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Longitudinal study of premorbid adjustment in 22q11.2 deletion (velocardiofacial) syndrome and association with psychosis. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:93-106. [PMID: 26864886 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Velocardiofacial syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), is associated with an increased risk of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The emergence of psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia in the general population is often preceded by a premorbid period of poor or worsening social and/or academic functioning. Our current study evaluated premorbid adjustment (via the Cannon-Spoor Premorbid Adjustment Scale [PAS]) and psychotic symptoms (via the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms and the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version) in youth with 22q11DS (N = 96), unaffected siblings (N = 40), and community controls (N = 50). The PAS scores indicated greater maladjustment during all developmental periods in individuals with 22q11DS compared to the controls. Many participants with 22q11DS had chronically poor (n = 33) or deteriorating (n = 6) PAS scores. In 22q11DS, chronically poor PAS trajectories and poor childhood and early adolescence academic domain and total PAS scores significantly increased the risk of prodromal symptoms or overt psychosis. Taking into account the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype, the best predictor of (prodromal) psychosis was the early adolescence academic domain score, which yielded higher sensitivity and specificity in the subgroup of youth with 22q11DS and the high-activity (valine) allele. PAS scores may help identify individuals at higher risk for psychosis.
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Güneş M, Bulut M, Demir S, İbiloğlu AO, Kaya MC, Atlı A, Kaplan İ, Camkurt MA, Sir A. Diagnostic performance of increased prolidase activity in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2016; 613:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Genome-wide association study of NMDA receptor coagonists in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1557-64. [PMID: 25666758 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) coagonists glycine, D-serine and L-proline play crucial roles in NMDAR-dependent neurotransmission and are associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. We conducted the first genome-wide association study of concentrations of these coagonists and their enantiomers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects from the general population (N=414). Genetic variants at chromosome 22q11.2, located in and near PRODH (proline dehydrogenase), were associated with L-proline in plasma (β=0.29; P=6.38 × 10(-10)). The missense variant rs17279437 in the proline transporter SLC6A20 was associated with L-proline in CSF (β=0.28; P=9.68 × 10(-9)). Suggestive evidence of association was found for the D-serine plasma-CSF ratio at the D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) gene (β=-0.28; P=9.08 × 10(-8)), whereas a variant in SRR (that encodes serine racemase and is associated with schizophrenia) constituted the most strongly associated locus for the L-serine to D-serine ratio in CSF. All these genes are highly expressed in rodent meninges and choroid plexus, anatomical regions relevant to CSF physiology. The enzymes and transporters they encode may be targeted to further construe the nature of NMDAR coagonist involvement in NMDAR gating. Furthermore, the highlighted genetic variants may be followed up in clinical populations, for example, schizophrenia and 22q11 deletion syndrome. Overall, this targeted metabolomics approach furthers the understanding of NMDAR coagonist concentration variability and sets the stage for non-targeted CSF metabolomics projects.
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Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion disorder, estimated to result mainly from de novo non-homologous meiotic recombination events occurring in approximately 1 in every 1,000 fetuses. The first description in the English language of the constellation of findings now known to be due to this chromosomal difference was made in the 1960s in children with DiGeorge syndrome, who presented with the clinical triad of immunodeficiency, hypoparathyroidism and congenital heart disease. The syndrome is now known to have a heterogeneous presentation that includes multiple additional congenital anomalies and later-onset conditions, such as palatal, gastrointestinal and renal abnormalities, autoimmune disease, variable cognitive delays, behavioural phenotypes and psychiatric illness - all far extending the original description of DiGeorge syndrome. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving paediatrics, general medicine, surgery, psychiatry, psychology, interventional therapies (physical, occupational, speech, language and behavioural) and genetic counselling. Although common, lack of recognition of the condition and/or lack of familiarity with genetic testing methods, together with the wide variability of clinical presentation, delays diagnosis. Early diagnosis, preferably prenatally or neonatally, could improve outcomes, thus stressing the importance of universal screening. Equally important, 22q11.2DS has become a model for understanding rare and frequent congenital anomalies, medical conditions, psychiatric and developmental disorders, and may provide a platform to better understand these disorders while affording opportunities for translational strategies across the lifespan for both patients with 22q11.2DS and those with these associated features in the general population.
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de Koning MB, van Duin EDA, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, Bakker JA, Abel KM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. PRODH rs450046 and proline x COMT Val¹⁵⁸ Met interaction effects on intelligence and startle in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3111-22. [PMID: 26068888 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders, suggesting a relationship between genotypes and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Two genes in the deleted region, catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 (PRODH), contain polymorphisms associated with neuropsychiatric phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Here, we explored the association between polymorphisms and full-scale intelligence (FSIQ), startle reactivity (SR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS Forty-five adults with 22q11DS were genotyped for PRODH rs450046, rs372055 and COMT Val(158)Met. Plasma proline levels, FSIQ, SR and PPI were measured. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of the subjects were hyperprolinemic with a median proline value of 456 μmol/L. C allele carriers of PRODH rs450046 had a lower FSIQ compared to T allele carriers, indicating the C allele to be a risk allele (C allele: mean FSIQ 60.2 (sd 8.7); T allele: mean FSIQ 73.7 (sd 11.5); F 1,43 = 7.59; p = 0.009; partial η (2) = 0.15). A significant interaction effect of proline levels and COMT Val(158)Met genotype was found for SR (F 1,16 = 7.9; p = 0.01; partial η (2) = 0.33), but not for PPI and FSIQ. In subjects with hyperprolinemia, the COMT Val(158)Met genotype effect on SR was stronger than in subjects with normal proline levels. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data provide further evidence for the risk effect of elevated proline levels combined with the COMT Met allele and support the possibilities of using 22q11DS as a model to investigate genotype effects on psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Baron G.A. Tindalstraat 27, 1019 TS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Association between autism spectrum disorder in individuals with velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome and PRODH and COMT genotypes. Psychiatr Genet 2015; 24:269-72. [PMID: 25325218 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Velocardiofacial (VCFS; 22q11.2 deletion) syndrome is a genetic disorder that results from a hemizygous deletion of the q11.2 region on chromosome 22, and is associated with greatly increased risk for psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. There is emerging evidence for the involvement of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 (PRODH) in the psychiatric phenotype of individuals with VCFS. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PRODH and COMT are associated with ASD in youths with VCFS. We found that individuals with VCFS and the low-activity alleles of both PRODH and COMT (rs4819756A and rs4680A) were more likely to present with ASD as compared with individuals with VCFS and the high-activity alleles of these genes [P<0.05; odds ratio=6.0 (95% confidence interval=1.27-28.26; N=87)]. Our results suggest that PRODH and COMT may interact to contribute to the ASD phenotype in individuals with VCFS.
