51
|
Tickle JA, Poptani H, Taylor A, Chari DM. Noninvasive imaging of nanoparticle-labeled transplant populations within polymer matrices for neural cell therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1333-1348. [PMID: 29949467 PMCID: PMC6220152 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a 3D neural cell construct for encapsulated delivery of transplant cells; develop hydrogels seeded with magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-labeled cells suitable for cell tracking by MRI. MATERIALS & METHODS Astrocytes were exogenously labeled with MRI-compatible iron-oxide MNPs prior to intra-construct incorporation within a 3D collagen hydrogel. RESULTS A connective, complex cellular network was clearly observable within the 3D constructs, with high cellular viability. MNP accumulation in astrocytes provided a hypointense MRI signal at 24 h & 14 days. CONCLUSION Our findings support the concept of developing a 3D construct possessing the dual advantages of (i) support of long-term cell survival of neural populations with (ii) the potential for noninvasive MRI-tracking of intra-construct cells for neuroregenerative applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Tickle
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration. Genesis 2018; 56:e23215. [PMID: 30134068 PMCID: PMC6099236 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest-derived ensheathing glial cells of the olfactory nerve (OECs) are unique in spanning both the peripheral and central nervous systems: they ensheathe bundles of axons projecting from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to their targets in the olfactory bulb. OECs are clinically relevant as a promising autologous cell transplantation therapy for promoting central nervous system repair. They are also important for fertility, being required for the migration of embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode along terminal nerve axons to the medial forebrain, which they enter caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Like Schwann cell precursors, OEC precursors associated with the developing olfactory nerve express the glial marker myelin protein zero and the key peripheral glial transcription factor Sox10. The transition from Schwann cell precursors to immature Schwann cells is accelerated by canonical Notch signaling via the Rbpj transcription factor. Here, we aimed to test the role of Notch/Rbpj signaling in developing OECs by blocking the pathway in both chicken and mouse. Our results suggest that Notch/Rbpj signaling prevents the cranial neural crest cells that colonize the olfactory nerve from differentiating as neurons, and at later stages contributes to the guidance of GnRH neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristján R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Wright AA, Todorovic M, Tello-Velasquez J, Rayfield AJ, St John JA, Ekberg JA. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Spinal Cord Repair Using Neurotrophins. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:867-878. [PMID: 29852748 PMCID: PMC6050907 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718759472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapy for
spinal cord injury; however, the efficacy varies between trials in both animals and
humans. The main reason for this variability is that the purity and phenotype of the
transplanted cells differs between studies. OECs are susceptible to modulation with
neurotrophic factors, and thus, neurotrophins can be used to manipulate the transplanted
cells into an optimal, consistent phenotype. OEC transplantation can be divided into 3
phases: (1) cell preparation, (2) cell administration, and (3) continuous support to the
transplanted cells in situ. The ideal behaviour of OECs differs between these 3 phases; in
the cell preparation phase, rapid cell expansion is desirable to decrease the time between
damage and transplantation. In the cell administration phase, OEC survival and integration
at the injury site, in particular migration into the glial scar, are the most critical
factors, along with OEC-mediated phagocytosis of cellular debris. Finally, continuous
support needs to be provided to the transplantation site to promote survival of both
transplanted cells and endogenous cells within injury site and to promote long-term
integration of the transplanted cells and angiogenesis. In this review, we define the 3
phases of OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord and the optimal cell behaviors
required for each phase. Optimising functional outcomes of OEC transplantation can be
achieved by modulation of cell behaviours with neurotrophins. We identify the key growth
factors that exhibit the strongest potential for optimizing the OEC phenotype required for
each phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello-Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Rayfield
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Ekberg
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
El Tecle NE, Dahdaleh NS, Bydon M, Ray WZ, Torner JC, Hitchon PW. The natural history of complete spinal cord injury: a pooled analysis of 1162 patients and a meta-analysis of modern data. J Neurosurg Spine 2018; 28:436-443. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.7.spine17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe natural history of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is poorly studied. The classically quoted rate of improvement or conversion for patients with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade A (ASIA A) injuries is 15%–20%; however, data supporting this rate are very limited. In this paper, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of modern data reporting on ASIA A patients and evaluated factors affecting the natural history of the disease.METHODSThe authors conducted a systematic literature review of all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies of patients with traumatic SCI. The Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were reviewed for all studies reporting on SCI and published after 1992. A meta-analysis was conducted using the DerSimonian and Laird (random-effects) model with a summary odds ratio analysis.RESULTSEleven RCTs and 9 observational studies were included in the final analysis. Overall, the 20 included studies reported on 1162 patients with ASIA A injuries. The overall conversion rate was 28.1%, with 327 of 1162 patients improving to at least ASIA B. The overall rate of conversion noted in cervical spine injuries was 33.3%, whereas that in thoracic injuries was 30.6%. Patients undergoing early surgery had a higher rate of conversion (46.1%) than patients undergoing late surgery (25%) (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.08–4.96, p = 0.03).CONCLUSIONSThe overall rate of conversion of ASIA A SCIs from pooled data of prospective trials and observational series is 28.1%. This rate of conversion is higher than what is reported in the literature. Early surgery is predictive of a higher conversion rate. However, there are not enough data to provide conclusions pertaining to the efficacy of biological and medical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nader S. Dahdaleh
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mohamad Bydon
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wilson Z. Ray
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Patrick W. Hitchon
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Collins A, Li D, Liadi M, Tabakow P, Fortuna W, Raisman G, Li Y. Partial Recovery of Proprioception in Rats with Dorsal Root Injury after Human Olfactory Bulb Cell Transplantation. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1367-1378. [PMID: 29285976 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted human olfactory ensheathing cells (hOECs) were mixed with collagen into a unilateral transection of four dorsal roots (C6-T1) in a rat model. By mixing with collagen, the limited numbers of hOEC were maximized from an olfactory bulb biopsy and optimize cavity filling. Cyclosporine was administered daily to prevent immune rejection. Forelimb proprioception was assessed weekly in a vertical climb task. Half of the rats receiving hOEC transplants showed some functional improvement ("responders") over six weeks of the study while the other half did not ("nonresponders") and performed similarly to "injured only" rats. Transplanted cells were seen at both one week and six weeks after the surgical procedure; many were concentrated within the lesion cavity, but others were found with elongated processes in the overlying connective tissue. There were some fibers in the injury area associated with transplanted cells that were immunostained for neurofilament and TUJ1. Responder and nonresponder rats were compared with regard to microglial activation within the deep dorsal horn of cervical levels C7, C8 and also axon loss within the cuneate fasciculus at cervical level C3. Little difference was seen in microglial activation or axonal loss that could account for the improved proprioception in the responders group. This preliminary study is the first to transplant human olfactory bulb cells into a rat model of dorsal root injury; by refining each component part of the procedure, the repair potential of OECs can be maximized in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Modinat Liadi
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Tabakow
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fortuna
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Geoffrey Raisman
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Siedenburg JS, Wang-Leandro A, Amendt HL, Rohn K, Tipold A, Stein VM. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging findings in paraplegic dogs with recovery of motor function. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1116-1125. [PMID: 29566440 PMCID: PMC5980462 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (TMMEP) are associated with severity of clinical signs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with spinal cord disease. Hypothesis That in initially paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), MRI findings before surgery and TMMEPs obtained after decompressive surgery are associated with long‐term neurological status and correlate with each other. Animals Seventeen client‐owned paraplegic dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH. Methods Prospective observational study. TMMEPs were obtained from pelvic limbs and MRI (3T) of the spinal cord was performed at initial clinical presentation. Follow‐up studies were performed ≤ 2 days after reappearance of motor function and 3 months later. Ratios of compression length, intramedullary hyperintensities' length (T2‐weighted hyperintensity length ratio [T2WLR]), and lesion extension (T2‐weighted‐lesion extension ratio) in relation to the length of the 2nd lumbar vertebral body were calculated. Results TMMEPs could be elicited in 10/17 (59%) dogs at 1st and in 16/17 (94%) dogs at 2nd follow‐up. Comparison of TMMEPs of 1st and 2nd follow‐up showed significantly increased amplitudes (median from 0.19 to 0.45 mV) and decreased latencies (from 69.38 to 40.26 ms; P = .01 and .001, respectively). At 2nd follow‐up latencies were significantly associated with ambulatory status (P = .024). T2WLR obtained before surgery correlated with latencies at 2nd follow‐up (P = .04). Conclusions TMMEP reflect motor function recovery after severe spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S Siedenburg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adriano Wang-Leandro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanna-Luise Amendt
