in pups was related to impairments of cognitive function caused by maternal subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Webster GM, Venners SA, Mattman A, Martin JW. Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:338-47. [PMID: 25019470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and human thyroid hormone levels remain unclear, especially during early pregnancy when small changes in maternal thyroid hormones can affect fetal brain development. OBJECTIVES To examine associations between maternal serum PFAS levels and maternal thyroid hormone levels in the early 2nd trimester of pregnancy. METHODS Participants were euthyroid pregnant women (n=152) enrolled in the Chemicals, Health and Pregnancy (CHirP) study based in Vancouver, Canada. Associations between maternal serum PFASs, including perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and repeated measures of maternal thyroid hormones, including free thyroxine (fT4), total thyroxine (TT4) and thyroid stimulating home (TSH) were examined using mixed effects linear models. Associations were considered in all women, then separately in women with high (≥ 9 IU/mL) vs normal (<9 IU/mL) levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), a marker of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's disease). RESULTS Median PFAS concentrations (ng/mL) in maternal sera were 1.0 (PFHxS), 0.6 (PFNA), 1.7 (PFOA) and 4.8 (PFOS). PFASs were not associated with fT4, TT4 or TSH among women with normal TPOAb. However, among the 9% of women with high TPOAb (n=14), interquartile range (IQR) increases of PFASs were associated with a 46-69% increase in maternal TSH (95% CIs ranging from 8% to 123%) (PFNA, PFOA and PFOS only), and with a 3% to 7% decrease in maternal fT4 (95% CIs ranging from -18% to 5%) (all 4 PFASs). PFNA was also associated with higher maternal TSH in the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS PFASs were positively associated with TSH, and weakly negatively associated with fT4 in the subset of pregnant women with high TPOAb, which occurs in 6-10% of pregnancies. PFASs may exacerbate the already high TSH and low fT4 levels in these women during early pregnancy, which is a critical time of thyroid hormone-mediated fetal brain development. The clinical significance of these findings is not clear. We propose a "multiple hit hypothesis" to explain these findings; this hypothesis deserves evaluation in larger, more representative study samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenys M Webster
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4.
| | - Scott A Venners
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's and Women's Hospital, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4.
| | - Andre Mattman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St Paul׳s Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6.
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Bluiding, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3.
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Bárez-López S, Bosch-García D, Gómez-Andrés D, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Obregon MJ, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Abnormal motor phenotype at adult stages in mice lacking type 2 deiodinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103857. [PMID: 25083788 PMCID: PMC4118963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones have a key role in both the developing and adult central nervous system and skeletal muscle. The thyroid gland produces mainly thyroxine (T4) but the intracellular concentrations of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3; the transcriptionally active hormone) in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle are modulated by the activity of type 2 deiodinase (D2). To date no neurological syndrome has been associated with mutations in the DIO2 gene and previous studies in young and juvenile D2-knockout mice (D2KO) did not find gross neurological alterations, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms. Aim This study aims to analyze the motor phenotype of 3-and-6-month-old D2KO mice to evaluate the role of D2 on the motor system at adult stages in which compensatory mechanisms could have failed. Results Motor abilities were explored by validated tests. In the footprint test, D2KO showed an altered global gait pattern (mice walked slower, with shorter strides and with a hindlimb wider base of support than wild-type mice). No differences were detected in the balance beam test. However, a reduced latency to fall was found in the rotarod, coat-hanger and four limb hanging wire tests indicating impairment on coordination and prehensile reflex and a reduction of muscle strength. In histological analyses of cerebellum and skeletal muscle, D2KO mice did not present gross structural abnormalities. Thyroid hormones levels and deiodinases activities were also determined. In D2KO mice, despite euthyroid T3 and high T4 plasma levels, T3 levels were significantly reduced in cerebral cortex (48% reduction) and skeletal muscle (33% reduction), but not in the cerebellum where other deiodinase (type 1) is expressed. Conclusions The motor alterations observed in D2KO mice indicate an important role for D2 in T3 availability to maintain motor function and muscle strength. Our results suggest a possible implication of D2 in motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Bosch-García
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Andrés
- Trastornos del Desarrollo y Maduración Neurológica, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Trastornos del Desarrollo y Maduración Neurológica, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Zhang YF, Xu W, Lou QQ, Li YY, Zhao YX, Wei WJ, Qin ZF, Wang HL, Li JZ. Tetrabromobisphenol A disrupts vertebrate development via thyroid hormone signaling pathway in a developmental stage-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8227-34. [PMID: 24963557 DOI: 10.1021/es502366g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Data concerning effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on thyroid hormone (TH)-dependent vertebrate development have been limited, although TBBPA has been demonstrated in vitro to disrupt the TH signaling pathway at the transcriptional level. In this study, we investigated the effects of TBBPA on T3-induced and spontaneous Xenopus laevis metamorphosis, which share many similarities with TH-dependent development in higher vertebrates. In a 6-day T3-induced metamorphosis assay using premetamorphic tadpoles, 10-1000 nM TBBPA exhibited inhibitory effects on T3-induced expression of TH-response genes and morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner, with a weak stimulatory