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Abstract
Chromosome 22q11 is characterized by the presence of chromosome-specific low-copy repeats or segmental duplications. This region of the chromosome is very unstable and susceptible to mutations. The misalignment of low-copy repeats during nonallelic homologous recombination leads to the deletion of the 22q11.2 region, which results in 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). The 22q11.2 deletion is associated with a wide variety of phenotypes. The term 22q11DS is an umbrella term that is used to encompass all 22q11.2 deletion-associated phenotypes. The haploinsufficiency of genes located at 22q11.2 affects the early morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arches, heart, skeleton, and brain. TBX1 is the most important gene for 22q11DS. This syndrome can ultimately affect many organs or systems; therefore, it has a very wide phenotypic spectrum. An increasing amount of information is available related to the pathogenesis, clinical phenotypes, and management of this syndrome in recent years. This review summarizes the current clinical and genetic status related to 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Hacıhamdioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Hacıhamdioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kenan Delil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tastuzawa Y, Sekikawa K, Suda T, Matsumoto H, Otabe H, Nonoyama S, Yoshino A. An interictal schizophrenia-like psychosis in an adult patient with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2015; 3:36-8. [PMID: 25870791 PMCID: PMC4392395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to causing polymalformative syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion can lead to various neuropsychiatric disorders including mental retardation, psychosis, and epilepsy. However, few reports regarding epilepsy-related psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) exist. We describe the clinical characteristics and course of 22q11.2DS in a Japanese patient with comorbid mild mental retardation, childhood-onset localization-related epilepsy, and adult-onset, interictal schizophrenia-like psychosis. From a diagnostic viewpoint, early detection of impaired intellectual functioning and hyperprolinemia in patients with epilepsy with 22q11.2DS may be helpful in predicting the developmental timing of interictal psychosis. From a therapeutic viewpoint, special attention needs to be paid to phenytoin-induced hypocalcemia in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Tastuzawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kanako Sekikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Suda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aihide Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Vorstman JA, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Eliez S, Schneider M, Jalbrzikowski M, Armando M, Vicari S, Shashi V, Hooper SR, Chow EW, Fung WLA, Butcher NJ, Young DA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Vogels A, van Amelsvoort T, Gothelf D, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Klaassen PWJ, Koops S, Kates WR, Antshel KM, Simon TJ, Ousley OY, Swillen A, Gur RE, Bearden CE, Kahn RS, Bassett AS. Cognitive decline preceding the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:377-85. [PMID: 25715178 PMCID: PMC4383767 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have an elevated (25%) risk of developing schizophrenia. Recent reports have suggested that a subgroup of children with 22q11DS display a substantial decline in cognitive abilities starting at a young age. OBJECTIVE To determine whether early cognitive decline is associated with risk of psychotic disorder in 22q11DS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective longitudinal cohort study. As part of an international research consortium initiative, we used the largest data set of intelligence (IQ) measurements in patients with 22q11DS reported to date to investigate longitudinal IQ trajectories and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness. A total of 829 patients with a confirmed hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion, recruited through 12 international clinical research sites, were included. Both psychiatric assessments and longitudinal IQ measurements were available for a subset of 411 patients (388 with ≥1 assessment at age 8-24 years). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, initial IQ, longitudinal IQ trajectory, and timing of the last psychiatric assessment with respect to the last IQ test. RESULTS Among 411 patients with 22q11DS, 55 (13.4%) were diagnosed as having a psychotic disorder. The mean (SD) age at the most recent psychiatric assessment was 16.1 (6.2) years. The mean (SD) full-scale IQ at first cognitive assessment was lower in patients who developed a psychotic disorder (65.5 [12.0]) compared with those without a psychotic disorder (74.0 [14.0]). On average, children with 22q11DS showed a mild decline in IQ (full-scale IQ, 7.04 points) with increasing age, particularly in the domain of verbal IQ (9.02 points). In those who developed psychotic illness, this decline was significantly steeper (P < .001). Those with a negative deviation from the average cognitive trajectory observed in 22q11DS were at significantly increased risk for the development of a psychotic disorder (odds ratio = 2.49; 95% CI, 1.24-5.00; P = .01). The divergence of verbal IQ trajectories between those who subsequently developed a psychotic disorder and those who did not was distinguishable from age 11 years onward. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In 22q11DS, early cognitive decline is a robust indicator of the risk of developing a psychotic illness. These findings mirror those observed in idiopathic schizophrenia. The results provide further support for investigations of 22q11DS as a genetic model for elucidating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A.S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sasja N. Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Marco Armando
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Departments of Psychiatry and Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Eva W.C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wai Lun Alan Fung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald A. Young
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center and Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Petra WJ Klaassen
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy R. Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Kevin M. Antshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Tony J. Simon
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Opal Y. Ousley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1551 Shoup Court, 30322 Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family Hearts and Minds Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huertas-Rodríguez CK, Payán-Gómez C, Forero-Castro RM. [22q11.2DS Syndrome as a Genetic Subtype of Schizophrenia]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 44:50-60. [PMID: 26578219 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with the microdeletion of this chromosomal region, and represents the second most common genetic syndrome after Down's syndrome. In patients with schizophrenia, 22q11.2DS has a prevalence of 2%, and in selected groups can be increased to between 32-53%. OBJECTIVE To describe the generalities of 22q11.2DS syndrome as a genetic subtype of schizophrenia, its clinical characteristics, molecular genetic aspects, and frequency in different populations. METHODS A review was performed from 1967 to 2013 in scientific databases, compiling articles about 22q11.2DS syndrome and its association with schizophrenia. RESULTS The 22q11.2 DS syndrome has a variable phenotype associated with other genetic syndromes, birth defects in many tissues and organs, and a high rate of psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Likewise, it has been identified in clinical populations with schizophrenia selected by the presence of common syndromic characteristics. FISH, qPCR and MLPA techniques, and recently, aCGH and NGS technologies, are being used to diagnose this microdeletion. CONCLUSIONS It is important in clinical practice to remember that people suffering the 22q11.2DS have a high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia, and it is considered that the simultaneous presence of this disease and 22q11.2DS represents a genetic subtype of schizophrenia. There are clear phenotypic criteria, molecular and cytogenetic methods to diagnose this group of patients, and to optimize a multidisciplinary approach in their monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Katherin Huertas-Rodríguez
- Bióloga, Grupo de Estudios en Genética y Biología Molecular (GEBIMOL), Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia.
