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Policelli N, Picca P, Gómez Villafañe IE. Is prescribed fire a suitable management tool to reduce shrub encroachment in palm savannas? Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Policelli
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 4° piso Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria; C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Present address: Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones; Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Avenida de los Pioneros 2350 (R8402ALO), San Carlos de Bariloche; Río Negro Argentina
| | - Pablo Picca
- Laboratorio de Sistemática de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 4° piso Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria; C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Isabel E. Gómez Villafañe
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 4° piso Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria; C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
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Klimova A, Ortega‐Rubio A, Vendrami DLJ, Hoffman JI. Genotyping by sequencing reveals contrasting patterns of population structure, ecologically mediated divergence, and long-distance dispersal in North American palms. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5873-5890. [PMID: 29938100 PMCID: PMC6010798 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies can provide powerful insights into processes that affect population divergence and thereby help to elucidate the mechanisms by which contemporary populations may respond to environmental change. Furthermore, approaches such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS) provide unprecedented power for resolving genetic differences among species and populations. We therefore used GBS to provide a genomewide perspective on the comparative population structure of two palm genera, Washingtonia and Brahea, on the Baja California peninsula, a region of high landscape and ecological complexity. First, we used phylogenetic analysis to address taxonomic uncertainties among five currently recognized species. We resolved three main clades, the first corresponding to W. robusta and W. filifera, the second to B. brandegeei and B. armata, and the third to B. edulis from Guadalupe Island. Focusing on the first two clades, we then delved deeper by investigating the underlying population structure. Striking differences were found, with GBS uncovering four distinct Washingtonia populations and identifying a suite of loci associated with temperature, consistent with ecologically mediated divergence. By contrast, individual mountain ranges could be resolved in Brahea and few loci were associated with environmental variables, implying a more prominent role of neutral divergence. Finally, evidence was found for long-distance dispersal events in Washingtonia but not Brahea, in line with knowledge of the dispersal mechanisms of these palms including the possibility of human-mediated dispersal. Overall, our study demonstrates the power of GBS together with a comparative approach to elucidate markedly different patterns of genomewide divergence mediated by multiple effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Klimova
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C.La PazBaja California SurMexico
- Department of Animal BehaviourBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Alfredo Ortega‐Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C.La PazBaja California SurMexico
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Reichgelt T, West CK, Greenwood DR. The relation between global palm distribution and climate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4721. [PMID: 29549297 PMCID: PMC5856843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil palms provide qualitative evidence of (sub-) tropical conditions and frost-free winters in the geological past, including modern cold climate regions (e.g., boreal, or polar climates). The freeze intolerance of palms varies across different organs and life stages, with seedlings in particular less tolerant of sub-zero temperatures than adult plants, limiting successful establishment of populations while permitting adult palms to survive in cultivation outside their natural ranges. Quantitatively, palms indicate minimum cold month mean temperature (CMMT) at 2-8 °C in palaeoclimate reconstructions. These data have accentuated model-proxy mismatches for high latitudes during Paleogene hyperthermals when palms expanded poleward in both hemispheres. We constructed a manually filtered dataset of >20,000 georeferenced Arecaceae records, by eliminating cultivars. Statistically derived mean annual temperature, mean annual temperature range, and CMMT thresholds for the Arecaceae and lower rank subfamilies and tribes reveal large differences in temperature sensitivity depending on lower taxonomic classification. Cold tolerant tribes such as the Trachycarpeae produce thresholds as low as CMMT ≥ 2.2 °C. However, within the palm family, CMMT < 5 °C is anomalous. Moreover, palm expansion into temperate biomes is likely a post-Palaeogene event. We recognize a CMMT ≥ 5.2 °C threshold for the palm family, unless a lower taxonomic rank can be assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammo Reichgelt
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - Christopher K West
- Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David R Greenwood
- Biology Department Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9, Canada.
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Ibanez T, Blanchard E, Hequet V, Keppel G, Laidlaw M, Pouteau R, Vandrot H, Birnbaum P. High endemism and stem density distinguish New Caledonian from other high-diversity rainforests in the Southwest Pacific. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:25-35. [PMID: 29077788 PMCID: PMC5786226 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The biodiversity hotspot of New Caledonia is globally renowned for the diversity and endemism of its flora. New Caledonia's tropical rainforests have been reported to have higher stem densities, higher concentrations of relictual lineages and higher endemism than other rainforests. This study investigates whether these aspects differ in New Caledonian rainforests compared to other high-diversity rainforests in the Southwest Pacific. METHODS Plants (with a diameter at breast height ≥10 cm) were surveyed in nine 1-ha rainforest plots across the main island of New Caledonia and compared with 14 1-ha plots in high-diversity rainforests of the Southwest Pacific (in Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands). This facilitated a comparison of stem densities, taxonomic composition and diversity, and species turnover among plots and countries. KEY RESULTS The study inventoried 11 280 stems belonging to 335 species (93 species ha-1 on average) in New Caledonia. In comparison with other rainforests in the Southwest Pacific, New Caledonian rainforests exhibited higher stem density (1253 stems ha-1 on average) including abundant palms and tree ferns, with the high abundance of the latter being unparalleled outside New Caledonia. In all plots, the density of relictual species was ≥10 % for both stems and species, with no discernible differences among countries. Species endemism, reaching 89 % on average, was significantly higher in New Caledonia. Overall, species turnover increased with geographical distance, but not among New Caledonian plots. CONCLUSIONS High stem density, high endemism and a high abundance of tree ferns with stem diameters ≥10 cm are therefore unique characteristics of New Caledonian rainforests. High endemism and high spatial species turnover imply that the current system consisting of a few protected areas is inadequate, and that the spatial distribution of plant species needs to be considered to adequately protect the exceptional flora of New Caledonian rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ibanez
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- For correspondence. Email
| | - E Blanchard
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - V Hequet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR AMAP, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - G Keppel
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, GPO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Laidlaw
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Pouteau
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - H Vandrot
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - P Birnbaum
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestres, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Cirad, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
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Disentangling the influence of climate, soil and belowground microbes on local species richness in a dryland ecosystem of Northwest China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18029. [PMID: 29269873 PMCID: PMC5740161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) covers one of the largest drylands in the world, while the relative effects of different environmental factors on plant diversity are poorly understood. We sampled 66 sites in a typical dryland of XUAR, which covers more than 450,000 km2, to evaluate the relative influences of different factors on the patterns of local plant species richness (LPSR). We found that overall and herbaceous LPSR were positively correlated with water availability, soil nutrients but negatively correlated with energy availability, while the shrub LPSR showed the opposite response. Climate, soil attributes together explained 53.2% and 59.2% of the variance in overall and herbaceous LPSR, respectively; revealing that LPSR patterns were shaped by abiotic and underground biotic factors together. Only 31.5% of the variance in the shrub LPSR was explained by soil attributes, indicating that shrub LPSR was mainly limited by non-climatic factors. There findings provide robust evidence that relative contribution of climate and soil attributes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Furthermore, we found the different relationship between microbes and plant diversity, indicating that the linkages between soil microbial diversity and plant diversity may vary across functional groups of microbes and plant. These findings provide robust evidence that the relative roles of climate, soil and microbes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Microbial richness showed a significantly pure influence on the LPSR of all groups, suggesting that microbes play a non-negligible role in regulating plant diversity in dryland ecosystems.