action on tadpole development and TH-response gene expression in the absence of T3 induction. In a spontaneous metamorphosis assay, we further found that TBBPA promoted tadpole development from stage 51 to 56 (pre- and prometamorphic stages) but inhibited metamorphic development from stage 57 to 66 (metamorphic climax). These results strongly show that TBBPA, even at low concentrations, disrupts TH-dependent development in a developmental stage-dependent manner, i.e., TBBPA exhibits an antagonistic activity at the developmental stages when animals have high endogenous TH levels, whereas it acts as an agonist at the developmental stages when animals have low endogenous TH levels. Our study highlights the adverse influences of TBBPA on TH-dependent development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences and ‡Department of Environmental Bio-Technology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Elahi S, Nagra SA. Low maternal iodine intake and early pregnancy hypothyroxinemia: Possible repercussions for children. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:526-530. [PMID: 25143911 PMCID: PMC4138910 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.137513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that early pregnancy hypothyroxinemia (lower free thyroxin [FT4] and normal thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] concentration) has deleterious effects on neuro-intellectual development of children. This study was designed to know its incidence in local pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary iodine (UI) and serum thyroid related hormone (FT4, free triiodothyronine [FT3], and TSH) were determined in 254 pregnant women during the first trimester. UI and thyroid related hormones were determined by colorimetric (Sandell-Kolthoff) and radioimmunoassay method respectively. RESULTS Most of the pregnant women (n = 202; 79.5%) were iodine deficient (ID; UI <100 μg/L) and only 52 (20.5%) women were taking sufficient iodine (IS; UI ≥ 100 μg/L). Mean levels of FT4, FT3, and TSH were 13.0 ± 2.8 pmol/L, 3.8 ± 1.1 pmol/L and 1.2 ± 1.1 mIU/L, respectively. Maternal FT4 levels were significantly correlated with UI (r = 0.36; P < 0.001). Mean FT4 level in IS women was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than ID women. However, mean FT3 and TSH levels were not significantly different in both groups. FT4 reference range in IS pregnant women was 10.2-19.4 pmol/L. Hypothyroxinemia (FT4 <10.2 pmol/L and TSH <2.5 mIU/L) was diagnosed in 30 (11.8%) pregnant women. Its incidence was almost entirely confined to ID pregnant women with an odd ratio of 8.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-64.3). CONCLUSION About 12% pregnant women residing in urban areas of Pakistan are hypothyroxinemic because of low iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Elahi
- Department of RIA and Biochemistry, Centre for Nuclear Medicine (CENUM), Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad Nagra
- Institute of Chemistry, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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76
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Duarte-Guterman P, Navarro-Martín L, Trudeau VL. Mechanisms of crosstalk between endocrine systems: regulation of sex steroid hormone synthesis and action by thyroid hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:69-85. [PMID: 24685768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are well-known regulators of development and metabolism in vertebrates. There is increasing evidence that THs are also involved in gonadal differentiation and reproductive function. Changes in TH status affect sex ratios in developing fish and frogs and reproduction (e.g., fertility), hormone levels, and gonad morphology in adults of species of different vertebrates. In this review, we have summarized and compared the evidence for cross-talk between the steroid hormone and thyroid axes and present a comparative model. We gave special attention to TH regulation of sex steroid synthesis and action in both the brain and gonad, since these are important for gonad development and brain sexual differentiation and have been studied in many species. We also reviewed research showing that there is a TH system, including receptors and enzymes, in the brains and gonads in developing and adult vertebrates. Our analysis shows that THs influences sex steroid hormone synthesis in vertebrates, ranging from fish to pigs. This concept of crosstalk and conserved hormone interaction has implications for our understanding of the role of THs in reproduction, and how these processes may be dysregulated by environmental endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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77
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Zhang HM, Su Q. PKC in developmental hypothyroid rat brain. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1161-6. [PMID: 24682728 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the proper development of mammalian central nervous system. TH deficiency during the critical period of brain development results in permanent cognitive and neurological impairments. Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family play a key role in the regulation of cellular functions in the nervous system. Alteration of PKC can be involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders. This review details recent progress made in determining the roles played by PKC isoforms in developing hypothyroid rat brain. Evidence indicates that hippocampus down-regulation of PKCβ and PKCγ may be related to impaired learning and memory observed in perinatal hypothyroid rats. Enhanced PKCα activity in neonatal hypothyroid brain may bring about oxidative stress and cause brain damage. The activated pro-apoptotic PKCs including PKCδ can cause extensive apoptosis in the hypothyroid rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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78