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Médico Magíster en Genética Humana, Unidad de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ruth Maribel Forero-Castro
- Licenciada en Biología, Magíster en Ciencias Biológicas con énfasis en Genética Humana, Máster en Biología y Clínica del Cáncer, Profesora Asistente de la Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de Estudios en Genética y Biología Molecular (GEBIMOL), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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Evers LJM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Bakker JA, de Koning M, Drukker M, Curfs LMG. Glutamatergic markers, age, intellectual functioning and psychosis in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3319-25. [PMID: 26055684 PMCID: PMC4537490 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a high prevalence of intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Haplo-insufficiency of genes in the deleted region may offer a partial explanation for the increased vulnerability for psychosis and intellectual disability. One gene of particular interest is the gene coding for proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of proline into glutamate. OBJECTIVES Because abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling are thought to be responsible for cognition and psychosis in the general population, we hypothesized that PRODH haplo-insufficiency may underlie some of the cognitive and psychotic features seen in 22q11DS. METHODS In this explorative study, we investigated the relation between plasma proline, glutamate, and glutamine and age, intelligence, and psychosis in 64 adults with 22q11DS. RESULTS Hyperprolinemia was found in 31.3% of subjects with 22q11DS. A relation between glutamine, glutamate, proline, and presence of psychosis was not observed. Regression analysis revealed a positive relation between plasma glutamate and age, a positive relation of glutamate with antipsychotic drugs, a relation of glutamine and gender, and a positive relation of glutamine and mood stabilizing drugs, and a negative relation of the ratio glutamine/glutamate and age. The group with relatively lower IQ had higher glutamate levels compared to the group with relatively higher IQ. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 22q11DS is accompanied by abnormalities in glutamatergic metabolism. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the glutamatergic system in 22q11DS and how this affects the development of cognitive problems and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens J. M. Evers
- />Koraalgroup, MFCG, Panheelderweg 3, 6097 AH Heel, The Netherlands , />Governor Kremers Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Therese A. M. J. van Amelsvoort
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience MHeNS, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Mondriaan Mental Healthcare, Heerlen, The Netherlands , />Virenze Mental Healthcare, Gronsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Bakker
- />Department Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariken de Koning
- />Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands , />Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Drukker
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience MHeNS, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leopold M. G. Curfs
- />Governor Kremers Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Department Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Olszewski AK, Radoeva PD, Fremont W, Kates WR, Antshel KM. Is child intelligence associated with parent and sibling intelligence in individuals with developmental disorders? An investigation in youth with 22q11.2 deletion (velo-cardio-facial) syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:3582-3590. [PMID: 25244692 PMCID: PMC4253715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy-number variation (CNV) genetic disorder, demonstrate a great deal of variability in IQ scores and are at particular risk for cognitive difficulties, with up to 45% experiencing intellectual disability. This study explored the IQ relationship between individuals with 22q11DS, their parents and their siblings. Participants included individuals with 22q11DS, unaffected siblings and community controls, who participated in a longitudinal study of 22q11DS. Significant associations between proband and relative (parent, sibling) IQ scores were found. Results suggest that the cognitive functioning of first-degree relatives could be a useful marker of general genetic background and/or environmental effects, and can explain some of the large phenotypic variability in 22q11DS. These findings underscore the importance of including siblings and parents in studies of 22q11DS whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Olszewski
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
| | - Petya D Radoeva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 Huntington Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
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Crabtree GW, Gogos JA. Synaptic plasticity, neural circuits, and the emerging role of altered short-term information processing in schizophrenia. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:28. [PMID: 25505409 PMCID: PMC4243504 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity alters the strength of information flow between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and thus modifies the likelihood that action potentials in a presynaptic neuron will lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron. As such, synaptic plasticity and pathological changes in synaptic plasticity impact the synaptic computation which controls the information flow through the neural microcircuits responsible for the complex information processing necessary to drive adaptive behaviors. As current theories of neuropsychiatric disease suggest that distinct dysfunctions in neural circuit performance may critically underlie the unique symptoms of these diseases, pathological alterations in synaptic plasticity mechanisms may be fundamental to the disease process. Here we consider mechanisms of both short-term and long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission and their possible roles in information processing by neural microcircuits in both health and disease. As paradigms of neuropsychiatric diseases with strongly implicated risk genes, we discuss the findings in schizophrenia and autism and consider the alterations in synaptic plasticity and network function observed in both human studies and genetic mouse models of these diseases. Together these studies have begun to point toward a likely dominant role of short-term synaptic plasticity alterations in schizophrenia while dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may be due to a combination of both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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Evers LJM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Candel MJJM, Boer H, Engelen JJM, Curfs LMG. Psychopathology in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and moderate and severe intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:915-925. [PMID: 24528781 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with mild or borderline intellectual disability (ID). There are hardly any reports on subjects with 22q11DS with moderate or severe ID, and therefore its behavioural and psychiatric characteristics are unknown. METHOD We describe behavioural and psychiatric characteristics of 33 adults with 22q11DS and a Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) below 55. Participants were divided into two groups: one group having a FSIQ ≤ 55 caused by intellectual decline (n = 21) and one group with a FSIQ ≤ 55 who had always functioned at this level (n = 12). RESULTS High scores on psychopathology sub-scales were found for both subgroups. 22q11DS patients with intellectual decline showed higher rates of co-morbid psychopathology, particularly psychosis. Furthermore, psychosis and intellectual decline were positive correlated. CONCLUSION This is the first report addressing adult patients with 22q11DS and moderate to severe ID. Overall we found high levels of psychopathology with higher scores of psychopathology in the intellectual decline group. Life time psychosis seems to be related to deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J M Evers
