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Tam WL, Luyten FP, Roberts SJ. From skeletal development to the creation of pluripotent stem cell-derived bone-forming progenitors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0218. [PMID: 29786553 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has many functions. It is responsible for protecting the underlying soft organs, it allows locomotion, houses the bone marrow and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Upon damage, bone tissue can efficiently repair itself. However, healing is hampered if the defect exceeds a critical size and/or is in compromised conditions. The isolation or generation of bone-forming progenitors has applicability to skeletal repair and may be used in tissue engineering approaches. Traditionally, bone engineering uses osteochondrogenic stem cells, which are combined with scaffold materials and growth factors. Despite promising preclinical data, limited translation towards the clinic has been observed to date. There may be several reasons for this including the lack of robust cell populations with favourable proliferative and differentiation capacities. However, perhaps the most pertinent reason is the failure to produce an implant that can replicate the developmental programme that is observed during skeletal repair. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can potentially offer a solution for bone tissue engineering by providing unlimited cell sources at various stages of differentiation. In this review, we summarize key embryonic signalling pathways in bone formation coupled with PSC differentiation strategies for the derivation of bone-forming progenitors.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Long Tam
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1 Herestraat 49 bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1 Herestraat 49 bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSB), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium .,Bone Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
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52
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Verbeeck L, Geris L, Tylzanowski P, Luyten FP. Uncoupling of in-vitro identity of embryonic limb derived skeletal progenitors and their in-vivo bone forming potential. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5782. [PMID: 30962493 PMCID: PMC6453955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of large bone defects remains a major unmet medical need. Our developmental engineering approach consists of the in vitro manufacturing of a living cartilage tissue construct that upon implantation forms bone by recapitulating an endochondral ossification process. Key to this strategy is the identification of the cells to produce such cartilage intermediates efficiently. We applied a cell selection strategy based on published skeletal stem cell markers using mouse embryonic limb cartilage as cell source and analysed their potential to form bone in an in vivo ectopic assay. FGF2 supplementation to the culture media for expansion blocked dedifferentiation of the embryonic cartilage cells in culture and enriched for stem cells and progenitors as quantified using the recently published CD marker set. However, when the stem cells and progenitors were fractionated from expanded embryonic cartilage cells and assessed in the ectopic assay, a major loss of bone forming potential was observed. We conclude that cell expansion appears to affect the association between cell identity based on CD markers and in vivo bone forming capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louca Verbeeck
- Prometheus, Div of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Tissue Engineering laboratory, SBERC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Div of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Development & Stem Cell Biology laboratory, SBERC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dept of Bioch. & Mol Biol., Medical University Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus, Div of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Tissue Engineering laboratory, SBERC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Development & Stem Cell Biology laboratory, SBERC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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53
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Abstract
Development of the axial skeleton is a complex, stepwise process that relies on intricate signaling and coordinated cellular differentiation. Disruptions to this process can result in a myriad of skeletal malformations that range in severity. The notochord and the sclerotome are embryonic tissues that give rise to the major components of the intervertebral discs and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column. Through a number of mouse models and characterization of congenital abnormalities in human patients, various growth factors, transcription factors, and other signaling proteins have been demonstrated to have critical roles in the development of the axial skeleton. Balance between opposing growth factors as well as other environmental cues allows for cell fate specification and divergence of tissue types during development. Furthermore, characterization of progenitor cells for specific cell lineages has furthered the understanding of specific spatiotemporal cues that cells need in order to initiate and complete development of distinct tissues. Identifying specific marker genes that can distinguish between the various embryonic and mature cell types is also of importance. Clinically, understanding developmental clues can aid in the generation of therapeutics for musculoskeletal disease through the process of developmental engineering. Studies into potential stem cell therapies are based on knowledge of the normal processes that occur in the embryo, which can then be applied to stepwise tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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55
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Lesage R, Kerkhofs J, Geris L. Computational Modeling and Reverse Engineering to Reveal Dominant Regulatory Interactions Controlling Osteochondral Differentiation: Potential for Regenerative Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:165. [PMID: 30483498 PMCID: PMC6243751 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The specialization of cartilage cells, or chondrogenic differentiation, is an intricate and meticulously regulated process that plays a vital role in both bone formation and cartilage regeneration. Understanding the molecular regulation of this process might help to identify key regulatory factors that can serve as potential therapeutic targets, or that might improve the development of qualitative and robust skeletal tissue engineering approaches. However, each gene involved in this process is influenced by a myriad of feedback mechanisms that keep its expression in a desirable range, making the prediction of what will happen if one of these genes defaults or is targeted with drugs, challenging. Computer modeling provides a tool to simulate this intricate interplay from a network perspective. This paper aims to give an overview of the current methodologies employed to analyze cell differentiation in the context of skeletal tissue engineering in general and osteochondral differentiation in particular. In network modeling, a network can either be derived from mechanisms and pathways that have been reported in the literature (knowledge-based approach) or it can be inferred directly from the data (data-driven approach). Combinatory approaches allow further optimization of the network. Once a network is established, several modeling technologies are available to interpret dynamically the relationships that have been put forward in the network graph (implication of the activation or inhibition of certain pathways on the evolution of the system over time) and to simulate the possible outcomes of the established network such as a given cell state. This review provides for each of the aforementioned steps (building, optimizing, and modeling the network) a brief theoretical perspective, followed by a concise overview of published works, focusing solely on applications related to cell fate decisions, cartilage differentiation and growth plate biology. Particular attention is paid to an in-house developed example of gene regulatory network modeling of growth plate chondrocyte differentiation as all the aforementioned steps can be illustrated. In summary, this paper discusses and explores a series of tools that form a first step toward a rigorous and systems-level modeling of osteochondral differentiation in the context of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Lesage
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Kerkhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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56
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Lenas P. The Thermodynamics of Development in Bioartificial Tissue Design. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:1116-1126. [PMID: 30297153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of bioartificial tissues with authentic structures that could assure their clinical efficacy remains a challenging problem. A new paradigm has emerged that designs bioartificial tissues as intermediate in development tissue forms, which can inherently progress autonomously on developmental pathways, self-organizing their cells into tissue structures as in their in vivo development. Biological processes involved in energy exchange between co-developing tissues are responsible for cell organization into the thermodynamically robust cellular patterns of tissue structures. Bioartificial tissue design rules that aim towards in vitro recapitulation of these processes can ensure the thermodynamic operation of developing tissues, leading to formation of the cellular patterns of tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Lenas
- College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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57
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Ho-Shui-Ling A, Bolander J, Rustom LE, Johnson AW, Luyten FP, Picart C. Bone regeneration strategies: Engineered scaffolds, bioactive molecules and stem cells current stage and future perspectives. Biomaterials 2018; 180:143-162. [PMID: 30036727 PMCID: PMC6710094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone fractures are the most common traumatic injuries in humans. The repair of bone fractures is a regenerative process that recapitulates many of the biological events of embryonic skeletal development. Most of the time it leads to successful healing and the recovery of the damaged bone. Unfortunately, about 5-10% of fractures will lead to delayed healing or non-union, more so in the case of co-morbidities such as diabetes. In this article, we review the different strategies to heal bone defects using synthetic bone graft substitutes, biologically active substances and stem cells. The majority of currently available reviews focus on strategies that are still at the early stages of development and use mostly in vitro experiments with cell lines or stem cells. Here, we focus on what is already implemented in the clinics, what is currently in clinical trials, and what has been tested in animal models. Treatment approaches can be classified in three major categories: i) synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS) whose architecture and surface can be optimized; ii) BGS combined with bioactive molecules such as growth factors, peptides or small molecules targeting bone precursor cells, bone formation and metabolism; iii) cell-based strategies with progenitor cells combined or not with active molecules that can be injected or seeded on BGS for improved delivery. We review the major types of adult stromal cells (bone marrow, adipose and periosteum derived) that have been used and compare their properties. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges that need to be addressed to significantly improve the healing of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antalya Ho-Shui-Ling
- Grenoble Institute of Technology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LMGP, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38031 Grenoble Cedex 01, France
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence E Rustom
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amy Wagoner Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61081, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Picart
- Grenoble Institute of Technology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LMGP, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38031 Grenoble Cedex 01, France.
