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Hu M, Chu WCW, Yamashita S, Yeung DKW, Shi L, Wang D, Masuda D, Yang Y, Tomlinson B. Liver fat reduction with niacin is influenced by DGAT-2 polymorphisms in hypertriglyceridemic patients. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:802-9. [PMID: 22315393 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p023614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Niacin reduces plasma triglycerides, but it may increase free fatty acids and insulin resistance during long-term treatment. We examined the effect of extended-release niacin on liver fat content in Chinese patients with dyslipidemia and whether the common diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2) polymorphisms influenced this effect. The 39 patients (baseline liver fat content: 12.8 ± 7.6%, triglycerides: 3.30 ± 1.67 mmol/l) were treated with niacin, gradually increasing the dose to 2 g/day for a total of 23 weeks. The liver fat content and visceral/subcutaneous fat was measured before and after treatment. Subjects were genotyped for the DGAT2 rs3060 and rs101899116 polymorphisms. There were significant (P < 0.001) reductions in plasma triglycerides (-34.9 ± 37.6%), liver fat content (-47.2 ± 32.8%), and visceral fat (-6.3 ± 15.8%, P < 0.05) after niacin treatment. Mean body weight decreased by 1.46 ± 2.7% (1.17 ± 2.44 kg, P < 0.001) during the study, but liver fat changes remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, and body weight changes [mean absolute change (95% CI): -6.1% (-8.0, -4.3), P < 0.001]. The DGAT2 variant alleles were associated with a smaller reduction in liver fat content in response to niacin after adjustment for other covariates (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that niacin treatment may reduce liver fat content in Chinese patients with dyslipidemia and that the mechanism may involve inhibition of DGAT2. However, the findings might have been confounded by the small but significant reductions in body weight during the study. Future large randomized controlled trials are needed to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Therapeutics and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Slivkoff-Clark KM, James AP, Mamo JC. The chronic effects of fish oil with exercise on postprandial lipaemia and chylomicron homeostasis in insulin resistant viscerally obese men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:9. [PMID: 22314022 PMCID: PMC3296659 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with a postprandial accumulation of atherogenic chylomicron remnants that is difficult to modulate with lipid-lowering therapies. Dietary fish oil and exercise are cardioprotective interventions that can significantly modify the metabolism of TAG-rich lipoproteins. In this study, we investigated whether chronic exercise and fish oil act in combination to affect chylomicron metabolism in obese men with moderate insulin resistance. Methods The single blind study tested the effect of fish oil, exercise and the combined treatments on fasting and postprandial chylomicron metabolism. Twenty nine men with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to take fish oil or placebo for four weeks, before undertaking an additional 12 week walking program. At baseline and at the end of each treatment, subjects were tested for concentrations of fasting apo B48, plasma lipids and insulin. Postprandial apo B48 and TAG kinetics were also determined following ingestion of a fat enriched meal. Results Combining fish oil and exercise resulted in a significant reduction in the fasting apo B48 concentration, concomitant with attenuation of fasting TAG concentrations and the postprandial TAGIAUC response (p < 0.05). Fish oil by itself reduced the postprandial TAG response (p < 0.05) but not postprandial apo B48 kinetics. Individual treatments of fish oil and exercise did not correspond with improvements in fasting plasma TAG and apo B48. Conclusion Fish oil was shown to independently improve plasma TAG homeostasis but did not resolve hyper-chylomicronaemia. Instead, combining fish oil with chronic exercise reduced the plasma concentration of pro-atherogenic chylomicron remnants; in addition it reduced the fasting and postprandial TAG response in viscerally obese insulin resistant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Slivkoff-Clark
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and the Australian Technology Network, Centre for Metabolic Fitness, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, Kent St, Perth 6102, Australia.
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Underbakke G, McBride PE. Dyslipidemias. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Murugesan R, Orsat V. Spray Drying for the Production of Nutraceutical Ingredients—A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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HENNA LU F, NORZIAH M. CONTRIBUTION OF MICROENCAPSULATED N-3 PUFA POWDER TOWARD SENSORY AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF BREAD. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2010.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pilot, Prospective, Randomized, Double-masked, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of an Omega-3 Supplement for Dry Eye. Cornea 2011; 30:308-14. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181f22e03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Machado RV, Mauricio AF, Taniguti APT, Ferretti R, Neto HS, Marques MJ. Eicosapentaenoic acid decreases TNF-α and protects dystrophic muscles of mdx mice from degeneration. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 232:145-50. [PMID: 21131061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In dystrophin-deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, inflammation and increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) contribute to myonecrosis. We examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on dystrophic muscle degeneration. Mdx mice (14 days old) received EPA for 16 days. The sternomastoid, diaphragm and biceps brachii muscles were removed. Control mdx mice received vehicle. EPA decreased creatine kinase and myonecrosis and reduced the levels of TNF-α. These results suggest that EPA plays a protective role in dystrophic muscle degeneration, possibly by reducing TNF-α, and support further investigations of EPA as a potential therapy for dystrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ventura Machado
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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Kolanowski W. Omega-3 LC PUFA Contents and Oxidative Stability of Encapsulated Fish Oil Dietary Supplements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910802652222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wei C, Hua J, Bin C, Klassen K. Impact of lipid emulsion containing fish oil on outcomes of surgical patients: systematic review of randomized controlled trials from Europe and Asia. Nutrition 2010; 26:474-81. [PMID: 20116213 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the clinical efficacy of lipid emulsion containing fish oil in surgical patients. METHODS Medline, SCI, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedicine Database were searched for studies published before January 1, 2009 that were randomized controlled trials for postoperative patients. Parenteral nutrition with or without fish oil emulsion was the only difference between the intervention and control groups. Methodologic quality assessment was based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.1 and Jadad's score scale. RevMan 5.0 statistical software was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS Six trials met all inclusion criteria and were enrolled for final meta-analysis. The aggregated results of the trails showed that fish oil was associated with no mortality advantage. There was a significant reduction in infectious complications in patients receiving fish oil (relative risk 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.93, P=0.03). The result on length of hospital stay showed a trend of shortening by 3.06 d associated with receiving fish oil. However, the difference was not significant. When excluding one obviously heterogeneous study and aggregating the other three remaining studies, results showed significantly shortening of length of hospital stay associated with receiving fish oil. Fish oil also significantly shortened length of stay in the intensive care unit by 2.07 d. CONCLUSION The administration of lipid emulsion containing fish oil to patients undergoing elective major operations improves outcomes. The infectious complications are significantly fewer and length of hospitalization significantly shortened for patients treated with lipid emulsion containing fish oil. