51
|
Ye J, Kaattari IM, Ma C, Kaattari S. The teleost humoral immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1719-28. [PMID: 24436975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years our knowledge of cellular and molecular dynamics of teleost humoral immunity has increased enormously to now include: the existence of multiple isotypes, affinity-driven modulation of antibody structure and function, the unique trafficking patterns of each stage of B cell differentiation (including the plasma blast, short-lived and long-lived plasma cell, and the memory cell). Unfortunately the work which has generated the bulk of this information has generally employed defined antigens rather than vaccines. Thus, the focus of this review is to relate these aspects of immunity that are requisite for a mechanistic understanding of the generation of prophylactic immunity to the necessary analysis of responses to vaccines and vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
52
|
Hamm M, Wang Y, Rustandi RR. Characterization of N-Linked Glycosylation in a Monoclonal Antibody Produced in NS0 Cells Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:393-406. [PMID: 24276024 PMCID: PMC3816692 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-linked glycosylation in recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb) occurs at Asn297 on the Fc region in the CH2 domain. Glycosylation heterogeneities have been well documented to affect biological activities such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) through their interaction with Fc-receptors. Hence, it is critical to monitor and characterize the N-linked glycosylation profile in a therapeutic protein such as a mAb for product consistency. In one approach, the glycans are first released from the mAb using an enzyme specific digestion, such as Protein N-Glycosidase F (PNGase) and subsequently they are labeled using a fluorophore, for example, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) . Here we have applied this approach and used Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) to analyze a recombinant mAb produced in murine myeloma (NS0) cells. The technique provides short analysis times, efficient separations, and high sensitivity. CE-LIF peak identification was done by a combination of glycan standards and treatment with various exoglycosidases. Furthermore, the APTS-labeled glycans were also analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to aid identification of minor peaks by sample collection and off-line mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hamm
- Vaccine Analytical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Erickson HK, Lambert JM. ADME of antibody-maytansinoid conjugates. AAPS J 2012; 14:799-805. [PMID: 22875610 PMCID: PMC3475867 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of treating cancer with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has gained momentum with the favorable activity and safety of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), SAR3419, and lorvotuzumab mertansine (IMGN901). All three ADCs utilize maytansinoid cell-killing agents which target tubulin and suppress microtubule dynamics. Each ADC utilizes a different optimized chemical linker to attach the maytansinoid to the antibody. Characterizing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these ADCs in preclinical animal models is important to understanding their efficacy and safety profiles. The ADME properties of these ADCs in rodents were inferred from studies with radio-labeled ADCs prepared with nonbinding antibodies since T-DM1, SAR3419, IMGN901 all lack cross-reactivity with rodent antigens. For studies exploring tumor localization and activation in tumor-bearing mice, tritium-labeled T-DM1, SAR3419, and IMGN901 were utilized. The chemical nature of the linker was found to have a significant impact on the ADME properties of these ADCs-particularly on the plasma pharmacokinetics and observed catabolites in tumor and liver tissues. Despite these differences, T-DM1, SAR3419, and IMGN901 were all found to facilitate efficient deliveries of active maytansinoid catabolites to the tumor tissue in mouse xenograft models. In addition, all three ADCs were effectively detoxified during hepatobiliary elimination in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Erickson
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Yu M, Brown D, Reed C, Chung S, Lutman J, Stefanich E, Wong A, Stephan JP, Bayer R. Production, characterization, and pharmacokinetic properties of antibodies with N-linked mannose-5 glycans. MAbs 2012; 4:475-87. [PMID: 22699308 PMCID: PMC3499342 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.20737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effector functions of therapeutic antibodies are strongly affected by the specific glycans added to the Fc domain during post-translational processing. Antibodies bearing high levels of N-linked mannose-5 glycan (Man5) have been reported to exhibit enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) compared with antibodies with fucosylated complex or hybrid glycans. To better understand the relationship between antibodies with high levels of Man5 and their biological activity in vivo, we developed an approach to generate substantially homogeneous antibodies bearing the Man5 glycoform. A mannosidase inhibitor, kifunensine, was first incorporated in the cell culture process to generate antibodies with a distribution of high mannose glycoforms. Antibodies were then purified and treated with a mannosidase for trimming to Man5 in vitro. This 2-step approach can consistently generate antibodies with > 99% Man5 glycan. Antibodies bearing varying levels of Man5 were studied to compare ADCC and Fcγ receptor binding, and they showed enhanced ADCC activity and increased binding affinity to the FcγRIIIA. In addition, the clearance rate of antibodies bearing Man8/9 and Man5 glycans was determined in a pharmacokinetics study in mice. When compared with historical data, the antibodies bearing the high mannose glycoform exhibited faster clearance rate compared with antibodies bearing the fucosylated complex glycoform, while the pharmacokinetic properties of antibodies with Man8/9 and Man5 glycoforms appeared similar. In addition, we identified the presence of a mannosidase in mouse serum that converted most Man8/9 to Man6 after 24 h.