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Santos R, Kawauchi S, Jacobs RE, Lopez-Burks ME, Choi H, Wikenheiser J, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA, Fraser SE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000197. [PMID: 27606604 PMCID: PMC5016002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart, which takes place early in development, involves contributions from multiple germ layers, and is controlled by many genes. Here, we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the cell lineage(s) responsible for the development of heart defects in a Nipbl-deficient mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, in which global yet subtle transcriptional dysregulation leads to development of atrial septal defects (ASDs) at high frequency. Using an approach that allows for recombinase-mediated creation or rescue of Nipbl deficiency in different lineages, we uncover complex interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk conferred by genetic abnormality in any one lineage is modified, in a surprisingly non-additive way, by the status of others. We argue that these results are best understood in the context of a model in which the risk of heart defects is associated with the adequacy of early progenitor cell populations relative to the sizes of the structures they must eventually form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaysela Santos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Martha E Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hojae Choi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Anne L Calof
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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52
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Laemmle LL, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Constitutive Expression of GATA4 Dramatically Increases the Cardiogenic Potential of D3 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:248-257. [PMID: 27441042 PMCID: PMC4948750 DOI: 10.2174/1874070701610010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) is a vital regulator of cardiac programming that acts by inducing the expression of many different genes involved in cardiomyogenesis. Here we generated a D3 mouse embryonic stem cell line that constitutively expresses high levels of GATA4 and show that these cells have dramatically increased cardiogenic potential compared to an eGFP-expressing control cell line. Embryoid bodies (EB) derived from the D3-GATA4 line displayed increased levels of cardiac gene expression and showed more abundant cardiomyocyte differentiation than control eGFP EB. These cells and two additional lines expressing lower levels of GATA4 provide a platform to screen previously untested cardiac genes and gene combinations for their ability to further increase the efficiency of cardiomyocyte differentiation beyond that achieved by transgenic GATA4 alone. Non-integrative delivery of identified gene combinations will aid in the production of differentiated cells for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian L Laemmle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justus B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Abstract
Soluble morphogen gradients have long been studied in the context of heart specification and patterning. However, recent data have begun to challenge the notion that long-standing in vivo observations are driven solely by these gradients alone. Evidence from multiple biological models, from stem cells to ex vivo biophysical assays, now supports a role for mechanical forces in not only modulating cell behavior but also inducing it de novo in a process termed mechanotransduction. Structural proteins that connect the cell to its niche, for example, integrins and cadherins, and that couple to other growth factor receptors, either directly or indirectly, seem to mediate these changes, although specific mechanistic details are still being elucidated. In this review, we summarize how the wingless (Wnt), transforming growth factor-β, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways affect cardiomyogenesis and then highlight the interplay between each pathway and mechanical forces. In addition, we will outline the role of integrins and cadherins during cardiac development. For each, we will describe how the interplay could change multiple processes during cardiomyogenesis, including the specification of undifferentiated cells, the establishment of heart patterns to accomplish tube and chamber formation, or the maturation of myocytes in the fully formed heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Happe
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J Engler
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA.
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54
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HIF-1alpha Deficiency Attenuates the Cardiomyogenesis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158358. [PMID: 27355368 PMCID: PMC4927095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cell formation, cardiomyogenesis, is critically dependent on oxygen availability. It is known that hypoxia, a reduced oxygen level, modulates the in vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells into cardiomyocytes via hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α)-dependent mechanisms. However, the direct impact of HIF-1α deficiency on the formation and maturation of cardiac-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) in vitro remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that HIF-1α deficiency significantly altered the quality and quantity of mESC-derived cardiomyocytes. It was accompanied with lower mRNA and protein levels of cardiac cell specific markers (myosin heavy chains 6 and 7) and with a decreasing percentage of myosin heavy chain α and β, and cardiac troponin T-positive cells. As to structural aspects of the differentiated cardiomyocytes, the localization of contractile proteins (cardiac troponin T, myosin heavy chain α and β) and the organization of myofibrils were also different. Simultaneously, HIF-1α deficiency was associated with a lower percentage of beating embryoid bodies. Interestingly, an observed alteration in the in vitro differentiation scheme of HIF-1α deficient cells was accompanied with significantly lower expression of the endodermal marker (hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha). These findings thus suggest that HIF-1α deficiency attenuates spontaneous cardiomyogenesis through the negative regulation of endoderm development in mESC differentiating in vitro.