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of lipid emulsion containing fish oil to postoperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Department of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Olano-Martin E, Anil E, Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Bedford D, Stewart G, Peiris D, Williams CM, Minihane AM. Contribution of apolipoprotein E genotype and docosahexaenoic acid to the LDL-cholesterol response to fish oil. Atherosclerosis 2009; 209:104-10. [PMID: 19748619 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype on the response of the plasma lipoprotein profile to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) versus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intervention in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS 38 healthy normolipidaemic males, prospectively recruited on the basis of apoE genotype (n=20 E3/E3 and n=18 E3/E4), completed a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial, consisting of 3 x 4 week intervention arms of either control oil, EPA-rich oil (ERO, 3.3g EPA/day) or DHA-rich oil (DRO, 3.7g DHA/day) in random order, separated by 10 week wash-out periods. A significant genotype-independent 28% and 19% reduction in plasma triglycerides in response to ERO and DRO was observed. For total cholesterol (TC), no significant treatment effects were evident; however a significant genotype by treatment interaction emerged (P=0.045), with a differential response to ERO and DRO in E4 carriers. Although the genotype x treatment interaction for LDL-cholesterol (P=0.089) did not reach significance, within DRO treatment analysis indicated a 10% increase in LDL (P=0.029) in E4 carriers with a non-significant 4% reduction in E3/E3 individuals. A genotype-independent increase in LDL mass was observed following DRO intervention (P=0.018). Competitive uptake studies in HepG2 cells using plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the human trial, indicated that following DRO treatment, VLDL(2) fractions obtained from E3/E4 individuals resulted in a significant 32% (P=0.002) reduction in LDL uptake relative to the control. CONCLUSIONS High dose DHA supplementation is associated with increases in total cholesterol in E4 carriers, which appears to be due to an increase in LDL-C and may in part negate the cardioprotective action of DHA in this population subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Olano-Martin
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, School of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Fish, mercury, selenium and cardiovascular risk: current evidence and unanswered questions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:1894-916. [PMID: 19578467 PMCID: PMC2705224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6061894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controversy has arisen among the public and in the media regarding the health effects of fish intake in adults. Substantial evidence indicates that fish consumption reduces coronary heart disease mortality, the leading cause of death in developed and most developing nations. Conversely, concerns have grown regarding potential effects of exposure to mercury found in some fish. Seafood species are also rich in selenium, an essential trace element that may protect against both cardiovascular disease and toxic effects of mercury. Such protective effects would have direct implications for recommendations regarding optimal selenium intake and for assessing the potential impact of mercury exposure from fish intake in different populations. Because fish consumption appears to have important health benefits in adults, elucidating the relationships between fish intake, mercury and selenium exposure, and health risk is of considerable scientific and public health relevance. The evidence for health effects of fish consumption in adults is reviewed, focusing on the strength and consistency of evidence and relative magnitudes of effects of omega-3 fatty acids, mercury, and selenium. Given the preponderance of evidence, the focus is on cardiovascular effects, but other potential health effects, as well as potential effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in fish, are also briefly reviewed. The relevant current unanswered questions and directions of further research are summarized.
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Pieniak Z, Verbeke W, Brunsø K, Scholderer J, Olsen S. Comparison between Polish and Western European fish consumers in their attitudinal and behavioural patterns. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.38.2009.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sahena F, Zaidul I, Jinap S, Saari N, Jahurul H, Abbas K, Norulaini N. PUFAs in Fish: Extraction, Fractionation, Importance in Health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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S. Tawfik M. Proximate Composition and Fatty Acids Profiles in Most Common Available Fish Species in Saudi Market. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcn.2009.50.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pieniak Z, Verbeke W, Perez-Cueto F, Brunsø K, De Henauw S. Fish consumption and its motives in households with versus without self-reported medical history of CVD: a consumer survey from five European countries. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:306. [PMID: 18783593 PMCID: PMC2556335 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to explore the cross-cultural differences in the frequency of fish intake and in motivations for fish consumption between people from households with (CVD+) or without (CVD-) medical history of cardiovascular disease, using data obtained in five European countries. Methods A cross-sectional consumer survey was carried out in November-December 2004 with representative household samples from Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland and Spain. The sample consisted of 4,786 respondents, aged 18–84 and who were responsible for food purchasing and cooking in the household. Results Individuals from households in the CVD+ group consumed fish more frequently in Belgium and in Denmark as compared to those in the CVD- group. The consumption of fatty fish, which is the main sources of omega-3 PUFA associated with prevention of cardiovascular diseases, was on the same level for the two CVD groups in the majority of the countries, except in Belgium where CVD+ subjects reported to eat fatty fish significantly more frequently than CVD- subjects. All respondents perceived fish as a very healthy and nutritious food product. Only Danish consumers reported a higher subjective and objective knowledge related to nutrition issues about fish. In the other countries, objective knowledge about fish was on a low level, similar for CVD+ as for CVD- subjects, despite a higher claimed use of medical information sources about fish among CVD+ subjects. Conclusion Although a number of differences between CVD- and CVD+ subjects with respect to their frequency of fish intake are uncovered, the findings suggest that fish consumption traditions and habits – rather than a medical history of CVD – account for large differences between the countries, particularly in fatty fish consumption. This study exemplifies the need for nutrition education and more effective communication about fish, not only to the people facing chronic diseases, but also to the broader public. European consumers are convinced that eating fish is healthy, but particular emphasis should be made on communicating benefits especially from fatty fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Pieniak
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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69
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Childs S, Hennessy A, Sreenan J, Wathes D, Cheng Z, Stanton C, Diskin M, Kenny D. Effect of level of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on systemic and tissue fatty acid concentrations and on selected reproductive variables in cattle. Theriogenology 2008; 70:595-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Longstreth WT, Kuller LH, Mozaffarian D. Fish consumption and risk of subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults. Neurology 2008; 71:439-46. [PMID: 18678827 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324414.12665.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between fish consumption and subclinical brain abnormalities. METHODS In the population-based Cardiovascular Health Study, 3,660 participants age > or =65 underwent an MRI scan in 1992-1994. Five years later, 2,313 were scanned. Neuroradiologists assessed MRI scans in a standardized and blinded manner. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess dietary intakes. Participants with known cerebrovascular disease were excluded from the analyses. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple risk factors, the risk of having one or more prevalent subclinical infarcts was lower among those consuming tuna/other fish > or =3 times/week, compared to <1/month (relative risk 0.74, 95% CI = 0.54-1.01, p = 0.06, p trend = 0.03). Tuna/other fish consumption was also associated with trends toward lower incidence of subclinical infarcts. Additionally, tuna/other fish intake was associated with better white matter grade, but not with sulcal and ventricular grades, markers of brain atrophy. No significant associations were found between fried fish consumption and any subclinical brain abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults, modest consumption of tuna/other fish, but not fried fish, was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and white matter abnormalities on MRI examinations. Our results add to prior evidence that suggest that dietary intake of fish with higher eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content, and not fried fish intake, may have clinically important health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Virtanen
