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Breen J, Mur LAJ, Sivakumaran A, Akinyemi A, Wilkinson MJ, Rodriguez Lopez CM. Botrytis cinerea Loss and Restoration of Virulence during In Vitro Culture Follows Flux in Global DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063034. [PMID: 35328468 PMCID: PMC8948621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi can lose virulence after protracted periods of culture, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. Here, we present the first analysis of DNA methylation flux at a single-base resolution for the plant pathogen B. cinerea and identify differentially methylated genes/genomic regions associated with virulence erosion during in vitro culture. Cultures were maintained for eight months, with subcultures and virulence testing every month. Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphisms were performed at monthly intervals to characterise global changes to the pathogen’s genome during culture and also on DNA from mycelium inoculated onto Arabidopsis thaliana after eight months in culture. Characterisation of culture-induced epialleles was assessed by whole-genome re-sequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Virulence declined with time in culture and recovered after inoculation on A. thaliana. Variation detected by methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphisms followed virulence changes during culture. Whole-genome (bisulfite) sequencing showed marked changes in global and local methylation during culture but no significant genetic changes. We imply that virulence is a non-essential plastic character that is at least partly modified by the changing levels of DNA methylation during culture. We hypothesise that changing DNA methylation during culture may be responsible for the high virulence/low virulence transition in B. cinerea and speculate that this may offer fresh opportunities to control pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Breen
- Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK; (L.A.J.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Anushen Sivakumaran
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK; (L.A.J.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Aderemi Akinyemi
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK; (L.A.J.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Michael James Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llywd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK; (L.A.J.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.W.)
| | - Carlos Marcelino Rodriguez Lopez
- Environmental Epigenetics and Genetics Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Le Goué E, Gardrat C, Romain M, Rollini M, Moresoli C, Coma V. Effect of oleic acid on the release of tetrahydrocurcumin in chitosan-based films. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Raorane CJ, Raj V, Lee JH, Lee J. Antifungal activities of fluoroindoles against the postharvest pathogen Botrytis cinerea: In vitro and in silico approaches. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 362:109492. [PMID: 34861563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a common necrotrophic fungal pathogen, leading cause of gray mold diseases in plants and fruit. Several benzimidazoles are used for controlling B. cinerea-associated infection in fruit and vegetables, but benzimidazoles resistance restricts its further uses. Therefore, it is a need for alternative drugs that control B. cinerea. Indoles are multi-faceted compounds and their structural similarities with antifungal benzimidazoles make them a choice for further investigation. Thus, the main objective of the study was to investigate the antifungal potencies of indoles against B. cinerea and to decipher the molecular mechanism involved. We conducted in vitro antifungal assays, fruit assays, and computational studies of interactions between indoles and fungal microtubule polymerase. Of the 16 halogenated indoles examined, 4-fluoroindole, 5-fluoroindole, and 7-fluoroindole (MIC range 2-5 mg/L) were found to be more potent than the fungicides fluconazole and natamycin. Fluoroindoles inhibited or eradicated B. cinerea infections in tangerines and strawberries. Molecular dynamic simulation and density functional theory showed that these fluoroindoles stably interacted with microtubule polymerase. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of halogenated indoles revealed that the presence of a fluoro group in the indole moiety is essential for anti-Botrytis activity. The plausibility of the underlying antifungal mechanism was confirmed by in vitro tubulin polymerization. Collective outcomes of this study indicates that fluoroindoles could be used as alternative fungicidal agents against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Ambrosini V, Riou C. The dark side of 5,10,15,20-(tetra-4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin tetra-ammonium (TPPS) on Botrytis cinerea mycelium growth. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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55
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Xu X, Chen Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. Molecular mechanisms underlying multi-level defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac066. [PMID: 35591926 PMCID: PMC9113409 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural industry helps to enrich and improve the human diet while contributing to growth of the agricultural economy. However, fungal diseases of horticultural crops frequently occur during pre- and postharvest periods, reducing yields and crop quality and causing huge economic losses and wasted food. Outcomes of fungal diseases depend on both horticultural plant defense responses and fungal pathogenicity. Plant defense responses are highly sophisticated and are generally divided into preformed and induced defense responses. Preformed defense responses include both physical barriers and phytochemicals, which are the first line of protection. Induced defense responses, which include innate immunity (pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity), local defense responses, and systemic defense signaling, are triggered to counterstrike fungal pathogens. Therefore, to develop regulatory strategies for horticultural plant resistance, a comprehensive understanding of defense responses and their underlying mechanisms is critical. Recently, integrated multi-omics analyses, CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, high-throughput sequencing, and data mining have greatly contributed to identification and functional determination of novel phytochemicals, regulatory factors, and signaling molecules and their signaling pathways in plant resistance. In this review, research progress on defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens and novel regulatory strategies to regulate induction of plant resistance are summarized, and then the problems, challenges, and future research directions are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
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Roca-Couso R, Flores-Félix JD, Rivas R. Mechanisms of Action of Microbial Biocontrol Agents against Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1045. [PMID: 34947027 PMCID: PMC8707566 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for economic losses from USD 10 to 100 billion worldwide. It affects more than 1400 plant species, thus becoming one of the main threats to the agriculture systems. The application of fungicides has for years been an efficient way to control this disease. However, fungicides have negative environmental consequences that have changed popular opinion and clarified the need for more sustainable solutions. Biopesticides are products formulated based on microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with antifungal activity through various mechanisms. This review gathers the most important mechanisms of antifungal activities and the microorganisms that possess them. Among the different modes of action, there are included the production of diffusible molecules, both antimicrobial molecules and siderophores; production of volatile organic compounds; production of hydrolytic enzymes; and other mechanisms, such as the competition and induction of systemic resistance, triggering an interaction at different levels and inhibition based on complex systems for the production of molecules and regulation of crop biology. Such a variety of mechanisms results in a powerful weapon against B. cinerea; some of them have been tested and are already used in the agricultural production with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Roca-Couso