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55
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Jebeniani I, Leschik J, Puceat M. Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27285123 DOI: 10.3791/53874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jebeniani
- INSERM UMR-910, Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille
| | - Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University
| | - Michel Puceat
- INSERM UMR-910, Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille;
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Wilsbacher L, McNally EM. Genetics of Cardiac Developmental Disorders: Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Growth and Relevance to Heart Failure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:395-419. [PMID: 26925501 PMCID: PMC8978617 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac developmental disorders represent the most common of human birth defects, and anomalies in cardiomyocyte proliferation drive many of these disorders. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of prenatal cardiac growth. Trabeculation represents the initial ventricular growth phase and is necessary for embryonic survival. Later in development, the bulk of the ventricular wall derives from the compaction process, yet the arrest of this process can still be compatible with life. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth form the basis of both trabeculation and compaction, and mouse models indicate that cardiomyocyte interactions with the surrounding environment are critical for these proliferative processes. The human genetics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy suggest that cardiomyocyte cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the compaction process. Understanding the determinants of prenatal or early postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth provides critical information that identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and its associated complications of arrhythmias and thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wilsbacher
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
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Kugler J, Kemler R, Luch A, Oelgeschläger M. Editor's Highlight: Identification and Characterization of Teratogenic Chemicals Using Embryonic Stem Cells Isolated From a Wnt/β-Catenin-Reporter Transgenic Mouse Line. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:382-94. [PMID: 27208078 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are commonly used for the analysis of gene function in embryonic development and provide valuable models for human diseases. In recent years, ESCs have also become an attractive tool for toxicological testing, in particular for the identification of teratogenic compounds. We have recently described a Bmp-reporter ESC line as a new tool to identify teratogenic compounds and to characterize the molecular mechanisms mediating embryonic toxicity. Here we describe the use of a Wnt/β-Catenin-reporter ESC line isolated from a previously described mouse line that carries the LacZ reporter gene under the control of a β-Catenin responsive promoter. The reporter ESC line stably differentiates into cardiomyocytes within 12 days. The reporter was endogenously induced between day 3-5 of differentiation reminiscent of its expression in vivo, in which strong LacZ activity is detected around gastrulation. Subsequently its expression becomes restricted to mesodermal cells and cells undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. The Wnt/β-Catenin-dependent expression of the reporter protein allowed quantification of dose- and time-dependent effects of teratogenic chemicals. In particular, valproic acid reduced reporter activity on day 7 whereas retinoic acid induced reporter activity on day 5 at concentrations comparable to the ones inhibiting the formation of functional cardiomyocytes, the classical read-out of the embryonic stem cell test (EST). In addition, we were also able to show distinct effects of teratogenic chemicals on the Wnt/β-Catenin-reporter compared with the previously described Bmp-reporter ESCs. Thus, different reporter cell lines provide complementary tools for the identification and analysis of potentially teratogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kugler
- *Department of Chemical & Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Kemler
- Emeritus Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- *Department of Chemical & Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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58
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Lambers E, Kume T. Navigating the labyrinth of cardiac regeneration. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:751-61. [PMID: 26890576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is a major health and economic burden, costing the United States Health Care System more than $200 billion annually. A major cause of heart disease is the massive loss or dysfunction of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarctions and hypertension. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart, much research has focused on better understanding the process of differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. This review will highlight what is currently known about cardiac cell specification during mammalian development, areas of controversy, cellular sources of cardiomyocytes, and current and potential uses of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapies. Developmental Dynamics 245:751-761, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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59
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Hox Genes in Cardiovascular Development and Diseases. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020014. [PMID: 29615581 PMCID: PMC5831787 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the leading cause of death in the first year of life. Over the past 20 years, much effort has been focused on unraveling the genetic bases of CHD. In particular, studies in human genetics coupled with those of model organisms have provided valuable insights into the gene regulatory networks underlying CHD pathogenesis. Hox genes encode transcription factors that are required for the patterning of the anterior–posterior axis in the embryo. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of anteriorly expressed Hox genes (Hoxa1, Hoxb1, and Hoxa3) in cardiac development, specifically their contribution to patterning of cardiac progenitor cells and formation of the great arteries. Recent evidence regarding the cooperative regulation of heart development by Hox proteins with members of the TALE-class of homeodomain proteins such as Pbx and Meis transcription factors is also discussed. These findings are highly relevant to human pathologies as they pinpoint new genes that increase susceptibility to cardiac anomalies and provide novel mechanistic insights into CHD.
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60
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Lambers E, Arnone B, Fatima A, Qin G, Wasserstrom JA, Kume T. Foxc1 Regulates Early Cardiomyogenesis and Functional Properties of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1487-500. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Baron Arnone
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Anees Fatima
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - J. Andrew Wasserstrom
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago Illinois USA
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Kort EJ, Croskey L, Scibienski T, Rajasekaran S, Jovinge S. Circulating Progenitor Cells and Childhood Cardiovascular Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2016; 37:225-31. [PMID: 26554720 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Circulating progenitor cells have been extensively studied in the context of heart disease in adults. In these patients, they have been demonstrated to be markers of myocardial injury and recovery as well as potential therapeutic agents. However, studies in children are much more limited. Here we review current knowledge pertaining to circulating progenitor cells in the context of childhood cardiovascular disease. Priorities for further research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kort
- DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program of Spectrum Health and Van Andel Research Institute, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Lacey Croskey
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Taryn Scibienski