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Area Under Curve
- Binding, Competitive
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Mannose/immunology
- Mannose/metabolism
- Mannosidases/metabolism
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Yu
- Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech, Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA
- Commercial Cell Culture Development; Genzyme; A Sanofi Company; Framingham, MA USA
| | - Darren Brown
- Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech, Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA
- Chemistry Development; Illumina Inc.; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Chae Reed
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Shan Chung
- BioAnalytical Sciences; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jeff Lutman
- Early Development Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Eric Stefanich
- Early Development Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Anne Wong
- Assay & Automation Technology; Genentech, Inc.; San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Robert Bayer
- Oceanside Pharma Technical Development; Genentech, Inc.; Oceanside, CA USA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation; San Diego CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Bumbaca D, Boswell CA, Fielder PJ, Khawli LA. Physiochemical and biochemical factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of antibody therapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:554-8. [PMID: 22610647 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are increasingly being developed to treat multiple disease areas, including those related to oncology, immunology, neurology, and ophthalmology. There are multiple factors, such as charge, size, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding affinity, target affinity and biology, immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass, degree and type of glycosylation, injection route, and injection site, that could affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) of these large macromolecular therapeutics, which in turn could have ramifications on their efficacy and safety. This minireview examines how characteristics of the antibodies could be altered to change their PK profiles. For example, it was observed that a net charge modification of at least a 1-unit shift in isoelectric point altered antibody clearance. Antibodies with enhanced affinity for FcRn at pH 6.0 display longer serum half-lives and slower clearances than wild type. Antibody fragments have different clearance rates and tissue distribution profiles than full length antibodies. Fc glycosylation is perceived to have a minimal effect on PK while that of terminal high mannose remains unclear. More investigation is warranted to determine if injection route and/or site impacts PK. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the effects of all these variations may allow for the better design of antibody therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bumbaca
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Eon-Duval A, Broly H, Gleixner R. Quality attributes of recombinant therapeutic proteins: An assessment of impact on safety and efficacy as part of a quality by design development approach. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:608-22. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
57
|
Zhong X, Cooley C, Seth N, Juo ZS, Presman E, Resendes N, Kumar R, Allen M, Mosyak L, Stahl M, Somers W, Kriz R. Engineering novel Lec1 glycosylation mutants in CHO-DUKX cells: Molecular insights and effector modulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1723-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
58
|
Yagi Y, Yamamoto S, Kakehi K, Hayakawa T, Ohyama Y, Suzuki S. Application of partial-filling capillary electrophoresis using lectins and glycosidases for the characterization of oligosaccharides in a therapeutic antibody. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
59
|
Pacis E, Yu M, Autsen J, Bayer R, Li F. Effects of cell culture conditions on antibody N-linked glycosylation-what affects high mannose 5 glycoform. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2348-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
60
|
Sun X, Widdison W, Mayo M, Wilhelm S, Leece B, Chari R, Singh R, Erickson H. Design of Antibody−Maytansinoid Conjugates Allows for Efficient Detoxification via Liver Metabolism. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:728-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100498q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Sun
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Wayne Widdison
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michele Mayo