- University of Kuopio, School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Research Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Robinson LE, Buchholz AC, Mazurak VC. Inflammation, obesity, and fatty acid metabolism: influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors contributing to metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 32:1008-24. [PMID: 18059573 DOI: 10.1139/h07-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises an array of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Individuals with MetS are at elevated risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Central to the etiology of MetS is an interrelated triad comprising inflammation, abdominal obesity, and aberrations in fatty acid metabolism, coupled with the more recently recognized changes in metabolism during the postprandial period. We review herein preliminary evidence regarding the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating each of the components of the triad of adiposity, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism, with particular attention to the role of the postprandial period as a contributor to the pathophysiology of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Room 336-B Animal Science and Nutrition Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Raghu B, Venkatesan P. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood glucose, lipid profile and cytokines in humans: A pilot study. Indian J Clin Biochem 2008; 23:85-8. [PMID: 23105728 PMCID: PMC3453649 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-008-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood glucose, lipid profile and cytokines in humans. Twenty adult healthy subjects were supplemented with 1g/day fish oil concentrate capsules for 2 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and again after 2 week intervention. Fish oil supplementation significantly lowered fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein (P < 0.01). Also high density lipoprotein increased significantly compared with baseline value (P < 0.01). Fish oil did not significantly altere the fasting blood glucose concentration but significantly reduced the serum cytokines (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation altered serum lipids, lipoprotein and cytokine concentrations in normal human subjects even at the small dose of 660 mg of EPA plus DHA per day. It appears that EPA plus DHA can be a safe and perhaps beneficial supplement to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Raghu
- Faculty of Medicine, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, 00080 Sungai, Petani, Malaysia
| | - P. Venkatesan
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Tuberculosis Research Center, Chennai, 600031 India
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Abstract
The benefits of fish consumption have been known to be the prevention of certain heart disease, neurological disorders and a very important role in fetal brain development. However there has been, in the past, certain doubts on whether fish should be classified as a beneficial meat source as part of a pregnant woman's diet as it has been documented that fish contains harmful substances that could effect a child's cognitive and neuro development. Methylmercury (MeHg), in particular, has been singled out. As it turned-out, with the use of numerous literature reviews, MeHg is not as dangerous as we have been led to believe. It has been suggested that even during neonatal exposure to MeHg as a result of maternal fish consumption one can reverse the harmful effects of MeHg if, after birth, the child is exposed to a favorable environment and a nutritious diet. The role of antioxidants is also important as they can help in reducing the harmful effects of MeHg if administered in sufficient amounts during pregnancy. There are also many fish types that should be avoided during pregnancy, particularly predatory and dark-meat fish as they are associated with high amounts of MeHg. This review shows that the benefits of maternal fish consumption during pregnancy can outweigh the harmful effects of neonatal MeHg exposure.
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PARK YEONHWA, ALBRIGHT KARENJ, STORKSON JAYNEM, LIU WEI, PARK YOOHEON, PARIZA MICHAELW. INFLUENCE OF STEARIDONIC ACID ON LIPOPROTEIN SECRETION AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN HEPG2 CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Beyond the Mediterranean Diet: The Role of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 6:136-46. [PMID: 15319583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1520-037x.2003.1332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiologic and clinical secondary prevention trials suggest that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may have a significant role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs include fish oils, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, along with plants rich in a-linolenic acid. Randomized secondary prevention clinical trials with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and a-linolenic acid have demonstrated reductions in risk that compare favorably to those seen in landmark secondary prevention trials with lipid-lowering drugs. Several mechanisms explaining the cardioprotective effect of the n-3 PUFA have been suggested including antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic roles. Although official US guidelines for the dietary intake of n-3 PUFA are not available, several international guidelines have been published. Fish is an important source of the n-3 PUFA in the US diet; however, vegetable sources including grains and oils offer an alternative source for those who are unable to regularly consume fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Harper
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Shaw LA, McClements DJ, Decker EA. Spray-dried multilayered emulsions as a delivery method for omega-3 fatty acids into food systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3112-9. [PMID: 17371041 DOI: 10.1021/jf063068s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion can be produced with electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition technologies to have cationic, thick multilayer interfacial membranes that are effective at inhibiting the oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids. This study investigated the stability of spray-dried multilayer emulsion upon reconstitution into an aqueous system. The primary (lecithin) and multilayered secondary emulsions (lecithin and chitosan) were spray-dried with corn syrup solids (1-20 wt %). The lecithin-chitosan multilayer interfacial membrane remained intact on the emulsion droplets upon reconstitution into an aqueous system. Reconstituted secondary (lecithin-chitosan) emulsions were more oxidatively stable than reconstituted primary (lecithin) emulsions. A minimum of 5 wt % corn syrup solids was needed to microencapsulate the secondary emulsion droplets. Maximum oxidative stability of both the powder and the reconstituted secondary emulsions was observed in samples with 5% and 20% corn syrup solids. Addition of EDTA (25 microM) inhibited oxidation of reconstituted primary and secondary emulsions. These studies suggest that a microencapsulated multilayered emulsion system could be used as a delivery system for omega-3 fatty acids in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Shaw
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Beydoun MA, Kaufman JS, Satia JA, Rosamond W, Folsom AR. Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1103-11. [PMID: 17413112 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma fatty acids may affect the risk of cognitive decline in older adults. OBJECTIVES We prospectively studied the association between plasma fatty acids and cognitive decline in adults aged 50-65 y at baseline and conducted a subgroup analysis. DESIGN From 1987 through 1989, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study analyzed plasma fatty acids in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids in whites residing in Minneapolis, MN. From 1990 through 1992 and from 1996 through 1998, 3 neuropsychological tests in the domains of delayed word recall, psychomotor speed, and verbal fluency were administered. We selected cutoffs for statistically reliable cognitive decline in each of these domains and a measure of global cognitive change computed by principal-components analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted. Focusing on n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), a subgroup analysis assessed differential association across potential effect modifiers implicated in oxidative stress and increased risk of neurodegenerative disease. RESULTS In the 2251 study subjects, the risk of global cognitive decline increased with elevated palmitic acid in both fractions and with high arachidonic acid and low linoleic acid in cholesteryl esters. Higher n-3 HUFAs reduced the risk of decline in verbal fluency, particularly in hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects. No significant findings were shown for psychomotor speed or delayed word recall. CONCLUSIONS Promoting higher intakes of n-3 HUFAs in the diet of hypertensive and dyslipidemic persons may have substantial benefits in reducing their risk of cognitive decline in the area of verbal fluency. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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79