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Dettling J, Franz C, Zimmermann U, Lee SC, Bress A, Brandt N, Feil R, Pfister M, Engel J, Flamant F, Rüttiger L, Knipper M. Autonomous functions of murine thyroid hormone receptor TRα and TRβ in cochlear hair cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:26-37. [PMID: 24012852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone acts on gene transcription by binding to its nuclear receptors TRα1 and TRβ. Whereas global deletion of TRβ causes deafness, global TRα-deficient mice have normal hearing thresholds. Since the individual roles of the two receptors in cochlear hair cells are still unclear, we generated mice with a hair cell-specific mutation of TRα1 or deletion of TRβ using the Cre-loxP system. Hair cell-specific TRβ mutant mice showed normal hearing thresholds but delayed BK channel expression in inner hair cells, slightly stronger outer hair cell function, and slightly reduced amplitudes of auditory brainstem responses. In contrast, hair cell-specific TRα mutant mice showed normal timing of BK channel expression, slightly reduced outer hair cell function, and slightly enhanced amplitudes of auditory brainstem responses. Our data demonstrate that TRβ-related deafness originates outside of hair cells and that TRα and TRβ play opposing, non-redundant roles in hair cells. A role for thyroid hormone receptors in controlling key regulators that shape signal transduction during development is discussed. Thyroid hormone may act through different thyroid hormone receptor activities to permanently alter the sensitivity of auditory neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Dettling
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Franz
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sze Chim Lee
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bress
- Molecular Genetics, THRC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Brandt
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Department of Signal Transduction & Transgenic Models, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Pfister
- Molecular Genetics, THRC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Engel
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, Lyon, France
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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79
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Dias GRM, de Almeida TM, Sudati JH, Dobrachinski F, Pavin S, Soares FAA, Nogueira CW, Barbosa NBV. Diphenyl diselenide supplemented diet reduces depressive-like behavior in hypothyroid female rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 124:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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80
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Morte B, Bernal J. Thyroid hormone action: astrocyte-neuron communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:82. [PMID: 24910631 PMCID: PMC4038973 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action is exerted mainly through regulation of gene expression by binding of T3 to the nuclear receptors. T4 plays an important role as a source of intracellular T3 in the central nervous system via the action of the type 2 deiodinase (D2), expressed in the astrocytes. A model of T3 availability to neural cells has been proposed and validated. The model contemplates that brain T3 has a double origin: a fraction is available directly from the circulation, and another is produced locally from T4 in the astrocytes by D2. The fetal brain depends almost entirely on the T3 generated locally. The contribution of systemic T3 increases subsequently during development to account for approximately 50% of total brain T3 in the late postnatal and adult stages. In this article, we review the experimental data in support of this model, and how the factors affecting T3 availability in the brain, such as deiodinases and transporters, play a decisive role in modulating local TH action during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Morte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Morte and Juan Bernal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain e-mail: ;
| | - Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Morte and Juan Bernal, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain e-mail: ;
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81
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Román GC, Ghassabian A, Bongers‐Schokking JJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Rijke YB, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Association of gestational maternal hypothyroxinemia and increased autism risk. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:733-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C. Román
- Methodist Neurological InstituteHouston TX
- Department of NeurologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York NY
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Generation R Study GroupRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba J. Bongers‐Schokking
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- Generation R Study GroupRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Generation R Study GroupRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B. Rijke
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical ChemistryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Frank C. Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam the Netherlands
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82
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Westerholz S, de Lima AD, Voigt T. Thyroid hormone-dependent development of early cortical networks: temporal specificity and the contribution of trkB and mTOR pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:121. [PMID: 23964198 PMCID: PMC3734363 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in neocortical network development, triiodothyronine (T3) promotes GABAergic neurons' population increase, their somatic growth and the formation of GABAergic synapses. In the presence of T3, GABAergic interneurons form longer axons and conspicuous axonal arborizations, with an increased number of putative synaptic boutons. Here we show that the increased GABAergic axonal growth is positively correlated with the proximity to non-GABAergic neurons (non-GABA). A differential innervation emerges from a T3-dependent decrease of axonal length in fields with low density of neuronal cell bodies, combined with an increased bouton formation in fields with high density of neuronal somata. T3 addition to deprived networks after the first 2 weeks of development did not rescue deficits in the GABAergic synaptic bouton distribution, or in the frequency and duration of spontaneous bursts. During the critical 2-week-period, GABAergic signaling is depolarizing as revealed by calcium imaging experiments. Interestingly, T3 enhanced the expression of the potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), and accelerated the developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABAergic signaling in non-GABA. The T3-related increase of spontaneous network activity was remarkably reduced after blockade of either tropomyosin-receptor kinase B (trkB) or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. T3-dependent increase in GABAergic neurons' soma size was mediated mainly by mTOR signaling. Conversely, the T3-dependent selective increase of GABAergic boutons near non-GABAergic cell bodies is mediated by trkB signaling only. Both trkB and mTOR signaling mediate T3-dependent reduction of the GABAergic axon extension. The circuitry context is relevant for the interaction between T3 and trkB signaling, but not for the interactions between T3 and mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Westerholz