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sharon Wilhelm
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Barbara Leece
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ravi Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rajeeva Singh
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hans Erickson
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
del Val IJ, Kontoravdi C, Nagy JM. Towards the implementation of quality by design to the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with desired glycosylation patterns. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1505-27. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
63
|
Dojima T, Nishina T, Kato T, Uno T, Yagi H, Kato K, Ueda H, Park EY. Improved secretion of molecular chaperone-assisted human IgG in silkworm, and no alterations in their N-linked glycan structures. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:232-8. [PMID: 19918885 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human 29IJ6 IgG was expressed in silkworm using a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid system. The mean amounts of 296IJ6 IgG produced in larval hemolymph and whole pupae were 30.1 microg/larva and 78.0 microg/pupa, respectively. The use of molecular chaperones including calreticulin (CRT), calnexin (CNX), and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP, GRP78) improved the production of 296IJ6 IgG secretion in the larvae fivefold. The total yield of recombinant 29IJ6 IgG was 239 microg/mL when coexpressed with CRT. However, the overexpression of molecular chaperones had negative effects on secretion. The N-linked glycans of secreted 296IJ6 IgG in silkworm hemolymph were dominated by paucimannose structures. Small amounts of GlcNAc residues linked to the Manalpha1,3 branch were detected. When molecular chaperones were coexpressed, the compositions of N-linked glycans in the IgG1 produced were unchanged compared with those produced without them. This suggests that N-glycosylation is controlled by a regulatory function in the Golgi apparatus even though the post-translational modification of 296IJ6 IgG was assisted by the coexpression of molecular chaperones. Therefore, if the glycosylation pathways that coexpress N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, and sialyltransferase could be improved, silkworm larvae might prove a useful system for producing human antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Dojima
- Integrated Bioscience Section, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Vugmeyster Y, DeFranco D, Szklut P, Wang Q, Xu X. Biodistribution of [125I]-labeled therapeutic proteins: application in protein drug development beyond oncology. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1028-45. [PMID: 19569059 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of biodistribution studies of therapeutic proteins published to date focus on tumor-targeting agents. In this report we present a number of case studies that demonstrate the utility of biodistribution studies during preclinical development of biotherapeutics for non oncology indications, as well as provide a practical perspective on the methodology applied to these studies. For the commonly used classes of biologics (such as human monoclonal antibodies), biodistribution profiles may be compared to those of other therapeutics of the same class and compounds with unexpected off-target mediated uptake may be identified. Temporal biodistribution profiles may be used to address kinetics and reversibility of target- and/or off-target-mediated accumulation. In cases when circulating biotherapeutic is rapidly eliminated from circulation due to the formation of anti-product antibodies, tissue data may provide useful insight on test article exposure at the site of therapeutic action (or at the site of toxicity). Comparison of temporal biodistribution profiles between the genetically engineered and wild-type mouse strains or between the disease models and healthy animals may provide useful insight on sites and kinetics of target-mediated elimination. Finally, biodistribution studies will be a useful tool to study in vivo disposition for a variety of existing and upcoming novel classes of protein compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vugmeyster
- Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Andover, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
van Berkel PHC, Gerritsen J, van Voskuilen E, Perdok G, Vink T, van de Winkel JGJ, Parren PWHI. Rapid production of recombinant human IgG With improved ADCC effector function in a transient expression system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:350-7. [PMID: 19739094 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid production of recombinant human IgG with improved antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) effector function is presented. The technique employs transient expression of IgG in suspension growing HEK-293F cells in the presence of the glycosidase inhibitor kifunensine. The procedure takes approximately 7 days, provided that expression plasmids encoding the IgG of interest are available. Kifunensine inhibits the N-linked glycosylation pathway of HEK-293F cells in the endoplasmatic reticulum, resulting in IgG with oligomannose type glycans lacking core-fucose. IgG1 transiently produced in kifunensine- treated HEK-293F cells has improved affinity for the FcgammaRIIIA molecule as measured in an ELISA based assay, and almost eightfold enhanced ADCC using primary peripheral blood mononuclear effector cells.