- MFCG, Koraalgroup, Heel, The Netherlands; Governor Kremers Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Carmel M, Zarchi O, Michaelovsky E, Frisch A, Patya M, Green T, Gothelf D, Weizman A. Association of COMT and PRODH gene variants with intelligence quotient (IQ) and executive functions in 22q11.2DS subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 56:28-35. [PMID: 24853458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) carries the highest genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. We investigated the association of genetic variants in two schizophrenia candidate genes with executive function (EF) and IQ in 22q11.2DS individuals. Ninety two individuals with 22q11.2 deletion were studied for the genetic association between COMT and PRODH variants and EF and IQ. Subjects were divided into children (under 12 years old), adolescents (between 12 and 18 years old) and adults (older than 18 years), and genotyped for the COMT Val158Met (rs4680) and PRODH Arg185Trp (rs4819756) polymorphisms. The participants underwent psychiatric evaluation and EF assessment. Our main finding is a significant influence of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on both IQ and EF performance. Specifically, 22q11.2DS subjects with Met allele displayed higher IQ scores in all age groups compared to Val carriers, reaching significance in both adolescents and adults. The Met allele carriers performed better than Val carriers in EF tasks, being statistically significant in the adult group. PRODH Arg185Trp variant did not affect IQ or EF in our 22q11.2DS cohort. In conclusion, functional COMT variant, but not PRODH, affects IQ and EF in 22q11.2DS subjects during neurodevelopment with a maximal effect at adulthood. Future studies should monitor the cognitive performance of the same individuals from childhood to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Carmel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | - Omer Zarchi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Rabin Medical Center, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Frisch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Miriam Patya
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Tamar Green
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Nes-Ziyyona-Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Geha Mental-Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Mitsubuchi H, Nakamura K, Matsumoto S, Endo F. Biochemical and clinical features of hereditary hyperprolinemia. Pediatr Int 2014; 56:492-6. [PMID: 24931297 PMCID: PMC4282441 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are two classifications of hereditary hyperprolinemia: type I (HPI) and type II (HPII). Each type is caused by an autosomal recessive inborn error of the proline metabolic pathway. HPI is caused by an abnormality in the proline-oxidizing enzyme (POX). HPII is caused by a deficiency of Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (P5CDh). The clinical features of HPI are unclear. Nephropathy, uncontrolled seizures, mental retardation or schizophrenia have been reported in HPI, but a benign phenotype without neurological problems has also been reported. The clinical features of HPII are also unclear. In addition, the precise incidences of HPI and HPII are unknown. Only two cases of HPI and one case of HPII have been identified in Japan through a questionnaire survey and by a study of previous reports. This suggests that hyperprolinemia is a very rare disease in Japan, consistent with earlier reports in Western countries. The one case of HPII found in Japan was diagnosed in an individual with influenza-associated encephalopathy. This suggests that HPII might reduce the threshold for convulsions, thereby increasing the sensitivity of individuals with influenza-associated encephalopathy. The current study presents diagnostic criteria for HPI and HPII, based on plasma proline level, with or without measurements of urinary P5C. In the future, screening for HPI and HPII in healthy individuals, or patients with relatively common diseases such as developmental disabilities, epilepsy, schizophrenia or behavioral problems will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitsubuchi
- Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Chavda B, Arnott JA, Planey SL. Targeting protein palmitoylation: selective inhibitors and implications in disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1005-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.933802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burzin Chavda
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
| | - John A Arnott
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
| | - Sonia Lobo Planey
- The Commonwealth Medical College, Department of Basic Sciences, Scranton, PA 18509, USA
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Clelland JD, Read LL, Drouet V, Kaon A, Kelly A, Duff KE, Nadrich RH, Rajparia A, Clelland CL. Vitamin D insufficiency and schizophrenia risk: evaluation of hyperprolinemia as a mediator of association. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:15-22. [PMID: 24787057 PMCID: PMC4044915 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficits have been associated with schizophrenia susceptibility and supplementation has been recommended for those at-risk. Although the mechanism by which a deficit confers risk is unknown, vitamin D is a potent transcriptional modulator and can regulate proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) expression. PRODH maps to chromosome 22q11, a region conferring the highest known genetic risk of schizophrenia, and encodes proline oxidase, which catalyzes proline catabolism. l-Proline is a neuromodulator at glutamatergic synapses, and peripheral hyperprolinemia has been associated with decreased IQ, cognitive impairment, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. We investigated the relationship between 25(OH)D and schizophrenia, comparing fasting plasma 25(OH)D in 64 patients and 90 matched controls. We then tested for a mediating effect of hyperprolinemia on the association between 25(OH)D and schizophrenia. 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients, and 25(OH)D insufficiency associated with schizophrenia (OR 2.1, adjusted p=0.044, 95% CI: 1.02-4.46). Moreover, 25(OH)D insufficient subjects had three times greater odds of hyperprolinemia than those with optimal levels (p=0.035, 95% CI: 1.08-8.91), and formal testing established that hyperprolinemia is a significantly mediating phenotype that may explain over a third of the effect of 25(OH)D insufficiency on schizophrenia risk. This study presents a mechanism by which 25(OH)D insufficiency confers risk of schizophrenia; via proline elevation due to reduced PRODH expression, and a concomitant dysregulation of neurotransmission. Although definitive causality cannot be confirmed, these findings strongly support vitamin D supplementation in patients, particularly for those with elevated proline, who may represent a large subgroup of the schizophrenia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Clelland
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY
| | - Laura L. Read
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY
| | - Valérie Drouet
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
| | - Angela Kaon
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY
| | - Alexandra Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
| | - Karen E. Duff
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York,New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY
| | - Robert H Nadrich
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY,Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, New York, NY
| | - Amit Rajparia
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY,Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, New York, NY
| | - Catherine L. Clelland
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
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Ota VK, Bellucco FT, Gadelha A, Santoro ML, Noto C, Christofolini DM, Assunção IB, Yamada KM, Ribeiro-dos-Santos ÂK, Santos S, Mari JJ, Smith MAC, Melaragno MI, Bressan RA, Sato JR, Jackowski AP, Belangero SI. PRODH polymorphisms, cortical volumes and thickness in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87686. [PMID: 24498354 PMCID: PMC3912045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. Several lines of evidence indicate that the PRODH gene may be related to the disorder. Therefore, our study investigates the effects of 12 polymorphisms of PRODH on schizophrenia and its phenotypes. To further evaluate the roles of the associated variants in the disorder, we have conducted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to assess cortical volumes and thicknesses. A total of 192 patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) instruments. The study included 179 controls paired by age and gender. The samples were genotyped using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. A sample of 138 patients and 34 healthy controls underwent MRI scans. One polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia (rs2904552), with the G-allele more frequent in patients than in controls. This polymorphism is likely functional, as predicted by PolyPhen and SIFT, but it was not associated with brain morphology in our study. In summary, we report a functional PRODH variant associated with schizophrenia that may have a neurochemical impact, altering brain function, but is not responsible for the cortical reductions found in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K. Ota
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T. Bellucco
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos L. Santoro
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M. Christofolini
- Disciplina de Genética e Reproducao Humana, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC), Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idaiane B. Assunção
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen M. Yamada
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jair J. Mari
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília A. C. Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria I. Melaragno
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Bressan