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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83
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Henrichs J, Ghassabian A, Peeters RP, Tiemeier H. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:152-62. [PMID: 23600900 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy, which is characterized by low free T4 but normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, can negatively affect the foetus. This review provides an overview of present findings concerning the association between maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and childhood cognitive functioning. Possible causes of maternal hypothyroxinemia and potential mechanisms underlying this association are also discussed. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that maternal hypothyroxinemia in the first half of pregnancy but not later in pregnancy impairs cognitive development in infancy and childhood. Animal models confirm that the first half of pregnancy may constitute a sensitive period in which maternal hypothyroxinemia alters neurogenesis and causes neuronal migration errors in the developing foetal brain. However, observational studies in humans cannot demonstrate causality of the association between hypothyroxinemia and neurodevelopment. In the only completed randomized trial of antenatal thyroid screening and subsequent levothyroxine treatment of mild maternal subclinical thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroxinemia, the interventions did not affect offspring intelligence quotient (IQ). More randomized trials are needed investigating whether screening for hypothyroxinemia and its treatment earlier in the first trimester of pregnancy can improve child cognitive functioning or prevent neurodevelopmental changes. Long-term observational studies should identify molecular, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological factors involved in the association between maternal hypothyroxinemia and offspring cognitive functioning. Information on such mechanisms can be used for the development of innovative prevention and intervention studies that address maternal hypothyroxinemia and its potential consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Henrichs
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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84
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Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei W, Min H, Song B, Xi Q, Teng W, Chen J. Iodine deficiency increases apoptosis and decreases synaptotagmin-1 and PSD-95 in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 16:135-41. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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85
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Vasudevan N, Morgan M, Pfaff D, Ogawa S. Distinct behavioral phenotypes in male mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptor α1 or β isoforms. Horm Behav 2013; 63:742-51. [PMID: 23567476 PMCID: PMC3726275 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones influence both neuronal development and anxiety via the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). The TRs are encoded by two different genes, TRα and TRβ. The loss of TRα1 is implicated in increased anxiety in males, possibly via a hippocampal increase in GABAergic activity. We compared both social behaviors and two underlying and related non-social behaviors, state anxiety and responses to acoustic and tactile startle in the gonadally intact TRα1 knockout (α1KO) and TRβ (βKO) male mice to their wild-type counterparts. For the first time, we show an opposing effect of the two TR isoforms, TRα1 and TRβ, in the regulation of state anxiety, with α1 knockout animals (α1KO) showing higher levels of anxiety and βKO males showing less anxiety compared to respective wild-type mice. At odds with the increased anxiety in non-social environments, α1KO males also show lower levels of responsiveness to acoustic and tactile startle stimuli. Consistent with the data that T4 is inhibitory to lordosis in female mice, we show subtly increased sex behavior in α1KO male mice. These behaviors support the idea that TRα1 could be inhibitory to ERα driven transcription that ultimately impacts ERα driven behaviors such as lordosis. The behavioral phenotypes point to novel roles for the TRs, particularly in non-social behaviors such as state anxiety and startle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vasudevan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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86
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Müller AP, Longoni A, Farina M, da Silveira CKB, Souza DO, Perry MLS, de Assis AM. Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism during lactation alters leucine and mannose metabolism in rat cerebellar slices. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:31-6. [PMID: 23479761 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone deficiency during perinatal development results in significant alterations in neurological functions. The relationship between such events and brain metabolism is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on leucine, mannose, glucose and lactate metabolism in rat cerebellar slices. Experimental hypothyroidism was induced by exposing mothers and pups to propylthiouracil (PTU) until weaning - postnatal day 21. Metabolic analyses were performed in postnatal day 10 (PND10) and 21 (PND21) animals. A matching group of animals received the same oral treatment also after weaning until adulthood PND60 with T3 supplement during lactation (P1-P21). In PND21 animals, PTU treatment significantly increased the rate of leucine oxidation to CO2, although glucose and lactate oxidations were not affected. PTU treatment also increased the oxidation of leucine to CO2 at PND60 (adult animals). PND10 hypothyroidism animals showed a decrease in conversion of mannose to glycolipids and glycoprotein compared with the control group. However, PTU treatment increased the conversion of mannose to glycolipids and glycoprotein in PND21 animals. The replacement of T3 normalized mannose and leucine metabolism in adult rats. These results indicate that deficits in thyroid hormones during lactation could delay or alter brain development and metabolism.