Collapse
|
66
|
Iizuka M, Ogawa S, Takeuchi A, Nakakita S, Kubo Y, Miyawaki Y, Hirabayashi J, Tomita M. Production of a recombinant mouse monoclonal antibody in transgenic silkworm cocoons. FEBS J 2009; 276:5806-20. [PMID: 19740109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the production of transgenic silkworms expressing a recombinant mouse mAb in their cocoons. Two transgenic lines, L- and H-, were generated that carried cDNAs encoding the L- and H-chains of a mouse IgG mAb, respectively, under the control of the enhancer-linked sericin-1 promoter. Cocoon protein analysis indicated that the IgG L- or H-chain was secreted into the cocoons of each line. We also produced a transgenic line designated L/H, which carried both cDNAs, by crossing the L- and H-lines. This line efficiently produced the recombinant mAb as a fully assembled H(2)L(2) tetramer in its cocoons, with negligible L- or H-chain monomer and H-chain dimer production. Thus, the H(2)L(2) tetramer was synthesized in, and secreted from, the middle silk gland cells. Crossing of the L/H-line with a transgenic line expressing a baculovirus-derived trans-activator produced a 2.4-fold increase in mAb expression. The recombinant mAb was extracted from the cocoons with a buffer containing 3 m urea and purified by protein G affinity column chromatography. The antigen-binding affinity of the purified recombinant mAb was identical to that of the native mAb produced by a hybridoma. Analysis of the structure of the N-glycans attached to the recombinant mAb revealed that the mAb contained high mannose-, hybrid- and complex-type N-glycans. By contrast, insect-specific paucimannose-type glycans were not detected. Fucose residues alpha-1,3- and alpha-1,6-linked to the core N-acetylglucosamine residue, both of which are found in insect N-glycans, were not observed in the N-glycans of the mAb.
Collapse
|
67
|
|
68
|
van Berkel PHC, Gerritsen J, Perdok G, Valbjørn J, Vink T, van de Winkel JGJ, Parren PWHI. N-linked glycosylation is an important parameter for optimal selection of cell lines producing biopharmaceutical human IgG. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:244-51. [PMID: 19224598 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied the variations in N-linked glycosylation of human IgG molecules derived from 105 different stable cell lines each expressing one of the six different antibodies. Antibody expression was based on glutamine synthetase selection technology in suspension growing CHO-K1SV cells. The glycans detected on the Fc fragment were mainly of the core-fucosylated complex type containing zero or one galactose and little to no sialic acid. The glycosylation was highly consistent for the same cell line when grown multiple times, indicating the robustness of the production and glycan analysis procedure. However, a twofold to threefold difference was observed in the level of galactosylation and/or non-core-fucosylation between the 105 different cell lines, suggesting clone-to-clone variation. These differences may change the Fc-mediated effector functions by such antibodies. Large variation was also observed in the oligomannose-5 glycan content, which, when present, may lead to undesired rapid clearance of the antibody in vivo. Statistically significant differences were noticed between the various glycan parameters for the six different antibodies, indicating that the variable domains and/or light chain isotype influence Fc glycosylation. The glycosylation altered when batch production in shaker was changed to fed-batch production in bioreactor, but was consistent again when the process was scaled from 400 to 5,000 L. Taken together, the observed clone-to-clone glycosylation variation but batch-to-batch consistency provides a rationale for selection of optimal production cell lines for large-scale manufacturing of biopharmaceutical human IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H C van Berkel
- Genmab and Immunotherapy Laboratory, Dept. of Immunology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Adamo M, Qiu D, Dick LW, Zeng M, Lee AH, Cheng KC. Evaluation of oligosaccharide methods for carbohydrate analysis in a fully human monoclonal antibody and comparison of the results to the monosaccharide composition determination by a novel calculation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
70
|