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. Sato
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Andrea P. Jackowski
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- LiNC - Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sun A, Teschner W, Yel L. Improving patient tolerability in immunoglobulin treatment: focus on stabilizer effects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:577-87. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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71
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Hagan JB, Wasserman RL, Baggish JS, Spycher MO, Berger M, Shashi V, Lohrmann E, Sullivan KE. Safety ofL-proline as a stabilizer for immunoglobulin products. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:169-78. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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72
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Cordovez JA, Capasso J, Lingao MD, Sadagopan KA, Spaeth GL, Wasserman BN, Levin AV. Ocular Manifestations of 22q11.2 Microduplication. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:392-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Abstract
A number of rare copy number variants (CNVs), including both deletions and duplications, have been associated with developmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Pathogenicity may derive from dosage sensitivity of one or more genes contained within the CNV locus. To understand pathophysiology, the specific disease-causing gene(s) within each CNV need to be identified. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that ohnologs (genes retained after ancestral whole-genome duplication events, which are frequently dosage sensitive) are overrepresented in pathogenic CNVs. We selected three sets of genes implicated in copy number pathogenicity: (i) genes mapping within rare disease-associated CNVs, (ii) genes within de novo CNVs under negative genetic selection, and (iii) genes identified by clinical array comparative genome hybridization studies as potentially pathogenic. We compared the proportion of ohnologs between these gene sets and control genes, mapping to CNVs not known to be disease associated. We found that ohnologs are significantly overrepresented in genes mapping to pathogenic CNVs, irrespective of how CNVs were identified, with over 90% containing an ohnolog, compared with control CNVs >100 kb, where only about 30% contained an ohnolog. In some CNVs, such as del15p11.2 (CYFIP1) and dup/del16p13.11 (NDE1), the most plausible prior candidate gene was also an ohnolog, as were the genes VIPR2 and NRXN1, each found in short CNVs containing no other genes. Our results support the hypothesis that ohnologs represent critical dosage-sensitive elements of the genome, possibly responsible for some of the deleterious phenotypes observed for pathogenic CNVs and as such are readily identifiable candidate genes for further study.
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Schizophrenia-like neurophysiological abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and their association to COMT and PRODH genotypes. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1623-9. [PMID: 23910792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. We investigated two neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia - P50 sensory gating and mismatch negativity in 22q11.2DS subject and evaluated their association with catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) genetic variants. We also assessed the association of neurophysiological measures with schizophrenia-like symptomatology in 22q11.2DS. Fifty-nine subjects, 41 with 22q11.2DS and 18 typically developing controls, participated in the study. The participants with 22q11.2DS were genotyped for the COMT Val(158)Met (rs4680) and PRODH Gln(19)Pro (rs2008720) and Arg(185)Trp (rs4819756) polymorphisms. Following psychiatric evaluation, all the participants underwent neurophysiological recordings and executive function assessment. The 22q11.2DS group showed poorer sensory gating of the P50 response than the controls. Within the 22q11.2DS group, the COMT Met allele was associated with poorer sensory gating, while both the COMT Met allele and the PRODH Pro-Arg haplotype were associated with smaller mismatch negativity amplitudes. Smaller mismatch negativity amplitudes predicted greater impairment of executive functions and greater severity of schizophrenia-like negative symptoms in 22q11.2DS. The current study demonstrates that sensory gating impairments that are typical of schizophrenia are found in 22q11.2DS subjects. Our results further suggest that COMT and PRODH genetic variations contribute to sensory gating and mismatch negativity schizophrenia-like impairments in 22q11.2DS, possibly via dopaminergic/glutamatergic networks. The associations of mismatch negativity impairments with increased severity of schizophrenia-like negative symptoms and poorer executive functions performance in our 22q11.2DS sample suggest that mismatch negativity is a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.
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Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Squarcione C, Torti MC, Di Fabio F, Biondi M. 22q11 deletion syndrome: a review of the neuropsychiatric features and their neurobiological basis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1873-84. [PMID: 24353423 PMCID: PMC3862513 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s52188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is caused by an autosomal dominant microdeletion of chromosome 22 at the long arm (q) 11.2 band. The 22q11DS is among the most clinically variable syndromes, with more than 180 features related with the deletion, and is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, accounting for up to 1%-2% of schizophrenia cases. In recent years, several genes located on chromosome 22q11 have been linked to schizophrenia, including those encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase and proline dehydrogenase, and the interaction between these and other candidate genes in the deleted region is an important area of research. It has been suggested that haploinsufficiency of some genes within the 22q11.2 region may contribute to the characteristic psychiatric phenotype and cognitive functioning of schizophrenia. Moreover, an extensive literature on neuroimaging shows reductions of the volumes of both gray and white matter, and these findings suggest that this reduction may be predictive of increased risk of prodromal psychotic symptoms in 22q11DS patients. Experimental and standardized cognitive assessments alongside neuroimaging may be important to identify one or more endophenotypes of schizophrenia, as well as a predictive prodrome that can be preventively treated during childhood and adolescence. In this review, we summarize recent data about the 22q11DS, in particular those addressing the neuropsychiatric and cognitive phenotypes associated with the deletion, underlining the recent advances in the studies about the genetic architecture of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Squarcione
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Torti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Biondi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Michaelovsky E, Frisch A, Carmel M, Patya M, Zarchi O, Green T, Basel-Vanagaite L, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:122. [PMID: 23245648 PMCID: PMC3548696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by hemizygous microdeletions on chromosome 22q11.2 with highly variable physical and neuropsychiatric manifestations. We explored the genotype-phenotype relationship in a relatively large 22q11.2DS cohort treated and monitored in our clinic using comprehensive clinical evaluation and detailed molecular characterization of the deletion. METHODS Molecular analyses in 142 subjects with 22q11.2DS features were performed by FISH and MLPA methods. Participants underwent clinical assessment of physical symptoms and structured psychiatric and cognitive evaluation. RESULTS Deletions were found in 110 individuals including one with an atypical nested distal deletion which was missed by the FISH test. Most subjects (88.2%) carried the 3Mb typically deleted region and 11.8% carried 4 types of deletions differing in size and location. No statistically significant genotype-phenotype correlations were found between deletion type and clinical data although some differences in hypocalcemia and cardiovascular anomalies were noted.Analysis of the patient with the distal nested deletion suggested a redundancy of genes causing the physical and neuropsychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2DS and indicating that the psychiatric and cognitive trajectories may be governed by different genes. CONCLUSIONS MLPA is a useful and affordable molecular method combining accurate diagnosis and detailed deletion characterization. Variations in deletion type and clinical manifestations impede the detection of significant differences in samples of moderate size, but analysis of individuals with unique deletions may provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms.Future genotype-phenotype studies should involve large multicenter collaborations employing uniform clinical standards and high-resolution molecular methods.