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58
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Chawla S, Sharma A, Bandyopadhyay A, Ghosh S. Developmental Biology-Inspired Strategies To Engineer 3D Bioprinted Bone Construct. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3545-3560. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Chawla
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amitabha Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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59
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Alkhatib B, Ban GI, Williams S, Serra R. IVD Development: Nucleus pulposus development and sclerotome specification. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:132-141. [PMID: 30505649 PMCID: PMC6261384 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-018-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intervertebral discs (IVD) are derived from embryonic notochord and sclerotome. The nucleus pulposus is derived from notochord while other connective tissues of the spine are derived from sclerotome. This manuscript will review the past 5 years of research into IVD development. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past several years, advances in understanding the step-wise process that govern development of the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus have been made. Generation of tissues from induced or embryonic stem cells into nucleus pulposus and paraxial mesoderm derived tissues has been accomplished in vitro using pathways identified in normal development. A balance between BMP and TGF-β signaling as well as transcription factors including Pax1/Pax9, Mkx and Nkx3.2 appear to be very important for cell fate decisions generating tissues of the IVD. SUMMARY Understanding how the IVD develops will provide the foundation for future repair, regeneration, and tissue engineering strategies for IVD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ga I Ban
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
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60
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Lenas P, Ikonomou L. Developmental engineering: design of clinically efficacious bioartificial tissues through developmental and systems biology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:978-981. [PMID: 29951951 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Lenas
- College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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61
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Developmentally inspired programming of adult human mesenchymal stromal cells toward stable chondrogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4625-4630. [PMID: 29666250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720658115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are default committed toward osteogenesis. Even when induced to chondrogenesis, hMSCs typically form hypertrophic cartilage that undergoes endochondral ossification. Because embryonic mesenchyme is obviously competent to generate phenotypically stable cartilage, it is questioned whether there is a correspondence between mesenchymal progenitor compartments during development and in adulthood. Here we tested whether forcing specific early events of articular cartilage development can program hMSC fate toward stable chondrogenesis. Inspired by recent findings that spatial restriction of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling guides embryonic progenitors toward articular cartilage formation, we hypothesized that selective inhibition of BMP drives the phenotypic stability of hMSC-derived chondrocytes. Two BMP type I receptor-biased kinase inhibitors were screened in a microfluidic platform for their time- and dose-dependent effect on hMSC chondrogenesis. The different receptor selectivity profile of tested compounds allowed demonstration that transient blockade of both ALK2 and ALK3 receptors, while permissive to hMSC cartilage formation, is necessary and sufficient to maintain a stable chondrocyte phenotype. Remarkably, even upon compound removal, hMSCs were no longer competent to undergo hypertrophy in vitro and endochondral ossification in vivo, indicating the onset of a constitutive change. Our findings demonstrate that adult hMSCs effectively share properties of embryonic mesenchyme in the formation of transient but also of stable cartilage. This opens potential pharmacological strategies to articular cartilage regeneration and more broadly indicates the relevance of developmentally inspired protocols to control the fate of adult progenitor cell systems.
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62
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Chawla S, Midha S, Sharma A, Ghosh S. Silk-Based Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701204. [PMID: 29359861 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
3D bioprinting field is making remarkable progress; however, the development of critical sized engineered tissue construct is still a farfetched goal. Silk fibroin offers a promising choice for bioink material. Nature has imparted several unique structural features in silk protein to ensure spinnability by silkworms or spider. Researchers have modified the structure-property relationship by reverse engineering to further improve shear thinning behavior, high printability, cytocompatible gelation, and high structural fidelity. In this review, it is attempted to summarize the recent advancements made in the field of 3D bioprinting in context of two major sources of silk fibroin: silkworm silk and spider silk (native and recombinant). The challenges faced by current approaches in processing silk bioinks, cellular signaling pathways modulated by silk chemistry and secondary conformations, gaps in knowledge, and future directions acquired for pushing the field further toward clinic are further elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Chawla
- Department of Textile TechnologyIIT Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Swati Midha
- Department of Textile TechnologyIIT Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Textile TechnologyIIT Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile TechnologyIIT Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi 110016 India
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63
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Abstract
Large bone defects remain a tremendous clinical challenge. There is growing evidence in support of treatment strategies that direct defect repair through an endochondral route, involving a cartilage intermediate. While culture-expanded stem/progenitor cells are being evaluated for this purpose, these cells would compete with endogenous repair cells for limited oxygen and nutrients within ischaemic defects. Alternatively, it may be possible to employ extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by culture-expanded cells for overcoming key bottlenecks to endochondral repair, such as defect vascularization, chondrogenesis, and osseous remodelling. While mesenchymal stromal/stem cells are a promising source of therapeutic EVs, other donor cells should also be considered. The efficacy of an EV-based therapeutic will likely depend on the design of companion scaffolds for controlled delivery to specific target cells. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from studies of EVs could one day inform the long-term development of synthetic, engineered nanovesicles. In the meantime, EVs harnessed from in vitro cell culture have near-term promise for use in bone regenerative medicine. This narrative review presents a rationale for using EVs to improve the repair of large bone defects, highlights promising cell sources and likely therapeutic targets for directing repair through an endochondral pathway, and discusses current barriers to clinical translation. Cite this article: E. Ferreira, R. M. Porter. Harnessing extracellular vesicles to direct endochondral repair of large bone defects. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:263-273. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2018-0006.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - R. M. Porter
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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64