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program of Spectrum Health and Van Andel Research Institute, 100 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 15 Michigan Street NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Helm A, Arrizabalaga O, Pignalosa D, Schroeder IS, Durante M, Ritter S. Ionizing Radiation Impacts on Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:178-88. [PMID: 26506910 PMCID: PMC4733326 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of ionizing radiation on the earliest stages of embryonic development although it is well recognized that ionizing radiation is a natural part of our environment and further exposure may occur due to medical applications. The current study addresses this issue using D3 mouse embryonic stem cells as a model system. Cells were irradiated with either X-rays or carbon ions representing sparsely and densely ionizing radiation and their effect on the differentiation of D3 cells into spontaneously contracting cardiomyocytes through embryoid body (EB) formation was measured. This study is the first to demonstrate that ionizing radiation impairs the formation of beating cardiomyocytes with carbon ions being more detrimental than X-rays. However, after prolonged culture time, the number of beating EBs derived from carbon ion irradiated cells almost reached control levels indicating that the surviving cells are still capable of developing along the cardiac lineage although with considerable delay. Reduced EB size, failure to downregulate pluripotency markers, and impaired expression of cardiac markers were identified as the cause of compromised cardiomyocyte formation. Dysregulation of cardiac differentiation was accompanied by alterations in the expression of endodermal and ectodermal markers that were more severe after carbon ion irradiation than after exposure to X-rays. In conclusion, our data show that carbon ion irradiation profoundly affects differentiation and thus may pose a higher risk to the early embryo than X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Helm
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Onetsine Arrizabalaga
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diana Pignalosa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Insa S. Schroeder
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
- Physics Department, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany
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Gouadon E, Moore-Morris T, Smit NW, Chatenoud L, Coronel R, Harding SE, Jourdon P, Lambert V, Rucker-Martin C, Pucéat M. Concise Review: Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Cells, A Promising Cell Source for Therapy of Heart Failure: Where Do We Stand? Stem Cells 2016; 34:34-43. [PMID: 26352327 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is still a major cause of hospitalization and mortality in developed countries. Many clinical trials have tested the use of multipotent stem cells as a cardiac regenerative medicine. The benefit for the patients of this therapeutic intervention has remained limited. Herein, we review the pluripotent stem cells as a cell source for cardiac regeneration. We more specifically address the various challenges of this cell therapy approach. We question the cell delivery systems, the immune tolerance of allogenic cells, the potential proarrhythmic effects, various drug mediated interventions to facilitate cell grafting and, finally, we describe the pathological conditions that may benefit from such an innovative approach. As members of a transatlantic consortium of excellence of basic science researchers and clinicians, we propose some guidelines to be applied to cell types and modes of delivery in order to translate pluripotent stem cell cardiac derivatives into safe and effective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gouadon
- INSERM UMR-S999, LabEx LERMIT, IPSIT Centre Chirurgical Marie Lanelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicoline W Smit
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- INSERM U1151, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philippe Jourdon
- INSERM UMR-S999, LabEx LERMIT, IPSIT Centre Chirurgical Marie Lanelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambert
- INSERM UMR-S999, LabEx LERMIT, IPSIT Centre Chirurgical Marie Lanelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Rucker-Martin
- INSERM UMR-S999, LabEx LERMIT, IPSIT Centre Chirurgical Marie Lanelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris, France
| | - Michel Pucéat
- INSERM GMGF, a UMRS_910, Université Aix Marseille, Marseille, France
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Zhao YT, Du J, Chen Y, Tang Y, Qin G, Lv G, Zhuang S, Zhao TC. Inhibition of Oct 3/4 mitigates the cardiac progenitor-derived myocardial repair in infarcted myocardium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:259. [PMID: 26704423 PMCID: PMC4690244 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence has demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells play an essential role in the induction of angiomyogenesis in infarcted myocardium. We and others have shown that engraftment of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) into infarcted hearts led to myocardium regeneration and neovascularization, which was associated with an improvement of ventricular function. The purpose of this study is aimed at investigating the functional role of transcription factor (TF) Oct3/4 in facilitating CSCs to promote myocardium regeneration and preserve cardiac performance in the post-MI heart. Methods c-kit+ CSCs were isolated from adult hearts and re-introduced into the infarcted myocardium in which the mouse MI model was created by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The Oct3/4 of CSCs was inhibited by transfection of Oct3/4 siRNA, and transfection of CSCs with control siRNA serves as control groups. Myocardial functions were evaluated by echocardiographic measurement. Histological analysis was employed to assess newly formed cardiogenesis, neovascularization, and cell proliferations. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out to assess apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were carried out to evaluate the level of Oct 3/4 in CSCs. Results Two weeks after engraftment, CSCs increased ventricular functional recovery as shown by a serial echocardiographic measurement, which is concomitant with the suppression of cardiac hypertrophy and attenuation of myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Suppression of Oct 3/4 of CSCs abrogated functional improvements and mitigated the hypertrophic response and cardiac remodeling. Transplantation of c-kit+ CSCs into MI hearts promoted cardiac regeneration and neovascularization, which were abolished with the knockdown of Oct3/4. Additionally, suppression of Oct3/4 abrogated myocyte proliferation in the CSC-engrafted myocardium. Conclusion Our results indicate that CSCs-derived cardiac regeneration improves the restoration of cardiac function and is mediated through Oct 3/4. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0252-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Du
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Youfang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, 30912, GA, USA.
| | - Gangjian Qin
- c, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14-725, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA.
| | - Guorong Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 40 Zhongshan N Road, Licheng, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, 593 Eddy St, Providence, 02903, RI, USA.
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
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Willems C, Vankelecom H. Pituitary cell differentiation from stem cells and other cells: toward restorative therapy for hypopituitarism? Regen Med 2015; 9:513-34. [PMID: 25159067 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland, key regulator of our endocrine system, produces multiple hormones that steer essential physiological processes. Hence, deficient pituitary function (hypopituitarism) leads to severe disorders. Hypopituitarism can be caused by defective embryonic development, or by damage through tumor growth/resection and traumatic brain injury. Lifelong hormone replacement is needed but associated with significant side effects. It would be more desirable to restore pituitary tissue and function. Recently, we showed that the adult (mouse) pituitary holds regenerative capacity in which local stem cells are involved. Repair of deficient pituitary may therefore be achieved by activating these resident stem cells. Alternatively, pituitary dysfunction may be mended by cell (replacement) therapy. The hormonal cells to be transplanted could be obtained by (trans-)differentiating various kinds of stem cells or other cells. Here, we summarize the studies on pituitary cell regeneration and on (trans-)differentiation toward hormonal cells, and speculate on restorative therapies for pituitary deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Willems