- Division of Neurology, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Division of Neurology, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Centre of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Division of Neurology, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Dalamagkas K, Tsintou M, Seifalian AM. Stem cells for spinal cord injuries bearing translational potential. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:35-42. [PMID: 29451202 PMCID: PMC5840986 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.224360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating neurological disease, which still lacks effective treatment strategies, causing significant financial burden and distress to the affected families. Nevertheless, nanotechnology and regenerative medicine strategies holding promise for the development of novel therapies that would reach from bench to bedside to serve the SCI patients. There has already been significant progress in the field of cell-based therapies, with the clinical application for SCI, currently in phase II of the clinical trial. Stem cells (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells, fetal stem cells, human embryonic stem cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells) are certainly not to be considered the panacea for neural repair but, especially when combined with rehabilitation or other combinatorial approaches using the help of nanotechnology, they seem to be the source of some of the most promising and clinical translatable cell-based therapies that could help solving impactful problems on neural repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Dalamagkas
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Centre, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalini Tsintou
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Centre, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (Ltd.), The London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Carwardine D, Prager J, Neeves J, Muir EM, Uney J, Granger N, Wong LF. Transplantation of canine olfactory ensheathing cells producing chondroitinase ABC promotes chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan digestion and axonal sprouting following spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188967. [PMID: 29228020 PMCID: PMC5724818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treating spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been demonstrated in experimental SCI models and naturally occurring SCI in dogs. However, the presence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of the glial scar can inhibit efficient axonal repair and limit the therapeutic potential of OECs. Here we have used lentiviral vectors to genetically modify canine OECs to continuously deliver mammalian chondroitinase ABC at the lesion site in order to degrade the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. We demonstrate that these chondroitinase producing canine OECs survived at 4 weeks following transplantation into the spinal cord lesion and effectively digested chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans at the site of injury. There was evidence of sprouting within the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion and an increase in the number of corticospinal axons caudal to the lesion, suggestive of axonal regeneration. Our results indicate that delivery of the chondroitinase enzyme can be achieved with the genetically modified OECs to increase axon growth following SCI. The combination of these two promising approaches is a potential strategy for promoting neural regeneration following SCI in veterinary practice and human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Prager
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Neeves
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Uney
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Parker D. The Lesioned Spinal Cord Is a "New" Spinal Cord: Evidence from Functional Changes after Spinal Injury in Lamprey. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:84. [PMID: 29163065 PMCID: PMC5681538 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) focuses on reconnecting the spinal cord by promoting regeneration across the lesion site. However, while regeneration is necessary for recovery, on its own it may not be sufficient. This presumably reflects the requirement for regenerated inputs to interact appropriately with the spinal cord, making sub-lesion network properties an additional influence on recovery. This review summarizes work we have done in the lamprey, a model system for SCI research. We have compared locomotor behavior (swimming) and the properties of descending inputs, locomotor networks, and sensory inputs in unlesioned animals and animals that have received complete spinal cord lesions. In the majority (∼90%) of animals swimming parameters after lesioning recovered to match those in unlesioned animals. Synaptic inputs from individual regenerated axons also matched the properties in unlesioned animals, although this was associated with changes in release parameters. This suggests against any compensation at these synapses for the reduced descending drive that will occur given that regeneration is always incomplete. Compensation instead seems to occur through diverse changes in cellular and synaptic properties in locomotor networks and proprioceptive systems below, but also above, the lesion site. Recovery of locomotor performance is thus not simply the reconnection of the two sides of the spinal cord, but reflects a distributed and varied range of spinal cord changes. While locomotor network changes are insufficient on their own for recovery, they may facilitate locomotor outputs by compensating for the reduction in descending drive. Potentiated sensory feedback may in turn be a necessary adaptation that monitors and adjusts the output from the “new” locomotor network. Rather than a single aspect, changes in different components of the motor system and their interactions may be needed after SCI. If these are general features, and where comparisons with mammalian systems can be made effects seem to be conserved, improving functional recovery in higher vertebrates will require interventions that generate the optimal spinal cord conditions conducive to recovery. The analyses needed to identify these conditions are difficult in the mammalian spinal cord, but lower vertebrate systems should help to identify the principles of the optimal spinal cord response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Parker
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Development, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Levine JM, Cohen ND, Fandel TM, Levine GJ, Mankin J, Griffin JF, Kerwin SC, Boudreau CE, Trivedi A, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Early Blockade of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Spinal-Cord–Injured Dogs Results in a Long-Term Increase in Bladder Compliance. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2656-2667. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Noah D. Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Thomas M. Fandel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joseph Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John F. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - C. Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Alpa Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Steffensen N, Lehmbecker A, Gerhauser I, Wang Y, Carlson R, Tipold A, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM. Generation and characterization of highly purified canine Schwann cells from spinal nerve dorsal roots as potential new candidates for transplantation strategies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e422-e437. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Steffensen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Regina Carlson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience; Hannover Germany
| | - Veronika M. Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Veterinary Medicine; Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wang-Leandro A, Hobert MK, Alisauskaite N, Dziallas P, Rohn K, Stein VM, Tipold A. Spontaneous acute and chronic spinal cord injuries in paraplegic dogs: a comparative study of in vivo diffusion tensor imaging. Spinal Cord 2017; 55:1108-1116. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
63
|
Blau SR, Davis LM, Gorney AM, Dohse CS, Williams KD, Lim JH, Pfitzner WG, Laber E, Sawicki GS, Olby NJ. Quantifying center of pressure variability in chondrodystrophoid dogs. Vet J 2017; 226:26-31. [PMID: 28911837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The center of pressure (COP) position reflects a combination of proprioceptive, motor and mechanical function. As such, it can be used to quantify and characterize neurologic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the movement of COP and its variability in healthy chondrodystrophoid dogs while walking to provide a baseline for comparison to dogs with spinal cord injury due to acute intervertebral disc herniations. Fifteen healthy adult chondrodystrophoid dogs were walked on an instrumented treadmill that recorded the location of each dog's COP as it walked. Center of pressure (COP) was referenced from an anatomical marker on the dogs' back. The root mean squared (RMS) values of changes in COP location in the sagittal (y) and horizontal (x) directions were calculated to determine the range of COP variability. Three dogs would not walk on the treadmill. One dog was too small to collect interpretable data. From the remaining 11 dogs, 206 trials were analyzed. Mean RMS for change in COPx per trial was 0.0138 (standard deviation, SD 0.0047) and for COPy was 0.0185 (SD 0.0071). Walking speed but not limb length had a significant effect on COP RMS. Repeat measurements in six dogs had high test retest consistency in the x and fair consistency in the y direction. In conclusion, COP variability can be measured consistently in dogs, and a range of COP variability for normal chondrodystrophoid dogs has been determined to provide a baseline for future studies on dogs with spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Blau
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - L M Davis
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - A M Gorney
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - C S Dohse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - K D Williams
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - J-H Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - W G Pfitzner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - E Laber