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI–Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raúl Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental de Biología, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Associated Unit, University of Salamanca-CSIC (IRNASA), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Rasiukevičiūtė N, Brazaitytė A, Vaštakaitė-Kairienė V, Kupčinskienė A, Duchovskis P, Samuolienė G, Valiuškaitė A. The Effect of Monochromatic LED Light Wavelengths and Photoperiods on Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110970. [PMID: 34829257 PMCID: PMC8622904 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous necrotrophic pathogen causing grey mould in economically important crops. Light effect in horticulture is undeniable and fungi also react to light. Selected specific light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photoperiods can be used for fungal pathogen inhibition. This study aimed to evaluate how LED light wavelengths and photoperiods affect the growth parameters of B. cinerea. The morphological (mycelium appearance, sclerotia distribution) and phenotypic (conidia presence and size, mycelium growth rate, recovery) characteristics of the fungal pathogen B. cinerea were evaluated under royal blue 455 nm, blue 470 nm, cyan 505 nm, yellow 590 nm, and red 627 nm LED lights at various photoperiods (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h). The results revealed that the light conditions and photoperiods influenced the B. cinerea morphological and phenotypic characteristics. Overall, the highest B. cinerea inhibition was under yellow (590 nm) LED light at 4 and 8 h photoperiods. Conidia did not form under blue 455 nm at 8, 16, 20, and 24 h photoperiods. Therefore, it can be assumed that the phenotypic and morphological features of B. cinerea depend on the specific photoperiod and LED light wavelength. The results allowed an exploration of original research approaches, raised new scientific questions for further investigation, and suggested new green plant protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aušra Brazaitytė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.); (A.K.); (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.); (A.K.); (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Asta Kupčinskienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.); (A.K.); (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Pavelas Duchovskis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.); (A.K.); (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Giedrė Samuolienė
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania; (A.B.); (V.V.-K.); (A.K.); (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Alma Valiuškaitė
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno St. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas Dist., Lithuania;
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58
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Feng M, Lv Y, Li T, Li X, Liu J, Chen X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang A. Postharvest Treatments with Three Yeast Strains and Their Combinations to Control Botrytis cinerea of Snap Beans. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112736. [PMID: 34829022 PMCID: PMC8618400 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three yeast strains, namely Cryptococcus albidus (Ca63), Cryptococcus albidus (Ca64), and Candida parapsilosis (Yett1006), and their combinations, including single yeast agent, two combined yeast strains, single yeast agent + NaHCO3, single yeast agent + chitosan, single yeast agent + ascorbic acid, and single yeast agent + konjac powder, were evaluated for their activity against Botrytis cinerea, the most economically important fungal pathogens causing postharvest disease of snap beans. In in vitro tests, no inhibition zone was observed in dual cultures of three yeast strains and B. cinerea. The mycelial growth inhibition rates of B. cinerea for Ca63, Ca64, and Yett1006 were 97%, 95%, and 97%, respectively. In in vivo tests, the optimal combination of the lowest disease index of snap beans with B. cinerea was Ca63 + Ca64, with a preventing effect of 75%. The decay rate and rust spots index of Ca64 + ascorbic acid combination were 25% and 20%, respectively, which were the lowest. The activities of defense-related enzymes increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was suppressed in snap beans after different treatments. Our results highlight the potential of the three yeast strains and their combinations as new nonpolluting agents for the integrated control of B. cinerea on snap beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - You Lv
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Tiantian Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinmao Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.F.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.F.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-55190443
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Extension of Solanaceae Food Crops Shelf Life by the Use of Elicitors and Sustainable Practices During Postharvest Phase. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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60
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Kamaruzzaman M, Islam MS, Hasan MA, Sultana R, Faruque MO, Jiang C. Characterization of a hypovirulent strain of Botrytis cinerea from apple and quantification of the ICs related gene expression. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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Pang LJ, Adeel M, Shakoor N, Guo KR, Ma DF, Ahmad MA, Lu GQ, Zhao MH, Li SE, Rui YK. Engineered Nanomaterials Suppress the Soft Rot Disease ( Rhizopus stolonifer) and Slow Down the Loss of Nutrient in Sweet Potato. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102572. [PMID: 34685013 PMCID: PMC8537040 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
About 45% of the world’s fruit and vegetables are wasted, resulting in postharvest losses and contributing to economic losses ranging from $10 billion to $100 billion worldwide. Soft rot disease caused by Rhizopus stolonifer leads to postharvest storage losses of sweet potatoes. Nanoscience stands as a new tool in our arsenal against these mounting challenges that will restrict efforts to achieve and maintain global food security. In this study, three nanomaterials (NMs) namely C60, CuO, and TiO2 were evaluated for their potential application in the restriction of Rhizopus soft rot disease in two cultivars of sweet potato (Y25, J26). CuO NM exhibited a better antifungal effect than C60 and TiO2 NMs. The contents of three important hormones, indolepropionic acid (IPA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA-3), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the infected J26 sweet potato treated with 50 mg/L CuO NM were significantly higher than those of the control by 14.5%, 10.8%, and 24.1%. CuO and C60 NMs promoted antioxidants in both cultivars of sweet potato. Overall, CuO NM at 50 mg/L exhibited the best antifungal properties, followed by TiO2 NM and C60 NM, and these results were further confirmed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The use of CuO NMs as an antifungal agent in the prevention of Rhizopus stolonifer infections in sweet potatoes could greatly reduce postharvest storage and delivery losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jiang Pang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.-J.P.); (M.-H.Z.); (S.-E.L.)
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Muhammed Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.-R.G.); (Y.-K.R.)
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Subcampus, 18 Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519085, China
| | - Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.-R.G.); (Y.-K.R.)
| | - Ke-Rui Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.-R.G.); (Y.-K.R.)
- Laboratory of Soil Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dai-Fu Ma
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221121, China
- Correspondence: or (D.-F.M.); (G.-Q.L.)
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Guo-Quan Lu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.-J.P.); (M.-H.Z.); (S.-E.L.)
- Correspondence: or (D.-F.M.); (G.-Q.L.)
| | - Mei-Hui Zhao
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.-J.P.); (M.-H.Z.); (S.-E.L.)
| | - Sheng-E Li
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (L.-J.P.); (M.-H.Z.); (S.-E.L.)
| | - Yu-Kui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.A.); (N.S.); (K.-R.G.); (Y.-K.R.)