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56
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Traditional scientific data vs. uncoordinated citizen science effort: A review of the current status and comparison of data on avifauna in Southern Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188819. [PMID: 29228053 PMCID: PMC5724844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data generated by citizen science is particularly valuable in ecological research. If used discerningly with data from traditional scientific references, citizen science can directly contribute to biogeography knowledge and conservation policies by increasing the number of species records in large geographic areas. Considering the current level of knowledge on south Brazilian avifauna, the large volume of data produced by uncoordinated citizen science effort (CS), and the growing need for information on changes in abundance and species composition, we have compiled an updated, general list of bird species occurrence within the state of Paraná. We have listed extinct, invasive and recently-colonizing species as well as indicator species of the state’s vegetation types. We further assess the degree of knowledge of different regions within the state based on data from traditional scientific references, and the effect of including CS data in the same analysis. We have compiled data on 766 bird species, based on 70,346 individual records from traditional scientific references, and 79,468 from CS. Extinct and invasive species were identified by comparing their occurrence and abundance over a series of three time periods. Indicator species analysis pointed to the existence of three areas with bird communities typically found within the state: the Semideciduous Tropical Forest, the Tropical Rainforest and the junction of Grassland and Araucaria Moist Forest. We used rarefaction to measure sampling sufficiency, and found that rarefaction curves reached stabilization for all vegetation types except in Savanna. We observed differences in the level of knowledge of bird biodiversity among the microregions of the state, but including CS data, these differences were mitigated. The same effect was observed in other exploratory analyzes conducted here, emphasizing the fundamental importance of including CS data in macroecological studies. Production of easily accessible data and its unrestricted availability makes CS a very important tool, especially in highly diverse regions as the Neotropics, as it can offer a more accurate picture of bird composition in comparison to the exclusive use of traditional scientific references.
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57
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Plant diversity patterns in remnant forests and exotic tree species-based reforestation in active limestones quarries in the Luzon and Mindanao biogeographic sub-regions in the Philippines. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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58
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Onstein RE, Baker WJ, Couvreur TLP, Faurby S, Svenning JC, Kissling WD. Frugivory-related traits promote speciation of tropical palms. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1903-1911. [PMID: 29062122 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal-mediated seed dispersal by frugivorous birds and mammals is central to the ecology and functioning of ecosystems, but whether and how frugivory-related traits have affected plant speciation remains little explored. Fruit size is directly linked to plant dispersal capacity and therefore influences gene flow and genetic divergence of plant populations. Using a global species-level phylogeny with comprehensive data on fruit sizes and plant species distributions, we test whether fruit size has affected speciation rates of palms (Arecaceae), a plant family characteristic of tropical rainforests. Globally, the results reveal that palms with small fruit sizes have increased speciation rates compared with those with large (megafaunal) fruits. Speciation of small-fruited palms is particularly high in the understory of tropical rainforests in the New World, and on islands in the Old World. This suggests that frugivory-related traits in combination with geography and the movement behaviour of frugivores can influence the speciation of fleshy-fruited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske E Onstein
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands.