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87
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Moffett SX, Giannopoulos PF, James TD, Martin JV. Effects of acute microinjections of thyroid hormone to the preoptic region of hypothyroid adult male rats on sleep, motor activity and body temperature. Brain Res 2013; 1516:55-65. [PMID: 23603414 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones induce short-latency nongenomic effects in adult brain tissue, suggesting that their acute administration would affect brain activity in intact animals. The influence on EEG-defined sleep of acute restoration of l-3,3'5-triiodothyronine (T3) to a sleep-regulatory brain region, the preoptic region, was examined in hypothyroid rats. Sleep parameters were monitored for 48 h weekly: for 24 h immediately following a control microinjection and for an additional 24h after a second microinjection including a T3 dose to the preoptic region or lateral ventricle. Male albino rats were implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes, abdominal temperature/activity transponders and unilateral lateral ventricle cannulae or bilateral preoptic region cannulae, and were given 0.02% n-propythiouracil (PTU) in their drinking water for 4 weeks. For histologically-confirmed bilateral preoptic region cannula placements (N=7), effects of T3 (especially a 3 μg dose) were apparent within 10h of injection as decreases in REM, NREM and total sleep and increases in waking and activity. Minimal effects of lateral ventricle T3 microinjection were demonstrated (N=5). Significant effects due to the time of day on the experimental measures were seen in both lateral ventricle and preoptic region groups, but these effects did not interact with the effect of administered hormone dose. These effects of T3 microinjection to the preoptic region were demonstrated after acute injections and within hours of injection rather than after chronic administration over days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven X Moffett
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08055, USA
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88
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Li J, Shan Z, Teng W. Maternal marginal iodine deficiency affects the expression of relative proteins during brain development in rat offspring. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:21-9. [PMID: 23328070 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marginal iodine deficiency is a major health problem in pregnant women, but its impact on nerve and intelligence development in offspring has been rarely reported. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal marginal iodine deficiency on nerve and cognitive development in offspring and the related mechanisms. Marginal iodine-deficient rats were given 3 μg iodine per day, while normal control rats were given 4 μg iodine daily. Western blot was used to detect the amounts of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) in the hippocampus of each group. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure c-jun and c-fos expression in the hippocampal CA1 region. Finally, the water maze method was used to measure spatial performance. Free thyroxine (FT₄) levels in marginal iodine-deficient rats decreased by about 30%. Seven days after birth, EGR1 and BDNF protein levels significantly decreased in the hippocampus of marginal iodine deficiency rats compared with the normal control group. In addition, c-jun and c-fos expression in the hippocampus of 40-day-old rats was decreased in marginal iodine-deficient rats, compared with control. The spatial learning and memory ability of 40-day-old marginal iodine-deficient rats had a downward trend compared with the normal control group. FT₄ significantly decreased after pregnancy in rats with marginal iodine deficiency, affecting the expression of related proteins in the brain of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Hepig District, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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89
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Hassan WA, Rahman TA, Aly MS, Shahat AS. Alterations in monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues in young and adult male rats during experimental hyperthyroidism. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A. Hassan
- National Organisation for Drug Control and ResearchHormone Evaluation Department11511CairoEgypt
| | | | - Mona S. Aly
- Cairo UniversityFaculty of Science, Zoology DepartmentCairo12613Egypt
| | - Asmaa S. Shahat
- National Organisation for Drug Control and ResearchHormone Evaluation Department11511CairoEgypt
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90
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Abstract
About three-fourths of the total world population live in the tropics but consume only 6% of worldwide food production and contribute 15% of the world's net revenue explaining the short life expectancy, high infantile mortality, and poor daily caloric intake; moreover, lack of clean drinking water and deficient sanitation promote water-borne infections, diarrhea, and risk of malabsorption that contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition in the tropics. One-third of the world's population consumes insufficient iodine increasing the risk for mental retardation and deafness due to maternal hypothyroidism. The main nutritional syndromes comprise protein-energy malnutrition (marasmus and kwashiorkor); nutritional neuropathies, myelopathies and neuromyelopathies, as well as specific deficiencies of vitamins and micronutrients including iodine, iron, zinc, and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Román
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College and Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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91