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Bernhard JC, Hulphers E, Rieder B, Ferguson J, Rünzler D, Nau T, Redl H, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Perfusion Enhances Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Matrix Deposition, But Not the Bone Formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1022-1033. [PMID: 29373945 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion bioreactors have been an effective tool in bone tissue engineering. Improved nutrient delivery and the application of shear forces have stimulated osteoblast differentiation and matrix production, allowing for generation of large, clinically sized constructs. Differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes has been considered an alternative strategy for bone tissue engineering. We studied the effects of perfusion on hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, matrix production, and subsequent bone formation. Hypertrophic constructs were created by differentiation in chondrogenic medium (2 weeks) and maturation in hypertrophic medium (3 weeks). Bioreactors were customized to study a range of flow rates (0-1200 μm/s). During chondrogenic differentiation, increased flow rates correlated with cartilage matrix deposition and the presence of collagen type X. During induced hypertrophic maturation, increased flow rates correlated with bone template deposition and the increased secretion of chondroprotective cytokines. Following an 8-week implantation into the critical-size femoral defect in nude rats, nonperfused constructs displayed larger bone volume, more compact mineralized matrix, and better integration with the adjacent native bone. Therefore, although medium perfusion stimulated the formation of bone template in vitro, it failed to enhance bone regeneration in vivo. However, the promising results of the less developed template in the critical-sized defect warrant further investigation, beyond interstitial flow, into the specific environment needed to optimize hypertrophic chondrocyte-based constructs for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Bernhard
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Hulphers
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Bernhard Rieder
- 2 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Ferguson
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , University of Vienna, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- 2 Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien , Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Nau
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , University of Vienna, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , University of Vienna, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
- 4 Department of Medicine, Columbia University , New York, New York
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65
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Lenas P. Developmental biology in bioartificial tissue design: manufacturing and regulatory considerations. Regen Med 2018; 13:7-11. [PMID: 29369015 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Petros Lenas
- College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, HIT Campus, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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66
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Huang J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cai X, Wang Y. The mutual effects between macrophages and cartilage templates in the process of subcutaneous endochondral bone formation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23679-23687. [PMID: 35540265 PMCID: PMC9081772 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between implants and the recipient immune environment is key to the long-term effectiveness of bone tissue engineering. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mutual effects between macrophages and cartilage templates in the process of subcutaneous osteogenesis. Primary mice bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded into gelatin sponge and chondrogenically cultured for 4 weeks in vitro to form cartilage templates. The constructs were then implanted subcutaneously in monocyte-depleted mice or normal C57BL/6 mice. Implants harvested at two months showed inferior osteogenic quality in monocyte-depleted mice compared with that of normal mice. In normal mice, the cartilage templates recruited a high ratio of alternatively activated macrophages (CAM or M2) to classically activated macrophages (AAM or M1), compared with empty sponge. In vitro co-culture assay of macrophages with cartilage templates also showed that the cartilage templates polarized macrophages to the M2 phenotype and that these effects were even stronger than those of primary BMSCs. In turn, the co-culture of polarized macrophages with cartilage templates showed that compared to M0 or M2, M1 significantly increased the expressions of osteogenic and angiogenic markers of cartilage templates. These data suggested that macrophages seem to be indispensable in the osteogenesis of cartilage templates and that cartilage templates have a favorable immunomodulatory ability to polarize macrophages to the M2 phenotype. M1 was the contributing phenotype of macrophages that promoted the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of cartilage templates. Macrophages and cartilage templates cooperate to achieve endochondral bone formation. The interplay between implants and the recipient immune environment is key to the long-term effectiveness of bone tissue engineering.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yi Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Xinjie Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST)
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education
- School and Hospital of Stomatology
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430079
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67
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Mendes LF, Tam WL, Chai YC, Geris L, Luyten FP, Roberts SJ. Combinatorial Analysis of Growth Factors Reveals the Contribution of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins to Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Periosteal Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:473-86. [PMID: 27018617 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful application of cell-based strategies in cartilage and bone tissue engineering has been hampered by the lack of robust protocols to efficiently differentiate mesenchymal stem cells into the chondrogenic lineage. The development of chemically defined culture media supplemented with growth factors (GFs) has been proposed as a way to overcome this limitation. In this work, we applied a fractional design of experiment (DoE) strategy to screen the effect of multiple GFs (BMP2, BMP6, GDF5, TGF-β1, and FGF2) on chondrogenic differentiation of human periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDCs) in vitro. In a micromass culture (μMass) system, BMP2 had a positive effect on glycosaminoglycan deposition at day 7 (p < 0.001), which in combination with BMP6 synergistically enhanced cartilage-like tissue formation that displayed in vitro mineralization capacity at day 14 (p < 0.001). Gene expression of μMasses cultured for 7 days with a medium formulation supplemented with 100 ng/mL of BMP2 and BMP6 and a low concentration of GDF5, TGF-β1, and FGF2 showed increased expression of Sox9 (1.7-fold) and the matrix molecules aggrecan (7-fold increase) and COL2A1 (40-fold increase) compared to nonstimulated control μMasses. The DoE analysis indicated that in GF combinations, BMP2 was the strongest effector for chondrogenic differentiation of hPDCs. When transplanted ectopically in nude mice, the in vitro-differentiated μMasses showed maintenance of the cartilaginous phenotype after 4 weeks in vivo. This study indicates the power of using the DoE approach for the creation of new medium formulations for skeletal tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Filipe Mendes
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wai Long Tam
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- 2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,3 Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liege , Liege, Belgium .,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- 1 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,2 Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,5 Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London , The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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68
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Stampella A, Monteagudo S, Lories R. Wnt signaling as target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:721-729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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69
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Chai YC, Bolander J, Papantoniou I, Patterson J, Vleugels J, Schrooten J, Luyten FP. Harnessing the Osteogenicity of In Vitro Stem Cell-Derived Mineralized Extracellular Matrix as 3D Biotemplate to Guide Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:874-890. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chin Chai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Vleugels
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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70