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de Koning MB, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, van Duin EDA, Abel KM, de Haan L, Linszen DH, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response are modulated by catechol-O-methyl-transferase Val(158) Met polymorphism in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1548-60. [PMID: 22952320 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112456610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22, which includes the gene coding for catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT). High dopamine (DA) levels due to COMT haplo-insufficiency may be associated with the increased risk of developing schizophrenia in adults with 22q11DS. Reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response has been associated with schizophrenia and with disrupted DAergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism has been shown to influence PPI. We report the first study in adults with 22q11DS to examine PPI of the acoustic startle response and its modulation by COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. Startle reactivity (SR) and PPI of the acoustic startle response were measured in 23 adults with 22q11DS and 21 healthy controls. 22q11DS subjects were genotyped for the functional COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. 22q11DS Met hemizygotes showed reduced SR and PPI compared with 22q11DS Val hemizygotes. The effect of COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism on PPI was no longer significant when controlling for baseline SR. Met hemizygosity in 22q11DS is associated with reduced SR and influences PPI indirectly. Decreased PFC functioning following excessive PFC DA levels may be one of the mechanisms by which the Met genotype in 22q11DS disrupts SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim is to discuss the clinical features of psychiatric illness in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), and to review current evidence that a core neuropsychiatric phenotype could underlie the full spectrum of different presentations. RECENT FINDINGS Individuals carrying the 22q11.2 microdeletion are at risk for diverse psychiatric diagnoses across the lifespan, including schizophrenia in a significant minority, and anxiety or mood disorder in the majority. Symptoms and cognitive disruptions can be grouped into domains: attention-executive deficits, social-cognitive deficits, anxiety-affective dysregulation, and psychotic phenomena. These domains do not respect the boundaries of traditional diagnostic categories, and can be consistently recognized in children, adolescents and adults. There is early evidence that some symptom-domain disruptions may predict adult psychiatric morbidity. SUMMARY If a core neuropsychiatric phenotype does exist in 22q11DS, its detection is likely to require dimensional assessment of subtle aspects of cognitive and emotional processing, not encompassed by current diagnostic systems. A core phenotype would account for disruptions across multiple symptom domains, directly reflecting genetic and neurobiological mechanisms. Relative severity of a core phenotype would predict risk for multiple psychiatric disorders, and could, therefore, be an important target for therapeutic and preventive interventions. A core phenotype meeting these criteria has not yet been defined for 22q11DS.
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Increased corpus callosum volume in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is associated with neurocognitive deficits and genetic polymorphisms. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:1051-7. [PMID: 22763378 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with neurocognitive impairments. The neural substrates of cognitive impairments in 22q11DS remain poorly understood. Because the corpus callosum (CC) is found to be abnormal in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, we obtained volumetric measurements of the CC and its subregions, examined the relationship between these regions and neurocognition and selected genotypes within candidate genes in the 22q11.2 interval in 59 children with 22q11DS and 53 control subjects. The total CC, splenium and genu were significantly larger in children with 22q11DS and the enlargement was associated with better neurocognitive functioning in the 22q11DS group, suggestive of a compensatory increase in the CC volumes. The expected age-related increase in the volume of the CC was not seen in children with 22q11DS, indicative of dysmaturation of the CC in these children. The increased volumes in the genu, splenium and total CC in the 22q11DS group were associated with polymorphisms within the candidate genes: COMT (rs4680), ZDHHC8 (rs175174) and UFD1L (rs5992403). These findings indicate that alterations in the CC volume in children with 22q11DS are associated with cognition and specific genotypes in the 22q11.2 interval.
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Duijff SN, Klaassen PWJ, de Veye HFNS, Beemer FA, Sinnema G, Vorstman JAS. Cognitive development in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 200:462-8. [PMID: 22661678 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (velo-cardio-facial syndrome) have a 30-fold risk of developing schizophrenia. In the general population the schizophrenia phenotype includes a cognitive deficit and a decline in academic performance preceding the first episode of psychosis in a subgroup of patients. Findings of cross-sectional studies suggest that cognitive abilities may decline over time in some children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. If confirmed longitudinally, this could indicate that one or more genes within 22q11.2 are involved in cognitive decline. AIMS To assess longitudinally the change in IQ scores in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. METHOD Sixty-nine children with the syndrome were cognitively assessed two or three times at set ages 5.5 years, 7.5 years and 9.5 years. RESULTS A mean significant decline of 9.7 Full Scale IQ points was found between ages 5.5 years and 9.5 years. In addition to the overall relative decline that occurred when results were scored according to age-specific IQ norms, in 10 out of a group of 29 children an absolute decrease in cognitive raw scores was found between ages 7.5 years and 9.5 years. The decline was not associated with a change in behavioural measures. CONCLUSIONS The finding of cognitive decline can be only partly explained as the result of 'growing into deficit'; about a third of 29 children showed an absolute loss of cognitive faculties. The results underline the importance of early psychiatric screening in this population and indicate that further study of the genes at the 22q11.2 locus may be relevant to understanding the genetic basis of early cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Paediatric Psychology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Schneider M, Van der Linden M, Glaser B, Rizzi E, Dahoun SP, Hinard C, Bartoloni L, Antonarakis SE, Debbané M, Eliez S. Preliminary structure and predictive value of attenuated negative symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:277-84. [PMID: 22377578 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current research in schizophrenia suggests that negative symptoms cannot be considered a unitary construct and should be divided in two dimensions: lack of motivation and impoverishment of expression. In addition, negative symptoms are particularly related to decreased daily-life functioning. In the present study, we aimed to replicate these results in a sample of participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high risk of developing schizophrenia. We also expected to observe an association between the COMT Val/Met polymorphism and negative symptoms. We examined the factorial structure of negative symptoms in a sample of 47 individuals with 22q11DS using the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). We also performed stepwise regression analyses to investigate the associations between negative symptoms, adaptive skills and the COMT Val/Met polymorphism. Negative symptoms were explained by a two-factor solution, namely the "amotivation and social withdrawal" and the "emotional withdrawal and expression" dimensions. The motivational dimension was significantly associated with daily-life functioning. Met carriers were rated as experiencing significantly more symptoms of amotivation. The results are interpreted in the light of existing cognitive models in the field of motivation and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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83
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Hiroi N, Hiramoto T, Harper KM, Suzuki G, Boku S. Mouse Models of 22q11.2-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 1:001. [PMID: 25089229 PMCID: PMC4118685 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.s1-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) of human chromosome 22q11.2 is associated with an elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and represents one of syndromic ASDs with rare genetic variants. However, the precise genetic basis of this association remains unclear due to its relatively large hemizygous and duplication region, including more than 30 genes. Previous studies using genetic mouse models suggested that although not all 22q11.2 genes contribute to ASD symptomatology, more than one 22q11.2 genes have distinct phenotypic targets for ASD symptoms. Our data show that deficiency of the two 22q11.2 genesTbx1 and Sept5 causes distinct phenotypic sets of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Takeshi Hiramoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Kathryn M Harper
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Ward Building Room 9-258, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Go Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