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Zhang HM, Lin N, Dong Y, Su Q, Luo M. Protein kinase Cα is involved in impaired perinatal hypothyroid rat brain development. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:211-9. [PMID: 23152155 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, in response to a diverse range of stimuli. Activated PKCα mediates oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory reaction. Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the proper development of the mammalian central nervous system. TH deficiency during critical periods of brain development results in permanent cognitive and neurological impairments. In the present study, we attempted to explore whether PKCα is involved in impaired brain function in developing hypothyroid rat brain. Severe perinatal hypothyroidism was obtained by administration of 30 mg/day propylthiouracil to dams. Brain PKC activity in hypothyroid pups was increased significantly in cytosol and membrane fractions. The change of membrane PKC activity was more marked than that of cytosol, and hypothyroidism led to a higher ratio of membrane PKC activity to that in cytosol, which means abnormal activation of PKC in developing hypothyroid rat brain. Thyroxine replacement partially corrected these changes. After being treated with bisindolmaleimide XI, a mainly selective inhibitor for PKCα, the hypothyroid pups showed improved place navigation test results, and further Western blot analysis showed that PKCα expression in cytosol fractions was increased in hypothyroid rat brain with or without bisindolmaleimide XI treatment, but, after treatment with bisindolmaleimide XI, PKCα content in membrane fractions decreased almost to normal. Therefore, we conclude that PKCα appears to be involved in the impaired brain development observed in perinatal hypothyroid rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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92
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Evaluation of cognitive and motor development in toddlers with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012; 33:633-40. [PMID: 23027136 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182690727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Dutch neonatal congenital hypothyroidism (CH) screening procedure and treatment modality has been adapted several times since its national institution in 1981. These changes enabled us to investigate whether earlier treatment has resulted in improved cognitive and motor outcomes. The present study examined whether the advancement of treatment modality has resulted in improved cognitive and motor outcomes. METHODS In 95 toddlers with thyroidal CH (CH-T), born in 2002 through 2004 and treated at a median age of 9 days, cognitive and motor outcomes were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II-NL at 1 and 2 years of age. This outcome was also analyzed in relation to treatment variables. RESULTS The mean mental developmental index (MDI) scores of the severe (initial free thyroxine [FT4] ≤0.4 ng/dL (≤5 pmol/L), moderate (0.4 < initial FT4 ≤ 0.8 ng/dL (5.0 < initial FT4 ≤ 10.0 pmol/L), and mild (initial FT4 > 0.8 ng/dL (>10.0 pmol/l) CH-T groups at 1 year and the moderate and mild CH-T groups at 2 years were similar to the population mean. The mean MDI scores of the total CH-T group and severe CH-T group at 2 years were significantly lower than the population mean (p < .0001). In all 3 severity subgroups, significant lower psychomotor developmental index scores (p < .0001) were observed. No correlations were found between starting day of treatment and developmental outcome. Initial T4 concentration and initial T4 dose were weak predictors for developmental outcome. CONCLUSION Essentially, comparable with our earlier findings, children with CH, especially those with severe CH, are still at risk for motor and cognitive problems, which are probably due to the consequence of the prenatal hypothyroid state or the thyroid hormone deficiency in early life.
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93
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Bhanja S, Jena S. Modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression by PTU-induced hypothyroidism in cerebral cortex of postnatal rat brain. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:42-9. [PMID: 22987056 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effect of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism on oxidative stress parameters and expression of antioxidant enzymes in cerebral cortex of rat brain during postnatal development. A significant decrease in levels of lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2) were seen in 7 and 30 days old PTU-treated rats with respect to their controls. Significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) along with the translated products of SOD1 and SOD2 were observed in 7, 15 and 30 days old PTU-treated rats as compared to their respective controls. However, increase in translated product of CAT was seen in all age groups of PTU-treated rats. Glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased in 7 days and increased in 15 days old PTU-treated rats with respect to their control groups. Histological sections clearly show a decline in neuronal migration with neurons packed together in the hypothyroid group as compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravani Bhanja
- Krishnamacharya Healing and Yoga Foundation, Chennai 600028, India
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94
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Kalló I, Mohácsik P, Vida B, Zeöld A, Bardóczi Z, Zavacki AM, Farkas E, Kádár A, Hrabovszky E, Arrojo e Drigo R, Dong L, Barna L, Palkovits M, Borsay BA, Herczeg L, Lechan RM, Bianco AC, Liposits Z, Fekete C, Gereben B. A novel pathway regulates thyroid hormone availability in rat and human hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37860. [PMID: 22719854 PMCID: PMC3377717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurosecretory systems are fundamental regulatory circuits influenced by thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate-transporter-8 (MCT8)-mediated uptake of thyroid hormone followed by type 3 deiodinase (D3)-catalyzed inactivation represent limiting regulatory factors of neuronal T3 availability. In the present study we addressed the localization and subcellular distribution of D3 and MCT8 in neurosecretory neurons and addressed D3 function in their axons. Intense D3-immunoreactivity was observed in axon varicosities in the external zone of the rat median eminence and the neurohaemal zone of the human infundibulum containing axon terminals of hypophysiotropic parvocellular neurons. Immuno-electronmicroscopy localized D3 to dense-core vesicles in hypophysiotropic axon varicosities. N-STORM-superresolution-microscopy detected the active center containing C-terminus of D3 at the outer surface of these organelles. Double-labeling immunofluorescent confocal microscopy revealed that D3 is present in the majority of GnRH, CRH and GHRH axons but only in a minority of TRH axons, while absent from somatostatin-containing neurons. Bimolecular-Fluorescence-Complementation identified D3 homodimers, a prerequisite for D3 activity, in processes of GT1-7 cells. Furthermore, T3-inducible D3 catalytic activity was detected in the rat median eminence. Triple-labeling immunofluorescence and immuno-electronmicroscopy revealed the presence of MCT8 on the surface of the vast majority of all types of hypophysiotropic terminals. The presence of MCT8 was also demonstrated on the axon terminals in the neurohaemal zone of the human infundibulum. The unexpected role of hypophysiotropic axons in fine-tuned regulation of T3 availability in these cells via MCT8-mediated transport and D3-catalyzed inactivation may represent a novel regulatory core mechanism for metabolism, growth, stress and reproduction in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kalló