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Weiss-Bilka HE, McGann ME, Meagher MJ, Roeder RK, Wagner DR. Ectopic models for endochondral ossification: comparing pellet and alginate bead culture methods. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e541-e549. [PMID: 27690279 DOI: 10.1002/term.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Key aspects of native endochondral bone development and fracture healing can be mimicked in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through standard in vitro chondrogenic induction. Exploiting this phenomenon has recently emerged as an attractive technique to engineer bone tissue, however, relatively little is known about the best conditions for doing so. The objective of the present study was to compare the bone-forming capacity and angiogenic induction of hypertrophic cell constructs containing human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) primed for chondrogenesis in two different culture systems: high-density pellets and alginate bead hydrogels. The hASC constructs were subjected to 4 weeks of identical chondrogenic induction in vitro, encapsulated in an agarose carrier, and then implanted subcutaneously in immune-compromised mice for 8 weeks to evaluate their endochondral potential. At the time of implantation, both pellets and beads expressed aggrecan and type II collagen, as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and type X collagen. Interestingly, ASCs in pellets formed a matrix containing higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen contents than that in beads, and ALP activity per cell was higher in pellets. However, after 8 weeks in vivo, pellets and beads induced an equivalent volume of mineralized tissue and a comparable level of vascularization. Although osteocalcin and osteopontin-positive osteogenic tissue and new vascular growth was found within both types of constructs, all appeared to be better distributed throughout the hydrogel beads. The results of this ectopic model indicate that hydrogel culture may be an attractive alternative to cell pellets for bone tissue engineering via the endochondral pathway. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Weiss-Bilka
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Megan E McGann
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Matthew J Meagher
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ryan K Roeder
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Diane R Wagner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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71
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Bolander J, Ji W, Leijten J, Teixeira LM, Bloemen V, Lambrechts D, Chaklader M, Luyten FP. Healing of a Large Long-Bone Defect through Serum-Free In Vitro Priming of Human Periosteum-Derived Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:758-772. [PMID: 28196691 PMCID: PMC5355567 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical translation of cell-based strategies for regenerative medicine demands predictable in vivo performance where the use of sera during in vitro preparation inherently limits the efficacy and reproducibility. Here, we present a bioinspired approach by serum-free pre-conditioning of human periosteum-derived cells, followed by their assembly into microaggregates simultaneously primed with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Pre-conditioning resulted in a more potent progenitor cell population, while aggregation induced osteochondrogenic differentiation, further enhanced by BMP-2 stimulation. Ectopic implantation displayed a cascade of events that closely resembled the natural endochondral process resulting in bone ossicle formation. Assessment in a critical size long-bone defect in immunodeficient mice demonstrated successful bridging of the defect within 4 weeks, with active contribution of the implanted cells. In short, the presented serum-free process represents a biomimetic strategy, resulting in a cartilage tissue intermediate that, upon implantation, robustly leads to the healing of a large long-bone defect. Serum-free pre-conditioning affects the identity of periosteal progenitor cells A reduced CD105+, elevated CD34+, and upregulated BMP receptor expression was seen Priming by aggregation and BMP stimulation induced endochondral bone formation Validation in a critical size fracture model confirmed endochondral healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei Ji
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Materials Technology TC, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dennis Lambrechts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Malay Chaklader
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Box 813 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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72
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Rothrauff BB, Pauyo T, Debski RE, Rodosky MW, Tuan RS, Musahl V. The Rotator Cuff Organ: Integrating Developmental Biology, Tissue Engineering, and Surgical Considerations to Treat Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:318-335. [PMID: 28084902 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The torn rotator cuff remains a persistent orthopedic challenge, with poor outcomes disproportionately associated with chronic, massive tears. Degenerative changes in the tissues that comprise the rotator cuff organ, including muscle, tendon, and bone, contribute to the poor healing capacity of chronic tears, resulting in poor function and an increased risk for repair failure. Tissue engineering strategies to augment rotator cuff repair have been developed in an effort to improve rotator cuff healing and have focused on three principal aims: (1) immediate mechanical augmentation of the surgical repair, (2) restoration of muscle quality and contractility, and (3) regeneration of native enthesis structure. Work in these areas will be reviewed in sequence, highlighting the relevant pathophysiology, developmental biology, and biomechanics, which must be considered when designing therapeutic applications. While the independent use of these strategies has shown promise, synergistic benefits may emerge from their combined application given the interdependence of the tissues that constitute the rotator cuff organ. Furthermore, controlled mobilization of augmented rotator cuff repairs during postoperative rehabilitation may provide mechanotransductive cues capable of guiding tissue regeneration and restoration of rotator cuff function. Present challenges and future possibilities will be identified, which if realized, may provide solutions to the vexing condition of chronic massive rotator cuff tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Rothrauff
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thierry Pauyo
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E Debski
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark W Rodosky
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Volker Musahl
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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73
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Rux DR, Wellik DM. Hox genes in the adult skeleton: Novel functions beyond embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:310-317. [PMID: 28026082 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that control skeletal patterning in the developing embryo. They are expressed in regionally restricted domains and function to regulate the morphology of specific vertebral and long bone elements. Recent work has provided evidence that Hox genes continue to be regionally expressed in adult tissues. Fibroblasts cultured from adult tissues show broadly maintained Hox gene expression patterns. In the adult skeleton, Hox genes are expressed in progenitor-enriched populations of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and genetic loss-of-function analyses have provided evidence that Hox genes function during the fracture healing process. This review will highlight our current understanding of Hox expression in the adult animal and its function in skeletal regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 246:310-317, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Rux
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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74
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[Oral mucosa analog allografts in non-consanguineous rats]. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:111-118. [PMID: 28527255 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i2.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there are therapeutic options for the treatment of oral mucosa defects, the need for functional, anatomical and aesthetically similar substitutes persists, as well as for solutions to reduce autologous grafts morbidity. OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and histological compatibility of equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated through tissue engineering in non-consanguineous rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a sample of oral mucosa from Sprague Dawley rats to obtain a fibroblast culture and a keratinocytes and fibroblasts co-culture. In both cases, we used a commercial collagen membrane as "scaffold". After ten weeks of culture, we grafted the resulting membranes into four Wistar rats. The first phase of the study was the development of the oral mucosa equivalents generated by tissue engineering. Then, we implanted them in immunocompetent Wistar rats, and finallywe evaluated the clinical and histological features of the allografts. RESULTS In vivo evaluation of mucosal substitutes showed a correct integration of artificial oral mucosa in immunocompetent hosts, with an increase in periodontal biotype and the creation of a zone with increased keratinization. Histologically, the tissue was similar to the control oral mucosa sample with no inflammatory reaction nor clinical or histological rejection signs. CONCLUSION The equivalent oral mucosa allografts generated by tissue engineering showed clinical and histological compatibility.