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Oliw EH. Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of filamentous fungal pathogens. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103623. [PMID: 34520871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins designate oxygenated unsaturated C18 fatty acids. Many filamentous fungi pathogens contain dioxygenases (DOX) in oxylipin biosynthesis with homology to human cyclooxygenases. They contain a DOX domain, which is often fused to a functional cytochrome P450 at the C-terminal end. A Tyr radical in the DOX domain initiates dioxygenation of linoleic acid by hydrogen abstraction with formation of 8-, 9-, or 10-hydroperoxy metabolites. The P450 domains can catalyze heterolytic cleavage of 8- and 10-hydroperoxides with oxidation of the heme thiolate iron for hydroxylation at C-5, C-7, C-9, or C-11 and for epoxidation of the 12Z double bond; thus displaying linoleate diol synthase (LDS) and epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS) activities. LSD activities are present in the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, Botrytis cinerea causing grey mold and the black scurf pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 10R-DOX-EAS has been found in M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. The P450 domains may also catalyze homolytic cleavage of 8- and 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids and dehydration to produce epoxides with an adjacent double bond, i.e., allene oxides, thus displaying 8- and 9-DOX-allene oxide synthases (AOS). F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, and R. solani express 9S-DOX-AOS and Zymoseptoria tritici 8S-and 9R-DOX-AOS. Homologues are present in endemic human-pathogenic fungi with extensive studies in Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus (also a plant pathogen) as well as the genetic model A. nidulans. 8R-and 10R-DOX appear to bind fatty acids "headfirst" in the active site, whereas 9S-DOX binds them "tail first" in analogy with cyclooxygenases. The biological relevance of 8R-DOX-5,8-LDS (also designated PpoA) was first discovered in relation to sporulation of A. nidulans and recently for development and programmed hyphal branching of A. fumigatus. Gene deletion DOX-AOS homologues in F. verticillioides, A. flavus, and A. nidulans alters, inter alia, mycotoxin production, sporulation, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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63
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Li H, James A, Shen X, Wang Y. Roles of microbiota in the formation of botrytized grapes and wines. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1958925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Armachius James
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
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Sun C, Zhu C, Tang Y, Ren D, Cai Y, Zhou G, Wang Y, Xu L, Zhu P. Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea and control of gray mold on table grapes by calcium propionate. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) infects a wide range of crops before and after harvest, causing huge losses worldwide. Inhibition mechanisms of B. cinerea in vitro and in plants by calcium propionate (CP), generally recognized as a safe substance, are described in this study.
Materials and methods
Wild-type and transgenic mutant strains of B. cinerea were used in the study to evaluate the effects of CP on fungal growth and development in vitro. Plant materials including tomato leaves and table grapes were tested for controlling efficiency of CP against gray mold deterioration in vivo.
Results
Mycelial growth of B. cinerea was inhibited by CP in a dose-dependent manner with occasional disruption of hyphal tips, causing cellular collapse and efflux of cell contents. Staining with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide indicated that CP decreased fungal cell viability. Inhibition efficiency of CP against B. cinerea was enhanced by reducing pH. In contrast, the vel1 mutant, which exhibited deficiency in acid production, was more resistant to CP, suggesting that inhibition of B. cinerea by CP is enhanced by the acidification ability of the fungus itself. Additionally, CP inhibited infection cushion development by germlings of B. cinerea. Infection assays with tomato leaves and table grapes showed that CP inhibited decay development in both host tissues. Moreover, application of CP on grapes 3 days prior to harvest could contribute to management of deterioration caused by spontaneous fungal diseases during storage.
Conclusion
CP can suppress hyphal growth, inhibit infection cushion development, and reduce the virulence of B. cinerea. CP is thus promising for practical management of gray mold in fruit crops and merits further evaluation.
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Oliw EH. WITHDRAWN: Fatty acid dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes of the top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology and human-pathogenic fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2021:103603. [PMID: 34214670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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66
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Ha STT, Kim YT, Jeon YH, Choi HW, In BC. Regulation of Botrytis cinerea Infection and Gene Expression in Cut Roses by Using Nano Silver and Salicylic Acid. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1241. [PMID: 34207351 PMCID: PMC8235549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) is one of the necrotrophic pathogens resulting in the heaviest commercial losses in cut rose flowers, and the severity of gray mold disease partly depends on the presence of ethylene during the storage and transport. The effectiveness of nano silver (NS) and salicylic acid (SA) was assessed as a novel control agent in protecting the cut rose flowers against B. cinerea infection and ethylene damages. The efficacy of NS and SA was compared with an inoculated control (CON). A non-treated control (NT) was also used to evaluate the natural infection process. The results indicated that pretreatment with 20 mg L-1 NS significantly reduced B. cinerea growth in rose petals during vase periods. NS effectively suppressed the mRNA levels of ethylene biosynthesis genes (RhACS2, RhACS4, and RhACO1) and the reduction in expression levels of ethylene receptor genes (RhETR1, RhETR2, and RhETR5) and the downstream regulator RhCTR2 in rose petals after B. cinerea inoculation. NS application also decreased the expression of the B. cinerea snod-prot-like 1 (Bcspl1) gene which acts as the virulence factor in cut roses. In NS flowers, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) value was higher and the leaf temperature was lower on day 1, suggesting that these factors can be used for detecting B. cinerea infection and water stress in cut rose flowers. Furthermore, NS improved water relations and extended the vase life of cut rose flowers by 3.3 d, compared with that of NT flowers. In contrast, SA had no inhibitive effects on both B. cinerea growth and ethylene response in cut roses. The findings from the present study highlight NS as a promising new candidate for preventing B. cinerea infection and ethylene damages and for improving the postharvest quality of cut roses exported overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong Tuyet Thi Ha
- Division of Horticulture and Medicinal Plant, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea; (S.T.T.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Division of Horticulture and Medicinal Plant, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea; (S.T.T.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yong Ho Jeon
- Department of Plant Medicine, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Department of Plant Medicine, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea; (Y.H.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Byung-Chun In
- Division of Horticulture and Medicinal Plant, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea; (S.T.T.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
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67