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - G S Sawicki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - N J Olby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Lee WJ, Lee JY, Jung KH, Lee ST, Kim HY, Park DK, Yu JS, Kim SY, Jeon D, Kim M, Lee SK, Roh JK, Chu K. Neurovascular Cell Sheet Transplantation in a Canine Model of Intracranial Hemorrhage. CELL MEDICINE 2017; 9:73-85. [PMID: 28713638 DOI: 10.3727/215517916x693384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a great therapeutic potential. However, methods to effectively induce direct regeneration of the damaged neural tissue after cell transplantation have not been established, which, if done, would improve the efficacy of cell-based therapy. In this study, we aimed to develop a cell sheet with neurovasculogenic potential and evaluate its usefulness in a canine ICH model. We designed a composite cell sheet made of neural progenitors derived from human olfactory neuroepithelium and vascular progenitors from human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. We also generated a physiologic canine ICH model by manually injecting and then infusing autologous blood under arterial pressure. We transplanted the sheet cells (cell sheet group) or saline (control group) at the cortex over the hematoma at subacute stages (2 weeks from ICH induction). At 4 weeks from the cell transplantation, cell survival, migration, and differentiation were evaluated. Hemispheric atrophy and neurobehavioral recovery were also compared between the groups. As a result, the cell sheet was rich in extracellular matrices and expressed neurotrophic factors as well as the markers for neuronal development. After transplantation, the cells successfully survived for 4 weeks, and a large portion of those migrated to the perihematomal site and differentiated into neurons and pericytes (20% and 30% of migrated stem cells, respectively). Transplantation of cell sheets alleviated hemorrhage-related hemispheric atrophy (p = 0.042) and showed tendency for improving functional recovery (p = 0.062). Therefore, we concluded that the cell sheet transplantation technique might induce direct regeneration of neural tissue and might improve outcomes of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Young Lee
- ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Yeol Kim
- §Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Park
- †Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Suk Yu
- †Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Yun Kim
- †Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daejong Jeon
- †Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- †Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,‡Department of Neurosurgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kyu Roh
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,¶Department of Neurology, The Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Gyeunggido, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,†Laboratory for Neurotherapeutics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Delaney AM, Adams CF, Fernandes AR, Al-Shakli AF, Sen J, Carwardine DR, Granger N, Chari DM. A fusion of minicircle DNA and nanoparticle delivery technologies facilitates therapeutic genetic engineering of autologous canine olfactory mucosal cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8560-8566. [PMID: 28613324 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) promote axonal regeneration and improve locomotor function when transplanted into the injured spinal cord. A recent clinical trial demonstrated improved motor function in domestic dogs with spinal injury following autologous OEC transplantation. Their utility in canines offers promise for human translation, as dogs are comparable to humans in terms of clinical management and genetic/environmental variation. Moreover, the autologous, minimally invasive derivation of OECs makes them viable for human spinal injury investigation. Genetic engineering of transplant populations may augment their therapeutic potential, but relies heavily on viral methods which have several drawbacks for clinical translation. We present here the first proof that magnetic particles deployed with applied magnetic fields and advanced DNA minicircle vectors can safely bioengineer OECs to secrete a key neurotrophic factor, with an efficiency approaching that of viral vectors. We suggest that our alternative approach offers high translational potential for the delivery of augmented clinical cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Delaney
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Lewis MJ, Howard JF, Olby NJ. The Relationship between Trans-Lesional Conduction, Motor Neuron Pool Excitability, and Motor Function in Dogs with Incomplete Recovery from Severe Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2994-3002. [PMID: 28462632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous, acute, complete thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (TL-SCI) in dogs frequently results in permanent deficits modeling chronic paralysis in people. Recovery of walking without recovery of sensation has been interpreted in dogs as reflexive spinal walking. To evaluate this assumption, this study characterized the electrophysiological status of motor and sensory long tracts and local reflex circuitry in dogs with absent recovery of sensation after acute TL-SCI and correlated findings to gait scores. Twenty dogs with permanent deficits after acute, clinically complete TL-SCI and 6 normal dogs were prospectively enrolled. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (MEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), H-reflex, and F-waves were evaluated. Gait was quantified using an ordinal, open field scale (OFS) and treadmill-based stepping and coordination scores (SS, RI). MEP latency and H-reflex variables were compared between cases and controls. Associations between presence of MEPs, SSEPs, F-waves or H-reflex variables, and gait scores were determined. Pelvic limb MEPs were detected in 4 cases; no case had trans-lesional sensory conduction. Latency was longer and conduction velocity slower in cases than controls (pa = 0.0064, 0.0023, respectively). Three of 4 cases with pelvic limb MEPs were ambulatory, and gait scores (OFS, SS, RI) were each associated with presence of trans-lesional conduction (pa = 0.006, 0.006, 0.003, respectively). H threshold in cases (mean, 3.2mA ±2.5) was lower than controls (mean, 7.9mA ±3.1; pa = 0.011) and was inversely associated with treadmill-based scores, SS, and RI (pa = 0.042, 0.043, respectively). The association between pelvic limb MEPs and gait scores supports the importance of descending influence on regaining walking after severe TL-SCI in dogs rather than just activation of spinal walking. The inverse association between H-reflex threshold and gait scores implies that increases in motor neuron pool excitability might also contribute to motor recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,2 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - James F Howard
- 3 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,2 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Campos Mello Inglez de Souza MC, Ferreira RJR, Patricio GCF, Matera JM. Neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord injuries in dogs using somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:37. [PMID: 28606109 PMCID: PMC5469055 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are non-invasive neurophysiological tests that reflect the functional integrity of sensory and motor pathways. Despite their extensive use and description in human medicine, reports in veterinary medicine are scarce. SSEPs are obtained via peripheral stimulation of sensory or mixed nerves; stimulation induces spinal and cortical responses, which are recorded when sensory pathways integrity is preserved. MEPs can be obtained via transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation; in this case, thoracic and pelvic limb muscle responses are captured if motor pathways are preserved. This review describes principles, methodology and clinical applicability of SSEPs and MEPs in companion animal medicine. Potential interferences of anesthesia with SSEP and MEP recording are also discussed.
Collapse
|
68
|
Tsai MJ, Huang CT, Huang YS, Weng CF, Shyue SK, Huang MC, Liou DY, Lin YR, Cheng CH, Kuo HS, Lin Y, Lee MJ, Huang WH, Huang WC, Cheng H. Improving the regenerative potential of olfactory ensheathing cells by overexpressing prostacyclin synthetase and its application in spinal cord repair. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:34. [PMID: 28545516 PMCID: PMC5444105 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), specialized glia that ensheathe bundles of olfactory nerves, have been reported as a favorable substrate for axonal regeneration. Grafting OEC to injured spinal cord appears to facilitate axonal regeneration although the functional recovery is limited. In an attempt to improve the growth-promoting properties of OEC, we transduced prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) to OEC via adenoviral (Ad) gene transfer and examined the effect of OEC with enhanced prostacyclin synthesis in co-culture and in vivo. Prostacyclin is a vasodilator, platelet anti-aggregatory and cytoprotective agent. Results Cultured OEC expressed high level of cyclooxygneases, but not PGIS. Infection of AdPGIS to OEC could selectively augument prostacyclin synthesis. When cocultured with either OEC or AdPGIS-OEC, neuronal cells were resistant to OGD-induced damage. The resulted OEC were further transplanted to the transected cavity of thoracic spinal cord injured (SCI) rats. By 6 weeks post-surgery, significant functional recovery in hind limbs occurred in OEC or AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats compared with nontreated SCI rats. At 10–12 weeks postgraft, AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats showed significantly better motor restoration than OEC transplanted SCI rats. Futhermore, regenerating fiber tracts in the distal spinal cord stump were found in 40–60% of AdPGIS-OEC transplanted SCI rats. Conclusions Enhanced synthesis of prostacyclin in grafted OEC improved fiber tract regeneration and functional restoration in spinal cord injured rats. These results suggest an important potential of prostacyclin in stimulating OEC therapeutic properties that are relevant for neural transplant therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yong-San Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Dann-Ying Liou
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ru Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsun Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Sheng Kuo
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yilo Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Safety of Allogeneic Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Intraspinal Transplantation in Dogs with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3053759. [PMID: 28611846 PMCID: PMC5458383 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3053759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a pilot clinical study primarily designed to assess the feasibility and safety of X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal injection of allogeneic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. Six dogs with chronic paraplegia (≥six months) were intraparenchymally injected with allogeneic cells in the site of lesion. Cells were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of a healthy dog, cultured to passage 3, labeled with 99mTechnetium, and transplanted into the lesion by percutaneous X-ray-guided injection. Digital X-ray efficiently guided cell injection as 99mTechnetium-labeled cells remained in the injection site for at least 24 hours after transplantation. No adverse effects or complications (infection, neuropathic pain, or worsening of neurological function) were observed during the 16-week follow-up period after transplantation. Three animals improved locomotion as assessed by the Olby scale. One animal walked without support, but no changes in deep pain perception were observed. We conclude that X-ray-guided percutaneous intraspinal transplantation of allogeneic cells in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury is feasible and safe. The efficacy of the treatment will be assessed in a new study involving a larger number of animals.