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Tan Y, AlKhamees B, Jia D, Li L, Couture JF, Figeys D, Jinushi M, Wang L. MFG-E8 Is Critical for Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated T Cell Immunomodulation. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:741-752. [PMID: 26455415 PMCID: PMC4649138 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecules and mechanisms pertinent to the low immunogenicity of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remain poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a vital mediator in this phenomenon and directly suppresses T cell immune responses. MFG-E8 is enriched in undifferentiated ESCs but diminished in differentiated ESCs. Upregulation of MFG-E8 in ESCs increases the successful engraftment of both undifferentiated and differentiated ESCs across major histocompatibility complex barriers. MFG-E8 suppresses T cell activation/proliferation and inhibits Th1, Th2, and Th17 subpopulations while increasing regulatory T cell subsets. Neutralizing MFG-E8 substantially abrogates these effects, whereas addition of recombinant MFG-E8 to differentiated ESCs restores immunosuppression. Furthermore, we provide the evidence that MFG-E8 suppresses T cell activation and regulates T cell polarization by inhibiting PKCθ phosphorylation through the α3/5βV integrin receptor. Our findings offer an approach to facilitate transplantation acceptance. MFG-E8 is enriched in undifferentiated but diminished in differentiated ESCs MFG-E8 promotes allogeneic engraftment of ESC-derived tissues across the MHC barrier ESC-produced MFG-E8 inhibits Th1/Th2/Th17 while promoting regulatory T cells MFG-E8 modulates T cell polarization via inhibiting PKCθ phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bodour AlKhamees
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Deyong Jia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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67
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Viero C. Clueless with fewer cues from endothelin. Commentary: Venous endothelin guides sympathetic innervation of the developing mouse heart. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:54. [PMID: 26442262 PMCID: PMC4585226 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Viero
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University Homburg, Germany
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68
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Chen Y, Zeng D, Ding L, Li XL, Liu XT, Li WJ, Wei T, Yan S, Xie JH, Wei L, Zheng QS. Three-dimensional poly-(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds directly promote the cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine-induced pluripotent stem cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 26335746 PMCID: PMC4558999 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental factors are important for stem cell lineage specification, and increasing evidence indicates that the nanoscale geometry/topography of the extracellular matrix (ECM) directs stem cell fate. Recently, many three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds resembling many characteristics of the native ECM have been used in stem cell-based myocardial tissue engineering. However, the biophysical role and underlying mechanism of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds in cardiomyocyte differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) remain unclear. Results Here, we fabricated a 3D poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffold using the electrospinning method and verified its nanotopography and porous structure by scanning electron microscopy. We seeded murine iPSCs (miPSCs) directly on the 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffold and initiated non-directed, spontaneous differentiation using the monolayer method. After the 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffold was gelatin coated, it was suitable for monolayer miPSC cultivation and cardiomyocyte differentiation. At day 15 of differentiation, miPSCs differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes on the 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffold as evidenced by positive immunostaining of cardiac-specific proteins including cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and myosin light chain 2a (MLC2a). In addition, flow cytometric analysis of cTnT-positive cells and cardiac-specific gene and protein expression of cTnT and sarcomeric alpha actinin (α-actinin) demonstrated that the cardiomyocyte differentiation of miPSCs was more efficient on the 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffold than on normal tissue culture plates (TCPs). Furthermore, early inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by the selective antagonist Dickkopf-1 significantly reduced the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and decreased the cardiomyocyte differentiation of miPSCs cultured on the 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffold, while the early activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by CHIR99021 further increased the cardiomyocyte differentiation of miPSCs. Conclusion These results indicated that the electrospun 3D PCL nanofibrous scaffolds directly promoted the cardiomyocyte differentiation of miPSCs, which was mediated by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the early period of differentiation. These findings highlighted the biophysical role of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds during the cardiomyocyte differentiation of miPSCs and revealed its underlying mechanism involving Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which will be helpful in guiding future stem cell- and scaffold-based myocardium bioengineering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-015-0067-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA No.401 Hospital, 22 Minjiang Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Di Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiong-Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wen-Ju Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Song Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jiang-Hui Xie
- Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA No.401 Hospital, 22 Minjiang Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA No.401 Hospital, 22 Minjiang Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qiang-Sun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Okolotowicz KJ, Bushway P, Lanier M, Gilley C, Mercola M, Cashman JR. 1,5-Disubstituted benzimidazoles that direct cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5282-92. [PMID: 26278027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite progress in medical treatments, heart transplantation is one of the only current options for those with infarcted heart muscle. Stem cell differentiation technology may afford cell-based therapeutics that may lead to the generation of new, healthy heart muscle cells from undifferentiated stem cells. Our approach is to use small molecules to stimulate stem cell differentiation. Herein, we describe a novel class of 1,5-disubstituted benzimidazoles that induce differentiation of stem cells into cardiac cells. We report on the evaluation in vitro for cardiomyocyte differentiation and describe structure-activity relationship results that led to molecules with drug-like properties. The results of this study show the promise of small molecules to direct stem cell lineage commitment, to probe signaling pathways and to develop compounds for the stimulation of stem cells to repair damaged heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Paul Bushway
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0695, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Marion Lanier
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cynthia Gilley
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0695, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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70
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Self-organizing human cardiac microchambers mediated by geometric confinement. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7413. [PMID: 26172574 PMCID: PMC4503387 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis and organ formation are the consequences of biochemical and biophysical cues that lead to cellular spatial patterning in development. To model such events in vitro, we use PEG-patterned substrates to geometrically confine human pluripotent stem cell colonies and spatially present mechanical stress. Modulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway promotes spatial patterning via geometric confinement of the cell condensation process during epithelial–mesenchymal transition, forcing cells at the perimeter to express an OCT4+ annulus, which is coincident with a region of higher cell density and E-cadherin expression. The biochemical and biophysical cues synergistically induce self-organizing lineage specification and creation of a beating human cardiac microchamber confined by the pattern geometry. These highly defined human cardiac microchambers can be used to study aspects of embryonic spatial patterning, early cardiac development and drug-induced developmental toxicity. Organogenesis is orchestrated by biochemical and biophysical stimuli. Here, Ma et al. generate a micro-patterned surface that provides mechanical cues which, when combined with biochemical signals, drive human pluripotent stem cells' differentiation into beating cardiac microchambers resembling primitive hearts.
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71