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Gómez-Díaz JA, Krömer T, Kreft H, Gerold G, Carvajal-Hernández CI, Heitkamp F. Diversity and composition of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation and forest-use intensity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182893. [PMID: 28792536 PMCID: PMC5549743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial herbs are important elements of tropical forests; however, there is a lack of research on their diversity patterns and how they respond to different intensities of forest-use. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of herbaceous angiosperms along gradients of elevation (50 m to 3500 m) and forest-use intensity on the eastern slopes of the Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. We recorded the occurrence of all herbaceous angiosperm species within 120 plots of 20 m x 20 m each. The plots were located at eight study locations separated by ~500 m in elevation and within three different habitats that differ in forest-use intensity: old-growth, degraded, and secondary forest. We analyzed species richness and floristic composition of herb communities among different elevations and habitats. Of the 264 plant species recorded, 31 are endemic to Mexico. Both α- and γ-diversity display a hump-shaped relation to elevation peaking at 2500 m and 3000 m, respectively. The relative contribution of between-habitat β-diversity to γ-diversity also showed a unimodal hump whereas within-habitat β-diversity declined with elevation. Forest-use intensity did not affect α-diversity, but β-diversity was high between old-growth and secondary forests. Overall, γ-diversity peaked at 2500 m (72 species), driven mainly by high within- and among-habitat β-diversity. We infer that this belt is highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and forest-use intensification. At 3100 m, high γ-diversity (50 species) was driven by high α- and within-habitat β-diversity. There, losing a specific forest area might be compensated if similar assemblages occur in nearby areas. The high β-diversity and endemism suggest that mixes of different habitats are needed to sustain high γ-richness of terrestrial herbs along this elevational gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gerold
- Section of Physical Geography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Felix Heitkamp
- Section of Physical Geography, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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60
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Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navajas Navarro M, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, der Werf WV, West J, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Hollo G, Candresse T. Pest categorisation of Cadang-Cadang viroid. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04928. [PMID: 32625584 PMCID: PMC7010175 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cadang-Cadang viroid for the European Union (EU) territory. Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) is a well-known viroid for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. It is transmitted by vegetative multiplication of infected hosts, by seed and pollen and, possibly, by the action of unknown vector(s). CCCVd is reported from a few countries in Asia and is not known to occur in the EU. It therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non-quarantine pest. The host range of CCCVd is restricted to Arecaceae species (palms), in particular coconut and it is listed on all known hosts in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. CCCVd is expected to be able to enter in the EU and to be able to establish in the open in the southernmost regions of the EU and elsewhere under protected cultivation. It has the potential to subsequently spread via plants for planting and possibly other mechanisms. CCCVd is able to cause severe symptoms in some Arecaceae species while others seem less affected. The potential impact of CCCVd if introduced in the EU is very difficult to assess. Given that the spread potential is, as for other viroids, likely to be limited, the potential impact is estimated to be limited in extent but this judgement is affected by large uncertainties. Overall, CCCVd meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as Union quarantine pest. The main knowledge gaps concern (1) the relationships between CCCVd-related RNAs and CCCVd, (2) the origin and volume of the trade in palm seeds and plants for planting imported in the EU (3) the efficiency of natural spread under EU conditions and (4) host status and susceptibility of many palm species grown in the EU.
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61
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Kissling WD. Has frugivory influenced the macroecology and diversification of a tropical keystone plant family? RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Klimova A, Hoffman JI, Gutierrez-Rivera JN, Leon de la Luz J, Ortega-Rubio A. Molecular genetic analysis of two native desert palm genera, Washingtonia and Brahea, from the Baja California Peninsula and Guadalupe Island. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4919-4935. [PMID: 28690819 PMCID: PMC5496553 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex geological and ecological processes that have generated high levels of biodiversity and endemism in the Baja California Peninsula have been the subject of intensive study. However, relatively little is known about phylogeography of the iconic endemic palm species of this region. We therefore analyzed a total of 2,294 bp of chloroplast and 738 bp of nuclear sequence data in 169 samples of five native palm species from Baja California, Sonora and Guadalupe Island. We found that Washingtonia and Brahea palms had low levels of genetic diversity and were highly structured, with the majority of species and major geographic regions being characterized by distinct haplotypes. We also found strong support for currently recognized species in Washingtonia, but our results were less clear cut for Brahea due to haplotype sharing. Furthermore, patterns of population structure were broadly consistent with historical vicariant events such as the inundation of the Isthmus of La Paz, the formation of the Sea of Cortez, and the more recent colonization and isolation of Guadalupe Island's palms. Our findings contribute toward a growing appreciation of the complexity of plant responses to past geological changes and also provide valuable baseline genetic data on relict American palm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Klimova
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C. La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico.,Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Jose Leon de la Luz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C. La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C. La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico
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63
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Montoya SG, Motoike SY, Kuki KN, Couto AD. Fruit development, growth, and stored reserves in macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata), an alternative bioenergy crop. PLANTA 2016; 244:927-938. [PMID: 27318823 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Main conclusion Macauba palm fruiting is supra-annual, and the fruit growth follows a double sigmoidal trend. The prevailing compound in the mesocarp differs as the fruit ages, oil being the major storage compound. Acrocomia aculeata, macauba palm, is a conspicuous species in the tropical Americas. Because the species is highly productive in oil-rich fruits, it is the subject of domestication as an alternative vegetable oil crop, especially as a bioenergy feedstock. This detailed study first presents the macauba fruit growth and development patterns, morphological changes and accumulation of organic compounds. Fruits were monitored weekly in a natural population. The fruiting was supra-annual, and the fruit growth curve followed a double sigmoidal trend with four stages (S): SI-slow growth and negligible differentiation of the fruit inner parts; SII-first growth spurt and visible, but not complete, differentiation of the inner parts; SIII-growth slowed down and all structures attained differentiation; and SIV-second growth spurt and fruit maturation. In SII, the exocarp and endocarp were the main contributors to fruit growth, whereas the mesocarp and endosperm were responsible for most of the weight gain during SIV. In comparison with starch and oil, soluble sugars did not accumulate in the mesocarp. However, starch was transitory and fueled the oil synthesis. The protective layers, the exocarp and endocarp, fulfilling their ecological roles, were the first to reach maturity, followed by the storage tissues, the mesocarp, and endosperm. The amount and nature of organic compounds in the mesocarp varied with the fruit development and growth stages, and oil was the main and final storage material. The description of macauba fruit's transformations and their temporal order may be of importance for future ecological and agronomical references.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kacilda Naomi Kuki