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Mohácsik
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Vida
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Zeöld
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bardóczi
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erzsébet Farkas
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kádár
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafael Arrojo e Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liping Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - László Barna
- Nikon Microscopy Center, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta A. Borsay
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Herczeg
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Boston, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Boston, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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Chen C, Zhou Z, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang L, Qu M, Yang J, Wang Y, Yu Z. Thyroid hormone promotes neuronal differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells by inhibiting STAT3 signaling through TRα1. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2667-81. [PMID: 22468949 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of maternal thyroid hormones (THs) during pregnancy may have severe impacts on fetal brain development. However, the cellular targets of THs and their underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we found that maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy in mice inhibited neurogenesis in the embryonic telencephalon and caused learning and memory impairment in the offspring. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we treated cultured mouse embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) with a physiological level of 3, 5, 3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). We found that T3 promoted the neuronal differentiation of eNSCs, while inhibiting astrocytic differentiation. In addition, the proliferation and maintenance of eNSCs were inhibited by T3. Furthermore, the TH receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) was detected in the eNSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Silencing TRα1 protein expression with specific siRNA eliminated the effects of T3 on eNSCs. We also found that T3 decreased STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3-DNA binding activity through TRα1. The over expression of STAT3 attenuated the promotive effects of T3 on neuronal differentiation of eNSCs. Taken together, these results suggest that T3 promotes the neuronal differentiation of eNSCs by inhibiting STAT3 signaling activity through TRα1 and contributes to early neurogenesis in the embryonic telencephalon. Our studies reveal the physiological effects of TH in regulating eNSCs differentiation and suggest that eNSCs are one of the major cellular targets in the central nervous system by which TH influences early brain development. These findings also provide new insights into the mechanisms of neurological deficits caused by TH deficiency during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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96
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Lu L, Yu X, Teng W, Shan Z. Treatment with levothyroxine in pregnant rats with subclinical hypothyroidism improves cell migration in the developing brain of the progeny. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:490-6. [PMID: 22024639 DOI: 10.3275/7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to investigate whether maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) influences the developing brain, and the effect of treatment with levothyroxine (L-T4) in early maternal SCH on the progeny's developing brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-five thyroidectomized female Wistar rats were divided randomly into groups of hypothyroidism (CH), SCH, SCH treated with L-T4 from embryonic day (E) 10, E13, and E17 till post-natal day 21. There were 15 sham operated controls. RESULTS Pups from SCH or CH group had significantly lower body weight than euthyroid group. Pups from E10, E13 or E17 groups had normal body weight compared to control pups at P3 and P7. The levels of TSH and total T4 (TT4) of all pups were normal. The mean latencies were longer in pups from CH, SCH, and E17 group than controls. The latencies from E10 and E13 pups were comparable to those from control pups. There were changes in the cytoarchitecture of the barrel cortex and of the hippocampus in CH, SCH, and E17 pups. The barrel cortex of E10 or E13 pups was similar to that of control pups. The distribution of bromodeoxyuridinelabeled cells was more widespread in CH, SCH, and E17 pups than in control, E10, and E13 progeny. CONCLUSIONS Maternal SCH disturbs learning and memory performances in pups, and affects cytoarchitecture and cell migration in the developing brain of the progeny. Treatment with L-T4 in early maternal SCH before E13 improves cell migration in the developing brain, as well as learning and memory function of the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 China
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97