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Carreira VS, Fan Y, Wang Q, Zhang X, Kurita H, Ko CI, Naticchioni M, Jiang M, Koch S, Medvedovic M, Xia Y, Rubinstein J, Puga A. Ah Receptor Signaling Controls the Expression of Cardiac Development and Homeostasis Genes. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:425-35. [PMID: 26139165 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital abnormality and one of the leading causes of newborn death throughout the world. Despite much emerging scientific information, the precise etiology of this disease remains elusive. Here, we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) regulates the expression of crucial cardiogenesis genes and that interference with endogenous AHR functions, either by gene ablation or by agonist exposure during early development, causes overlapping structural and functional cardiac abnormalities that lead to altered fetal heart physiology, including higher heart rates, right and left ventricle dilation, higher stroke volume, and reduced ejection fraction. With striking similarity between AHR knockout (Ahr(-/-)) and agonist-exposed wild type (Ahr(+/+)) embryos, in utero disruption of endogenous AHR functions converge into dysregulation of molecular mechanisms needed for attainment and maintenance of cardiac differentiation, including the pivotal signals regulated by the cardiogenic transcription factor NKH2.5, energy balance via oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle and global mitochondrial function and homeostasis. Our findings suggest that AHR signaling in the developing mammalian heart is central to the regulation of pathways crucial for cellular metabolism, cardiogenesis, and cardiac function, which are potential targets of environmental factors associated with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Carreira
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Yunxia Fan
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Qing Wang
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Xiang Zhang
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Hisaka Kurita
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Chia-I Ko
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Mindi Naticchioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Sheryl Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Ying Xia
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Alvaro Puga
- *Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics and
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72
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Kugler J, Tharmann J, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Kemler R, Luch A, Oelgeschläger M. A Bmp Reporter Transgene Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Model as a Tool to Identify and Characterize Chemical Teratogens. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:374-85. [PMID: 26001961 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were first isolated from mouse embryos more than 30 years ago. They have proven invaluable not only in generating genetically modified mice that allow for analysis of gene function in tissue development and homeostasis but also as models for genetic disease. In addition, ESCs in vitro are finding inroads in pharmaceutical and toxicological testing, including the identification of teratogenic compounds. Here, we describe the use of a bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-reporter ESC line, isolated from a well-characterized transgenic mouse line, as a new tool for the identification of chemical teratogens. The Bmp-mediated expression of the green fluorescent protein enabled the quantification of dose- and time-dependent effects of valproic acid as well as retinoic acid. Significant effects were detectable at concentrations that were comparable to the ones observed in the classical embryonic stem cell test, despite the fact that the reporter gene is expressed in distinct cell types, including endothelial and endodermal cells. Thus these cells provide a valuable new tool for the identification and characterization of relevant mechanisms of embryonic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kugler
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Tharmann
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Kemler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Emeritus Laboratory, 79108 Freiburg, Germany and
| | - Andreas Luch
- *German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety Berlin, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental Toxicology and Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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73
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Abboud N, Morris TM, Hiriart E, Yang H, Bezerra H, Gualazzi MG, Stefanovic S, Guénantin AC, Evans SM, Pucéat M. A cohesin-OCT4 complex mediates Sox enhancers to prime an early embryonic lineage. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6749. [PMID: 25851587 PMCID: PMC5531045 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short- and long-scales intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions are linked to gene transcription, but the molecular events underlying these structures and how they affect cell fate decision during embryonic development are poorly understood. One of the first embryonic cell fate decisions (that is, mesendoderm determination) is driven by the POU factor OCT4, acting in concert with the high-mobility group genes Sox-2 and Sox-17. Here we report a chromatin-remodelling mechanism and enhancer function that mediate cell fate switching. OCT4 alters the higher-order chromatin structure at both Sox-2 and Sox-17 loci. OCT4 titrates out cohesin and switches the Sox-17 enhancer from a locked (within an inter-chromosomal Sox-2 enhancer/CCCTC-binding factor CTCF/cohesin loop) to an active (within an intra-chromosomal Sox-17 promoter/enhancer/cohesin loop) state. SALL4 concomitantly mobilizes the polycomb complexes at the Soxs loci. Thus, OCT4/SALL4-driven cohesin- and polycombs-mediated changes in higher-order chromatin structure mediate instruction of early cell fate in embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Abboud
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | | | - Emilye Hiriart
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hudson Bezerra
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | | | - Sonia Stefanovic
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Claire Guénantin
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medecine and Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, California 92093, California, USA
| | - Michel Pucéat
- INSERM UMR 633, Genopole Evry, University Paris Descartes, 91000 Evry, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
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74
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Monteiro da Rocha A, Ding J, Slawny N, Wolf AM, Smith GD. Loss of glycogen synthase kinase 3 isoforms during murine oocyte growth induces offspring cardiac dysfunction. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:127. [PMID: 25833158 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.128181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a constitutively active serine threonine kinase with 1) two isoforms (GSK3A and GSK3B) that have unique and overlapping functions, 2) multiple molecular intracellular mechanisms that involve phosphorylation of diverse substrates, and 3) implications in pathogenesis of many diseases. Insulin causes phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3 and mammalian oocytes have a functional insulin-signaling pathway whereby prolonged elevated insulin during follicle/oocyte development causes GSK3 hyperphosphorylation, reduced GSK3 activity, and altered oocyte chromatin remodeling. Periconceptional diabetes and chronic hyperinsulinemia are associated with congenital malformations and onset of adult diseases of cardiovascular origin. Objectives were to produce transgenic mice with individual or concomitant loss of GSK3A and/or GSK3B and investigate the in vivo role of oocyte GSK3 on fertility, fetal development, and offspring health. Wild-type males bred to females with individual or concomitant loss of oocyte GSK3 isoforms did not have reduced fertility. However, concomitant loss of GSK3A and GSK3B in the oocyte significantly increased neonatal death rate due to congestive heart failure secondary to ventricular hyperplasia. Individual loss of oocyte GSK3A or GSK3B did not induce this lethal phenotype. In conclusion, absence of oocyte GSK3 in the periconceptional period does not alter fertility yet causes offspring cardiac hyperplasia, cardiovascular defects, and significant neonatal death. These results support a developmental mechanism by which periconceptional hyperinsulinemia associated with maternal metabolic syndrome, obesity, and/or diabetes can act on the oocyte and affect offspring cardiovascular development, function, and congenital heart malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicole Slawny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amber M Wolf
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary D Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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75