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Adriano Donato Couto
- Departamento de Informática, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
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Peñaloza-Ramírez JM, Aguilar-Amezquita B, Núñez-Farfán J, Pérez-Nasser N, Albarrán-Lara AL, Oyama K. Consequences of habitat fragmentation on genetic structure of Chamaedorea alternans (Arecaceae) palm populations in the tropical rain forests of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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65
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Wen Z, Xu Z, Shi X, Zhang J, Zhang M. Genetic structure of Salsola junatovii (Chenopodiaceae) in the northern edge of the Taklimakan desert and conservational implications. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Lanes ÉCM, Motoike SY, Kuki KN, Resende MDV, Caixeta ET. Mating System and Genetic Composition of the Macaw Palm (Acrocomia aculeata): Implications for Breeding and Genetic Conservation Programs. J Hered 2016; 107:527-36. [PMID: 27288529 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae), a palm endemic to South and Central America, is a potential oil crop. Knowledge of the mating system of this species is limited to its reproductive biology and to studies using molecular markers. The present study analyzed genetic diversity between its developmental stages and determined its prevailing mating system in order to support genetic conservation and breeding programs. We tested 9 microsatellite markers in 27 mother trees (adult plants) and 157 offspring (juvenile plants) from the southeastern region of Brazil. Heterozygosity levels differed between the 2 studied life stages, as indicated by the fixation index of adult and juvenile trees, suggesting that selection against homozygotes occurs during the plant life cycle. The mating system parameters analyzed indicate that A. aculeata is predominantly outcrossing (allogamous). However, its low levels of selfing suggest that there is individual variation with regard to self-incompatibility, which can be a survival strategy in isolated or fragmented habitats. Deviations in variance effective size were detected because of high mating rates among relatives and correlated matings. These findings indicate that the main source of inbreeding results from biparental inbreeding in the population and that the progenies are predominantly composed of full-sibs. The information provided by this study on the ecology and reproduction dynamics of A. aculeata should be useful to both breeding and genetic conservation programs, allowing the development of more precise mathematical models and the estimation of the appropriate number of mother trees for seed collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éder C M Lanes
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Kuki); Department of Forest Engineering, Embrapa Forestry/Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Resende); and Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (BIOAGRO), Embrapa Coffee/Federal University of Viçosa, BioCafé, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Caixeta).
| | - Sérgio Y Motoike
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Kuki); Department of Forest Engineering, Embrapa Forestry/Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Resende); and Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (BIOAGRO), Embrapa Coffee/Federal University of Viçosa, BioCafé, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Caixeta)
| | - Kacilda N Kuki
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Kuki); Department of Forest Engineering, Embrapa Forestry/Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Resende); and Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (BIOAGRO), Embrapa Coffee/Federal University of Viçosa, BioCafé, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Caixeta)
| | - Marcos D V Resende
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Kuki); Department of Forest Engineering, Embrapa Forestry/Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Resende); and Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (BIOAGRO), Embrapa Coffee/Federal University of Viçosa, BioCafé, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Caixeta)
| | - Eveline T Caixeta
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Kuki); Department of Forest Engineering, Embrapa Forestry/Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Resende); and Institute of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture (BIOAGRO), Embrapa Coffee/Federal University of Viçosa, BioCafé, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil (Caixeta)
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Hilário RR, Toledo JJ. Effects of climate and forest structure on palms, bromeliads and bamboos in Atlantic Forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:834-844. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Palms, bromeliads and bamboos are key elements of tropical forests and understanding the effects of climate, anthropogenic pressure and forest structure on these groups is crucial to forecast structural changes in tropical forests. Therefore, we investigated the effects of these factors on the abundance of these groups in 22 Atlantic forest fragments of Northeastern Brazil. Abundance of bromeliads and bamboos were assessed through indexes. Palms were counted within a radius of 20 m. We also obtained measures of vegetation structure, fragment size, annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality and human population density. We tested the effects of these predictors on plant groups using path analysis. Palm abundance was higher in taller forests with larger trees, closed canopy and sparse understory, which may be a result of the presence of seed dispersers and specific attributes of local palm species. Bromeliads were negatively affected by both annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, what may reflect adaptations of these plants to use water efficiently, but also the need to capture water in a regular basis. Bamboos were not related to any predictor variable. As climate and forest structure affected the abundance of bromeliads and palms, human-induced climatic changes and disturbances in forest structure may modify the abundance of these groups. In addition, soil properties and direct measurements of human disturbance should be used in future studies in order to improve the predictability of models about plant groups in Northeastern Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Hilário
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Amapá, Brazil
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68
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da Silva AC, Grativol C, Thiebaut F, Hemerly AS, Ferreira PCG. Computational identification and comparative analysis of miRNA precursors in three palm species. PLANTA 2016; 243:1265-1277. [PMID: 26919984 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, miRNA precursors in the genomes of three palm species were identified. Analyzes of sequence conservation and biological function of their putative targets contribute to understand the roles of miRNA in palm biology. MicroRNAs are small RNAs of 20-25 nucleotides in length, with important functions in the regulation of gene expression. Recent genome sequencing of the palm species Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis oleifera and Phoenix dactylifera have enabled the discovery of miRNA genes, which can be used as biotechnological tools in palm trees breeding. The goal of this study is the identification of miRNA precursors in the genomes of these species and their possible biological roles suggested by the mature miRNA-based regulation of target genes. Mature miRNA sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Zea mays available at the miRBase were used to predict microRNA precursors in the palm genomes. Three hundred and thirty-eight precursors, ranging from 76 to 220 nucleotide (nt) in size and distributed in 33 families were identified. Moreover, we also identified 266 miRNA precursors of Musa acuminata, which are phylogenetically close to palms species. To understand the biological function of palm miRNAs, 374 putative miRNA targets were identified. An enrichment analysis of target-gene function was carried out using the agriGO tool. The results showed that the targets are involved in plant developmental processes, mainly regulating root development. Our findings contribute to increase the knowledge on microRNA roles in palm biology and could help breeding programs of palm trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cunha da Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl.L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5-227A, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Flávia Thiebaut
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl.L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl.L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cavalcanti Gomes Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl.L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil.