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Clelland CL, Read LL, Baraldi AN, Bart CP, Pappas CA, Panek LJ, Nadrich RH, Clelland JD. Evidence for association of hyperprolinemia with schizophrenia and a measure of clinical outcome. Schizophr Res 2011; 131:139-45. [PMID: 21645996 PMCID: PMC3161723 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple genetic links between schizophrenia and a deficit of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) enzyme activity. However, reports testing for an association of schizophrenia with the resulting proline elevation have been conflicting. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether hyperprolinemia is associated with schizophrenia, and to measure the relationship between plasma proline, and clinical features and symptoms of schizophrenia. We performed a cross-sectional case-control study, comparing fasting plasma proline in 90 control subjects and 64 schizophrenic patients and testing for association of mild to moderate hyperprolinemia with schizophrenia. As secondary analyses, the relationship between hyperprolinemia and five measures of clinical onset, symptoms and outcome were investigated. Patients had significantly higher plasma proline than matched controls (p<0.0001), and categorical analysis of gender adjusted hyperprolinemia showed a significant association with schizophrenia (OR 6.15, p=0.0003). Hyperprolinemic patients were significantly older at their first hospitalization (p=0.015 following correction for multiple testing). While plasma proline level was not related to total, positive or negative symptoms, hyperprolinemic status had a significant effect on length of hospital stay (p=0.005), following adjustment for race, BPRS score, and cross-sectional time from admission to proline measurement. Mild to moderate hyperprolinemia is a significant risk factor for schizophrenia, and may represent an intermediate phenotype in the disease. Hyperprolinemic patients have a significantly later age of first psychiatric hospitalization, suggestive of later onset, and hospital stays 46% longer than non-hyperprolinemic subjects. These findings have implications in the etiology of schizophrenia, and for the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. Clelland
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York.
| | - Laura L. Read
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY.
,Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
| | - Amanda N. Baraldi
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
| | - Corinne P. Bart
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
| | - Carrie A. Pappas
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
| | - Laura J. Panek
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
| | - Robert H. Nadrich
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY.
,Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, New York, NY.
| | - James D. Clelland
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY.
,Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY.
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Kvajo M, McKellar H, Gogos JA. Avoiding mouse traps in schizophrenia genetics: lessons and promises from current and emerging mouse models. Neuroscience 2011; 211:136-64. [PMID: 21821099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, but despite progress in identifying the genetic factors implicated in its development, the mechanisms underlying its etiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Development of mouse models is critical for expanding our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. However, translation of disease pathology into mouse models has proven to be challenging, primarily due to the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia and the difficulties in the re-creation of susceptibility alleles in the mouse genome. In this review we highlight current research on models of major susceptibility loci and the information accrued from their analysis. We describe and compare the different approaches that are necessitated by diverse susceptibility alleles, and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we discuss emerging mouse models, such as second-generation pathophysiology models based on innovative approaches that are facilitated by the information gathered from the current genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kvajo
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Boot E, Booij J, Abeling N, Meijer J, da Silva Alves F, Zinkstok J, Baas F, Linszen D, van Amelsvoort T. Dopamine metabolism in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome, with and without schizophrenia--relationship with COMT Val¹⁰⁸/¹⁵⁸Met polymorphism, gender and symptomatology. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:888-95. [PMID: 21447540 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a major risk factor for schizophrenia. In addition, both conditions are associated with alterations of the dopaminergic system. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, located within the deleted region, encodes for the enzyme COMT that is important for degradation of catecholamines, including dopamine (DA). COMT activity is sexually dimorphic and its gene contains a functional polymorphism, Val¹⁰⁸/¹⁵⁸ Met; the Met allele is associated with lower enzyme activity. We report the first controlled catecholamine study in 22q11DS-related schizophrenia. Twelve adults with 22q11DS with schizophrenia (SCZ+) and 22 adults with 22q11DS without schizophrenia (SCZ-) were genotyped for the COMT Val¹⁰⁸/¹⁵⁸ Met genotype. We assessed dopaminergic markers in urine and plasma. We also correlated these markers with scores on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Contrary to our expectations, we found SCZ+ subjects to be more often Val hemizygous and SCZ- subjects more often Met hemizygous. Significant COMT cross gender interactions were found on dopaminergic markers. In SCZ+ subjects there was a negative correlation between prolactin levels and scores on the general psychopathology subscale of the PANSS scores. These findings suggest intriguing, but complex, interactions of the COMT Val¹⁰⁸/¹⁵⁸ Met polymorphism, gender and additional factors on DA metabolism, and its relationship with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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da Silva Alves F, Boot E, Schmitz N, Nederveen A, Vorstman J, Lavini C, Pouwels PJ, de Haan L, Linszen D, van Amelsvoort T. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 22q11 deletion syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21685. [PMID: 21738766 PMCID: PMC3128078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective People with velo-cardio-facial syndrome or 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have behavioral, cognitive and psychiatric problems. Approximately 30% of affected individuals develop schizophrenia-like psychosis. Glutamate dysfunction is thought to play a crucial role in schizophrenia. However, it is unknown if and how the glutamate system is altered in 22q11DS. People with 22q11DS are vulnerable for haploinsufficiency of PRODH, a gene that codes for an enzyme converting proline into glutamate. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that glutamatergic abnormalities may be present in 22q11DS. Method We employed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to quantify glutamate and other neurometabolites in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of 22 adults with 22q11DS (22q11DS SCZ+) and without (22q11DS SCZ−) schizophrenia and 23 age-matched healthy controls. Also, plasma proline levels were determined in the 22q11DS group. Results We found significantly increased concentrations of glutamate and myo-inositol in the hippocampal region of 22q11DS SCZ+ compared to 22q11DS SCZ−. There were no significant differences in levels of plasma proline between 22q11DS SCZ+ and 22q11DS SCZ−. There was no relationship between plasma proline and cerebral glutamate in 22q11DS. Conclusion This is the first in vivo1H-MRS study in 22q11DS. Our results suggest vulnerability of the hippocampus in the psychopathology of 22q11DS SCZ+. Altered hippocampal glutamate and myo-inositol metabolism may partially explain the psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments seen in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana da Silva Alves
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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88
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Cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Behav Genet 2011; 41:403-12. [PMID: 21573985 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome has become an important model for understanding the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly schizophrenia which develops in about 20-25% of individuals with a chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion. From the initial discovery of the syndrome, associated developmental delays made it clear that changes in brain development were a key part of the expression. Once patients were followed through childhood into adult years, further neurobehavioural phenotypes became apparent, including a changing cognitive profile, anxiety disorders and seizure diathesis. The variability of expression is as wide as for the myriad physical features associated with the syndrome, with the addition of evolving phenotype over the developmental trajectory. Notably, variability appears unrelated to length of the associated deletion. Several mouse models of the deletion have been engineered and are beginning to reveal potential molecular mechanisms for the cognitive and behavioural phenotypes observable in animals. Both animal and human studies hold great promise for further discoveries relevant to neurodevelopment and associated cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric disorders.