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75
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Vas WJ, Shah M, Al Hosni R, Owen HC, Roberts SJ. Biomimetic strategies for fracture repair: Engineering the cell microenvironment for directed tissue formation. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417704791. [PMID: 28491274 PMCID: PMC5406151 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417704791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications resulting from impaired fracture healing have major clinical implications on fracture management strategies. Novel concepts taken from developmental biology have driven research strategies towards the elaboration of regenerative approaches that can truly harness the complex cellular events involved in tissue formation and repair. Advances in polymer technology and a better understanding of naturally derived scaffolds have given rise to novel biomaterials with an increasing ability to recapitulate native tissue environments. This coupled with advances in the understanding of stem cell biology and technology has opened new avenues for regenerative strategies with true clinical translatability. These advances have provided the impetus to develop alternative approaches to enhance the fracture repair process. We provide an update on these advances, with a focus on the development of novel biomimetic approaches for bone regeneration and their translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wollis J Vas
- Department of Materials & Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Mittal Shah
- Department of Materials & Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Rawiya Al Hosni
- Department of Materials & Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Helen C Owen
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Department of Materials & Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
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76
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Liu J, Yu C, Chen Y, Cai H, Lin H, Sun Y, Liang J, Wang Q, Fan Y, Zhang X. Fast fabrication of stable cartilage-like tissue using collagen hydrogel microsphere culture. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9130-9140. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of cartilage-like tissue by mimicking chondrogenesis of MSCs in collagen hydrogel microsphere (CHM) culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Cheng Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yafang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Hanxu Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Hai Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Qiguang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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77
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de Graaf P, van der Linde EM, Rosier PFWM, Izeta A, Sievert KD, Bosch JLHR, de Kort LMO. Systematic Review to Compare Urothelium Differentiation with Urethral Epithelium Differentiation in Fetal Development, as a Basis for Tissue Engineering of the Male Urethra. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:257-267. [PMID: 27809709 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-engineered (TE) urethra is desirable in men with urethral disease (stricture or hypospadias) and shortage of local tissue. Although ideally a TE graft would contain urethral epithelium cells, currently, bladder epithelium (urothelium) is widely used, but morphologically different. Understanding the differences and similarities of urothelium and urethral epithelium could help design a protocol for in vitro generation of urethral epithelium to be used in TE grafts for the urethra. PURPOSE To understand the development toward urethral epithelium or urothelium to improve TE of the urethra. METHODS A literature search was done following PRISMA guidelines. Articles describing urethral epithelium and bladder urothelium development in laboratory animals and humans were selected. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies on development of urethral epithelium and 29 studies on development of urothelium were included. Both tissue linings derive from endoderm and although adult urothelium and urethral epithelium are characterized by different gene expression profiles, the signaling pathways underlying their development are similar, including Shh, BMP, Wnt, and FGF. The progenitor of the urothelium and the urethral epithelium is the early fetal urogenital sinus (UGS). The urethral plate and the urothelium are both formed from the p63+ cells of the UGS. Keratin 20 and uroplakins are exclusively expressed in urothelium, not in the urethral epithelium. Further research has to be done on unique markers for the urethral epithelium. CONCLUSION This review has summarized the current knowledge about embryonic development of urothelium versus urethral epithelium and especially focuses on the influencing factors that are potentially specific for the eventual morphological differences of both cell linings, to be a basis for developmental or tissue engineering of urethral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra de Graaf
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter F W M Rosier
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ander Izeta
- 3 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia , San Sebastián, Spain .,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra , San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - J L H Ruud Bosch
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laetitia M O de Kort
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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78
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Freeman FE, McNamara LM. Endochondral Priming: A Developmental Engineering Strategy for Bone Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:128-141. [PMID: 27758156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have significant potential to treat bone pathologies by exploiting the capacity for bone progenitors to grow and produce tissue constituents under specific biochemical and physical conditions. However, conventional tissue engineering approaches, which combine stem cells with biomaterial scaffolds, are limited as the constructs often degrade, due to a lack of vascularization, and lack the mechanical integrity to fulfill load bearing functions, and as such are not yet widely used for clinical treatment of large bone defects. Recent studies have proposed that in vitro tissue engineering approaches should strive to simulate in vivo bone developmental processes and, thereby, imitate natural factors governing cell differentiation and matrix production, following the paradigm recently defined as "developmental engineering." Although developmental engineering strategies have been recently developed that mimic specific aspects of the endochondral ossification bone formation process, these findings are not widely understood. Moreover, a critical comparison of these approaches to standard biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering has not yet been undertaken. For that reason, this article presents noteworthy experimental findings from researchers focusing on developing an endochondral-based developmental engineering strategy for bone tissue regeneration. These studies have established that in vitro approaches, which mimic certain aspects of the endochondral ossification process, namely the formation of the cartilage template and the vascularization of the cartilage template, can promote mineralization and vascularization to a certain extent both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, this article outlines specific experimental challenges that must be overcome to further exploit the biology of endochondral ossification and provide a tissue engineering construct for clinical treatment of large bone/nonunion defects and obviate the need for bone tissue graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
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79
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Saha A, Rolfe R, Carroll S, Kelly DJ, Murphy P. Chondrogenesis of embryonic limb bud cells in micromass culture progresses rapidly to hypertrophy and is modulated by hydrostatic pressure. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:47-59. [PMID: 27770257 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis in vivo is precisely controlled in time and space. The entire limb skeleton forms from cells at the core of the early limb bud that condense and undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Whether they form stable cartilage at the articular surface of the joint or transient cartilage that progresses to hypertrophy as endochondral bone, replacing the cartilage template of the skeletal rudiment, is spatially controlled over several days in the embryo. Here, we follow the differentiation of cells taken from the early limb bud (embryonic day 11.5), grown in high-density micromass culture and show that a self-organising pattern of evenly spaced cartilage nodules occurs spontaneously in growth medium. Although chondrogenesis is enhanced by addition of BMP6 to the medium, the spatial pattern of nodule formation is disrupted. We show rapid progression of the entire nodule to hypertrophy in culture and therefore loss of the local signals required to direct formation of stable cartilage. Dynamic hydrostatic pressure, which we have previously predicted to be a feature of the forming embryonic joint region, had a stabilising effect on chondrogenesis, reducing expression of hypertrophic marker genes. This demonstrates the use of micromass culture as a relatively simple assay to compare the effect of both biophysical and molecular signals on spatial and temporal control of chondrogenesis that could be used to examine the response of different types of progenitor cell, both adult- and embryo-derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurati Saha
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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80
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Abstract
The goal of tissue engineering is to mitigate the critical shortage of donor organs via in vitro fabrication of functional biological structures. Tissue engineering is one of the most prominent examples of interdisciplinary fields, where scientists with different backgrounds work together to boost the quality of life by addressing critical health issues. Many different fields, such as developmental and molecular biology, as well as technologies, such as micro- and nanotechnologies and additive manufacturing, have been integral for advancing the field of tissue engineering. Over the past 20 years, spectacular advancements have been achieved to harness nature's ability to cure diseased tissues and organs. Patients have received laboratory-grown tissues and organs made out of their own cells, thus eliminating the risk of rejection. However, challenges remain when addressing more complex solid organs such as the heart, liver, and kidney. Herein, we review recent accomplishments as well as challenges that must be addressed in the field of tissue engineering and provide a perspective regarding strategies in further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Shafiee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; ,