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69
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Ragusa-Netto J. Nut density and removal in Syagrus loefgrenii Glassman (Arecaceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:726-34. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract In this study, I tested the effect of Syagrus loefgrenii nut number on the removal intensity by rodents across seasons. Also, I assessed both S. loefgrenii fruit production, and dispersion pattern to analyze the relationship between these parameters and nut removal. Trials were performed (autumn, winter, spring, and summer), in which endocarps were placed inside trays (5, 15, and 40 endocarps) in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). Syagrus loefgrenii exhibited clumped distribution, although its local density had no correlation with endocarp removal rate. Despite of variations, S. loefgrenii fruit production had no seasonal difference, although, high proportions of endocarps were year round removed. This mostly results from nearly complete endocarp loss in depots of 5 and 15, while the opposite occurred in those of 40. Hence, the intensity of removal consistently decreases with endocarp number, so that endocarp removal conformed to negative distance-dependence. As this palm exhibit clumped distribution and, in principle, fruit asynchronously, if, at least, a group of neighboring stems bore fruits simultaneously, an enhanced number of nuts might be available at a given site. Therefore, seeds within a dense S. loefgrenii fruit patch might experience high survival rates due to satiation of post dispersal seed predators.
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Isaza C, Martorell C, Cevallos D, Galeano G, Valencia R, Balslev H. Demography of Oenocarpus bataua and implications for sustainable harvest of its fruit in western Amazon. POPUL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-016-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ma RY, Zhang JL, Cavaleri MA, Sterck F, Strijk JS, Cao KF. Convergent Evolution towards High Net Carbon Gain Efficiency Contributes to the Shade Tolerance of Palms (Arecaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140384. [PMID: 26461108 PMCID: PMC4604201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most palm species occur in the shaded lower strata of tropical rain forests, but how their traits relate to shade adaptation is poorly understood. We hypothesized that palms are adapted to the shade of their native habitats by convergent evolution towards high net carbon gain efficiency (CGEn), which is given by the maximum photosynthetic rate to dark respiration rate ratio. Leaf mass per area, maximum photosynthetic rate, dark respiration and N and P concentrations were measured in 80 palm species grown in a common garden, and combined with data of 30 palm species growing in their native habitats. Compared to other species from the global leaf economics data, dicotyledonous broad-leaved trees in tropical rainforest or other monocots in the global leaf economics data, palms possessed consistently higher CGEn, achieved by lowered dark respiration and fairly high foliar P concentration. Combined phylogenetic analyses of evolutionary signal and trait evolution revealed convergent evolution towards high CGEn in palms. We conclude that high CGEn is an evolutionary strategy that enables palms to better adapt to shady environments than coexisting dicot tree species, and may convey advantages in competing with them in the tropical forest understory. These findings provide important insights for understanding the evolution and ecology of palms, and for understanding plant shade adaptations of lower rainforest strata. Moreover, given the dominant role of palms in tropical forests, these findings are important for modelling carbon and nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joeri S. Strijk
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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73
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Blach-Overgaard A, Balslev H, Dransfield J, Normand S, Svenning JC. Global-change vulnerability of a key plant resource, the African palms. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26211732 PMCID: PMC4515823 DOI: 10.1038/srep12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Palms are keystone species in tropical ecosystems and provide essential ecosystem services to rural people worldwide. However, many palm species are threatened by habitat loss and over-exploitation. Furthermore, palms are sensitive to climate and thus vulnerable to future climate changes. Here, we provide a first quantitative assessment of the future risks to the African palm flora, finding that African palm species on average may experience a decline in climatic suitability in >70% of their current ranges by 2080. This suitability loss may, however, be almost halved if migration to nearby climatically suitable sites succeeds. Worryingly, 42% of the areas with 80–100% of species losing climate suitability are also characterized by high human population density (HPD). By 2080, >90% of all African palm species’ ranges will likely occur at HPDs leading to increased risks of habitat loss and overexploitation. Additionally, up to 87% of all species are predicted to lose climatic suitability within current protected areas (PAs) by 2080. In summary, a major plant component of tropical ecosystems and provider of ecosystem services to rural populations will face strongly increased pressures from climate change and human populations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Blach-Overgaard
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Signe Normand
- 1] Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [2] Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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74
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Weigelt P, Kissling WD, Kisel Y, Fritz SA, Karger DN, Kessler M, Lehtonen S, Svenning JC, Kreft H. Global patterns and drivers of phylogenetic structure in island floras. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26198002 PMCID: PMC4510489 DOI: 10.1038/srep12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands are ideal for investigating processes that shape species assemblages because they are isolated and have discrete boundaries. Quantifying phylogenetic assemblage structure allows inferences about these processes, in particular dispersal, environmental filtering and in-situ speciation. Here, we link phylogenetic assemblage structure to island characteristics across 393 islands worldwide and 37,041 vascular plant species (representing angiosperms overall, palms and ferns). Physical and bioclimatic factors, especially those impeding colonization and promoting speciation, explained more variation in phylogenetic structure of angiosperms overall (49%) and palms (52%) than of ferns (18%). The relationships showed different or contrasting trends among these major plant groups, consistent with their dispersal- and speciation-related traits and climatic adaptations. Phylogenetic diversity was negatively related to isolation for palms, but unexpectedly it was positively related to isolation for angiosperms overall. This indicates strong dispersal filtering for the predominantly large-seeded, animal-dispersed palm family whereas colonization from biogeographically distinct source pools on remote islands likely drives the phylogenetic structure of angiosperm floras. We show that signatures of dispersal limitation, environmental filtering and in-situ speciation differ markedly among taxonomic groups on islands, which sheds light on the origin of insular plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weigelt
- 1] Biodiversity, Macroecology &Conservation Biogeography Group, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany [2] Systemic Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yael Kisel