Collapse
|
70
|
Wilson S, Abode-Iyamah KO, Miller JW, Reddy CG, Safayi S, Fredericks DC, Jeffery ND, DeVries-Watson NA, Shivapour SK, Viljoen S, Dalm BD, Gibson-Corley KN, Johnson MD, Gillies GT, Howard MA. An ovine model of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:346-360. [PMID: 27759502 PMCID: PMC5472023 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1222475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a large animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI), for use in translational studies of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the treatment of spasticity. We seek to establish thresholds for the SCS parameters associated with reduction of post-SCI spasticity in the pelvic limbs, with implications for patients. STUDY DESIGN The weight-drop method was used to create a moderate SCI in adult sheep, leading to mild spasticity in the pelvic limbs. Electrodes for electromyography (EMG) and an epidural spinal cord stimulator were then implanted. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were taken during treadmill ambulation in six animals, and in one animal with and without SCS at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9 V. SETTING All surgical procedures were carried out at the University of Iowa. The gait measurements were made at Iowa State University. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine adult female sheep were used in these institutionally approved protocols. Six of them were trained in treadmill ambulation prior to SCI surgeries, and underwent gait analysis pre- and post-SCI. Stretch reflex and H-reflex measurements were also made in conscious animals. RESULTS Gait analysis revealed repeatable quantitative differences in 20% of the key kinematic parameters of the sheep, pre- and post-SCI. Hock joint angular velocity increased toward the normal pre-injury baseline in the animal with SCS at 0.9 V. CONCLUSION The ovine model is workable as a large animal surrogate suitable for translational studies of novel SCS therapies aimed at relieving spasticity in patients with SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA,Correspondence to: Saul Wilson, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1086, USA.
| | | | - John W. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chandan G. Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sina Safayi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Douglas C. Fredericks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicole A. DeVries-Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara K. Shivapour
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stephanus Viljoen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian D. Dalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - George T. Gillies
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Moore SA, Granger N, Olby NJ, Spitzbarth I, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Nout-Lomas YS, da Costa RC, Stein VM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ, Blight AR, Grossman RG, Basso DM, Levine JM. Targeting Translational Successes through CANSORT-SCI: Using Pet Dogs To Identify Effective Treatments for Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2007-2018. [PMID: 28230415 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI) from laboratory to clinic has been historically challenging, highlighting the need for robust models of injury that more closely mirror the human condition. The high prevalence of acute, naturally occurring SCI in pet dogs provides a unique opportunity to evaluate expeditiously promising interventions in a population of animals that receive diagnoses and treatment clinically in a manner similar to persons with SCI, while adhering to National Institutes of Health guidelines for scientific rigor and transparent reporting. In addition, pet dogs with chronic paralysis are often maintained long-term by their owners, offering a similarly unique population for study of chronic SCI. Despite this, only a small number of studies have used the clinical dog model of SCI. The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) was recently established by a group of veterinarians and basic science researchers to promote the value of the canine clinical model of SCI. The CANSORT-SCI group held an inaugural meeting November 20 and 21, 2015 to evaluate opportunities and challenges to the use of pet dogs in SCI research. Key challenges identified included lack of familiarity with the model among nonveterinary scientists and questions about how and where in the translational process the canine clinical model would be most valuable. In light of these, we review the natural history, outcome, and available assessment tools associated with canine clinical SCI with emphasis on their relevance to human SCI and the translational process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Nicolas Granger
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha J Olby
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,4 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,5 Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,6 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany .,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea Tipold
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,7 Center for Systems Neuroscience , Hannover, Germany.,9 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,10 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus Ohio.,2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI)
| | - Veronika M Stein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,11 Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Linda J Noble-Haeusslein
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,12 Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences and Neurological Surgery, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew R Blight
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,13 Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. Ardsley, New York
| | - Robert G Grossman
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,14 Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - D Michele Basso
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,15 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 2 The Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI).,8 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Lindsay SL, Toft A, Griffin J, M M Emraja A, Barnett SC, Riddell JS. Human olfactory mesenchymal stromal cell transplants promote remyelination and earlier improvement in gait co-ordination after spinal cord injury. Glia 2017; 65:639-656. [PMID: 28144983 PMCID: PMC5324664 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autologous cell transplantation is a promising strategy for repair of the injured spinal cord. Here we have studied the repair potential of mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from the human olfactory mucosa after transplantation into a rodent model of incomplete spinal cord injury. Investigation of peripheral type remyelination at the injury site using immunocytochemistry for P0, showed a more extensive distribution in transplanted compared with control animals. In addition to the typical distribution in the dorsal columns (common to all animals), in transplanted animals only, P0 immunolabelling was consistently detected in white matter lateral and ventral to the injury site. Transplanted animals also showed reduced cavitation. Several functional outcome measures including end‐point electrophysiological testing of dorsal column conduction and weekly behavioural testing of BBB, weight bearing and pain, showed no difference between transplanted and control animals. However, gait analysis revealed an earlier recovery of co‐ordination between forelimb and hindlimb stepping in transplanted animals. This improvement in gait may be associated with the enhanced myelination in ventral and lateral white matter, where fibre tracts important for locomotion reside. Autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells from the olfactory mucosa may therefore be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of spinal cord injury. GLIA 2017 GLIA 2017;65:639–656
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Toft
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Griffin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M M Emraja
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Carol Barnett
- Institute of Infection, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Amendt HL, Siedenburg JS, Steffensen N, Kordass U, Rohn K, Tipold A, Stein VM. Correlation between severity of clinical signs and transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials in dogs with intervertebral disc herniation. Vet J 2017; 221:48-53. [PMID: 28283080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (TMMEPs) can assess the functional integrity of the spinal cord descending motor pathways. In intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), these pathways are compromised to varying degrees reflected by the severity of neurological deficits. The hypotheses of this study were as follows: (1) TMMEPs differ in dogs with IVDH and healthy control dogs; (2) TMMEPs reflect different severities of neurological signs; and (3) TMMEPs can document functional motor improvement and therefore monitor recovery of function. TMMEPs were recorded in 50 dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH. Clinical signs ranged from spinal hyperesthesia to non-ambulatory paraparesis in 19 dogs and paraplegia with/without deep pain sensation in 31 dogs. In these 31 paraplegic dogs, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was repeated during follow-up examinations. Ten healthy Beagle dogs served as controls. There was a significant increase in onset latency and decrease in peak-to-peak amplitude in the pelvic limb TMMEPs of dogs with spinal hyperesthesia to severe paraparesis compared to control dogs. Waveforms in dogs with IVDH were predominantly polyphasic in contrast to the biphasic waveforms of the control dogs. TMMEPs could not be generated in the pelvic limbs of paraplegic dogs. However, TMMEPs with markedly increased onset latencies and decreased peak-to-peak amplitudes reappeared in the pelvic limbs of dogs that were paraplegic before surgery and showed functional motor improvement during follow-up. The severity of neurological deficits was reflected by TMMEP findings, which could be used to document functional motor recovery in IVDH. TMS could therefore be used as an ancillary test to monitor response to therapy in dogs during rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-L Amendt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J S Siedenburg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Steffensen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - U Kordass
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - V M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Barton MJ, John JS, Clarke M, Wright A, Ekberg J. The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E287. [PMID: 28146061 PMCID: PMC5343823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a much larger capacity for regeneration than the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this difference is the difference in glial cell types between the two systems. PNS glia respond rapidly to nerve injury by clearing debris from the injury site, supplying essential growth factors and providing structural support; all of which enhances neuronal regeneration. Thus, transplantation of glial cells from the PNS is a very promising therapy for injuries to both the PNS and the CNS. There are two key types of PNS glia: olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which populate the olfactory nerve, and Schwann cells (SCs), which are present in the rest of the PNS. These two glial types share many similar morphological and functional characteristics but also exhibit key differences. The olfactory nerve is constantly turning over throughout life, which means OECs are continuously stimulating neural regeneration, whilst SCs only promote regeneration after direct injury to the PNS. This review presents a comparison between these two PNS systems in respect to normal physiology, developmental anatomy, glial functions and their responses to injury. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and differences between the two systems is crucial for the development of future therapies using transplantation of peripheral glia to treat neural injuries and/or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barton