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Geppert J, Kraft V, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:779-86. [PMID: 16571158 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) lowering effects ofn−3 long-chain PUFA (n−3 LCPUFA) have been repeatedly demonstrated, but studies investigating the individual effects of EPA or DHA on plasma TG and lipoproteins in man are rare. The effects of a new DHA-rich, almost EPA-free microalgae oil (Ulkeniasp.) on plasma lipids and several safety parameters were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design intervention study. Normolipidaemic vegetarians (eighty-seven females, twenty-seven males) consumed daily microalgae oil (0·94g DHA/d) or olive oil (as placebo) for 8 weeks. DHA supplementation decreased plasma TG by 23% from 1·08 (sem 0·07) to 0·83 (sem 0·04) mmol/l (p<0·001). Absolute TG decreases after DHA supplementation were inversely correlated to baseline TG concentrations (r−0·627,p<0·001). Plasma total, LDL and HDL cholesterol increased significantly in the DHA group, resulting in lower TG:HDL cholesterol and unchanged LDL:HDL and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratios. The intake of DHA-rich microalgae oil did not result in any physiologically relevant changes of safety and haemostatic factors. In conclusion, DHA-rich oil from microalgaeUlkeniasp. was well tolerated and can be considered a suitable vegetarian source ofn−3 LCPUFA. Although DHA supplementation improved some CHD risk factors (plasma TG, TG:HDL cholesterol ratio), LDL cholesterol increased. Therefore, the overall effects of this intervention on CHD risk deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Geppert
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, D-80337 Munich, Germany
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80
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Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Lydersen S, Grill V. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipoprotein subclasses measured by nuclear magnetic resonance in subjects with type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:419-29. [PMID: 17327864 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure effects of fish oil supplements on lipoprotein subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in subjects with type II diabetes and relate them to insulin sensitivity. DESIGN Two-armed, parallel, placebo-controlled, randomized. SUBJECTS Normotriglyceridemic subjects with type II diabetes without insulin treatment were given either fish oil (n=12, median intake 5.9 g/day total n-3 fatty acids (FA) (1.8 g 20:5n-3, 3.0 g 22:6n-3)) or corn oil (n=14, 8.5 g/day 18:2n-6 FA). METHODS Size and concentration of lipoproteins subclasses were measured by NMR, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic, isoglycemic clamps. RESULTS After 9 weeks, there were differences between those treated with fish and corn oil with respect to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) size (median -15 vs +0.6%, P=0.001), particle concentrations of large VLDL (-99 vs -4.1%, P=0.041) and small high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (-12 vs +10%, P=0.051). Compared with corn oil fish oil tended to increase HDL size and small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration (P=0.063 and 0.068, respectively, for differences between groups). There was no effect on oxidized LDL. Insulin sensitivity (glucose utilization) decreased in the fish oil group compared with the corn oil group (P=0.049). The decrease in insulin sensitivity did not correlate with the effects on lipoprotein subclasses. CONCLUSIONS A high intake of n-3 FA exerts effects on several lipoprotein subclasses without obvious influence from changes in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Mostad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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81
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Underbakke G, McBride PE. Dyslipidemias. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Brufau G, Canela MA, Rafecas M. Phytosterols, but not pectin, added to a high-saturated-fat diet modify saturated fatty acid excretion in relation to chain length. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 18:580-6. [PMID: 17142034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this article was to study how the excretion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is modified after the consumption of a high-saturated-fat diet that was supplemented with phytosterol and pectin. We present the results of a longitudinal 4-week study on guinea pigs. Diets were supplemented with 0.33% of cholesterol and differed in the content of pectin (three levels) and of phytosterols (three levels). Seventy-two female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were randomly assigned to the treatment groups (8 animals/group). Addition of phytosterol resulted in a decrease of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) excretions and in an increase of arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) excretions. Palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids did not show a clear change after phytosterol supplementation. Addition of pectin resulted in a decreased excretion of all SFA, although this was not significant. These results suggest that phytosterols added to a high-saturated-fat diet enhance the absorption of the most atherogenic fatty acids (lauric and myristic) after 1 week of treatment, as compared with the high-saturated-fat diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Brufau
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science-CeRTA, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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83
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Philibert A, Vanier C, Abdelouahab N, Chan HM, Mergler D. Fish intake and serum fatty acid profiles from freshwater fish. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1299-307. [PMID: 17158409 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although high mercury concentrations in fish diets raise an alarm, fish can also be a healthy choice because it is the primary source of n-3 fatty acids (FAs). However, little information is available on the contribution of freshwater fish to serum FA concentrations. OBJECTIVE This study examined the FA pathway from fish to serum in 243 moderate consumers of freshwater fish. DESIGN A food-frequency questionnaire was used to determine the intakes of freshwater fish caught locally and not sold in markets and of fish purchased in markets (x +/- SD: 58 +/- 63 g/d). Locally caught freshwater fish accounted for an average of 45% of total fish intake. Fish were categorized as lean or fatty on the basis of the eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid content estimated from published data. Serum FA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS The results showed no relation between total fish intake or estimated n-3 FA intake from all fish and serum n-3 FA concentrations. Only fatty fish intake, particularly salmonid, and estimated EPA + DHA intake from fatty fish were significantly associated with serum EPA + DHA (R2 = 0.41 and 0.40, respectively). No relation was observed between the quantity of locally caught fish (g/d) consumed or the estimated FA intake from locally caught fish and serum n-3 FAs. Age, sex, and lipid metabolism medication were associated with serum n-3 FA concentrations. Neither blood selenium nor blood mercury was associated with serum FAs. CONCLUSION The relation between fatty fish consumption and serum n-3 FAs cannot be generalized to all fish intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Philibert
- CINBIOSE, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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84
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Abstract
There is an age related decline in various physiological processes. Vascular ageing is associated with changes in the mechanical and the structural properties of the vascular wall, which leads to the loss of arterial elasticity and reduced arterial compliance. Arterial compliance can be measured by different parameters like pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and systemic arterial compliance. There is evidence that arterial compliance is reduced in disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, and end stage renal failure. Changes in arterial compliance can be present before the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures have been shown to improve arterial compliance. Arterial compliance may constitute an early cardiovascular risk marker and may be useful in assessing the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system. Pharmacogenetics and genetics of arterial compliance in the future will improve our knowledge and understanding about vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jani
- Section of Care of the Elderly, Imperial College, London, UK.