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Survival for the extremely low gestational age neonate (ELGAN; 24-28 weeks) has risen to more than 80%. This extraordinary achievement is tempered by the persistence of cognitive delays and cerebral palsy (CP) affecting nearly one in eight survivors, and requiring subsequent rehabilitative services. A major priority in newborn medicine must be to translate the gains in survival achieved over the past 40 years into gains in healthy survival without the current high frequency of impairments. RECENT FINDINGS Transient hypothyroxinemia in ELGANs is strongly associated with lower IQ scores, behavioral abnormalities and CP. Limited evidence suggests the possibility of a benefit from hormone replacement therapy, but the optimal trial has yet to be conducted. A continuous infusion of 4 μg/kg per day thyroxine for 42 days can safely correct transient hypothyroxinemia without markedly lowering thyroid stimulating hormone levels, thus creating a biochemical euthyroid state. Whether this treatment will make an impact on long-term outcomes is not yet known. SUMMARY With 25 000 neonates born in less than 28 weeks each year in the USA, the economic impact of the very high rates of cognitive disabilities and related neurological dysfunction in survivors is substantial. The lifetime direct and indirect costs of CP are estimated at US$1 million per person and the costs of mental retardation are even higher. If reversal of transient hypothyroxinemia proves effective in reducing the risks of CP or mental retardation in ELGANs by 30%, we estimate an overall saving of US$ 3 billion per year. There is a pressing need for a phase III trial of thyroid hormone that is of sufficient duration and size to determine whether a clinically important reduction in risk of developmental impairments in ELGANs can be achieved.
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98
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Montero-Pedrazuela A, Fernández-Lamo I, Alieva M, Pereda-Pérez I, Venero C, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Adult-onset hypothyroidism enhances fear memory and upregulates mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the amygdala. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26582. [PMID: 22039511 PMCID: PMC3200331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the most common hormonal disease in adults, which is frequently accompanied by learning and memory impairments and emotional disorders. However, the deleterious effects of thyroid hormones deficiency on emotional memory are poorly understood and often underestimated. To evaluate the consequences of hypothyroidism on emotional learning and memory, we have performed a classical Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm in euthyroid and adult-thyroidectomized Wistar rats. In this experimental model, learning acquisition was not impaired, fear memory was enhanced, memory extinction was delayed and spontaneous recovery of fear memory was exacerbated in hypothyroid rats. The potentiation of emotional memory under hypothyroidism was associated with an increase of corticosterone release after fear conditioning and with higher expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, nuclei that are critically involved in the circuitry of fear memory. Our results demonstrate for the first time that adult-onset hypothyroidism potentiates fear memory and also increases vulnerability to develop emotional memories. Furthermore, our findings suggest that enhanced corticosterone signaling in the amygdala is involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of fear memory potentiation. Therefore, we recommend evaluating whether inappropriate regulation of fear in patients with post-traumatic stress and other mental disorders is associated with abnormal levels of thyroid hormones, especially those patients refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Department of Nervous System and Endocrine Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Lamo
- Department of Nervous System and Endocrine Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Alieva
- Department of Nervous System and Endocrine Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Nervous System and Endocrine Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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99
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Ibrahim W, Tousson E, El-Masry T, Arafa N, Akela M. The effect of folic acid as an antioxidant on the hypothalamic monoamines in experimentally induced hypothyroid rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:253-61. [PMID: 21967841 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711410913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are recognized as key metabolic hormones that play a critical role in the central nervous system development throughout life. In the present study, we studied the biochemical changes of hypothalamus of hypothyroid rats at post-pubertal stage, and the possible ameliorating effect of folic acid. A total of 50 male albino rats were equally divided into five groups; the first and second groups were the control and folic acid groups, respectively, while the third group was the hypothyroid group in which rats received daily 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hypothyroidism. The fourth and fifth groups were hypothyroid rats treated with folic acid for 4 weeks during and after receiving PTU, respectively, and were dissected after 6 and 10 weeks, respectively. There was a significant increase in plasma total homocysteine, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione\reduced glutathione and total nitric oxide and hypothalamic MDA, serotonin and norepinephrine in the hypothyroid rats group as compared to the control group. This reflects hyperhomocysteinaemia and oxidative stress associated with hypothyroid state. On the other hand, hypothalamic total nitric oxide and dopamine in the hypothyroid rats group were significantly decreased when compared to the control group. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with folic acid improves the oxidative stress and hypothalamic monoamines. Our results revealed that, folic acid treatment was better if it is administered as an adjuvant after returning to the euthyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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100
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Rupik W. Structural and ultrastructural differentiation of the thyroid gland during embryogenesis in the grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes). ZOOLOGY 2011; 114:284-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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