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mary Clarke
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Alison Wright
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Shinozaki M, Iwanami A, Fujiyoshi K, Tashiro S, Kitamura K, Shibata S, Fujita H, Nakamura M, Okano H. Combined treatment with chondroitinase ABC and treadmill rehabilitation for chronic severe spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurosci Res 2016; 113:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
76
|
Gabel BC, Curtis EI, Marsala M, Ciacci JD. A Review of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Large Animal Models and the Frontier in Humans. World Neurosurg 2016; 98:438-443. [PMID: 27876663 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature of spinal cord injury and stem cell therapy for large animal models and incorporate those results into an understanding of stem cell therapy for human cord injury. METHODS Review of the literature. RESULTS Eleven canine studies were identified and 3 sub-human primate studies were identified showing variable results. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic option for patients with spinal cord injury; however, the technology has many un-answered questions and further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Gabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Erik I Curtis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph D Ciacci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Goldman SA. Stem and Progenitor Cell-Based Therapy of the Central Nervous System: Hopes, Hype, and Wishful Thinking. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:174-88. [PMID: 26849304 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of neurological disorders are attractive targets for stem and progenitor cell-based therapy. Yet many conditions are not, whether by virtue of an inhospitable disease environment, poorly understood pathophysiology, or poor alignment of donor cell capabilities with patient needs. Moreover, some disorders may be medically feasible targets but are not practicable, in light of already available treatments, poor risk-benefit and cost-benefit profiles, or resource limitations. This Perspective seeks to define those neurological conditions most appropriate for cell replacement therapy by considering its potential efficacy and clinical feasibility in those disorders, as well as potential impediments to its application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Oprych K, Cotfas D, Choi D. Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1877-1895. [PMID: 27718014 PMCID: PMC5406434 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in situ immunocytochemical properties of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been well studied in several small to medium sized animal models including rats, mice, guinea pigs, cats and canines. However, we know very little about the antigenic characteristics of OECs in situ within the adult and developing human olfactory bulb and nerve roots. To address this gap in knowledge we undertook an immunocytochemical analysis of the 11–19 pcw human foetal olfactory system. Human foetal OECs in situ possessed important differences compared to rodents in the expression of key surface markers. P75NTR was not observed in OECs but was strongly expressed by human foetal Schwann cells and perineurial olfactory nerve fibroblasts surrounding OECs. We define OECs throughout the 11–19 pcw human olfactory system as S100/vimentin/SOX10+ with low expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that P75NTR is a robust marker that could be utilised with cell sorting techniques to generate enriched OEC cultures by first removing P75NTR expressing Schwann cells and fibroblasts, and subsequently to isolate OECs after P75NTR upregulation in vitro. O4 and PSA-NCAM were not found to be suitable surface antigens for OEC purification owing to their ambiguous and heterogeneous expression. Our results highlight the importance of corroborating cell markers when translating cell therapies from animal models to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oprych
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Daniel Cotfas
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Al Delfi IR, Sheard JJ, Wood CR, Vernallis A, Innes JF, Myint P, Johnson WEB. Canine mesenchymal stem cells are neurotrophic and angiogenic: An in vitro assessment of their paracrine activity. Vet J 2016; 217:10-17. [PMID: 27810198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell replacement therapies for connective tissue damage, but also can stimulate wound healing through paracrine activity. In order to further understand the potential use of MSCs to treat dogs with neurological disorders, this study examined the paracrine action of adipose-derived canine MSCs on neuronal and endothelial cell models. The culture-expanded MSCs exhibited a MSC phenotype according to plastic adherence, cell morphology, CD profiling and differentiation potential along mesenchymal lineages. Treating the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with serum-free MSC culture-conditioned medium (MSC CM) significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell proliferation (P <0.01), neurite outgrowth (P = 0.0055) and immunopositivity for the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin (P = 0.0002). Treatment of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell line with MSC CM significantly increased the rate of wound closure in endothelial cell scratch wound assays (P = 0.0409), which was associated with significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation (P <0.05) and migration (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, canine MSC CM induced endothelial tubule formation in EA.hy926 cells in a soluble basement membrane matrix. Hence, this study has demonstrated that adipose-derived canine MSC CM stimulated neuronal and endothelial cells probably through the paracrine activity of MSC-secreted factors. This supports the use of canine MSC transplants or their secreted products in the clinical treatment of dogs with neurological disorders and provides some insight into possible mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Al Delfi
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - J J Sheard
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - C R Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - A Vernallis
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - J F Innes
- Veterinary Tissue Bank Ltd, Brynkinalt Business Centre, Wrexham LL14 5NS, UK
| | - P Myint
- Veterinary Tissue Bank Ltd, Brynkinalt Business Centre, Wrexham LL14 5NS, UK
| | - W E B Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, Cheshire CH1 4BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lindsay SL, Barnett SC. Are nestin-positive mesenchymal stromal cells a better source of cells for CNS repair? Neurochem Int 2016; 106:101-107. [PMID: 27498150 PMCID: PMC5455984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a great deal of research within the stem cell field which has led to the definition and classification of a range of stem cells from a plethora of tissues and organs. Stem cells, by classification, are considered to be pluri- or multipotent and have both self-renewal and multi-differentiation capabilities. Presently there is a great deal of interest in stem cells isolated from both embryonic and adult tissues in the hope they hold the therapeutic key to restoring or treating damaged cells in a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review we will discuss the role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from human olfactory mucosa, with particular emphasis on their potential role as a candidate for transplant mediated repair in the CNS. Since nestin expression defines the entire population of olfactory mucosal derived MSCs, we will compare these cells to a population of neural crest derived nestin positive population of bone marrow-MSCs. Human olfactory mucosa is a new source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Some bone marrow MSCs are nestin-positive, neural crest derived and regulate hematopoietic stem cell activation. Human olfactory mucosa contains a population of nestin-positive MSCs that secrete CXCL12 and may have promote CNS repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glial Cell Biology Group, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Room B329, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glial Cell Biology Group, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Room B329, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Winter CC, Katiyar KS, Hernandez NS, Song YJ, Struzyna LA, Harris JP, Cullen DK. Transplantable living scaffolds comprised of micro-tissue engineered aligned astrocyte networks to facilitate central nervous system regeneration. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:44-58. [PMID: 27090594 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurotrauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative disease may result in widespread loss of neural cells as well as the complex interconnectivity necessary for proper central nervous system function, generally resulting in permanent functional deficits. Potential regenerative strategies involve the recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells and/or directed axonal regeneration through the use of tissue engineered "living scaffolds" built to mimic features of three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo migratory or guidance pathways. Accordingly, we devised a novel biomaterial encasement scheme using tubular hydrogel-collagen micro-columns that facilitated the self-assembly of seeded astrocytes into 3-D living scaffolds consisting of long, cable-like aligned astrocytic networks. Here, robust astrocyte alignment was achieved within a micro-column inner diameter (ID) of 180μm or 300-350μm but not 1.0mm, suggesting that radius of curvature dictated the extent of alignment. Moreover, within small ID micro-columns, >70% of the astrocytes assumed a bi-polar morphology, versus ∼10% in larger micro-columns or planar surfaces. Cell-cell interactions also influenced the aligned architecture, as extensive astrocyte-collagen contraction was achieved at high (9-12×10(5)cells/mL) but not lower (2-6×10(5)cells/mL) seeding densities. This high density micro-column seeding led to the formation of ultra-dense 3-D "bundles" of aligned bi-polar astrocytes within collagen measuring up to 150μm in diameter yet extending to a remarkable length of over 2.5cm. Importantly, co-seeded neurons extended neurites directly along the aligned astrocytic bundles, demonstrating permissive cues for neurite extension. These transplantable cable-like astrocytic networks structurally mimic the glial tube that guides neuronal progenitor migration in vivo along the rostral migratory stream, and therefore may be useful to guide progenitor cells to repopulate sites of widespread neurodegeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript details our development of novel micro-tissue engineering techniques to generate robust networks of longitudinally aligned astrocytes within transplantable micro-column hydrogels. We report a novel biomaterial encasement scheme that facilitated the self-assembly of seeded astrocytes into long, aligned regenerative pathways. These miniature "living scaffold" constructs physically emulate the glial tube - a pathway in the brain consisting of aligned astrocytes that guide the migration of neuronal progenitor cells - and therefore may facilitate directed neuronal migration for central nervous system repair. The small size and self-contained design of these aligned astrocyte constructs will permit minimally invasive transplantation in models of central nervous system injury in future studies.