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157; ,
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81
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Stiers PJ, van Gastel N, Carmeliet G. Targeting the hypoxic response in bone tissue engineering: A balance between supply and consumption to improve bone regeneration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:96-105. [PMID: 26768117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a promising therapeutic alternative for bone grafting of large skeletal defects. It generally comprises an ex vivo engineered combination of a carrier structure, stem/progenitor cells and growth factors. However, the success of these regenerative implants largely depends on how well implanted cells will adapt to the hostile and hypoxic host environment they encounter after implantation. In this review, we will discuss how hypoxia signalling may be used to improve bone regeneration in a tissue-engineered construct. First, hypoxia signalling induces angiogenesis which increases the survival of the implanted cells as well as stimulates bone formation. Second, hypoxia signalling has also angiogenesis-independent effects on mesenchymal cells in vitro, offering exciting new possibilities to improve tissue-engineered bone regeneration in vivo. In addition, studies in other fields have shown that benefits of modulating hypoxia signalling include enhanced cell survival, proliferation and differentiation, culminating in a more potent regenerative implant. Finally, the stimulation of endochondral bone formation as a physiological pathway to circumvent the harmful effects of hypoxia will be briefly touched upon. Thus, angiogenic dependent and independent processes may counteract the deleterious hypoxic effects and we will discuss several therapeutic strategies that may be combined to withstand the hypoxia upon implantation and improve bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Stiers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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82
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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83
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Human Bone Xenografts: from Preclinical Testing for Regenerative Medicine to Modeling of Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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84
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Todorov A, Kreutz M, Haumer A, Scotti C, Barbero A, Bourgine PE, Scherberich A, Jaquiery C, Martin I. Fat-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells Enhance the Bone-Forming Capacity of Devitalized Engineered Hypertrophic Cartilage Matrix. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1684-1694. [PMID: 27460849 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: Engineered and devitalized hypertrophic cartilage (HC) has been proposed as bone substitute material, potentially combining the features of osteoinductivity, resistance to hypoxia, capacity to attract blood vessels, and customization potential for specific indications. However, in comparison with vital tissues, devitalized HC grafts have reduced efficiency of bone formation and longer remodeling times. We tested the hypothesis that freshly harvested stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from human adipose tissue-which include mesenchymal, endothelial, and osteoclastic progenitors-enhance devitalized HC remodeling into bone tissue. Human SVF cells isolated from abdominal lipoaspirates were characterized cytofluorimetrically. HC pellets, previously generated by human bone marrow-derived stromal cells and devitalized by freeze/thaw, were embedded in fibrin gel with or without different amounts of SVF cells and implanted either ectopically in nude mice or in 4-mm-diameter calvarial defects in nude rats. In the ectopic model, SVF cells added to devitalized HC directly contributed to endothelial, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic populations. After 12 weeks, the extent of graft vascularization and amount of bone formation increased in a cell-number-dependent fashion (up to, respectively, 2.0-fold and 2.9-fold using 12 million cells per milliliter of gel). Mineralized tissue volume correlated with the number of implanted, SVF-derived endothelial cells (CD31+ CD34+ CD146+). In the calvarial model, SVF activation of HC using 12 million cells per milliliter of gel induced efficient merging among implanted pellets and strongly enhanced (7.3-fold) de novo bone tissue formation within the defects. Our findings outline a bone augmentation strategy based on off-the-shelf devitalized allogeneic HC, intraoperatively activated with autologous SVF cells. SIGNIFICANCE This study validates an innovative bone substitute material based on allogeneic hypertrophic cartilage that is engineered, devitalized, stored, and clinically used, together with autologous cells, intraoperatively derived from a lipoaspirate. The strategy was tested using human cells in an ectopic model and an orthotopic implantation model, in immunocompromised animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas Todorov
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kreutz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Haumer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celeste Scotti
- Instituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Claude Jaquiery
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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85
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Articular cartilage repair: Current needs, methods and research directions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:67-77. [PMID: 27422331 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue whose remarkable properties of deformability, resistance to mechanical loading, and low-friction gliding are essential to joint function. Due to its role as a cushion in bone articulation, articular cartilage is subject to many types of damaging insults, including decades of wear and tear, and acute joint injuries. However, this built-for-life tissue has a very poor intrinsic ability in adulthood to durably heal defects created by damaging insults. Consequently, articular cartilage progressively deteriorates and is eventually eroded, exposing the subchondral bone to the joint space, triggering inflammation and osteophyte development, and generating severe pain and joint incapacitation. The disease is called osteoarthritis (OA) and is today the leading cause of pain and disability in the human population. Researchers and clinicians have worked for decades to develop strategies to treat OA and restore joint function, but they are still far from being able to offer patients effective preventive or restorative treatments. Novel ideas, knowledge and technologies that nurture hope for major new breakthroughs are therefore sought. In this review, we first outline the composition, structure, and functional properties of normal human adult articular cartilage, as a reference for tissue conservation and regenerative strategies. We then describe current options that have been used clinically and in pre-clinical trials to treat osteoarthritic patients, and we discuss the benefits and inadequacies of these treatment options. Next, we review research efforts that are currently ongoing to try and achieve durable repair of functional cartilage tissue. Methods include engineering of tissue implants and we discuss the needs and options for tissue scaffolds, cell sources, and growth and differentiation factors to generate de novo or repair bona fide articular cartilage.
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86
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McGuigan AP, Javaherian S. Tissue Patterning: Translating Design Principles from In Vivo to In Vitro. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:1-24. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-083115-032943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison P. McGuigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada;
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87
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Gerges I, Tamplenizza M, Lopa S, Recordati C, Martello F, Tocchio A, Ricotti L, Arrigoni C, Milani P, Moretti M, Lenardi C. Creep-resistant dextran-based polyurethane foam as a candidate scaffold for bone tissue engineering: Synthesis, chemico-physical characterization, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1163565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Gerges
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
- Tensive s.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - M. Tamplenizza
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
- Tensive s.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - S. Lopa
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Recordati
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Martello
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
- Tensive s.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - A. Tocchio
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Campus IFOM-IEO, Milano, Italy
| | - L. Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - C. Arrigoni
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Milani
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland
- Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - C. Lenardi
- Fondazione Filarete per le Bioscienze e l’innovazione, Milan, Italy
- CIMAINA, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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88
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Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: From Cell-Based Therapies to Decellularised Engineered Extracellular Matrices. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9352598. [PMID: 26997959 PMCID: PMC4779529 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9352598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, autologous bone grafting represents the clinical gold standard in orthopaedic surgery. In certain cases, however, alternative techniques are required. The clinical utility of stem and stromal cells has been demonstrated for the repair and regeneration of craniomaxillofacial and long bone defects although clinical adoption of bone tissue engineering protocols has been very limited. Initial tissue engineering studies focused on the bone marrow as a source of cells for bone regeneration, and while a number of promising results continue to emerge, limitations to this technique have prompted the exploration of alternative cell sources, including adipose and muscle tissue. In this review paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cell sources with a focus on adipose tissue and the bone marrow. Additionally, we highlight the relatively recent paradigm of developmental engineering, which promotes the recapitulation of naturally occurring developmental processes to allow the implant to optimally respond to endogenous cues. Finally we examine efforts to apply lessons from studies into different cell sources and developmental approaches to stimulate bone growth by use of decellularised hypertrophic cartilage templates.