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Engels MC, Rajarajan K, Feistritzer R, Sharma A, Nielsen UB, Schalij MJ, de Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA, Wu SM. Insulin-like growth factor promotes cardiac lineage induction in vitro by selective expansion of early mesoderm. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1493-502. [PMID: 24496962 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the developmental signals that direct pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward a cardiac fate is essential for translational applications in disease modeling and therapy. We screened a panel of 44 cytokines/signaling molecules for their ability to enhance Nkx2.5(+) cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) formation during in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Treatment of murine ESCs with insulin or insulin-like growth factors (IGF1/2) during early differentiation increased mesodermal cell proliferation and, consequently, CPC formation. Furthermore, we show that downstream mediators of IGF signaling (e.g., phospho-Akt and mTOR) are required for this effect. These data support a novel role for IGF family ligands to expand the developing mesoderm and promote cardiac differentiation. Insulin or IGF treatment could provide an effective strategy to increase the PSC-based generation of CPCs and cardiomyocytes for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Engels
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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76
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Zhou Y, Fujisawa I, Ino K, Matsue T, Shiku H. Metabolic suppression during mesodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells identified by single-cell comprehensive gene expression analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic suppression has been revealed during mesodermal differentiation by using single-cell gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Ikuma Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
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77
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Abstract
Integration of physiologically relevant in vitro assays at the earliest stages of drug discovery may improve the likelihood of successfully translating preclinical discoveries to the clinic. Assays based on in vitro-differentiated, human pluripotent stem cell (IVD hPSC)-derived cells, which may better model human physiology, are starting to impact the drug discovery process, but their implementation has been slower than originally anticipated. In this Perspective, we discuss imperatives for incorporating IVD hPSCs into drug discovery and the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Engle
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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78
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SHOX2 overexpression favors differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac pacemaker cells, improving biological pacing ability. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:129-142. [PMID: 25533636 PMCID: PMC4297875 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When pluripotency factors are removed, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo spontaneous differentiation, which, among other lineages, also gives rise to cardiac sublineages, including chamber cardiomyocytes and pacemaker cells. Such heterogeneity complicates the use of ESC-derived heart cells in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. We sought to direct ESCs to differentiate specifically into cardiac pacemaker cells by overexpressing a transcription factor critical for embryonic patterning of the native cardiac pacemaker (the sinoatrial node). Overexpression of SHOX2 during ESC differentiation upregulated the pacemaker gene program, resulting in enhanced automaticity in vitro and induced biological pacing upon transplantation in vivo. The accentuated automaticity is accompanied by temporally evolving changes in the effectors and regulators of Wnt signaling. Our findings provide a strategy for enriching the cardiac pacemaker cell population from ESCs. SHOX2 accentuates the molecular profile of pacemaker cells in differentiating ESCs SHOX2 increases the frequency and rate of spontaneously active cardiac derivatives SHOX2-overexpressing EBs function as biopacemakers when transplanted in vivo Wnt signaling underlies SHOX2-mediated pacemaker cell specification
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Di Vito A, Mignogna C, Donato G. The mysterious pathways of cardiac myxomas: a review of histogenesis, pathogenesis and pathology. Histopathology 2014; 66:321-32. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Vito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia Medical School; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Science, Pathology Unit; University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia Medical School; Catanzaro Italy
| | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Health Science, Pathology Unit; University of Catanzaro ‘Magna Graecia Medical School; Catanzaro Italy
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80
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Wang DY, Abbasi C, El-Rass S, Li JY, Dawood F, Naito K, Sharma P, Bousette N, Singh S, Backx PH, Cox B, Wen XY, Liu PP, Gramolini AO. Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 44 (ERp44) deficiency in mice and zebrafish leads to cardiac developmental and functional defects. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001018. [PMID: 25332179 PMCID: PMC4323785 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein 44 (ERp44) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, is induced during ER stress, and may be involved in regulating Ca(2+) homeostasis. However, the role of ERp44 in cardiac development and function is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ERp44 in cardiac development and function in mice, zebrafish, and embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived cardiomyocytes to determine the underlying role of ERp44. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated and characterized ERp44(-/-) mice, ERp44 morphant zebrafish embryos, and ERp44(-/-) ESC-derived cardiomyocytes. Deletion of ERp44 in mouse and zebrafish caused significant embryonic lethality, abnormal heart development, altered Ca(2+) dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, activated ER stress gene profiles, and apoptotic cell death. We also determined the cardiac phenotype in pressure overloaded, aortic-banded ERp44(+/-) mice: enhanced ER stress activation and increased mortality, as well as diastolic cardiac dysfunction with a significantly lower fractional shortening. Confocal and LacZ histochemical staining showed a significant transmural gradient for ERp44 in the adult heart, in which high expression of ERp44 was observed in the outer subepicardial region of the myocardium. CONCLUSIONS ERp44 plays a critical role in embryonic heart development and is crucial in regulating cardiac cell Ca(2+) signaling, ER stress, ROS-induced oxidative stress, and activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Cynthia Abbasi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Suzan El-Rass
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science and Zebrafish Center for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., X.Y.W.)
| | - Jamie Yuanjun Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Fayez Dawood
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Kotaro Naito
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Nicolas Bousette
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science and Zebrafish Center for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., X.Y.W.)
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.Y.W., C.A., J.Y.L., P.S., N.B., S.S., P.H.B., B.C., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.) Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E.R., F.D., K.N., P.H.B., X.Y.W., P.P.L., A.O.G.)
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Transcriptional response to cardiac injury in the zebrafish: systematic identification of genes with highly concordant activity across in vivo models. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:852. [PMID: 25280539 PMCID: PMC4197235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zebrafish is a clinically-relevant model of heart regeneration. Unlike mammals, it has a remarkable heart repair capacity after injury, and promises novel translational applications. Amputation and cryoinjury models are key research tools for understanding injury response and regeneration in vivo. An understanding of the transcriptional responses following injury is needed to identify key players of heart tissue repair, as well as potential targets for boosting this property in humans. Results We investigated amputation and cryoinjury in vivo models of heart damage in the zebrafish through unbiased, integrative analyses of independent molecular datasets. To detect genes with potential biological roles, we derived computational prediction models with microarray data from heart amputation experiments. We focused on a top-ranked set of genes highly activated in the early post-injury stage, whose activity was further verified in independent microarray datasets. Next, we performed independent validations of expression responses with qPCR in a cryoinjury model. Across in vivo models, the top candidates showed highly concordant responses at 1 and 3 days post-injury, which highlights the predictive power of our analysis strategies and the possible biological relevance of these genes. Top candidates are significantly involved in cell fate specification and differentiation, and include heart failure markers such as periostin, as well as potential new targets for heart regeneration. For example, ptgis and ca2 were overexpressed, while usp2a, a regulator of the p53 pathway, was down-regulated in our in vivo models. Interestingly, a high activity of ptgis and ca2 has been previously observed in failing hearts from rats and humans. Conclusions We identified genes with potential critical roles in the response to cardiac damage in the zebrafish. Their transcriptional activities are reproducible in different in vivo models of cardiac injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-852) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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82