- Biodiversity, Macroecology &Conservation Biogeography Group, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) &Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- 1] Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuli Lehtonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics &Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology &Conservation Biogeography Group, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Yu F, Wang T, Groen TA, Skidmore AK, Yang X, Geng Y, Ma K. Multi-scale comparison of topographic complexity indices in relation to plant species richness. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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76
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Hero JM, Butler SA, Lollback GW, Castley JG. Determinants of tree assemblage composition at the mesoscale within a subtropical eucalypt forest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114994. [PMID: 25501866 PMCID: PMC4264859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of environmental processes, including topography, edaphic and disturbance factors can influence vegetation composition. The relative influence of these patterns has been known to vary with scale, however, few studies have focused on environmental drivers of composition at the mesoscale. This study examined the relative importance of topography, catchment flow and soil in influencing tree assemblages in Karawatha Forest Park; a South-East Queensland subtropical eucalypt forest embedded in an urban matrix that is part of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network South-East Queensland Peri-urban SuperSite. Thirty-three LTER plots were surveyed at the mesoscale (909 ha), where all woody stems ≥1.3 m high rooted within plots were sampled. Vegetation was divided into three cohorts: small (≥1-10 cm DBH), intermediate (≥10-30 cm DBH), and large (≥30 cm DBH). Plot slope, aspect, elevation, catchment area and location and soil chemistry and structure were also measured. Ordinations and smooth surface modelling were used to determine drivers of vegetation assemblage in each cohort. Vegetation composition was highly variable among plots at the mesoscale (plots systematically placed at 500 m intervals). Elevation was strongly related to woody vegetation composition across all cohorts (R2: 0.69-0.75). Other topographic variables that explained a substantial amount of variation in composition were catchment area (R2: 0.43-0.45) and slope (R2: 0.23-0.61). Soil chemistry (R2: 0.09-0.75) was also associated with woody vegetation composition. While species composition differed substantially between cohorts, the environmental variables explaining composition did not. These results demonstrate the overriding importance of elevation and other topographic features in discriminating tree assemblage patterns irrespective of tree size. The importance of soil characteristics to tree assemblages was also influenced by topography, where ridge top sites were typically drier and had lower soil nutrient levels than riparian areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Hero
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Butler
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Gregory W. Lollback
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - James G. Castley
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
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77
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Chloroplast DNA phylogeographic analysis reveals significant spatial genetic structure of the relictual tree Davidia involucrata (Davidiaceae). CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Lanes ÉCM, Motoike SY, Kuki KN, Nick C, Freitas RD. Molecular characterization and population structure of the macaw palm, Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae), ex situ germplasm collection using microsatellites markers. J Hered 2014; 106:102-12. [PMID: 25425677 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Acrocomia aculeata is one of the most promising plants for sustainable production of renewable energy. In order to understand patterns of the distribution of the allelic diversity of A. aculeata ex situ germplasm collection, the present study investigated the hypothesis that the genetic variability of the accessions may match their geographical origin. A genotypic analysis of 77 A. aculeata accessions was conducted with 6 simple sequence repeat markers. A high degree of molecular diversity among the accessions was found, with an average of 9 alleles per locus and a polymorphic information content with a mean of 0.76. A total of 4 clusters was identified by the Bayesian analysis of population structure. The highest subpopulation diversity was identified in Pop1, mainly formed by accessions from State of Mato Grosso do Sul. The populations Pop2A, Pop2B, and Pop2C, all from the State of Minas Gerais, showed high genetic variability as determined by a higher F st, and a wide genetic variance, which were identified within and among the population by analysis of molecular variance. Based on our results and on Vavilov's theory on crop origins, one possible diversity center for A. aculeata is proposed to be in a region in southeast Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éder C M Lanes
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Freitas); and Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Motoike, Kuki, and Nick).
| | - Sérgio Y Motoike
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Freitas); and Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Motoike, Kuki, and Nick)
| | - Kacilda N Kuki
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Freitas); and Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Motoike, Kuki, and Nick)
| | - Carlos Nick
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Freitas); and Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Motoike, Kuki, and Nick)
| | - Renata D Freitas
- From the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Lanes, Motoike, and Freitas); and Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa MG 36570-000, Brazil (Motoike, Kuki, and Nick)
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Influences of forest structure and landscape features on spatial variation in species composition in a palm community in central Amazonia. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467414000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The mechanisms that maintain palm species diversity in tropical rain forests are still debated. Spatial variation in forest structure produces small-scale environmental heterogeneity, which in turn can affect plant survival and reproductive performance. An understanding of how palms respond to variation in forest heterogeneity may help to explain the diversity and structure of their assemblages. We used multivariate ordination statistics and multiple linear models to analyse how palm assemblages are affected by forest structure and landscape features in central Amazonia. In 72 (250×4 m) forest plots distributed over an area of 64 km2, we recorded all seedling and adult palms, and measured topographic and soil variables, and components of forest structure and tree abundance. We found 16976 adults and 18935 seedlings of 46 palm species and five varieties including two morphological forms making a total of 50 botanical entities. Results show that landscape features (altitude, slope, proportions of soil sand and clay) and various components of forest structure (such as degree of forest openness, abundance of forest trees, logs and snags, and leaf litter mass), influence spatial variation in richness, abundance and species composition of palms, creating ecological gradients in palm community composition. Despite the statistically significant effects of environmental variables, most species occurred throughout the full range of the ecological gradients we studied, indicating that there is either relatively weak niche specialization in the palms, or that the competition between the species is mediated by diffuse demographic processes that cannot be evaluated only through studies of species distributions.