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Moura GGDD, Barros AVD, Machado F, Martins AD, Silva CMD, Durango LGC, Forim M, Alves E, Pasqual M, Doria J. Endophytic bacteria from strawberry plants control gray mold in fruits via production of antifungal compounds against Botrytis cinerea L. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126793. [PMID: 34325193 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea causes the gray mold disease in a wide range of plant hosts, especially in post-harvest periods. The control of this phytopathogen has been accomplished through the application of fungicides. However, this practice can cause environmental problems and increase fruit production costs. In addition, this fungus species has developed resistance to conventional synthetic fungicides. In this context, plant growth-promoting bacteria have shown potential for application in agricultural production because they are able to stimulate plant growth through different mechanisms, including the biological control of phytopathogens (indirect growth promotion mechanism). The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro and in fruits the potential for indirect plant growth-promotion of bacteria isolated from strawberry leaves and roots. Dual plate method and inverted plate method were used to verify the ability of controlling in vitro the growth of Botrytis cinerea via the production of diffusible and volatile antifungal compounds, respectively. The effect of six bacterial isolates that showed greater potential for biological control in vitro was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Antifungal compounds produced by these bacterial isolates were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Six bacterial strains were tested on strawberry pseudofruits. Five selected strains belong to the genus Bacillus and one to the genus Pantoea sp. Selected strains were able to inhibit more than 80 % of the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by the production of diffusible compounds and 90 % by volatile antifungal compounds production. Scanning electron microscopy showed the intense degradation of fungal hyphae caused by the presence of all bacterial strains. Bioactive compounds (salycilamide, maculosin, herniarin, lauroyl diethanolamide, baptifoline, undecanedioic acid, botrydial, 8 3-butylidene-7-hydroxyphthalide and N-(3-oxo-henoyl)-homoserine lactone) were obtained from liquid culture of these strains and extraction with ethyl acetate. All six isolates tested in vivo reduced the incidence of gray mold in strawberry pseudofruits in postharvest. It is concluded that isolates 26, 29, 65, 69, 132 (Bacillus sp.) and MQT16M1 (Pantoea sp.) have potential application for the biological control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry via the production of diffusible and volatile antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franklin Machado
- Phytopathology Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Moacir Forim
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Phytopathology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moacir Pasqual
- Agriculture Department, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joyce Doria
- Agriculture Department, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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68
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Papoutsis K, Edelenbos M. Postharvest environmentally and human-friendly pre-treatments to minimize carrot waste in the supply chain caused by physiological disorders and fungi. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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69
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Davies CR, Wohlgemuth F, Young T, Violet J, Dickinson M, Sanders JW, Vallieres C, Avery SV. Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021; 36:15-26. [PMID: 34084209 PMCID: PMC8127832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi that spoil foods or infect crops can have major socioeconomic impacts, posing threats to food security. The strategies needed to manage these fungi are evolving, given the growing incidence of fungicide resistance, tightening regulations of chemicals use and market trends imposing new food-preservation challenges. For example, alternative methods for crop protection such as RNA-based fungicides, biocontrol, or stimulation of natural plant defences may lessen concerns like environmental toxicity of chemical fungicides. There is renewed focus on natural product preservatives and fungicides, which can bypass regulations for 'clean label' food products. These require investment to find effective, safe activities within complex mixtures such as plant extracts. Alternatively, physical measures may be one key for fungal control, such as polymer materials which passively resist attachment and colonization by fungi. Reducing or replacing traditional chlorine treatments (e.g. of post-harvest produce) is desirable to limit formation of disinfection by-products. In addition, the current growth in lower sugar food products can alter metabolic routing of carbon utilization in spoilage yeasts, with implications for efficacy of food preservatives acting via metabolism. The use of preservative or fungicide combinations, while involving more than one chemical, can reduce total chemicals usage where these act synergistically. Such approaches might also help target different subpopulations within heteroresistant fungal populations. These approaches are discussed in the context of current challenges for food preservation, focussing on pre-harvest fungal control, fresh produce and stored food preservation. Several strategies show growing potential for mitigating or reversing the risks posed by fungi in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheryn R. Davies
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Wohlgemuth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Taran Young
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Violet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dickinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Willem Sanders
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy Vallieres
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon V. Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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70
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Matrose NA, Obikeze K, Belay ZA, Caleb OJ. Plant extracts and other natural compounds as alternatives for post-harvest management of fruit fungal pathogens: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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71
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Vega-Vásquez P, Mosier NS, Irudayaraj J. Hormesis-Inducing Essential Oil Nanodelivery System Protects Plants against Broad Host-Range Necrotrophs. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8338-8349. [PMID: 33881823 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a broad host-range necrotrophic (BHN) phytopathogen, establishes compatible interactions with hosts by deploying multigene infection strategies, rendering simply inherited resistance ineffective to fight off this pathogen. Since essential oils (EOs) serve as intermediators during phytobiome communication, we hypothesize that they have the potential to enhance the quantitative disease resistance against BHN by eliciting the adaptive stress response (hormesis) in plants. However, using EOs is challenging due to their poor solubility in water. Nanoemulsification of EOs enhances not only the solubility of EOs but also their potency and stability. Here, we demonstrate the potential use of essential oil nanoemulsions (EONEs) to control infections caused by BHN. Using basic engineering principles of nanocarrier design, we demonstrate the efficacy of a robust EONEs design for controlling B. cinerea infection in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Our nanoemulsion delivery system significantly enhanced the disease resistance of the host by reducing the necrotic area by up to 50% compared to untreated plants. RNA-seq analysis indicated that successful treatments upregulated autophagy, ROS scavenging, and activation of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vega-Vásquez
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nathan S Mosier
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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72
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Dai Y, Wang Z, Leng J, Sui Y, Jiang M, Wisniewski M, Liu J, Wang Q. Eco-friendly management of postharvest fungal decays in kiwifruit. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8307-8318. [PMID: 33998844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1926908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is purchased by consumers worldwide and is increasing in demand. Unfortunately, kiwifruit is susceptible to postharvest decay caused by a variety of fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Diaporthe spp. Among these pathogens, B. cinerea is the most prevalent and devastating. Infections by these fungal pathogens result in a deterioration in fruit quality and a reduction in marketable yield. Eco-friendly methods to control kiwifruit postharvest decay have been explored as alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides. In this review, we provide an overview and discuss the virulence and pathogenesis of fungi that are causal agents of kiwifruit decay, especially B. cinerea, including recent molecular and genomic studies. Advances in pre- and postharvest measures for postharvest decay management, including biological control, physical applications, the use of natural compounds and plant hormones, and the use of combined methods, are also reviewed. Eco-friendly control measures are a critical component of an integrated management approach for sustainable production of kiwifruit. The need for further research on the use of microbial consortia for the management of postharvest diseases of kiwifruit is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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73