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Abstract
There is worldwide demand for therapies to promote the robust repair and regeneration with maximum regain of function of particular tissues and organs damaged by disease or injury. The potential role of adult stem cells has been highlighted by an increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies. Nowhere is this more evident than in adult stem cell-based therapies being explored to promote cardiac regeneration. In spite of encouraging advances, significant challenges remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursad Turksen
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada,
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83
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Shenje LT, Andersen P, Uosaki H, Fernandez L, Rainer PP, Cho GS, Lee DI, Zhong W, Harvey RP, Kass DA, Kwon C. Precardiac deletion of Numb and Numblike reveals renewal of cardiac progenitors. eLife 2014; 3:e02164. [PMID: 24843018 PMCID: PMC4007206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) must control their number and fate to sustain the rapid heart growth during development, yet the intrinsic factors and environment governing these processes remain unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the ancient cell-fate regulator Numb (Nb) and its homologue Numblike (Nbl) depletes CPCs in second pharyngeal arches (PA2s) and is associated with an atrophic heart. With histological, flow cytometric and functional analyses, we find that CPCs remain undifferentiated and expansive in the PA2, but differentiate into cardiac cells as they exit the arch. Tracing of Nb- and Nbl-deficient CPCs by lineage-specific mosaicism reveals that the CPCs normally populate in the PA2, but lose their expansion potential in the PA2. These findings demonstrate that Nb and Nbl are intrinsic factors crucial for the renewal of CPCs in the PA2 and that the PA2 serves as a microenvironment for their expansion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02164.001 Human embryos contain cells called ‘cardiac progenitor cells’ that serve as the building blocks to make the heart. Cardiac progenitor cells, or CPCs for short, initially move into areas of the embryo called the first and second heart fields, and then undergo a change to become specific types of heart cells: such as cardiac muscle cells. However, it is not known if CPCs are maintained during the development of the heart. Now, Shenje, Andersen et al. have shown that Numb and Numblike—two proteins that are needed for the development of nerve cells—are also involved in the development of the heart. Mouse embryos without the genes for Numb and Numblike failed to develop hearts normally; and these mutants also had fewer CPCs in the ‘second pharyngeal arch’: a part of the embryo that becomes the sides and front of the neck. Experiments on wild-type mice showed that the CPCs multiplied within this arch, and then changed into specific heart cells as they left this structure. Furthermore, mixing CPCs in a petri dish with cells taken from this arch encouraged the CPCs to multiply without changing into specific cell types. To investigate the importance of these two proteins further, Shenje, Andersen et al. engineered ‘chimeric’ mice in which some CPCs contained the Numb and Numblike genes and other CPCs did not. In most of these chimeric mice, the hearts developed normally, but the CPCs without the Numb or Numblike genes failed to multiply in the second pharyngeal arch. This shows that these genes must be present within an individual CPC to regulate the multiplication of that cell within this arch. By uncovering how problems with the maintenance of CPCs can lead to heart defects—a very common birth defect in humans—this work may lead to new ways to prevent or treat congenital heart disease. Furthermore, identifying the other factors or mechanisms that can allow the long-term maintenance of CPCs in the laboratory will be crucial for research into heart regeneration, and for CPC-based treatments to repair the heart. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02164.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln T Shenje
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science Universtiy, Portland, United States Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peter Andersen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Laviel Fernandez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gun-Sik Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dong-Ik Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Weimin Zhong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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84
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Building and repairing the heart: what can we learn from embryonic development? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:679168. [PMID: 24864252 PMCID: PMC4016833 DOI: 10.1155/2014/679168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian heart formation is a complex morphogenetic event that depends on the correct temporal and spatial contribution of distinct cell sources. During cardiac formation, cellular specification, differentiation, and rearrangement are tightly regulated by an intricate signaling network. Over the last years, many aspects of this network have been uncovered not only due to advances in cardiac development comprehension but also due to the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro model system. Additionally, several of these pathways have been shown to be functional or reactivated in the setting of cardiac disease. Knowledge withdrawn from studying heart development, ESCs differentiation, and cardiac pathophysiology may be helpful to envisage new strategies for improved cardiac repair/regeneration. In this review, we provide a comparative synopsis of the major signaling pathways required for cardiac lineage commitment in the embryo and murine ESCs. The involvement and possible reactivation of these pathways following heart injury and their role in tissue recovery will also be discussed.
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85
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Driver I, Ohlstein B. Specification of regional intestinal stem cell identity during Drosophila metamorphosis. Development 2014; 141:1848-56. [PMID: 24700821 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the adult Drosophila midgut the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is required to specify and maintain the acid-secreting region of the midgut known as the copper cell region (CCR). BMP signaling is also involved in the modulation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation in response to injury. How ISCs are able to respond to the same signaling pathway in a regionally different manner is currently unknown. Here, we show that dual use of the BMP signaling pathway in the midgut is possible because BMP signals are only capable of transforming ISC and enterocyte identity during a defined window of metamorphosis. ISC heterogeneity is established prior to adulthood and then maintained in cooperation with regional signals from surrounding tissue. Our data provide a conceptual framework for how other tissues maintained by regional stem cells might be patterned and establishes the pupal and adult midgut as a novel genetic platform for identifying genes necessary for regional stem cell specification and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Driver
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, New York, NY 10032, USA
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86