Collapse
|
82
|
Besalti O, Aktas Z, Can P, Akpinar E, Elcin AE, Elcin YM. The use of autologous neurogenically-induced bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of paraplegic dogs without nociception due to spinal trauma. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1465-1473. [PMID: 27301583 PMCID: PMC5059374 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of percutaneous transplanted autologous neurogenically-induced bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NIBM-MSCs) in paraplegic dogs without deep pain perception (DPP) secondary to external spinal trauma. Thirteen client owned dogs that had failed in improvement neurologically at least 42 days after conservative management, decompression and decompression-stabilization were included in the study. Each dog received two doses of autologous 5.0 × 106 NIBM-MSCs suspension, which were positive to 2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), as well as to Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and beta III tubulin. The cells were injected into the spinal cord through the hemilaminectomy or laminectomy defects percutaneously with 21 days interval for 2 times. The results were evaluated using Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) at the admission time, cell transplantation procedures and during 2, 5, 7 and 12th months after the second cell transplantation. Improvement after cell transplantation in gait, nociception, proprioception, SEP and MEP results was observed in just 2 cases, and only gait score improvement was seen in 6 cases, and no improvement was recorded in 5 cases. All progresses were observed until 2nd month after the second cell transplantation, however, there was no improvement after this period. In conclusion, percutaneous transplantation of autologous NIBM-MSCs is a promising candidate modality for cases with spinal cord injury after spinal trauma and poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Besalti
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Russell RL, Levine JM, Jeffery ND, Young C, Mondragon A, Lee B, Boudreau CE, Welsh CJ, Levine GJ. Arachidonic acid pathway alterations in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:31. [PMID: 27287721 PMCID: PMC4901514 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine intervertebral disc πherniation causes a naturally-occurring spinal cord injury (SCI) that bears critical similarities to human SCI with respect to both injury pathomechanisms and treatment. As such, it has tremendous potential to enhance our understanding of injury biology and the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. Currently, there is limited understanding of the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in canine SCI. Results The CSF concentrations of PLA2 and PGE2 were higher in SCI dogs compared to control dogs (p = 0.0370 and 0.0273, respectively), but CSF LCT4 concentration in SCI dogs was significantly lower than that in control dogs (p < 0.0001). Prostaglandin E2 concentration in the CSF was significantly and positively associated with increased severity of SCI at the time of sampling (p = 0.041) and recovery 42 days post-injury (p = 0.006), as measured by ordinal behavioral scores. Conclusion Arachidonic acid metabolism is altered in dogs with SCI, and these data suggest that these AA metabolites reflect injury severity and recovery, paralleling data from other model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rae L Russell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1720 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Colin Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Armando Mondragon
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bryan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Khankan RR, Griffis KG, Haggerty-Skeans JR, Zhong H, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Phelps PE. Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation after a Complete Spinal Cord Transection Mediates Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms to Facilitate Regeneration. J Neurosci 2016; 36:6269-86. [PMID: 27277804 PMCID: PMC4899528 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0085-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple neural and peripheral cell types rapidly respond to tissue damage after spinal cord injury to form a structurally and chemically inhibitory scar that limits axon regeneration. Astrocytes form an astroglial scar and produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), activate microglia, and recruit blood-derived immune cells to the lesion for debris removal. One beneficial therapy, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation, results in functional improvements and promotes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. The lack of an OEC-specific marker, however, has limited the investigation of mechanisms underlying their proregenerative effects. We compared the effects of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled fibroblast (FB) and OEC transplants acutely after a complete low-thoracic spinal cord transection in adult rats. We assessed the preservation of neurons and serotonergic axons, the levels of inhibitory CSPGs and myelin debris, and the extent of immune cell activation between 1 and 8 weeks postinjury. Our findings indicate that OECs survive longer than FBs post-transplantation, preserve axons and neurons, and reduce inhibitory molecules in the lesion core. Additionally, we show that OECs limit immune-cell activation and infiltration, whereas FBs alter astroglial scar formation and increase immune-cell infiltration and concomitant secondary tissue damage. Administration of cyclosporine-A to enhance graft survival demonstrated that immune suppression can augment OEC contact-mediated protection of axons and neurons during the first 2 weeks postinjury. Collectively, these data suggest that OECs have neuroprotective and immunomodulatory mechanisms that create a supportive environment for neuronal survival and axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury creates physical and chemical barriers to axon regeneration. We used a complete spinal cord transection model and olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) or fibroblast (FB; control) transplantation as a repair strategy. OECs, but not FBs, intermingled with astrocytes, facilitated astroglial scar border formation and sequestered invading peripheral cells. OECs attenuated immune cell infiltration, reduced secondary tissue damage, protected neurons and axons in the lesion core, and helped clear myelin debris. Immunosuppression enhanced survival of OECs and FBs, but only OEC transplantation promoted scaffold formation in the lesion site that facilitated axon regeneration and neuron preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Brain Research Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Carwardine D, Wong LF, Fawcett JW, Muir EM, Granger N. Canine olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa can be engineered to produce active chondroitinase ABC. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:311-8. [PMID: 27423610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of factors must be overcome following spinal cord injury (SCI) in order to achieve clinical improvement in patients. It is thought that by combining promising therapies these diverse factors could be combatted with the aim of producing an overall improvement in function. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) present in the glial scar that forms following SCI present a significant block to axon regeneration. Digestion of CSPGs by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) leads to axon regeneration, neuronal plasticity and functional improvement in preclinical models of SCI. However, the enzyme activity decays at body temperature within 24-72h, limiting the translational potential of ChABC as a therapy. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have shown huge promise as a cell transplant therapy in SCI. Their beneficial effects have been demonstrated in multiple small animal SCI models as well as in naturally occurring SCI in canine patients. In the present study, we have genetically modified canine OECs from the mucosa to constitutively produce enzymatically active ChABC. We have developed a lentiviral vector that can deliver a mammalian modified version of the ChABC gene to mammalian cells, including OECs. Enzyme production was quantified using the Morgan-Elson assay that detects the breakdown products of CSPG digestion in cell supernatants. We confirmed our findings by immunolabelling cell supernatant samples using Western blotting. OECs normal cell function was unaffected by genetic modification as demonstrated by normal microscopic morphology and the presence of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75(NGF)) following viral transduction. We have developed the means to allow production of active ChABC in combination with a promising cell transplant therapy for SCI repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Carwardine
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Science Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Science Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - James W Fawcett
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth M Muir
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicolas Granger