Raju TS. Terminal sugars of Fc glycans influence antibody effector functions of IgGs. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:471-8. [PMID: 18606225 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IgG molecules contain glycans in the CH2 domain of the Fc fragment (N-glycosylation) which are highly heterogeneous, because of the presence of different terminal sugars. The heterogeneity of Fc glycans varies with species and expression system. Fc glycans influence the binding of IgG to Fc receptors and C1q, and are therefore important for IgG effector functions. Specifically, terminal sugars such as sialic acids, core fucose, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose residues affect the binding of IgG to the FcgammaRIIIa receptor and thereby influence ADCC activity. By contrast, terminal galactose residues affect antibody binding to C1q and thereby modulate CDC activity. Structural studies indicate that the presence or absence of specific terminal sugars may affect hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions between sugar residues and amino acid residues in the Fc fragment, which in turn may impact antibody effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Shantha Raju
- Discovery Research, Centocor R&D Inc., Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Millward TA, Heitzmann M, Bill K, Längle U, Schumacher P, Forrer K. Effect of constant and variable domain glycosylation on pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies in mice. Biologicals 2008; 36:41-7. [PMID: 17890101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the effect of glycosylation on the elimination rate of antibodies have produced conflicting results. Here, we performed pharmacokinetic studies in mice with two preparations of a monoclonal IgG1 antibody enriched for complex type or high mannose type oligosaccharides at the Fc glycosylation site. No significant difference in the serum half-life was found between the two antibody glycoforms, nor was any difference observed in the serum half-lives of different complex type glycoforms. To evaluate the influence of glycosylation within the variable domain, a second monoclonal antibody, glycosylated in both the Fc and Fv domains, was separated into fractions containing different amounts of Fv-associated sialic acid and administered to mice. Again, no significant difference was found in the clearance rates of variants carrying different amounts of Fv-associated sialic acid or lacking Fv-glycosylation. These results suggest that glycosylation has little or no impact on the pharmacokinetic behavior of these two monoclonal antibodies in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Millward
- Novartis Pharma AG, Biotechnology Development, Analytical Research and Development, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Garg A, Balthasar JP. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict IgG tissue kinetics in wild-type and FcRn-knockout mice. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2007; 34:687-709. [PMID: 17636457 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-007-9065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that FcRn, the neonatal Fc-receptor, functions to protect immune gamma globulin (IgG) from elimination, the influence of FcRn on the tissue distribution of IgG has not been quantified. In the present work, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed to characterize and predict IgG disposition in plasma and in tissues. The model includes nine major compartments, connected in an anatomical manner, to represent tissues known to play a significant role in IgG disposition. Each tissue compartment was subdivided into vascular, endosomal and interstitial spaces. IgG transport between the blood and interstitial compartments may proceed by convection through paracellular pores in the vascular endothelium, or via FcRn-mediated transcytosis across vascular endosomal cells. The model was utilized to characterize plasma concentration-time data for 7E3, a monoclonal antiplatelet IgG1 antibody, in control and FcRn-knockout (KO) mice. These data showed that high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 1g/kg, increased 7E3 clearance in control mice from 5.2 +/- 0.3 to 14.4 +/- 1.4 ml/d/kg; however, IVIG failed to increase the clearance of 7E3 in KO mice (72.5 +/- 4.0 vs. 61.0 +/- 3.6 ml/d/kg). Based on model fitting to the 7E3 plasma concentration data, simulations were conducted to predict tissue concentrations of IgG in control and in KO mice, and the predictions were then tested by assessing 7E3 tissue distribution in KO mice and control mice. 7E3 was radiolabeled with Iodine-125 