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89
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Bolander J, Chai YC, Geris L, Schrooten J, Lambrechts D, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP. Early BMP, Wnt and Ca(2+)/PKC pathway activation predicts the bone forming capacity of periosteal cells in combination with calcium phosphates. Biomaterials 2016; 86:106-18. [PMID: 26901484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of osteoinductive calcium phosphate- (CaP) based biomaterials has, and continues to be, a major focus in the field of bone tissue engineering. However, limited insight into the spatiotemporal activation of signalling pathways has hampered the optimisation of in vivo bone formation and subsequent clinical translation. To gain further knowledge regarding the early molecular events governing bone tissue formation, we combined human periosteum derived progenitor cells with three types of clinically used CaP-scaffolds, to obtain constructs with a distinct range of bone forming capacity in vivo. Protein phosphorylation together with gene expression for key ligands and target genes were investigated 24 hours after cell seeding in vitro, and 3 and 12 days post ectopic implantation in nude mice. A computational modelling approach was used to deduce critical factors for bone formation 8 weeks post implantation. The combined Ca(2+)-mediated activation of BMP-, Wnt- and PKC signalling pathways 3 days post implantation were able to discriminate the bone forming from the non-bone forming constructs. Subsequently, a mathematical model able to predict in vivo bone formation with 96% accuracy was developed. This study illustrates the importance of defining and understanding CaP-activated signalling pathways that are required and sufficient for in vivo bone formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the reliability of mathematical modelling as a tool to analyse and deduce key factors within an empirical data set and highlight its relevance to the translation of regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoke Chin Chai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liege, Chemin des Chevreuils 1, BAT 52/3, 4000 Liege 1, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, Bus 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Bus 2450, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dennis Lambrechts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N 1, Herestraat 49, Bus 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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90
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Scotti C, Tonnarelli B, Papadimitropoulos A, Piccinini E, Todorov A, Centola M, Barbero A, Martin I. Engineering Small-Scale and Scaffold-Based Bone Organs via Endochondral Ossification Using Adult Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1416:413-24. [PMID: 27236686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bone development, growth, and repair predominantly occur through the process of endochondral ossification, characterized by remodelling of cartilaginous templates. The same route efficiently supports engineering of bone marrow as a niche for hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Here we describe a combined in vitro/in vivo system based on bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSC) that duplicates the hallmark cellular and molecular events of endochondral ossification during development. The model requires MSC culture with instructive molecules to generate hypertrophic cartilage tissues. The resulting constructs complete the endochondral route upon in vivo implantation, in the timeframe of up to 12 weeks. The described protocol is clearly distinct from the direct ossification approach typically used to drive MSC towards osteogenesis. Recapitulation of endochondral ossification allows modelling of stromal-HSC interactions in physiology and pathology and allows engineering processes underlying bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Scotti
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Tonnarelli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Papadimitropoulos
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elia Piccinini
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Atanas Todorov
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Centola
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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91
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van Gastel N, Stegen S, Stockmans I, Moermans K, Schrooten J, Graf D, Luyten FP, Carmeliet G. Expansion of murine periosteal progenitor cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 reveals an intrinsic endochondral ossification program mediated by bone morphogenetic protein 2. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2407-18. [PMID: 24989687 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of the bone-forming potential of skeletal progenitor cells during their ex vivo expansion remains one of the major challenges for cell-based bone regeneration strategies. We report that expansion of murine periosteal cells in the presence of FGF2, a signal present during the early stages of fracture healing, is necessary and sufficient to maintain their ability to organize in vivo into a cartilage template which gives rise to mature bone. Implantation of FGF2-primed cells in a large bone defect in mice resulted in complete healing, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for bone tissue engineering purposes. Mechanistically, the enhanced endochondral ossification potential of FGF2-expanded periosteal cells is predominantly driven by an increased production of BMP2 and is additionally linked to an improved preservation of skeletal progenitor cells in the cultures. This characteristic is unique for periosteal cells, as FGF2-primed bone marrow stromal cells formed significantly less bone and progressed exclusively through the intramembranous pathway, revealing essential differences between both cell pools. Taken together, our findings provide insight in the molecular regulation of fracture repair by identifying a unique interaction between periosteal cells and FGF2. These insights may promote the development of cell-based therapeutic strategies for bone regeneration which are independent of the in vivo use of growth factors, thus limiting undesired side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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92
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Wang J, Tang N, Xiao Q, Zhao L, Li Y, Li J, Wang J, Zhao Z, Tan L. The Potential Application of Pulsed Ultrasound on Bone Defect Repair via Developmental Engineering: An In Vitro Study. Artif Organs 2015; 40:505-13. [PMID: 26526417 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Repairing bone defect by recapitulation of endochondral bone formation, known as developmental engineering, has been a promising approach in bone tissue engineering. The critical issue in this area is how to effectively construct the hypertrophic cartilaginous template in vitro and enhance in vivo endochondral ossification process after implantation. Pulsed ultrasound stimulation has been widely used in the clinic for accelerating bone healing in fractures and nonunions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ultrasound (US) could accelerate in vitro chondrogenesis and the hypertrophic process in certain microenvironments. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were chondrogenic or hypertrophic differentiated in a three-dimensional pellet culture system with different media, and treated with different intensities of US. US exposure promoted chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and inhibited their transition into the hypertrophic stage in a chondrogenic-friendly microenvironment. US significantly advanced hypertrophic differentiation of bone marrow stem cell pellets in hypertrophic medium after chondrogenesis. Our data indicated that pulsed US promoted in vitro chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of stem cell pellets in specific culture conditions. The present study proves the potential application of US in the in vitro stage of "developmental engineering" for bone development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Tang
- WestChina School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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93
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Millan C, Cavalli E, Groth T, Maniura-Weber K, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineered Microtissues Formed by Schiff Base Crosslinking Restore the Chondrogenic Potential of Aged Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1348-58. [PMID: 25866187 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A universal method for reproducibly directing stem cell differentiation remains a major challenge for clinical applications involving cell-based therapies. The standard approach for chondrogenic induction by micromass pellet culture is highly susceptible to interdonor variability. A novel method for the fabrication of condensation-like engineered microtissues (EMTs) that utilizes hydrophilic polysaccharides to induce cell aggregation is reported here. Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in EMTs is significantly enhanced compared to micromass pellets made by centrifugation measured by type II collagen gene expression, dimethylmethylene blue assay, and histology. MSCs from aged donors that fail to differentiate in pellet culture are successfully induced to synthesize cartilage-specific matrix in EMTs under identical media conditions. Furthermore, the EMT polysaccharides support the loading and release of the chondroinduction factor transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3). TGF-β-loaded EMTs (EMT(+TGF) ) facilitate cartilaginous tissue formation during culture in media not supplemented with the growth factor. The clinical potential of this approach is demonstrated in an explant defect model where EMT(+TGF) from aged MSCs synthesize de novo tissue containing sulfated glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Millan
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Emma Cavalli
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory; ETH Zürich; Otto-Stern-Weg 7 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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94
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Occhetta P, Centola M, Tonnarelli B, Redaelli A, Martin I, Rasponi M. High-Throughput Microfluidic Platform for 3D Cultures of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Towards Engineering Developmental Processes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10288. [PMID: 25983217 PMCID: PMC4650750 DOI: 10.1038/srep10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of in vitro models to screen the effect of different concentrations, combinations and temporal sequences of morpho-regulatory factors on stem/progenitor cells is crucial to investigate and possibly recapitulate developmental processes with adult cells. Here, we designed and validated a microfluidic platform to (i) allow cellular condensation, (ii) culture 3D micromasses of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) under continuous flow perfusion, and (ii) deliver defined concentrations of morphogens to specific culture units. Condensation of hBM-MSCs was obtained within 3 hours, generating micromasses in uniform sizes (56.2 ± 3.9 μm). As compared to traditional macromass pellet cultures, exposure to morphogens involved in the first phases of embryonic limb development (i.e. Wnt and FGF pathways) yielded more uniform cell response throughout the 3D structures of perfused micromasses (PMMs), and a 34-fold higher percentage of proliferating cells at day 7. The use of a logarithmic serial dilution generator allowed to identify an unexpected concentration of TGFβ3 (0.1 ng/ml) permissive to hBM-MSCs proliferation and inductive to chondrogenesis. This proof-of-principle study supports the described microfluidic system as a tool to investigate processes involved in mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiation, towards a 'developmental engineering' approach for skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Occhetta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Centola
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Tonnarelli
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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95
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Bhattacharjee M, Coburn J, Centola M, Murab S, Barbero A, Kaplan DL, Martin I, Ghosh S. Tissue engineering strategies to study cartilage development, degeneration and regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:107-22. [PMID: 25174307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering has primarily focused on the generation of grafts to repair cartilage defects due to traumatic injury and disease. However engineered cartilage tissues have also a strong scientific value as advanced 3D culture models. Here we first describe key aspects of embryonic chondrogenesis and possible cell sources/culture systems for in vitro cartilage generation. We then review how a tissue engineering approach has been and could be further exploited to investigate different aspects of cartilage development and degeneration. The generated knowledge is expected to inform new cartilage regeneration strategies, beyond a classical tissue engineering paradigm.