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Schwendel BH, Anekal PV, Zarate E, Bang KW, Guo G, Grey AC, Pinu FR. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics to Investigate the Effect of Mechanical Shaking on Sauvignon Blanc Berry Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4918-4933. [PMID: 33856217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous commercial studies carried out in New Zealand showed that mechanical shaking significantly reduced the incidence of Botrytis cinerea infection in wine grapes. However, the reasons behind this reduction are not well understood. Here, we employed a metabolomics approach to gain insights into the biochemical changes that occur in grape berries due to mechanical shaking. Berry samples were analyzed using three different analytical approaches including gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography and MS, and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Combined data provided a comprehensive overview of metabolic changes in grape berry, indicating the initiation of different stress mitigation strategies to overcome the effect of mechanical shaking. Berry primary metabolism was distinctly altered in the green berries in response to mechanical shaking, while secondary metabolism significantly changed in berries collected after veraison. Pathway analysis showed upregulation of metabolites related to nitrogen and lipid metabolism in the berries from shaken vines when compared with controls. From IMS data, we observed an accumulation of different groups of metabolites including phenolic compounds and amino and fatty acids in the areas near to the skin of berries from shaken vines. This observation suggests that mechanical shaking caused an accumulation of these metabolites, which may be associated with the formation of a protective barrier, leading to the reduction in B. cinerea infection in berries from mechanically shaken vines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Heike Schwendel
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Praju Vikas Anekal
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Biomedical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Erica Zarate
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kyung Whan Bang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - George Guo
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Biomedical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
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74
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Huwei S, Asghari M, Zahedipour-Sheshglani P, Alizadeh M. Modeling and optimizing the changes in physical and biochemical properties of table grapes in response to natural zeolite treatment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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75
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Stamelou ML, Sperdouli I, Pyrri I, Adamakis IDS, Moustakas M. Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II in Tomato to Botrytis cinerea. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030521. [PMID: 33802218 PMCID: PMC8000511 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, and especially tomato. Photosystem II (PSII) responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves to Botrytis cinerea spore suspension application were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that was detected 30 min after Botrytis application with an increasing trend up to 240 min, is possibly convening tolerance against B. cinerea at short-time exposure, but when increasing at relative longer exposure, is becoming a damaging molecule. In accordance, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) functionality was observed 30 min after application of B. cinerea, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in a significant decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), indicating a possible decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation, thus specifying a modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Therefore, 30 min after application of Botrytis spore suspension, before any visual symptoms appeared, defense response mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be adjusted by NPQ in a such way that PSII functionality to be enhanced, but being fully inhibited at the application spot and the adjacent area, after longer exposure (240 min). Hence, the response of tomato PSII to B. cinerea, indicates a hormetic temporal response in terms of “stress defense response” and “toxicity”, expanding the features of hormesis to biotic factors also. The enhanced PSII functionality 30 min after Botrytis application can possible be related with the need of an increased sugar production that is associated with a stronger plant defense potential through the induction of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Lavrentia Stamelou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Pyrri
- Section of Ecology & Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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77
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Li R, Wang L, Li Y, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Sheng J, Ma P, Shen L. Knockout of SlNPR1 enhances tomato plants resistance against Botrytis cinerea by modulating ROS homeostasis and JA/ET signaling pathways. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:569-579. [PMID: 32840878 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most popular horticultural crops, and many commercial tomato cultivars are particularly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea. Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NPR1) is a critical component of the plant defense mechanisms. However, our understanding of how SlNPR1 influences disease resistance in tomato is still limited. In this study, two independent slnpr1 mutants were used to study the role of SlNPR1 in tomato resistance against B. cinerea. Compared to (WT), slnpr1 leaves exhibited enhanced resistance against B. cinerea with smaller lesion sizes, higher activities of chitinase (CHI), β-1, 3-glucanases (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and significantly increased expressions of pathogenesis-related genes (PRs). The increased activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and decreased catalase (CAT) activities collectively regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in slnpr1 mutants. The integrity of the cell wall in slnpr1 mutants was maintained. Moreover, the enhanced resistance was further reflected by induction of defense genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings revealed that knocking out SlNPR1 resulted in increased activities of defense enzymes, changes in ROS homeostasis and integrity of cell walls, and activation of JA and ET pathways, which confers resistance against B. cinerea in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Liu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yujing Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Peihua Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Del Corpo D, Fullone MR, Miele R, Lafond M, Pontiggia D, Grisel S, Kieffer‐Jaquinod S, Giardina T, Bellincampi D, Lionetti V. AtPME17 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase regulated by its PRO region that triggers PME activity in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1620-1633. [PMID: 33029918 PMCID: PMC7694680 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form in the Golgi cisternae and partially de-methylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces a local and strong induction of PME activity during the infection of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. AtPME17 is a putative A. thaliana PME highly induced in response to B. cinerea. Here, a fine tuning of AtPME17 expression by different defence hormones was identified. Our genetic evidence demonstrates that AtPME17 strongly contributes to the pathogen-induced PME activity and resistance against B. cinerea by triggering jasmonic acid-ethylene-dependent PDF1.2 expression. AtPME17 belongs to group 2 isoforms of PMEs characterized by a PME domain preceded by an N-terminal PRO region. However, the biochemical evidence for AtPME17 as a functional PME is still lacking and the role played by its PRO region is not known. Using the Pichia pastoris expression system, we demonstrate that AtPME17 is a functional PME with activity favoured by an increase in pH. AtPME17 performs a blockwise pattern of pectin de-methylesterification that favours the formation of egg-box structures between homogalacturonans. Recombinant AtPME17 expression in Escherichia coli reveals that the PRO region acts as an intramolecular inhibitor of AtPME17 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maria R. Fullone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”Pasteur Institute‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie FongiquesINRAAix Marseille University, UMR1163MarseilleFrance
| | | | | | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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79
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Becker R, Ulrich K, Behrendt U, Kube M, Ulrich A. Analyzing Ash Leaf-Colonizing Fungal Communities for Their Biological Control of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590944. [PMID: 33193255 PMCID: PMC7649789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been threatening Fraxinus excelsior populations throughout Europe for over two decades. Since the infection and first colonization by the pathogen occurs in leaves, leaf-colonizing microorganisms have been discussed as a barrier and as possible biocontrol agents against the disease. To identify fungal groups with health-supporting potential, we compared the fungal microbiota of compound leaves from susceptible and tolerant ash trees in four ash stands with high H. fraxineus exposure. The fungal communities were analyzed both culture-independently by ITS2 amplicon sequencing and by the taxonomic classification of 1,704 isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or sequencing of the entire ITS region. The fungal community structure did not show significant differences depending on the health status. However, for several OTUs and a MALDI group, a significantly higher abundance was found in tolerant ash trees. Thus, the yeast Papiliotrema flavescens was significantly increased and accounted for 12.3% of the mycobiome of tolerant ashes (OTU0003), and it had also a distinctly higher abundance among the isolates. The filamentous ascomycete Sarocladium strictum was increased 24-fold among the isolates of tolerant trees, but its abundance was comparably low. An in vitro screening for the growth inhibition of the pathogen via cocultivation resulted in 28 yeast-like isolates and 79 filamentous fungi with antagonistic activity. A statistical cocultivation test on two H. fraxineus strains confirmed six of the yeast-like isolates that suppressed H. fraxineus significantly, from 39-50%, two of them through a fungicidal effect. The highest inhibition rates among the yeasts were found for three isolates belonging to Aureobasidium pullulans and P. flavescens. The cocultivation test of the filamentous isolates revealed higher effects compared to the yeasts. Four isolates showed significant inhibition of both H. fraxineus strains with a rate of 72-100%, and five further isolates inhibited only one H. fraxineus strain significantly. The most effective isolates were members of the genus Cladosporium. During the next step, in planta tests will be necessary to verify the efficacy of the antagonistic isolates and to assess their suitability as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Becker
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kube
- Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Ulrich
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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80
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Makino Y, Ichinose K, Yoshimura M, Kawahara Y, Yuge L. Efficient preservation of sprouting vegetables under simulated microgravity conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240809. [PMID: 33057413 PMCID: PMC7561153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of a simulated microgravity environment as a novel method for preserving the freshness of vegetables was investigated. Three types of vegetables were selected: vegetable soybean, mung bean sprouts, and white radish sprouts. These selected vegetables were fixed on a three-dimensional rotary gravity controller, rotated slowly. The selected vegetables were stored at 25°C and 66% of relative humidity for 9, 6, or 5 d while undergoing this process. The simulated microgravity was controlled utilizing a gravity controller around 0 m s-2. The mung bean sprouts stored for 6 d under simulated microgravity conditions maintained higher thickness levels than the vegetable samples stored under normal gravity conditions (9.8 m s-2) for the same duration. The mass of all three items decreased with time without regard to the gravity environment, though the samples stored within the simulated microgravity environment displayed significant mass retention on and after 3 d for mung bean sprout samples and 1 d for white radish sprout samples. In contrast, the mass retention effect was not observed in the vegetable soybean samples. Hence, it was confirmed that the mass retention effect of microgravity was limited to sprout vegetables. As a result of analysis harnessing a mathematical model, assuming that the majority of the mass loss is due to moisture loss, a significant difference in mass reduction coefficient occurs among mung bean sprouts and white radish sprouts due to the microgravity environment, and the mass retention effect of simulated microgravity is quantitatively evaluated utilizing mathematical models. Simulated microgravity, which varies significantly from conventional refrigeration, ethylene control, and modified atmosphere, was demonstrated effective as a novel method for preserving and maintaining the freshness of sprout vegetables. This founding will support long-term space flight missions by prolonging shelf life of sprout vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kanji Ichinose
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Louis Yuge
- Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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81
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Application of Plant Extracts to Control Postharvest Gray Mold and Susceptibility of Apple Fruits to B. cinerea from Different Plant Hosts. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101430. [PMID: 33050259 PMCID: PMC7600877 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable plant protection can be applied on apples against fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (which is responsible for gray mold)-a significant global postharvest disease. This pathogen can affect a wide range of hosts; and fruits may have variable susceptibilities to B. cinerea from different plant hosts. New possibilities to control gray mold in food production are under demand due to the emergence of resistance against antifungal agents in fungal pathogens. Cinnamon, pimento, and laurel extracts were previously assessed for antifungal activities under in vitro conditions and were found to have the potential to be effective against postharvest gray mold. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of cinnamon, pimento, and laurel extracts in vitro and against postharvest gray mold on apples to determine the susceptibility of apple fruits to B. cinerea from different plant hosts, and to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts. Apples (cv. "Connell Red") were treated with different concentrations of extracts and inoculated with B. cinerea isolates from apple and strawberry followed by evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity. The results reveal that most of the concentrations of the extracts that were investigated were not efficient enough when assessed in the postharvest assay, despite having demonstrated a high in vitro antifungal effect. Apples were less susceptible to B. cinerea isolated from strawberry. To conclude, cinnamon extract was found to be the most effective against apple gray mold; however, higher concentrations of the extracts are required for the efficient inhibition of B. cinerea in fruits during storage.
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82
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Digitization of Broccoli Freshness Integrating External Color and Mass Loss. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091305. [PMID: 32947874 PMCID: PMC7554949 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellowing of green vegetables due to chlorophyll decomposition is a phenomenon indicating serious deterioration of freshness, and it is evaluated by measuring color space values. In contrast, mass reduction due to water loss is a deterioration of freshness observed in all horticultural crops. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel freshness evaluation index for green vegetables that combines the degree of greenness and mass loss. The green color retention rate was measured using a computer vision system, and the mass retention rate was measured by weighing. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed using both variables (greenness and mass) as covariates to obtain a single freshness evaluation value (first canonical variable). The correct classification of storage period length by LDA was 96%. Green color retention alone allowed for classification of storage durations between 0 day and 10 days, whereas LDA could classify storage durations between 0 day and 12 days. The novel freshness evaluation index proposed by this research, which integrates greenness and mass, has been shown to be more accurate than the conventional evaluation index that uses only greenness.