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85
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Kuller LH, Kriska AM, Kinzel LS, Simkin-Silverman LR, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Johnson BD, Conroy MB. The clinical trial of Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study. Contemp Clin Trials 2006; 28:370-81. [PMID: 17113831 PMCID: PMC1941838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study is the first randomized clinical trial of nonpharmacological intervention designed to modify lipoproteins, weight loss and exercise among postmenopausal women using noninvasive measures of atherosclerosis as the primary endpoint. The trial was initially designed to test whether intervention as compared to health education would be more effective in slowing progression of subclinical atherosclerosis among women on hormone therapy (HT), estrogen or estrogen+progestin. It was designed and implemented prior to the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The trial was since modified to include women who had been on HT but went off after the results of the WHI were reported. Eligible women were between the ages of 52-62, had waist circumference>or=80 cm, low density lipoprotein cholesterol between 100-160 mg% and controlled blood pressure. The intervention is low in total and saturated fat, trans fats, higher in fiber and promotes loss of 7-10% of body weight and includes at least 150 min of physical activity per week. The study has recruited 508 women. The primary endpoints are change in extent of carotid intima-media wall thickness as measured by carotid ultrasound, pulse wave velocity as a measure of vascular stiffness and coronary artery calcium using electron beam computed tomography. Body composition is measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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86
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Williams MA, Frederick IO, Qiu C, Meryman LJ, King IB, Walsh SW, Sorensen TK. Maternal erythrocyte omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and plasma lipid concentrations, are associated with habitual dietary fish consumption in early pregnancy. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:1063-70. [PMID: 17069784 PMCID: PMC2074886 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between selected maternal erythrocyte omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and plasma lipids in early pregnancy and reported habitual fish consumption during the periconceptional period. DESIGN AND METHODS This cohort study included 923 pregnant women who reported periconceptional dietary habits and provided a blood sample before 20 weeks of gestation. PUFA was determined by gas chromatography and plasma lipids by standard enzymatic methods. Differences in erythrocyte PUFA and plasma lipid concentrations were estimated using linear regression. RESULTS Mean erythrocyte eicosapentanoic acid and other PUFA content (%/total) were positively associated with frequency of self-reported fish consumption. Arachidonic acid was inversely related with frequent fish consumption (p trend <0.001). Women who consumed fish >twice/week had lower plasma triglyceride (-11.5 mg/dl) and higher HDL-cholesterol (+2.8 mg/dl) concentrations than women consuming fish <once/week. CONCLUSIONS These results support findings of inverse relation between fish consumption and preeclampsia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Williams
- Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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87
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Benito P, Caballero J, Moreno J, Gutiérrez-Alcántara C, Muñoz C, Rojo G, Garcia S, Soriguer FC. Effects of milk enriched with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:581-7. [PMID: 16701922 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) have increased cardiovascular risk factors. Dietary modifications mainly polyunsatturated fatty acids intake, can improve them. The present study was performed to assess the effects of enriched milk with omega-3 and oleic fatty acids, folic acid and vitamin E, in these patients. METHODS We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled and open clinical trial, among 72 patients with MS for 3 months. Thirty-six of them consumed 500 cm(3) per day of semi-skimmed milk (control group), and the others consumed 500 cm(3) per day of enriched milk (test group). Daily supplements in this group were 5.7 g of oleic acid, 0.2g of omega-3 fatty acid, 150 microg of folic acid and 7.5mg of vitamin E. Serum for total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerol, Apo B, glucose, insulin, hs-CRP, homocysteine and fatty acids contents in serum phospholipids, was obtained at the beginning and at the end of the study. LDL cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald formula. RESULTS Four patients in the test group, and two in the control group dropped out. In the test group a decrease in serum total cholesterol (-6.2%, P=0.006), LDL cholesterol (-7.5%, P=0.032), triglycerol (-13.3%, P=0.016), Apo B (-5.7%, P=0.036), glucose (-5.3%, P=0.013), and homocysteine (-9.5%, P=0.00) was observed. Any of these parameters changed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with 500 cm(3) of enriched milk with omega-3 fatty acid, oleic acid and folic acid, reduces serum tryglicerides, total and LDL cholesterol, Apo B, glucose and homocysteine in patients with MS. This milk is well tolerated and accepted by the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Benito
- Department of Endocrinology, Reina Sofía Hospital, Córdoba University, Spain.