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Song RB, Basso DM, da Costa RC, Fisher LC, Mo X, Moore SA. Adaptation of the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for use in a clinical model of spinal cord injury in dogs. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 268:117-24. [PMID: 27155106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in pet dogs provides an important clinical animal model through which to confirm and extend findings from rodent studies; however, validated quantitative outcome measures for dogs are limited. NEW METHOD We adapted the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale for use in a clinical dog model of acute thoracolumbar SCI. Based on observation of normal dogs, modifications were made to account for species differences in locomotion. Assessments of paw and tail position, and trunk stability were modified to produce a 19 point scale suitable for use in dogs, termed the canine BBB scale (cBBB). Pet dogs with naturally occurring acute SCI were assigned cBBB scores at 3, 10 and 30days after laminectomy. RESULTS Scores assigned via the cBBB were stable across testing sessions in normal dogs but increased significantly between days 3 and 30 in SCI-affected dogs (p=0.0003). The scale was highly responsive to changes in locomotor recovery over a 30day period, with a standardized response mean of 1.34. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Concurrent validity was good, with strong correlations observed between the cBBB and two other locomotor scales, the OSCIS (r=0.94; p<0.001) and the MFS (r=0.85; p<0.0001). cBBB scores inversely correlated with other assessments of recovery including mechanical sensory threshold (r=-0.68; p<0.0001) and coefficient of variation of stride length (r=-0.49; p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results support the use of the cBBB to assess locomotor recovery in canine clinical translational models of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Song
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - D Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State Unviersity, 453 West Tenth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lesley C Fisher
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State Unviersity, 453 West Tenth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 320D Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Sarah A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise Review: Stem Cell Trials Using Companion Animal Disease Models. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1709-29. [PMID: 27066769 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem cells in humans would benefit from more realistic animal models. In veterinary medicine, companion animals naturally develop many diseases that resemble human conditions, therefore, representing a novel source of preclinical models. To understand how companion animal disease models are being studied for this purpose, we reviewed the literature between 2008 and 2015 for reports on stem cell therapies in dogs and cats, excluding laboratory animals, induced disease models, cancer, and case reports. Disease models included osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's fistulas, meningoencephalomyelitis (multiple sclerosis-like), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Sjogren's syndrome-like), atopic dermatitis, and chronic (end-stage) kidney disease. Stem cells evaluated in these studies included mesenchymal stem-stromal cells (MSC, 17/19 trials), olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC, 1 trial), or neural lineage cells derived from bone marrow MSC (1 trial), and 16/19 studies were performed in dogs. The MSC studies (13/17) used adipose tissue-derived MSC from either allogeneic (8/13) or autologous (5/13) sources. The majority of studies were open label, uncontrolled studies. Endpoints and protocols were feasible, and the stem cell therapies were reportedly safe and elicited beneficial patient responses in all but two of the trials. In conclusion, companion animals with naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions can be recruited into clinical trials and provide realistic insight into feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of novel stem cell therapies. However, improvements in the rigor of manufacturing, study design, and regulatory compliance will be needed to better utilize these models. Stem Cells 2016;34:1709-1729.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven W Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Express α7 Integrin to Mediate Their Migration on Laminin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153394. [PMID: 27078717 PMCID: PMC4831794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique glia located in the olfactory system, called olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are implicated as an attractive choice for transplantation therapy following spinal cord injury because of their pro-regenerative characteristics. Adult OECs are thought to improve functional recovery and regeneration after injury by secreting neurotrophic factors and making cell-to-cell contacts with regenerating processes, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We show first that α7 integrin, a laminin receptor, is highly expressed at the protein level by OECs throughout the olfactory system, i.e., in the olfactory mucosa, olfactory nerve, and olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. Then we asked if OECs use the α7 integrin receptor directly to promote neurite outgrowth on permissive and neutral substrates, in vitro. We co-cultured α7+/+ and α7lacZ/lacZ postnatal cerebral cortical neurons with α7+/+ or α7lacZ/lacZ OECs and found that genotype did not effect the ability of OECs to enhance neurite outgrowth by direct contact. Loss of α7 integrin did however significantly decrease the motility of adult OECs in transwell experiments. Twice as many α7+/+ OECs migrated through laminin-coated transwells compared to α7+/+ OECs on poly-L-lysine (PLL). This is in contrast to α7lacZ/lacZ OECs, which showed no migratory preference for laminin substrate over PLL. These results demonstrate that OECs express α7 integrin, and that laminin and its α7 integrin receptor contribute to adult OEC migration in vitro and perhaps also in vivo.
Collapse
|
89
|
Song R, Oldach M, Basso D, da Costa R, Fisher L, Mo X, Moore S. A simplified method of walking track analysis to assess short-term locomotor recovery after acute spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs. Vet J 2016; 210:61-67. [PMID: 26900008 PMCID: PMC4811708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a simplified method of walking track analysis to assess treatment outcome in canine spinal cord injury. Measurements of stride length (SL) and base of support (BS) were made using a 'finger painting' technique for footprint analysis in all limbs of 20 normal dogs and 27 dogs with 28 episodes of acute thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by spontaneous intervertebral disc extrusion. Measurements were determined at three separate time points in normal dogs and on days 3, 10 and 30 following decompressive surgery in dogs with SCI. Values for SL, BS and coefficient of variance (COV) for each parameter were compared between groups at each time point. Mean SL was significantly shorter in all four limbs of SCI-affected dogs at days 3, 10, and 30 compared to normal dogs. SL gradually increased toward normal in the 30 days following surgery. As measured by this technique, the COV-SL was significantly higher in SCI-affected dogs than normal dogs in both thoracic limbs (TL) and pelvic limbs (PL) only at day 3 after surgery. BS-TL was significantly wider in SCI-affected dogs at days 3, 10 and 30 following surgery compared to normal dogs. These findings support the use of footprint parameters to compare locomotor differences between normal and SCI-affected dogs, and to assess recovery from SCI. Additionally, our results underscore important changes in TL locomotion in thoracolumbar SCI-affected dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.B. Song
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210
USA
| | - M.S. Oldach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210
USA
| | - D.M. Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State
Unversity, 453 West Tenth Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - R.C. da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210
USA
| | - L.C. Fisher
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State
Unversity, 453 West Tenth Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - X. Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon
Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - S.A. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of
Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp St., Columbus, OH 43210
USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Safayi S, Miller JW, Wilson S, Shivapour SK, Oelfke TF, Ford AL, Klarmann Staudt A, Abode-Iyamah K, Reddy CG, Jeffery ND, Fredericks DC, Gillies GT, Howard III MA. Treadmill measures of ambulation rates in ovine models of spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain. J Med Eng Technol 2016; 40:72-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2015.1132786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
91
|
Stem cells in canine spinal cord injury--promise for regenerative therapy in a large animal model of human disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:180-93. [PMID: 25173879 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell transplantation for spinal cord injury is a rapidly evolving field in regenerative medicine. Numerous animal models are currently being used. However, translation to human patients is still a challenging step. Dogs are of increasing importance as a translational model for human disease since there is a greater awareness of the need to increase the quality of preclinical data. The use of dogs ultimately brings benefit to both human and veterinary medicine. In this review we analyze experimental and clinical studies using cell transplantation for canine spinal cord injury. Overall, in experimental studies, transplantation groups showed improvement over control groups. Improvements were measured at the functional, electrophysiological, histological, RNA and protein levels. Most clinical studies support beneficial effects of cell transplantation despite the fact that methodological limitations preclude definitive conclusions. However, the mechanisms of action and underlying the behavior of transplanted cells in the injured spinal cord remain unclear. Overall, we conclude here that stem cell interventions are a promising avenue for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Canines are a promising model that may help bridge the gap between translational research and human clinical trials.