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83
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Janse van Rensburg HC, Takács Z, Freynschlag F, Toksoy Öner E, Jonak C, Van den Ende W. Fructans Prime ROS Dynamics and Botrytis cinerea Resistance in Arabidopsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E805. [PMID: 32882794 PMCID: PMC7555011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out to establish the role of fructan-induced immunity against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that both inulin- and levan-type fructans from different sources can enhance Arabidopsis resistance against B. cinerea. We found that inulin from chicory roots and levan oligosaccharides from the exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium Halomonas smyrnensis primed the NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to the elicitors flg22, derived from the bacterial flagellum, and oligogalacturonides (OGs), derived from the host cell wall. Neither induced a direct ROS burst typical of elicitors. We also found a primed response after infection with B. cinerea for H2O2 accumulation and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. Sucrose accumulated as a consequence of fructan priming, and glucose and sucrose levels increased in fructan-treated plants after infection with B. cinerea. This study shows that levan-type fructans, specifically from bacterial origin, can prime plant defenses and that both inulin and levan oligosaccharide-mediated priming is associated with changes in ROS dynamics and sugar metabolism. Establishing fructan-induced immunity in Arabidopsis is an important step to further study the underlying mechanisms since a broad range of biological resources are available for Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Takács
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Florentina Freynschlag
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB, Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Claudia Jonak
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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84
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Lemos Junior WJ, Binati RL, Felis GE, Slaghenaufi D, Ugliano M, Torriani S. Volatile organic compounds from Starmerella bacillaris to control gray mold on apples and modulate cider aroma profile. Food Microbiol 2020; 89:103446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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85
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The mechanism involved in enhancing the biological control efficacy of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with salicylic acid to postharvest green mold decay of oranges. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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86
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Cytological and Gene Profile Expression Analysis Reveals Modification in Metabolic Pathways and Catalytic Activities Induce Resistance in Botrytis cinerea Against Iprodione Isolated From Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144865. [PMID: 32660143 PMCID: PMC7402349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Grey mold is one of the most serious and catastrophic diseases, causing significant yield losses in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Iprodione is a broad spectrum agrochemical used as a foliar application as well as a seed protectant against many fungal and nematode diseases of fruits and vegetables from the last thirty years. The extensive use of agrochemicals produces resistance in plant pathogens and is the most devastating issue in food and agriculture. However, the molecular mechanism (whole transcriptomic analysis) of a resistant mutant of B. cinerea against iprodione is still unknown. In the present study, mycelial growth, sporulation, virulence, osmotic potential, cell membrane permeability, enzymatic activity, and whole transcriptomic analysis of UV (ultraviolet) mutagenic mutant and its wild type were performed to compare the fitness. The EC50 (half maximal effective concentration that inhibits the growth of mycelium) value of iprodione for 112 isolates of B. cinerea ranged from 0.07 to 0.87 µg/mL with an average (0.47 µg/mL) collected from tomato field of Guangxi Province China. Results also revealed that, among iprodione sensitive strains, only B67 strain induced two mutants, M0 and M1 after UV application. The EC50 of these induced mutants were 1025.74 μg/mL and 674.48 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to its wild type 1.12 μg/mL. Furthermore, mutant M0 showed higher mycelial growth sclerotia formation, virulence, and enzymatic activity than wild type W0 and M1 on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The bctubA gene in the mutant M0 replaced TTC and GAT codon at position 593 and 599 by TTA and GAA, resulting in replacement of phenyl alanine into leucine (transversion C/A) and aspartic acid into glutamic acid (transversion T/C) respectively. In contrast, in bctubB gene, GAT codon at position 646 is replaced by AAT and aspartic acid converted into asparagine (transition G/A). RNA sequencing of the mutant and its wild type was performed without (M0, W0) and with iprodione treatment (M-ipro, W-ipro). The differential gene expression (DEG) identified 720 unigenes in mutant M-ipro than W-ipro after iprodione treatment (FDR ≤ 0.05 and log2FC ≥ 1). Seven DEGs were randomly selected for quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to validate the RNA sequencing genes expression (log fold 2 value). The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway functional analyses indicated that DEG’s mainly associated with lysophopholipase, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, catalytic activity, multifunctional genes (MFO), glutathione-S transferase (GST), drug sensitivity, and cytochrome P450 related genes are upregulated in mutant type (M0, M-ipro) as compared to its wild type (W0, W-ipro), may be related to induce resistant in mutants of B. cinerea against iprodione.