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Dias MS, Oberdorff T, Hugueny B, Leprieur F, Jézéquel C, Cornu JF, Brosse S, Grenouillet G, Tedesco PA. Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1130-40. [PMID: 25039890 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relative importance of contemporary and historical processes is central for understanding biodiversity patterns. While several studies show that past conditions can partly explain the current biodiversity patterns, the role of history remains elusive. We reconstructed palaeo-drainage basins under lower sea level conditions (Last Glacial Maximum) to test whether the historical connectivity between basins left an imprint on the global patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. After controlling for contemporary and past environmental conditions, we found that palaeo-connected basins displayed greater species richness but lower levels of endemism and beta diversity than did palaeo-disconnected basins. Palaeo-connected basins exhibited shallower distance decay of compositional similarity, suggesting that palaeo-river connections favoured the exchange of fish species. Finally, we found that a longer period of palaeo-connection resulted in lower levels of beta diversity. These findings reveal the first unambiguous results of the role played by history in explaining the global contemporary patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S Dias
- UMR Biologie des ORganismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR BOREA, IRD 207-CNRS 7208-UPMC-MNHN, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, FR-75231, Paris cedex, France
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81
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Braz MIG, Portela RDCQ, Cosme LHM, Marques VGC, de Mattos EA. Germination niche breadth differs in two co-occurring palms of the Atlantic Rainforest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncon.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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82
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Gatti MG, Campanello PI, Villagra M, Montti L, Goldstein G. Hydraulic architecture and photoinhibition influence spatial distribution of the arborescent palm Euterpe edulis in subtropical forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:630-639. [PMID: 24898220 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Physiological characteristics of saplings can be considered one of the most basic constraints on species distribution. The shade-tolerant arborescent palm Euterpe edulis Mart. is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. At a local scale, saplings of this species growing in native forests are absent in gaps. We tested the hypothesis whether sensitivity to photoinhibition or hydraulic architecture constrains the distribution of E. edulis saplings in sun-exposed forest environments. Using shade houses and field studies, we evaluated growth, survival, hydraulic traits and the susceptibility of Photosystem II to photoinhibition in E. edulis saplings under different growth irradiances. Survival rates in exposed sites in the field were very low (a median of 7%). All saplings exhibited photoinhibition when exposed to high radiation levels, but acclimation to a high radiation environment increased the rate of recovery. Petiole hydraulic conductivity was similar across treatments regardless of whether it was expressed per petiole cross-sectional area or per leaf area. At the plant level, investment in conductive tissues relative to leaf area (Huber values) increased with increasing irradiance. Under high irradiance conditions, plants experienced leaf water potentials close to the turgor-loss point, and leaf hydraulic conductance decreased by 79% relative to its maximum value. Euterpe edulis saplings were able to adjust their photosynthetic traits to different irradiance conditions, whereas hydraulic characteristics at the leaf level did not change across irradiance treatments. Our results indicate that uncoupling between water demand and supply to leaves apparently associated with high resistances to water flow at leaf insertion points, in addition to small stems with low water storage capacity, weak stomatal control and high vulnerability of leaves to hydraulic dysfunction, are the main ecophysiological constraints that prevent the growth and survival of E. edulis saplings in gaps in the native forest where native lianas and bamboos show aggressive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Genoveva Gatti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Dept Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Present address: IBS-Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, 3370 Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Paula I Campanello
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Dept Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Present address: IBS-Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, 3370 Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Mariana Villagra
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Dept Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Present address: IBS-Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Bertoni 85, 3370 Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Lía Montti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Dept Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Present address: Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, CC 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Dept Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
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83
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Roncal J. Edaphic and light conditions of sympatric plant morphotypes in western Amazonia. Biodivers Data J 2014:e1078. [PMID: 24891831 PMCID: PMC4040399 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.2.e1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here I present a dataset of edaphic and light conditions associated with the occurrence of sympatric morphotypes of Geonomamacrostachys (Arecaceae/Palmae), a candidate case study from Amazonia hypothesized to have evolved under ecological speciation. Transects were established in three lowland rainforests in Peru, and the abundance of each local morphotype of this species was recorded in a total area of 4.95 hectares. Composite soil samples and hemispherical photographs were taken along the transects were the species occurred to obtain information on soil nutrients, soil texture, and indirect measurements of light availability. The raw and summary tables disclose the characteristics of each study site and habitats within them, which could be useful to soil scientists, ecologists, and conservationists engaged in similar research activities or meta-analyses in Amazonia.
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84
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Rakotoarinivo M, Blach-Overgaard A, Baker WJ, Dransfield J, Moat J, Svenning JC. Palaeo-precipitation is a major determinant of palm species richness patterns across Madagascar: a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123048. [PMID: 23427173 PMCID: PMC3619483 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of rainforest in many regions across the Earth was strongly affected by Pleistocene ice ages. However, the extent to which these dynamics are still important for modern-day biodiversity patterns within tropical biodiversity hotspots has not been assessed. We employ a comprehensive dataset of Madagascan palms (Arecaceae) and climate reconstructions from the last glacial maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago) to assess the relative role of modern environment and LGM climate in explaining geographical species richness patterns in this major tropical biodiversity hotspot. We found that palaeoclimate exerted a strong influence on palm species richness patterns, with richness peaking in areas with higher LGM precipitation relative to present-day even after controlling for modern environment, in particular in northeastern Madagascar, consistent with the persistence of tropical rainforest during the LGM primarily in this region. Our results provide evidence that diversity patterns in the World's most biodiverse regions may be shaped by long-term climate history as well as contemporary environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijoro Rakotoarinivo
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo, Ivandry, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Anne Blach-Overgaard
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Justin Moat
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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85
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Couvreur TLP, Baker WJ. Tropical rain forest evolution: palms as a model group. BMC Biol 2013; 11:48. [PMID: 23587415 PMCID: PMC3627317 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L P Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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86