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88
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Jonkers IJAM, Smelt AHM, Princen HMG, Kuipers F, Romijn JA, Boverhof R, Masclee AAM, Stellaard F. Fish oil increases bile acid synthesis in male patients with hypertriglyceridemia. J Nutr 2006; 136:987-91. [PMID: 16549462 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrates are drugs of choice in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), but may increase the risk for gallstones by decreasing bile acid synthesis. Fish oil might be a therapeutic alternative, but its effect on bile acid metabolism in humans is unknown. We compared the effects of triglyceride-lowering therapy by fish oil or bezafibrate on cholesterol synthesis and bile acid metabolism in HTG. Cholesterol synthesis, bile acid pool sizes, and synthesis rates were compared between 9 male HTG patients and 10 normolipidemic controls matched for age, sex, and BMI. Effects of bezafibrate or fish oil were studied only in HTG patients in a randomized crossover trial. Patients had 14-fold higher serum triglyceride concentrations and greater cholesterol synthesis, as indicated by a 107% higher ratio of serum lathosterol to cholesterol (P < 0.01) than controls. The groups did not differ in bile acid metabolism. Both bezafibrate and fish oil reduced serum TG concentration (-68 and -51% vs. baseline, respectively). Compared with baseline, bezafibrate therapy was associated with reduced cholesterol synthesis (-25%, P = 0.009) without changes in bile acid synthesis rate and pool size. In contrast, fish oil increased bile acid synthesis (+31% vs. baseline, P = 0.07 and +53% vs. bezafibrate, P = 0.02) and altered bile acid distribution, as reflected by an increased ratio of the cholic acid (CA) synthesis rate to the chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) synthesis rate (+35% vs baseline, P = 0.05 and + 32% vs bezafibrate, P = 0.07) without effects on bile acid pool size or cholesterol synthesis. In conclusion, cholesterol synthesis is greater in HTG patients than in controls, whereas bile acid synthesis does not differ. Bezafibrate and fish oil have similar triglyceride-lowering capacities, but distinct effects on cholesterol synthesis. Bile acid synthesis is increased by fish oil, but not by bezafibrate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J A M Jonkers
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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89
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Bastida S, García-Linares MC, Viejo J, García-Arias MT, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Effect of Olive Oil-Fried Sardine Consumption on Cholesterol Content in the Serum, Lipoproteins, Spleen and Adipose Tissue of Hypercholesterolemic Rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2006; 50:54-8. [PMID: 16276077 DOI: 10.1159/000089566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The information about the effect of fried-oily fish consumption on cholesterol metabolism is rather scarce. AIM To test the effect of olive oil-fried sardine consumption on cholesterol content in the serum, lipoproteins, spleen and adipose tissue of hypercholesterolemic rats. METHODS Hypercholesterolemia was induced for 3 weeks by a casein + olive diet containing cholesterol and bovine bile (COC). Rats were later switched for 2 weeks to diets containing casein + olive oil (CO), olive oil-fried sardines (S), and olive oil-fried sardines-cholesterol-bovine bile (SC) while one rat group continued on the COC diet. Cholesterol was determined in serum, lipoproteins, adipose tissue and spleen. RESULTS The SC diet markedly blocked the hypercholesterolemic induction of the cholesterol-raising agents. Dietary cholesterol withdrawal decreased serum cholesterol levels, with the S diet inducing the highest decrease in serum and VLDL + LDL-cholesterol levels. Cholesterol withdrawal decreased spleen total cholesterol content and weight but the S diet was unable to reduce spleen cholesterol content (micromol/g) more than CO diet. Adipose tissue of S rats displayed the lowest cholesterol values. Cholesterol (mmol/g) of adipose tissue correlated very significantly with total serum cholesterol (r = 0.9225, p < 0.0001) and VLDL + LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.9313, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol in adipose tissue was very sensitive to variations in plasma cholesterol. Consumption of fried sardines interacts with cholesterol withdrawal, accelerating serum cholesterol normalization and reduction of cholesterol levels in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bastida
- Instituto del Frío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
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90
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Eid HMA, Arnesen H, Hjerkinn EM, Lyberg T, Ellingsen I, Seljeflot I. Effect of diet and omega-3 fatty acid intervention on asymmetric dimethylarginine. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006; 3:4. [PMID: 16396682 PMCID: PMC1343562 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Impaired vasodilatation has been suggested to be caused by inhibition of nitric oxide generation by the recently described asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). In the present study we wanted to explore whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation and/or diet intervention have beneficial influence on endothelial function assessed as plasma levels of ADMA and L-arginine. METHODS A male population (n = 563, age 70 +/- 6 yrs) with long-standing hyperlipidemia, characterized as high risk individuals in 1970-72, was included, randomly allocated to receive placebo n-3 PUFA capsules (corn oil) and no dietary advice (control group), dietary advice (Mediterranean type), n-3 PUFA capsules, or dietary advice and n-3 PUFA combined and followed for 3 years. Fasting blood samples were drawn at baseline and the end of the study. RESULTS Compliance with both intervention regimens were demonstrated by changes in serum fatty acids and by recordings from a food frequency questionnaire. No influence of either regimens on ADMA levels were obtained. However, n-3 PUFA supplementation was accompanied by a significant increase in L-arginine levels, different from the decrease observed in the placebo group (p < 0.05). In individuals with low body mass index (<26 kg/m2), the decrease in L-arginine on placebo was strengthened (p = 0.01), and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio was also significantly reduced (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION In this rather large randomized intervention study, ADMA levels were not influenced by n-3 PUFA supplementation or dietary counselling. n-3 PUFA did, however, counteract the age-related reduction in L-arginine seen on placebo, especially in lean individuals, which might be discussed as an improvement of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde MA Eid
- Center for Clinical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa M Hjerkinn
- Center for Clinical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- Center for Clinical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Ellingsen
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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91
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Baldassarre D, Amato M, Eligini S, Barbieri SS, Mussoni L, Frigerio B, Kozàkovà M, Tremoli E, Sirtori CR, Colli S. Effect of n-3 fatty acids on carotid atherosclerosis and haemostasis in patients with combined hyperlipoproteinemia: a double-blind pilot study in primary prevention. Ann Med 2006; 38:367-75. [PMID: 16938806 DOI: 10.1080/07853890600852880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) either from natural sources or dietary supplementation is inversely associated with atherothrombosis. AIM A double-blind pilot study was designed to address the impact of n-3 PUFA on atherosclerosis, haemostasis and vascular status in patients with combined hyperlipoproteinemia. METHODS Carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT), texture of intima-media complex (T-IMC), lipids and platelet function were evaluated in 64 patients with combined hyperlipoproteinemia who received placebo or n-3 PUFA (6 g/day) for 2 years. C-IMT and T-IMC were assessed by B-mode ultrasound. Lipids and platelet function were determined by validated methods. RESULTS C-IMT increased in placebo, but not in n-3 PUFA group with respect to baseline. In contrast T-IMC decreased in n-3 PUFA, but not in placebo; in both cases, however, treatment effect did not reach statistical significance. A fall of triglycerides, concomitant to a rise of high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL and LDL), was observed in the active treated group. Platelet function was significantly reduced by n-3 PUFA. CONCLUSIONS Results show a favourable effectiveness of n-3 PUFA on IMT progression and T-IMC that deserves to be confirmed in larger studies. Despite the small sample size, the beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA on platelet function, triglycerides and HDL-C is clearly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Baldassarre