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87
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Honokiol suppresses mycelial growth and reduces virulence of Botrytis cinerea by inducing autophagic activities and apoptosis. Food Microbiol 2020; 88:103411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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88
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Han SH, Song MH, Keum YS. Effects of Azole Fungicides on Secreted Metabolomes of Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5309-5317. [PMID: 32315172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, gray mold, is one of the most notorious phytopathgens, causing serious economic loss in the agricultural industry. The phytotoxic effects are mainly derived from secreted virulence proteins and terpenoid-type secondary metabolites. Azole fungicides are commonly used to manage the disease. However, their biochemical effects other than sterol biosynthesis were not documented, especially toxic secreted metabolites. In this study, six azole fungicides were treated with in vitro and in vivo conditions. Comprehensive profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in culture media were evaluated to assess the fungal metabolomes under pesticide-stressed conditions. The results indicated that extensive metabolic differentiation was induced by azole fungicides. Epoxiconazole clearly reduced the extracellular phytotoxin concentrations, while the level of indole-3-acetic acid was increased. In addition, significant differentiation of primary metabolism could be deduced from secreted metabolite profiles, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aromatic amino acid catabolism. Cellular lipid profiles, including fatty acids and sterol, have been altered drastically by azoles, which indicate extensive changes of cellular lipid metabolism. These system-wide metabolic alterations resulted in reduced plant damages, proven by the in vivo assay with tomato. Overall, azole fungicides induced significant changes of endo- and exometabolomes and could reduce the fungal infection. The experimental results will provide a more detailed understanding of physiological changes of phytopathogens under pesticide treatment and information for new pesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hee Han
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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89
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Sarven M, Hao Q, Deng J, Yang F, Wang G, Xiao Y, Xiao X. Biological Control of Tomato Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis Cinerea with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Anisopliae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030213. [PMID: 32183055 PMCID: PMC7157576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a devastating disease that leads to serious financial loss. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that acts against the gray mold pathogen B. cinerea was evaluated. M. anisopliae produced a significant inhibition zone in front of the B. cinerea colony in the dual culture test. In addition, volatile organic compounds generated by M. anisopliae were shown to have an inhibitory effect on B. cinerea mycelia growth and reduced 41% of gray mold severity of postharvest tomatoes. The 10% concentration of the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae inhibited 88.62% of colony radial growth as well as 63.85% of sclerotia germination and all conidia germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, the culture filtrate of M. anisopliae retained its inhibitory effect against the radial growth of B. cinerea even after heating for 15 min at 100 °C. Feasible mechanisms of M. anisopliae involved in the control of B. cinerea were explored, and it was demonstrated that the plasma membrane of B. cinerea conidia was damaged by the product of metabolism of M. anisopliae. In addition, after treating with culture filtrate of M. anisopliae, the B. cinerea phenotype was shown to be abnormal, and cell organelles of B. cinerea mycelia were damaged significantly. A significant control efficacy of M. anisopliae against tomato gray mold was detected on both the detached leaf assay (84.24%) as well as the whole plant (72.38%). In addition, a 78% reduction in tomato fruit mold was detected at a 10% treated concentration of M. anisopliae. These findings suggest that M. anisopliae possesses potential as a biocontrol agent against tomato gray mold in the greenhouse and during the postharvest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most.Sinthia Sarven
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qiuyan Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Junbo Deng
- Jingmen (China Valley) Academy of Agricultural Science, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China; (J.D.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fang Yang
- Jingmen (China Valley) Academy of Agricultural Science, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China; (J.D.); (F.Y.)
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (M.S.); (Q.H.); (G.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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90
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Vujanovic V, Korber DR, Vujanovic S, Vujanovic J, Jabaji S. Scientific Prospects for Cannabis-Microbiome Research to Ensure Quality and Safety of Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E290. [PMID: 32093340 PMCID: PMC7074860 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis legalization has occurred in several countries worldwide. Along with steadily growing research in Cannabis healthcare science, there is an increasing interest for scientific-based knowledge in plant microbiology and food science, with work connecting the plant microbiome and plant health to product quality across the value chain of cannabis. This review paper provides an overview of the state of knowledge and challenges in Cannabis science, and thereby identifies critical risk management and safety issues in order to capitalize on innovations while ensuring product quality control. It highlights scientific gap areas to steer future research, with an emphasis on plant-microbiome sciences committed to using cutting-edge technologies for more efficient Cannabis production and high-quality products intended for recreational, pharmaceutical, and medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vujanovic
- Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Darren R. Korber
- Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Silva Vujanovic
- Hospital Pharmacy, CISSS des Laurentides and Université de Montréal-Montreal, QC J8H 4C7, Canada;
| | - Josko Vujanovic
- Medical Imaging, CISSS-Laurentides, Lachute, QC J8H 4C7, Canada;
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
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91
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Vandana UK, Barlaskar NH, Kalita R, Laskar IH, Mazumder PB. The Vital Foliar Diseases of Cicer arietinum L. (Chickpea): Science, Epidemiology, and Management. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35947-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Dai Y, Ogilvie HA, Liu Y, Huang M, Markillie LM, Mitchell HD, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Gaffrey MJ, Orr G, Chehab EW, Mao WT, Braam J. Rosette core fungal resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1941-1953. [PMID: 31529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unlike rosette leaves, the mature Arabidopsis rosette core can display full resistance to Botrytis cinerea revealing the importance for spatial and developmental aspects of plant fungal resistance. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model host to investigate plant defense against fungi. However, many of the reports investigating Arabidopsis fungal defense against the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, utilize rosette leaves as host tissue. Here we report organ-dependent differences in B. cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis. Although wild-type Arabidopsis rosette leaves mount a jasmonate-dependent defense that slows fungal growth, this defense is incapable of resisting fungal devastation. In contrast, as the fungus spreads through infected leaf petioles towards the plant center, or rosette core, there is a jasmonate- and age-dependent fungal penetration blockage into the rosette core. We report evidence for induced and preformed resistance in the rosette core, as direct rosette core inoculation can also result in resistance, but at a lower penetrance relative to infections that approach the core from infected leaf petioles. The Arabidopsis rosette core displays a distinct transcriptome relative to other plant organs, and BLADE ON PETIOLE (BOP) transcripts are abundant in the rosette core. The BOP genes, with known roles in abscission zone formation, are required for full Arabidopsis rosette core B. cinerea resistance, suggesting a possible role for BOP-dependent modifications that may help to restrict fungal susceptibility of the rosette core. Finally, we demonstrate that cabbage and cauliflower, common Brassicaceae crops, also display leaf susceptibility and rosette core resistance to B. cinerea that can involve leaf abscission. Thus, spatial and developmental aspects of plant host resistance play critical roles in resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens and are important to our understanding of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwan Dai
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Huw A Ogilvie
- Computer Science Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael Huang
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Hugh D Mitchell
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - E Wassim Chehab
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Wan-Ting Mao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Janet Braam
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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93
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Production, Signaling, and Scavenging Mechanisms of Reactive Oxygen Species in Fruit-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122994. [PMID: 31248143 PMCID: PMC6627859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in fruit–pathogen interaction, which largely depends on their different levels in cells. Fruit recognition of a pathogen immediately triggers an oxidative burst that is considered an integral part of the fruit defense response. ROS are also necessary for the virulence of pathogenic fungi. However, the accumulation of ROS in cells causes molecular damage and finally leads to cell death. In this review, on the basis of data regarding ROS production and the scavenging systems determining ROS homeostasis, we focus on the role of ROS in fruit defense reactions against pathogens and in fungi pathogenicity during fruit–pathogen interaction.
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94
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Gabal E, Amal-Asran, Mohamed MA, Abd-Elsalam KA. Botrytis Gray Mold Nano- or Biocontrol: Present Status and Future Prospects. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019:85-118. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13296-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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