using chloramine T method, and (125)I-7E3 IgG was administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg to control and KO mice. At various time points, sub-groups of 3 mice were sacrificed, blood and tissue samples were collected, and radioactivity assessed by gamma counting. PBPK model performance was assessed by comparing model predictions with the observed data. The model accurately predicted 7E3 tissue concentrations, with mean predicted vs. observed AUC ratios of 1.04 +/- 0.2 and 0.86 +/- 0.3 in control and FcRn-KO mice. The PBPK model, which incorporates the influence of FcRn on IgG clearance and disposition, was found to provide accurate predictions of IgG tissue kinetics in control and FcRn-knockout mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Kanda Y, Yamada T, Mori K, Okazaki A, Inoue M, Kitajima-Miyama K, Kuni-Kamochi R, Nakano R, Yano K, Kakita S, Shitara K, Satoh M. Comparison of biological activity among nonfucosylated therapeutic IgG1 antibodies with three different N-linked Fc oligosaccharides: the high-mannose, hybrid, and complex types. Glycobiology 2006; 17:104-18. [PMID: 17012310 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides attached to the antibody constant region (Fc) of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) has been shown to affect the pharmacokinetics and antibody effector functions of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, it is still unclear how differences in the N-linked oligosaccharide structures impact the biological activities of antibodies, especially those lacking core fucose. Here, we succeeded in generating core fucose-lacking human IgG1 antibodies with three different N-linked Fc oligosaccharides, namely, a high-mannose, hybrid, and complex type, using the same producing clone, and compared their activities. Cultivation of an alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) knockout Chinese hamster ovary cell line in the presence or absence of a glycosidase inhibitor (either swainsonine or kifunensine) yielded antibody production of each of the three types without contamination by the others. Two of three types of nonnaturally occurring atypical oligosaccharide IgG1, except the complex type, reduced the affinity for both human lymphocyte receptor IIIa (FcgammaRIIIa) and the C1q component of the complement, resulting in reduction of ADCC and CDC. The bulky structure of the nonreducing end of N-linked Fc oligosaccharides is considered to contribute the CDC change, whereas the structural change in the reducing end, i.e. the removal of core fucose, causes ADCC enhancement through improved FcgammaRIIIa binding. In the pharmacokinetic profile, although no significant difference of human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-binding affinity was observed among the three types, the complex type showed longer serum half-lives than the other types irrespective of core fucosylation in mice, which also suggests the contribution of the nonreducing end structure. The present study provides basic information on the effects of core fucose-lacking N-linked Fc oligosaccharides on antibody biological activities.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/physiology
- CHO Cells
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Complement C1q/metabolism
- Complement System Proteins/metabolism
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/physiology
- Female
- Fucosyltransferases/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Factors/chemistry
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Mannans/chemistry
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Organisms, Genetically Modified
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kanda
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd, 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Ferl GZ, Kenanova V, Wu AM, DiStefano JJ. A two-tiered physiologically based model for dually labeled single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragments. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1550-8. [PMID: 16818514 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are being used at an increasing rate in the treatment of cancer, with current efforts focused on developing engineered antibodies that exhibit optimal biodistribution profiles for imaging and/or radioimmunotherapy. We recently developed the single-chain Fv-Fc (scFv-Fc) mAb, which consists of a single-chain antibody Fv fragment (light-chain and heavy-chain variable domains) coupled to the IgG1 Fc region. Point mutations that attenuate binding affinity to FcRn were introduced into the Fc region of the wild-type scFv-Fc mAb, resulting in several new antibodies, each with a different half-life. Here, we describe the construction of a two-tiered physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable of simulating the apparent biodistribution of both (111)In- and (125)I-labeled scFv-Fc mAbs, where (111)In-labeled metabolites from degraded (111)In-labeled mAbs tend to become trapped within the lysosomal compartment, whereas free (125)I from degraded (125)I-labeled mAbs is quickly eliminated via the urinary pathway. The different concentration-time profiles of (111)In- and (125)I-labeled mAbs permits estimation of the degradation capacity of each organ and elucidates the dependence of cumulative degradation in liver, muscle, and skin on FcRn affinity and tumor mass. Liver is estimated to account for approximately 50% of all degraded mAb when tumor is small (approximately 0.1 g) and drops to about 35% when tumor mass is larger (approximately 0.3 g). mAb degradation in residual carcass (primarily skin and muscle) decreases from approximately 45% to 16% as FcRn affinity of the three mAb variants under consideration increases. In addition, elimination of a small amount of mAb in the kidneys is shown to be required for a successful fit of model to data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Z Ferl
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Wang F, Nakouzi A, Alvarez M, Zaragoza O, Angeletti RH, Casadevall A. Structural and functional characterization of glycosylation in an immunoglobulin G1 to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:987-98. [PMID: 16045988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the N-linked oligosaccharides of the murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to Cryptococcus neoformans by LC/MS revealed five different core fucosylated, biantennary complex-type oligosaccharides at Asn-293, with the major species being a mono-galactosylated oligosaccharide with the glycosyl composition of Hex4HexNAc4Fuc (39% of the total glycan pool). The primary sequence predicted from nucleic acid sequencing differed from that measured by mass spectrometry at position 33 (ASN to ASP), a finding that may represent post-translational modification caused by spontaneous ASP deamination. Analysis of mAb 18B7 from three hybridoma clones revealed the same heterogenous N-glycan pattern, indicating that diversity in oligosaccharide structures originated from individual cells. The binding of native and de-glycosylated mAb 18B7 to cryptococcal Ag was comparable but the de-glycosylated 18B7 had shorter serum half-life and did not activate complement (C). De-glycosylated mAb 18B7 was opsonic for C. neoformans with murine macrophages through a mechanism that involved C-independent ingestion through the C receptor. Passive administration of de-glycosylated mAb 18B7 mediated comparable protective efficacy to the native mAb in mice with lethal infection. The results imply that the contribution of N-glycan structure to immunoglobulin function varies depending on the Ag-Ab system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Hinton PR, Xiong JM, Johlfs MG, Tang MT, Keller S, Tsurushita N. An engineered human IgG1 antibody with longer serum half-life. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:346-56. [PMID: 16365427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The serum half-life of IgG Abs is regulated by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). By binding to FcRn in endosomes, IgG Abs are salvaged from lysosomal degradation and recycled to the circulation. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between the binding affinity of IgG Abs to FcRn and their serum half-lives in mice, including engineered Ab fragments with longer serum half-lives. Our recent study extended this correlation to human IgG2 Ab variants in primates. In the current study, several human IgG1 mutants with increased binding affinity to human FcRn at pH 6.0 were generated that retained pH-dependent release. A pharmacokinetics study in rhesus monkeys of one of the IgG1 variants indicated that its serum half-life was approximately 2.5-fold longer than the wild-type Ab. Ag binding was unaffected by the Fc mutations, while several effector functions appeared to be minimally altered. These properties suggest that engineered Abs with longer serum half-lives may prove to be effective therapeutics in humans.