- E. Grossi Paoletti Center, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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92
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Lombardo YB, Chicco AG. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in rodents and humans. A review. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:1-13. [PMID: 16214332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For many years, clinical and animal studies on polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those from marine oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5,n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3), have reported the impact of their beneficial effects on both health and diseases. Among other things, they regulate lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune functions as well as insulin action. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are vital components of the phospholipids of membrane cells and serve as important mediators of the nuclear events governing the specific gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and adipogenesis. Besides, dietary n-3 PUFAs seem to play an important protecting role against the adverse symptoms of the Plurimetabolic syndrome. This review highlights some recent advances in the understanding of metabolic and molecular mechanisms concerning the effect of dietary PUFAs (fish oil) and focuses on the prevention and/or improvement of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose homeostasis, diabetes and obesity in experimental animal models, with some extension to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda B Lombardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
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93
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Manav M, Su J, Hughes K, Lee HP, Ong CN. Omega-3 fatty acids and selenium as coronary heart disease risk modifying factors in Asian Indian and Chinese males. Nutrition 2005; 20:967-73. [PMID: 15561485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asian Indian men are reported to have a higher incidence of coronary heart disease than men of other ethnic groups worldwide. Among the many hypotheses, one possible risk factor may be related to their dietary habits. This study estimated the plasma concentrations of fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, and selenium in Indians and Chinese of Singapore. METHODS The study population consisted of 145 Indian men and 147 Chinese men ages 26 to 79 y from a cross-sectional survey, the National University of Singapore Heart Study. RESULTS Our findings indicated that Indians had lower plasma concentrations of docosahexanoic acid (3.07% versus 3.54%, P < 0.001), alpha-linolenic acid (0.48% versus 0.57%, P < 0.001), and total omega-3 fatty acids (4.71% versus 5.27%, P < 0.001) than did the Chinese. Arachidonic acid was higher in Indians (4.83%) than in the Chinese (4.51%, P = 0.007). The ratio of omega-3 acid to omega-6 fatty acid was also lower in Indians (0.15) than in the Chinese (0.16, P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, but saturated fatty acids were higher in Indians (39.17%) than in the Chinese (38.28%, P < 0.001). Analysis of vitamins A, C, and E showed no significant differences between Indians (0.67, 5.72, and 13.04 mg/L, respectively) and Chinese (0.68, 6.48, and 12.71 mg/L, respectively); however, serum concentration of selenium in Indians (117.49 microg/L) was significantly lower than in the Chinese (126.72 microg/L, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results suggest that lower plasma concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids and selenium and higher concentrations of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in Indians may reflect lower intakes of marine foods and, as a consequence, higher susceptibility to coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Manav
- Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005; 24:87-138. [PMID: 15555528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we advance the hypothesis that omega-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) exhibit cytoprotective and cytotherapeutic actions contributing to a number of anti-angiogenic and neuroprotective mechanisms within the retina. omega-3 LCPUFAs may modulate metabolic processes and attenuate effects of environmental exposures that activate molecules implicated in pathogenesis of vasoproliferative and neurodegenerative retinal diseases. These processes and exposures include ischemia, chronic light exposure, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular signaling mechanisms, and aging. A number of bioactive molecules within the retina affect, and are effected by such conditions. These molecules operate within complex systems and include compounds classified as eicosanoids, angiogenic factors, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, cyclic nucleotides, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines, and inflammatory phospholipids. We discuss the relationship of LCPUFAs with these bioactivators and bioactive compounds in the context of three blinding retinal diseases of public health significance that exhibit both vascular and neural pathology. How is omega-3 LCPUFA status related to retinal structure and function? Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major dietary omega-3 LCPUFA, is also a major structural lipid of retinal photoreceptor outer segment membranes. Biophysical and biochemical properties of DHA may affect photoreceptor membrane function by altering permeability, fluidity, thickness, and lipid phase properties. Tissue DHA status affects retinal cell signaling mechanisms involved in phototransduction. DHA may operate in signaling cascades to enhance activation of membrane-bound retinal proteins and may also be involved in rhodopsin regeneration. Tissue DHA insufficiency is associated with alterations in retinal function. Visual processing deficits have been ameliorated with DHA supplementation in some cases. What evidence exists to suggest that LCPUFAs modulate factors and processes implicated in diseases of the vascular and neural retina? Tissue status of LCPUFAs is modifiable by and dependent upon dietary intake. Certain LCPUFAs are selectively accreted and efficiently conserved within the neural retina. On the most basic level, omega-3 LCPUFAs influence retinal cell gene expression, cellular differentiation, and cellular survival. DHA activates a number of nuclear hormone receptors that operate as transcription factors for molecules that modulate reduction-oxidation-sensitive and proinflammatory genes; these include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) and the retinoid X receptor. In the case of PPAR-alpha, this action is thought to prevent endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular remodeling through inhibition of: vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inducible nitric oxide synthase production, interleukin-1 induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production, and thrombin-induced endothelin 1 production. Research on model systems demonstrates that omega-3 LCPUFAs also have the capacity to affect production and activation of angiogenic growth factors, arachidonic acid (AA)-based vasoregulatory eicosanoids, and MMPs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a substrate for DHA, is the parent fatty acid for a family of eicosanoids that have the potential to affect AA-derived eicosanoids implicated in abnormal retinal neovascularization, vascular permeability, and inflammation. EPA depresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific tyrosine kinase receptor activation and expression. VEGF plays an essential role in induction of: endothelial cell migration and proliferation, microvascular permeability, endothelial cell release of metalloproteinases and interstitial collagenases, and endothelial cell tube formation. The mechanism of VEGF receptor down-regulation is believed to occur at the tyrosine kinase nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB). NFkappaB is a nuclear transcription factor that up-regulates COX-2 expression, intracellular adhesion molecule, thrombin, and nitric oxide synthase. All four factors are associated with vascular instability. COX-2 drives conversion of AA to a number angiogenic and proinflammatory eicosanoids. Our general conclusion is that there is consistent evidence to suggest that omega-3 LCPUFAs may act in a protective role against ischemia-, light-, oxygen-, inflammatory-, and age-associated pathology of the vascular and neural retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul SanGiovanni
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Insitute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Building 31, Room 6A52, MSC 2510, Bethesda, MD 20892-2510, USA.