Collapse
|
92
|
Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Olfactory ensheathing cells for spinal cord repair: crucial differences between subpopulations of the glia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1395-6. [PMID: 26604892 PMCID: PMC4625497 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Kinematic analysis of the gait of adult sheep during treadmill locomotion: Parameter values, allowable total error, and potential for use in evaluating spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
94
|
Lee CS, Bentley RT, Weng HY, Breur GJ. A preliminary evaluation of the reliability of a modified functional scoring system for assessing neurologic function in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:241. [PMID: 26403185 PMCID: PMC4583166 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop and assess the reliability of a modified scoring system for evaluating the function of the two pelvic limbs separately, in ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy dogs. A previously established neurologic score scale for dogs with T3-L3 lesions was modified in order to provide a separate score for each pelvic limb. RESULTS Seventeen ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathies were evaluated. Using the new scale, two observers independently performed 22 observational gait analyses (OGAs) in ten dogs without videotape. Another 18 OGAs were performed in seven dogs by watching videotapes of them ambulating. There was poor agreement (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.87) between the two observers for all 40 OGAs. When stratified, the agreement was moderate (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.90) in the OGAs without videotaping and poor (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.80) for the OGAs based on videotapes. For the decision regarding which pelvic limb was more severely affected, a fair agreement (kappa value, 0.30) between the two observers was noted. Without videotape there was only slight agreement (kappa value, 0.05), but with videotape there was moderate agreement (kappa value, 0.56). CONCLUSIONS The modified scoring system in this study provides moderate reliability in assessing the functional neurologic status of each pelvic limb, by OGA without videotape, in canine T3-L3 patients. Further development of this scoring system is required. However, imperfect agreement when visually quantifying neurological deficits is not unexpected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Sheng Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Gert J Breur
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Salazar I, Barrios Santos WA, Zubizarreta A, Sánchez Quinteiro P. Harvesting of olfactory ensheathing cells for autologous transplantation into the spinal cord injury. Its complexity in dogs. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:110. [PMID: 26379510 PMCID: PMC4548204 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
| | - William A Barrios Santos
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Zubizarreta
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez Quinteiro
- Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Anderson KM, Welsh CJ, Young C, Levine GJ, Kerwin SC, Boudreau CE, Reyes I, Mondragon A, Griffin JF, Cohen ND, Levine JM. Acute Phase Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Dogs with Naturally-Occurring Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1658-65. [PMID: 26186466 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects thousands of people each year and there are no treatments that dramatically improve clinical outcome. Canine intervertebral disc herniation is a naturally-occurring SCI that has similarities to human injury and can be used as a translational model for evaluating therapeutic interventions. Here, we characterized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acute phase proteins (APPs) that have altered expression across a spectrum of neurological disorders, using this canine model system. The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), alpha-1-glycoprotein, and serum amyloid A were determined in the CSF of 42 acutely injured dogs, compared with 21 healthy control dogs. Concentrations of APPs also were examined with respect to initial injury severity and motor outcome 42 d post-injury. Hp concentration was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in the CSF of affected dogs, compared with healthy control dogs. Additionally, the concentrations of CRP and Hp were significantly (p=0.0001 and p=0.0079, respectively) and positively associated with CSF total protein concentration. The concentrations of CRP and Hp were significantly higher (p=0.0071 and p=0.0197, respectively) in dogs with severe injury, compared with those with mild-to-moderate SCI, but there was no significant correlation between assessed CSF APP concentrations and 42 d motor outcome. This study demonstrated that CSF APPs were dysregulated in dogs with naturally-occurring SCI and could be used as markers for SCI severity. As Hp was increased following severe SCI and is neuroprotective across a number of model systems, it may represent a viable therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Anderson
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - C Jane Welsh
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Colin Young
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Sharon C Kerwin
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Ismael Reyes
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Armando Mondragon
- 2 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - John F Griffin
- 3 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Noah D Cohen
- 3 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- 1 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Li Y, Li D, Raisman G. Functional Repair of Rat Corticospinal Tract Lesions Does Not Require Permanent Survival of an Immunoincompatible Transplant. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:293-9. [PMID: 26132822 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is one of the most promising strategies for repair of human spinal cord injuries. Animal studies from a number of laboratories have shown that transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells cultured from biopsies of the olfactory bulb mediate axonal regeneration and remyelination and restore lost functions in spinal cord injuries. For translation from small laboratory experimental injuries to the large spinal cord injuries encountered in human patients the numbers of cells that can be obtained from a patient's own olfactory bulb becomes a serious limiting factor. Furthermore, removal of an olfactory bulb requires invasive surgery and risks unilateral anosmia. We here report that xenografted mouse bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells immunoprotected by daily cyclosporine restore directed forepaw reaching function in rats with chronic C1/2 unilateral corticospinal tract lesions. Once function had been established for 10 days, cyclosporine was withdrawn. Thirteen out of 13 rats continued to increase directed forepaw reaching. Immunohistochemistry shows that in all cases neurofilament-positive axons were present in the lesion, but that the grafted cells had been totally rejected. This implies that once grafted cells have acted as bridges for axon regeneration across the lesion site their continued presence is no longer necessary for maintaining the restored function. This raises the possibility that in the future a protocol of temporary immunoprotection might allow for the use of the larger available numbers of immunoincompatible allografted cells or cell lines, which would avoid the need for removing a patient's olfactory bulb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Nazareth L, Tello Velasquez J, Lineburg KE, Chehrehasa F, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia transplantation therapies. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 65:92-101. [PMID: 25752729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rodent olfactory systems comprise the main olfactory system for the detection of odours and the accessory olfactory system which detects pheromones. In both systems, olfactory axon fascicles are ensheathed by olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are crucial for the growth and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. The growth-promoting and phagocytic characteristics of OECs make them potential candidates for neural repair therapies such as transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. However, transplanting mixed populations of glia with unknown properties may lead to variations in outcomes for neural repair. As the phagocytic capacity of the accessory OECs has not yet been determined, we compared the phagocytic capacity of accessory and main OECs in vivo and in vitro. In normal healthy animals, the accessory OECs accumulated considerably less axon debris than main OECs in vivo. Analysis of freshly dissected OECs showed that accessory OECs contained 20% less fluorescent axon debris than main OECs. However, when assayed in vitro with exogenous axon debris added to the culture, the accessory OECs phagocytosed almost 20% more debris than main OECs. After surgical removal of one olfactory bulb which induced the degradation of main and accessory olfactory sensory axons, the accessory OECs responded by phagocytosing the axon debris. We conclude that while accessory OECs have the capacity to phagocytose axon debris, there are distinct differences in their phagocytic capacity compared to main OECs. These distinct differences may be of importance when preparing OECs for neural transplant repair therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnmaria Nazareth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Arellanes-Chávez CA, Bojórquez AM, Martínez ER. Olfactory bulb transplantation in complete spinal cord injury: axonal regeneration and locomotor recovery. COLUNA/COLUMNA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-1851201514010r128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the intervention in rats is effective in terms of spinal cord regeneration and locomotor recovery, in order to obtain sufficient evidence to apply the therapy in humans. METHODS: a randomized, controlled, experimental, prospective, randomized trial was conducted, with a sample of 15 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 gr. They were divided into three equal groups, and trained for 2 weeks based on Pavlov's classical conditioning method, to strengthen the muscles of the 4 legs, stimulate the rats mentally, and keep them healthy for the surgery. RESULTS: It was observed that implantation of these cells into the site of injury may be beneficial to the process of spinal cord regeneration after spinal trauma, to mediate secretion of neurotrophic and neuroprotective chemokines, and that the OECs have the ability to bridge the repair site and decrease the formation of gliosis, creating a favorable environment for axonal regeneration. CONCLUSION: It is emphasized that the olfactory ensheathing glial cells possess unique regenerative properties; however, it was not until recently that the activity of promoting central nervous system regeneration was recognized.
Collapse
|
100
|
Czyz M, Tabakow P, Hernandez-Sanchez I, Jarmundowicz W, Raisman G. Obtaining the olfactory bulb as a source of olfactory ensheathing cells with the use of minimally invasive neuroendoscopy-assisted supraorbital keyhole approach—cadaveric feasibility study. Br J Neurosurg 2015; 29:362-70. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2015.1006170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|