Collapse
|
77
|
Li H, Sethuraman N, Stadheim TA, Zha D, Prinz B, Ballew N, Bobrowicz P, Choi BK, Cook WJ, Cukan M, Houston-Cummings NR, Davidson R, Gong B, Hamilton SR, Hoopes JP, Jiang Y, Kim N, Mansfield R, Nett JH, Rios S, Strawbridge R, Wildt S, Gerngross TU. Optimization of humanized IgGs in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:210-5. [PMID: 16429149 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a major potential drug class. Human antibodies are glycosylated in their native state and all clinically approved mAbs are produced by mammalian cell lines, which secrete mAbs with glycosylation structures that are similar, but not identical, to their human counterparts. Glycosylation of mAbs influences their interaction with immune effector cells that kill antibody-targeted cells. Here we demonstrate that human antibodies with specific human N-glycan structures can be produced in glycoengineered lines of the yeast Pichia pastoris and that antibody-mediated effector functions can be optimized by generating specific glycoforms. Glycoengineered P. pastoris provides a general platform for producing recombinant antibodies with human N-glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- GlycoFi Inc. 21 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Huether CM, Lienhart O, Baur A, Stemmer C, Gorr G, Reski R, Decker EL. Glyco-engineering of moss lacking plant-specific sugar residues. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2005; 7:292-9. [PMID: 15912449 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-837653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The commercial production of complex pharmaceutical proteins from human origin in plants is currently limited through differences in protein N-glycosylation pattern between plants and humans. On the one hand, plant-specific alpha(1,3)-fucose and beta(1,2)-xylose residues were shown to bear strong immunogenic potential. On the other hand, terminal beta(1,4)-galactose, a sugar common on N-glycans of pharmaceutically relevant proteins, e.g., antibodies, is missing in plant N-glycan structures. For safe and flexible production of pharmaceutical proteins, the humanisation of plant protein N-glycosylation is essential. Here, we present an approach that combines avoidance of plant-specific and introduction of human glycan structures. Transgenic strains of the moss Physcomitrella patens were created in which the alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase and beta(1,2)-xylosyltransferase genes were knocked out by targeted insertion of the human beta(1,4)-galactosyltransferase coding sequence in both of the plant genes (knockin). The transgenics lacked alpha(1,3)-fucose and beta(1,2)-xylose residues, whereas beta(1,4)-galactose residues appeared on protein N-glycans. Despite these significant biochemical changes, the plants did not differ from wild type with regard to overall morphology under standard cultivation conditions. Furthermore, the glyco-engineered plants secreted a transiently expressed recombinant human protein, the vascular endothelial growth factor, in the same concentration as unmodified moss, indicating that the performed changes in glycosylation did not impair the secretory pathway of the moss. The combined knockout/knockin approach presented here, leads to a new generation of engineered moss and towards the safe and flexible production of correctly processed pharmaceutical proteins with humanised N-glycosylation profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Huether
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chirino AJ, Mire-Sluis A. Characterizing biological products and assessing comparability following manufacturing changes. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 22:1383-91. [PMID: 15529163 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in production methods of a biological product may necessitate an assessment of comparability to ensure that these manufacturing changes have not affected the safety, identity, purity, or efficacy of the product. Depending on the nature of the protein or the change, this assessment consists of a hierarchy of sequential tests in analytical testing, preclinical animal studies and clinical studies. Differences in analytical test results between pre- and post-change products may require functional testing to establish the biological or clinical significance of the observed difference. An underlying principle of comparability is that under certain conditions, protein products may be considered comparable on the basis of analytical testing results alone. However, the ability to compare biological materials is solely dependent on the tests used, since no single analytical method is able to compare every aspect of protein structure or function. The advantages and disadvantages of any given method depends on the protein property being characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chirino
- Xencor Inc., 111 West Lemon Avenue, Monrovia, Calfornia 91016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Alavi A, Axford J. Glycobiology of the rheumatic diseases: an update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 535:271-80. [PMID: 14714902 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0065-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azita Alavi
- Academic Unit for Musculoskeletal Diseases, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
Recently, there has been a large increase in the number and types of biological products--from therapeutic antibodies to vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases--that are produced in bioengineered plant systems. We anticipate that this technology will be used increasingly on a commercial scale for the manufacture of human and animal products. These production systems have the capacity to produce very large quantities of products at lower costs and with reduced risks compared with mammalian systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Stein
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Office of Therapeutics Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 29 Lincoln Drive, 20892-4555, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|