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Mozaffarian D, Longstreth WT, Lemaitre RN, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Siscovick DS. Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 165:200-6. [PMID: 15668367 PMCID: PMC1201399 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between fish consumption and stroke risk have been inconsistent, possibly because of the differences in types of fish meals consumed. Additionally, such relationships have not been specifically evaluated in the elderly, in whom disease burden may be high and diet less influential. METHODS Among 4775 adults 65 years or older (range, 65-98 years) and free of known cerebrovascular disease at baseline in 1989-1990, usual dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. In a subset, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish, but not fried fish or fish sandwiches (fish burgers), correlated with plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 fatty acid levels. Incident strokes were prospectively ascertained. RESULTS During 12 years of follow-up, participants experienced 626 incident strokes, including 529 ischemic strokes. In multivariate analyses, tuna/other fish consumption was inversely associated with total stroke (P = .04) and ischemic stroke (P = .02), with 27% lower risk of ischemic stroke with an intake of 1 to 4 times per week (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.98) and 30% lower risk with intake of 5 or more times per week (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.99) compared with an intake of less than once per month. In contrast, fried fish/fish sandwich consumption was positively associated with total stroke (P = .006) and ischemic stroke (P = .003), with a 44% higher risk of ischemic stroke with consumption of more than once per week (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.85) compared with consumption of less than once per month. Fish consumption was not associated with hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Among elderly individuals, consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish is associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke, while intake of fried fish or fish sandwiches is associated with higher risk. These results suggest that fish consumption may influence stroke risk late in life; potential mechanisms and alternate explanations warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Woodman RJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Mechanisms, Significance and Treatment of Vascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 2005; 65:31-74. [PMID: 15610050 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200565010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness occur early in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy. They are both powerful independent predictors of cardiovascular risk. Advances in non-invasive methodologies have led to widespread clinical investigation of these abnormalities in diabetes mellitus, generating a wealth of new knowledge concerning the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction, risk factor associations and potential treatment targets. Endothelial dysfunction primarily reflects decreased availability of nitric oxide (NO), a critical endothelium-derived vasoactive factor with vasodilatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Techniques for assessing endothelial dysfunction include ultrasonographic measurement of flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and plethysmography measurement of forearm blood flow responses to vasoactive agents. Arterial stiffness may be assessed using pulse wave analysis to generate measures of pulse wave velocity, arterial compliance and wave reflection. The pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is multifactorial, with principal contributors being oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. Elevated blood glucose levels drive production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) via multiple pathways, resulting in uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity, reducing NO availability and generating further ROS. Hyperglycaemia also contributes to accelerated arterial stiffening by increasing formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which alter vessel wall structure and function. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterised by accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased postprandial free fatty acid flux. These lipid abnormalities contribute to increasing oxidative stress and may directly inhibit eNOS activity. Although lipid-regulating agents such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), fibric acid derivatives (fibrates) and fish oils are used to treat diabetic dyslipidaemia, their impact on vascular function is less clear. Studies in type 2 diabetes have yielded inconsistent results, but this may reflect sampling variation and the potential over-riding influence of oxidative stress, dysglycaemia and insulin resistance on endothelial dysfunction. Results of positive intervention trials suggest that improvement in vascular function is mediated by both lipid and non-lipid mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and direct effects on the arterial wall. Other treatments, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists, insulin sensitisers and lifestyle-based interventions, have shown beneficial effects on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Novel approaches, targeting eNOS and AGEs, are under development, as are new lipid-regulating therapies that more effectively lower LDL-cholesterol and raise HDL-cholesterol. Combination therapy may potentially increase therapeutic efficacy and permit use of lower doses, thereby reducing the risk of adverse drug effects and interactions. Concomitant treatments that specifically target oxidative stress may also improve endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Vascular function studies can be used to explore the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of new and established interventions, and provide useful surrogate measures for cardiovascular endpoints in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Woodman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and West Australian Heart Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Walzem RL. Chronic disease: long-term outcomes of metabolic dysfunction. Trends Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Let MB, Jacobsen C, Frankel EN, Meyer AS. Oxidative flavour deterioration of fish oil enriched milk. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sánchez-Muniz FJ, García-Linares MC, García-Arias MT, Bastida S, Viejo J. Fat and protein from olive oil-fried sardines interact to normalize serum lipoproteins and reduce liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:2302-8. [PMID: 12840197 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.7.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty fish consumption has been recommended due to its high (n-3) PUFA content. However, an effect of its protein on serum lipids and lipoproteins has also been suggested. The present study was designed to determine the acceptability of diets containing sardines fried in olive oil or the fat extracted from those sardines and the normalization of serum lipids and lipoproteins, the hepatic lipid profile, and the fatty acid composition of the liver of growing Wistar rats fed these diets after dietary loading of cholesterol. Hypercholesterolemia was induced for 3 wk by feeding rats a casein/olive oil/cholesterol diet. Rats were then switched for 2 wk to cholesterol-free purified diets containing casein plus olive oil (CO), sardines fried in olive oil (S) and casein plus the fat extracted from sardines fried in olive oil (CSF). The S and CSF diets were well accepted by the rats. Withdrawal of dietary cholesterol markedly reduced (P < 0.05) serum cholesterol level in all of the groups, but the S group had the greatest decrease and the CO group the smallest decrease. The S group had a more normal lipoprotein profile, in which HDL was the major lipid carrier, whereas rats of the CO group still had beta-VLDL particles. CSF-fed rats had an intermediate profile. Liver fat and total, free and esterified cholesterol levels were lower (P < 0,05) in the S group than in the other two groups. The S and CSF diets increased (P < 0.05) the (n-3) PUFA content in hepatic triacylglyceride, cholesterol ester and phospholipid fractions. The liver fatty acid profile of the S group was more normalized than those of the other two groups. These findings suggest that the inclusion in the diet of whole sardines fried in olive oil normalizes cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic rats more quickly than consumption of their extracted fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I (Nutrición), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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