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Eiserhardt WL, Svenning JC, Baker WJ, Couvreur TLP, Balslev H. Dispersal and niche evolution jointly shape the geographic turnover of phylogenetic clades across continents. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1164. [PMID: 23383367 PMCID: PMC3563030 DOI: 10.1038/srep01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The turnover of phylogenetic clades across space is a fundamental biodiversity pattern that may depend on long-term evolutionary processes, and that has downstream effects on other aspects of diversity including species richness and community structure. Limited niche evolution and limited dispersal are two major processes causing spatial restriction, and thus turnover, of clades. We studied the determinants of clade turnover within the World's richest floristic kingdom, the Neotropics, using the palm family (Arecaceae) as a model. We show that continental-scale clade turnover is driven by a combination of limited niche evolution - with respect to temperature and soil tolerances - and limited dispersal. These findings are consistent with strong dispersal barriers within the Neotropics, and the observation that some palm lineages are most diverse in certain biomes or climates. The importance of such deep-time effects suggest that palms might be slow to adapt or disperse in response to anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Build 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, DK
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Build 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, DK
| | | | - Thomas L. P. Couvreur
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIA-DE, DYNADIV research group, 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Build 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, DK
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87
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Cenozoic imprints on the phylogenetic structure of palm species assemblages worldwide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7379-84. [PMID: 22529387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120467109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, little is known about historical drivers of species assemblage structure at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we use global species distribution data, a dated genus-level phylogeny, and paleo-reconstructions of biomes and climate to examine Cenozoic imprints on the phylogenetic structure of regional species assemblages of palms (Arecaceae), a species-rich plant family characteristic of tropical ecosystems. We find a strong imprint on phylogenetic clustering due to geographic isolation and in situ diversification, especially in the Neotropics and on islands with spectacular palm radiations (e.g., Madagascar, Hawaii, and Cuba). Phylogenetic overdispersion on mainlands and islands corresponds to biotic interchange areas. Differences in the degree of phylogenetic clustering among biogeographic realms are related to differential losses of tropical rainforests during the Cenozoic, but not to the cumulative area of tropical rainforest over geological time. A largely random phylogenetic assemblage structure in Africa coincides with severe losses of rainforest area, especially after the Miocene. More recent events also appear to be influential: phylogenetic clustering increases with increasing intensity of Quaternary glacial-interglacial climatic oscillations in South America and, to a lesser extent, Africa, indicating that specific clades perform better in climatically unstable regions. Our results suggest that continental isolation (in combination with limited long-distance dispersal) and changing climate and habitat loss throughout the Cenozoic have had strong impacts on the phylogenetic structure of regional species assemblages in the tropics.
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88
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Topographic separation of two sympatric palms in the central Amazon – does dispersal play a role? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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89
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Bacon CD, Baker WJ, Simmons MP. Miocene dispersal drives island radiations in the palm tribe Trachycarpeae (Arecaceae). Syst Biol 2012; 61:426-42. [PMID: 22223444 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of three island groups of the palm tribe Trachycarpeae (Arecaceae/Palmae) permits both the analysis of each independent radiation and comparisons across the tribe to address general processes that drive island diversification. Phylogenetic relationships of Trachycarpeae were inferred from three plastid and three low-copy nuclear genes. The incongruent topological position of Brahea in CISP5 was hypothesized to be caused by a gene duplication event and was addressed using uninode coding. The resulting phylogenetic trees were well-resolved and the genera were all highly supported except for Johannesteijsmannia and Serenoa. Divergence time analysis estimated the stem of the tribe to be approximately 86 Ma and the crown to be 38 Ma, indicating that significant extinction may have occurred along this branch. Historical biogeographic analysis suggested that Trachycarpeae are of southern North American, Central American, or Caribbean origin and supports previous hypotheses of a Laurasian origin. The biogeography and disjunctions within the tribe were interpreted with respect to divergence times, the fossil record, and geological factors such as the formation of the Greater Antilles--Aves Ridge, the Bering and the North Atlantic land bridges, tectonic movement in Southeast Asia, climatic shifts between the Eocene and Pliocene, and volcanism in the Pacific basin. In considering the three major island radiations within Trachycarpeae, Miocene dispersal appears to have been the driving force in allopatric speciation and is highlighted here as an emerging pattern across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA.
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90
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Tregear JW, Rival A, Pintaud JC. A family portrait: unravelling the complexities of palms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1387-1389. [PMID: 22200064 PMCID: PMC3219500 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Tregear
- IRD, IRD/CIRAD Palm Developmental Biology Group; UMR DIADE, Centre IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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91
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Eiserhardt WL, Bjorholm S, Svenning JC, Rangel TF, Balslev H. Testing the water-energy theory on American palms (Arecaceae) using geographically weighted regression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27027. [PMID: 22073244 PMCID: PMC3207816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water and energy have emerged as the best contemporary environmental correlates of broad-scale species richness patterns. A corollary hypothesis of water-energy dynamics theory is that the influence of water decreases and the influence of energy increases with absolute latitude. We report the first use of geographically weighted regression for testing this hypothesis on a continuous species richness gradient that is entirely located within the tropics and subtropics. The dataset was divided into northern and southern hemispheric portions to test whether predictor shifts are more pronounced in the less oceanic northern hemisphere. American palms (Arecaceae, n = 547 spp.), whose species richness and distributions are known to respond strongly to water and energy, were used as a model group. The ability of water and energy to explain palm species richness was quantified locally at different spatial scales and regressed on latitude. Clear latitudinal trends in agreement with water-energy dynamics theory were found, but the results did not differ qualitatively between hemispheres. Strong inherent spatial autocorrelation in local modeling results and collinearity of water and energy variables were identified as important methodological challenges. We overcame these problems by using simultaneous autoregressive models and variation partitioning. Our results show that the ability of water and energy to explain species richness changes not only across large climatic gradients spanning tropical to temperate or arctic zones but also within megathermal climates, at least for strictly tropical taxa such as palms. This finding suggests that the predictor shifts are related to gradual latitudinal changes in ambient energy (related to solar flux input) rather than to abrupt transitions at specific latitudes, such as the occurrence of frost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Bjorholm
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thiago F. Rangel
- Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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