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Helmer RA, Martínez-Zaguilán R, Dertien JS, Fulford C, Foreman O, Peiris V, Chilton BS. Helicase-like transcription factor (Hltf) regulates G2/M transition, Wt1/Gata4/Hif-1a cardiac transcription networks, and collagen biogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80461. [PMID: 24278285 PMCID: PMC3835564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HLTF/Hltf regulates transcription, remodels chromatin, and coordinates DNA damage repair. Hltf is expressed in mouse brain and heart during embryonic and postnatal development. Silencing Hltf is semilethal. Seventy-four percent of congenic C57BL/6J Hltf knockout mice died, 75% within 12-24 hours of birth. Previous studies in neonatal (6-8 hour postpartum) brain revealed silencing Hltf disrupted cell cycle progression, and attenuated DNA damage repair. An RNA-Seq snapshot of neonatal heart transcriptome showed 1,536 of 20,000 total transcripts were altered (p < 0.05) - 10 up- and 1,526 downregulated. Pathway enrichment analysis with MetaCore™ showed Hltf’s regulation of the G2/M transition (p=9.726E-15) of the cell cycle in heart is nearly identical to its role in brain. In addition, Brca1 and 12 members of the Brca1 associated genome surveillance complex are also downregulated. Activation of caspase 3 coincides with transcriptional repression of Bcl-2. Hltf loss caused downregulation of Wt1/Gata4/Hif-1a signaling cascades as well as Myh7b/miR499 transcription. Hltf-specific binding to promoters and/or regulatory regions of these genes was authenticated by ChIP-PCR. Hif-1a targets for prolyl (P4ha1, P4ha2) and lysyl (Plod2) collagen hydroxylation, PPIase enzymes (Ppid, Ppif, Ppil3) for collagen trimerization, and lysyl oxidase (Loxl2) for collagen-elastin crosslinking were downregulated. However, transcription of genes for collagens, fibronectin, Mmps and their inhibitors (Timps) was unaffected. The collective downregulation of genes whose protein products control collagen biogenesis caused disorganization of the interstitial and perivascular myocardial collagen fibrillar network as viewed with picrosirius red-staining, and authenticated with spectral imaging. Wavy collagen bundles in control hearts contrasted with collagen fibers that were thin, short and disorganized in Hltf null hearts. Collagen bundles in Hltf null hearts were tangled and fragmented. Thus, silencing Hltf during heart organogenesis compromised DNA double-strand break repair, and caused aberrant collagen biogenesis altering the structural network that transmits cardiomyocyte force into muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Helmer
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raul Martínez-Zaguilán
- Department of Cell Physiology & Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Dertien
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candra Fulford
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oded Foreman
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Vasum Peiris
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beverly S. Chilton
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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87
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Wolchinsky Z, Shivtiel S, Kouwenhoven EN, Putin D, Sprecher E, Zhou H, Rouleau M, Aberdam D. Angiomodulin is required for cardiogenesis of embryonic stem cells and is maintained by a feedback loop network of p63 and Activin-A. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:49-59. [PMID: 24145187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63, member of the p53 gene family, encodes for two main isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63 with distinct functions on epithelial homeostasis and cancer. Recently, we discovered that TAp63 is essential for in vitro cardiogenesis and heart development in vivo. TAp63 is expressed by embryonic endoderm and acts on cardiac progenitors by a cell-non-autonomous manner. In the present study, we search for cardiogenic secreted factors that could be regulated by TAp63 and, by ChIP-seq analysis, identified Angiomodulin (AGM), also named IGFBP7 or IGFBP-rP1. We demonstrate that AGM is necessary for cardiac commitment of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and its regulation depends on TAp63 isoform. TAp63 directly activates both AGM and Activin-A during ESC cardiogenesis while these secreted factors modulate TAp63 gene expression by a feedback loop mechanism. The molecular circuitry controlled by TAp63 on AGM/Activin-A signaling pathway and thus on cardiogenesis emphasizes the importance of p63 during early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Wolchinsky
- INSERTECH, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shoham Shivtiel
- INSERTECH, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Evelyn Nathalie Kouwenhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centrum, The Netherlands
| | - Daria Putin
- INSERTECH, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centrum, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS FRE-3472, Nice, France; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERTECH, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; INSERM U976, Paris, France; University of Paris Diderot, France.
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Myosin light chain 2-based selection of human iPSC-derived early ventricular cardiac myocytes. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1335-47. [PMID: 24095945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs) would be strengthened by the ability to generate specific cardiac myocyte (CM) lineages. However, purification of lineage-specific hiPSC-CMs is limited by the lack of cell marking techniques. Here, we have developed an iPSC-CM marking system using recombinant adenoviral reporter constructs with atrial- or ventricular-specific myosin light chain-2 (MLC-2) promoters. MLC-2a and MLC-2v selected hiPSC-CMs were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and their biochemical and electrophysiological phenotypes analyzed. We demonstrate that the phenotype of both populations remained stable in culture and they expressed the expected sarcomeric proteins, gap junction proteins and chamber-specific transcription factors. Compared to MLC-2a cells, MLC-2v selected CMs had larger action potential amplitudes and durations. In addition, by immunofluorescence, we showed that MLC-2 isoform expression can be used to enrich hiPSC-CM consistent with early atrial and ventricular myocyte lineages. However, only the ventricular myosin light chain-2 promoter was able to purify a highly homogeneous population of iPSC-CMs. Using this approach, it is now possible to develop ventricular-specific disease models using iPSC-CMs while atrial-specific iPSC-CM cultures may require additional chamber-specific markers.
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89
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Cota CD, Segade F, Davidson B. Heart genetics in a small package, exploiting the condensed genome of Ciona intestinalis. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:3-14. [PMID: 24005910 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the initial establishment of cardiogenic cell fate are likely to contribute to pervasive human congenital cardiac abnormalities. However, the molecular underpinnings of nascent cardiac fate induction have proven difficult to decipher. In this review we explore the participation of extracellular, cellular and nuclear factors in comprehensive specification networks. At each level, we elaborate on insights gained through the study of cardiogenesis in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis and propose productive lines of future research. In-depth discussion of pre-cardiac induction is intended to serve as a paradigm, illustrating the potential use of Ciona to elucidate comprehensive networks underlying additional aspects of chordate cardiogenesis, including directed migration and subspecification of cardiac and pharyngeal lineages.
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90
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Puceat M. Could a pluripotent stem cell give rise to a high yield of a single cell lineage: a myocardial cell? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:498-9. [PMID: 23850377 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gould RA, Aboulmouna LM, Varner JD, Butcher JT. Hierarchical approaches for systems modeling in cardiac development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:289-305. [PMID: 23463736 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ordered cardiac morphogenesis and function are essential for all vertebrate life. The heart begins as a simple contractile tube, but quickly grows and morphs into a multichambered pumping organ complete with valves, while maintaining regulation of blood flow and nutrient distribution. Though not identical, cardiac morphogenesis shares many molecular and morphological processes across vertebrate species. Quantitative data across multiple time and length scales have been gathered through decades of reductionist single variable analyses. These range from detailed molecular signaling pathways at the cellular levels to cardiac function at the tissue/organ levels. However, none of these components act in true isolation from others, and each, in turn, exhibits short- and long-range effects in both time and space. With the absence of a gene, entire signaling cascades and genetic profiles may be shifted, resulting in complex feedback mechanisms. Also taking into account local microenvironmental changes throughout development, it is apparent that a systems level approach is an essential resource to accelerate information generation concerning the functional relationships across multiple length scales (molecular data vs physiological function) and structural development. In this review, we discuss relevant in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches, compare different computational frameworks for systems modeling, and the latest information about systems modeling of cardiac development. Finally, we conclude with some important future directions for cardiac systems modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell A Gould
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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