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96
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Stoddart MJ, Bara J, Alini M. Cells and secretome--towards endogenous cell re-activation for cartilage repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:135-45. [PMID: 25174306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches to cartilage tissue repair have mainly been concerned with the implantation of a scaffold material containing monolayer expanded cells into the defect, with the aim to differentiate the cells into chondrocytes. While this may be a valid approach, the secretome of the implanted cells and its effects on the endogenous resident cells, is gaining in interest. This review aims to summarize the knowledge on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells, including knowledge from other tissues, in order to indicate how these mechanisms may be of value in repairing articular cartilage defects. Potential therapies and their effects on the repair of articular cartilage defects will be discussed, with a focus on the transition from classical cell therapy to the implantation of cell free matrices releasing specific cytokines.
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97
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Leijten J, Chai Y, Papantoniou I, Geris L, Schrooten J, Luyten F. Cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products for bone repair: Keep it simple? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:30-44. [PMID: 25451134 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs) for bone repair has been expected to revolutionize the health care system for the clinical treatment of bone defects. Despite this great promise, the clinical outcomes of the few cell based ATMPs that have been translated into clinical treatments have been far from impressive. In part, the clinical outcomes have been hampered because of the simplicity of the first wave of products. In response the field has set-out and amassed a plethora of complexities to alleviate the simplicity induced limitations. Many of these potential second wave products have remained "stuck" in the development pipeline. This is due to a number of reasons including the lack of a regulatory framework that has been evolving in the last years and the shortage of enabling technologies for industrial manufacturing to deal with these novel complexities. In this review, we reflect on the current ATMPs and give special attention to novel approaches that are able to provide complexity to ATMPs in a straightforward manner. Moreover, we discuss the potential tools able to produce or predict 'goldilocks' ATMPs, which are neither too simple nor too complex.
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98
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Sheehy EJ, Mesallati T, Vinardell T, Kelly DJ. Engineering cartilage or endochondral bone: a comparison of different naturally derived hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:245-53. [PMID: 25463500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous tissues engineered using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to generate bone in vivo by executing an endochondral programme. This may hinder the use of MSCs for articular cartilage regeneration, but opens the possibility of using engineered cartilaginous tissues for large bone defect repair. Hydrogels may be an attractive tool in the scaling-up of such tissue engineered grafts for endochondral bone regeneration. In this study, we compared the capacity of different naturally derived hydrogels (alginate, chitosan and fibrin) to support chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of MSCs in vitro and endochondral ossification in vivo. In vitro, alginate and chitosan constructs accumulated the highest levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), with chitosan constructs synthesizing the highest levels of collagen. Alginate and fibrin constructs supported the greatest degree of calcium accumulation, though only fibrin constructs calcified homogeneously. In vivo, chitosan constructs facilitated neither vascularization nor endochondral ossification, and also retained the greatest amount of sGAG, suggesting it to be a more suitable material for the engineering of articular cartilage. Both alginate and fibrin constructs facilitated vascularization and endochondral bone formation as well as the development of a bone marrow environment. Alginate constructs accumulated significantly more mineral and supported greater bone formation in central regions of the engineered tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the capacity of chitosan hydrogels to promote and better maintain a chondrogenic phenotype in MSCs and highlights the potential of utilizing alginate hydrogels for MSC-based endochondral bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon J Sheehy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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99
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Ikonomou L, Kotton DN. Derivation of Endodermal Progenitors From Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:246-58. [PMID: 25160562 PMCID: PMC4344429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells play important roles in organogenesis during development and in tissue homeostasis and response to injury postnatally. As the regenerative capacity of many human tissues is limited, cell replacement therapies hold great promise for human disease management. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are prime candidates for the derivation of unlimited quantities of clinically relevant cell types through development of directed differentiation protocols, that is, the recapitulation of developmental milestones in in vitro cell culture. Tissue-specific progenitors, including progenitors of endodermal origin, are important intermediates in such protocols since they give rise to all mature parenchymal cells. In this review, we focus on the in vivo biology of embryonic endodermal progenitors in terms of key transcription factors and signaling pathways. We critically review the emerging literature aiming to apply this basic knowledge to achieve the efficient and reproducible in vitro derivation of endodermal progenitors such as pancreas, liver and lung precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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100
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Gómez-Barrena E, Rosset P, Lozano D, Stanovici J, Ermthaller C, Gerbhard F. Bone fracture healing: cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions. Bone 2015; 70:93-101. [PMID: 25093266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing impairment related to mechanical problems has been largely corrected by advances in fracture management. Better protocols, more strict controls of time and function, and hardware and surgical technique evolution have contributed to better prognosis, even in complex fractures. However, atrophic nonunion persists in clinical cases where, for different reasons, the osteogenic capability is impaired. When this is the case, a better understanding of the basic mechanisms under bone repair and augmentation techniques may put in perspective the current possibilities and future opportunities. Among those, cell therapy particularly aims to correct this insufficient osteogenesis. However, the launching of safe and efficacious cell therapies still requires substantial amount of research, especially clinical trials. This review will envisage the current clinical trials on bone healing augmentation based on cell therapy, with the experience provided by the REBORNE Project, and the insight from investigator-driven clinical trials on advanced therapies towards the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Stem Cells and Bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gómez-Barrena
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Philippe Rosset
- Service of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, CHU Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France; Inserm U957, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives (LPRO), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Metabolic Bone Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria FJD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Stanovici
- Service of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, CHU Tours, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PRES Centre-Val de Loire Université, Tours, France; Inserm U957, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives (LPRO), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Christian Ermthaller
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie-, Hand-, Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Zentrum für Chirurgie Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gerbhard
- Klinik für Unfallchirurgie-, Hand-, Plastische und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Zentrum für Chirurgie Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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