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Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. The 22q11.2 microdeletion: fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:259-81. [PMID: 20920576 PMCID: PMC3074020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sander Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Stark
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Carlier M, Desplanches AG, Philip N, Stefanini S, Vicari S, Volterra V, Deruelle C, Fisch G, Doyen AL, Swillen A. Laterality Preference and Cognition: Cross-Syndrome Comparison of Patients with Trisomy 21 (Down), del7q11.23 (Williams–Beuren) and del22q11.2 (DiGeorge or Velo-Cardio-Facial) Syndromes. Behav Genet 2011; 41:413-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-011-9465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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91
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Orešič M, Tang J, Seppänen-Laakso T, Mattila I, Saarni SE, Saarni SI, Lönnqvist J, Sysi-Aho M, Hyötyläinen T, Perälä J, Suvisaari J. Metabolome in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a general population-based study. Genome Med 2011; 3:19. [PMID: 21429189 PMCID: PMC3092104 DOI: 10.1186/gm233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have a high prevalence of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and lipid abnormalities, particularly hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein. More detailed molecular information on the metabolic abnormalities may reveal clues about the pathophysiology of these changes, as well as about disease specificity. METHODS We applied comprehensive metabolomics in serum samples from a general population-based study in Finland. The study included all persons with DSM-IV primary psychotic disorder (schizophrenia, n = 45; other non-affective psychosis (ONAP), n = 57; affective psychosis, n = 37) and controls matched by age, sex, and region of residence. Two analytical platforms for metabolomics were applied to all serum samples: a global lipidomics platform based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which covers molecular lipids such as phospholipids and neutral lipids; and a platform for small polar metabolites based on two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). RESULTS Compared with their matched controls, persons with schizophrenia had significantly higher metabolite levels in six lipid clusters containing mainly saturated triglycerides, and in two small-molecule clusters containing, among other metabolites, (1) branched chain amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and (2) proline, glutamic, lactic and pyruvic acids. Among these, serum glutamic acid was elevated in all psychoses (P = 0.0020) compared to controls, while proline upregulation (P = 0.000023) was specific to schizophrenia. After adjusting for medication and metabolic comorbidity in linear mixed models, schizophrenia remained independently associated with higher levels in seven of these eight clusters (P < 0.05 in each cluster). The metabolic abnormalities were less pronounced in persons with ONAP or affective psychosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that specific metabolic abnormalities related to glucoregulatory processes and proline metabolism are specifically associated with schizophrenia and reflect two different disease-related pathways. Metabolomics, which is sensitive to both genetic and environmental variation, may become a powerful tool in psychiatric research to investigate disease susceptibility, clinical course, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jing Tang
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Ismo Mattila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suoma E Saarni
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli I Saarni
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Välskärinkatu 12, PO Box 590, FIN-00029 HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Välskärinkatu 12, PO Box 590, FIN-00029 HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Sysi-Aho
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jonna Perälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Lintulahdenkuja 4, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
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92
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Guilmatre A, Legallic S, Steel G, Willis A, Di Rosa G, Goldenberg A, Drouin-Garraud V, Guet A, Mignot C, Des Portes V, Valayannopoulos V, Van Maldergem L, Hoffman JD, Izzi C, Espil-Taris C, Orcesi S, Bonafé L, Le Galloudec E, Maurey H, Ioos C, Afenjar A, Blanchet P, Echenne B, Roubertie A, Frebourg T, Valle D, Campion D. Type I hyperprolinemia: genotype/phenotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:961-5. [PMID: 20524212 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Type I hyperprolinemia (HPI) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cognitive and psychiatric troubles, caused by alterations of the Proline Dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) at 22q11. HPI results from PRODH deletion and/or missense mutations reducing proline oxidase (POX) activity. The goals of this study were first to measure in controls the frequency of PRODH variations described in HPI patients, second to assess the functional effect of PRODH mutations on POX activity, and finally to establish genotype/enzymatic activity correlations in a new series of HPI patients. Eight of 14 variants occurred at polymorphic frequency in 114 controls. POX activity was determined for six novel mutations and two haplotypes. The c.1331G>A, p.G444D allele has a drastic effect, whereas the c.23C>T, p.P8L allele and the c.[56C>A; 172G>A], p.[Q19P; A58T] haplotype result in a moderate decrease in activity. Among the 19 HPI patients, 10 had a predicted residual activity <50%. Eight out of nine subjects with a predicted residual activity > or = 50% bore at least one c.824C>A, p.T275N allele, which has no detrimental effect on activity but whose frequency in controls is only 3%. Our results suggest that PRODH mutations lead to a decreased POX activity or affect other biological parameters causing hyperprolinemia.
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93
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Boot E, Booij J, Zinkstok JR, de Haan L, Linszen DH, Baas F, van Amelsvoort TA. Striatal D₂ receptor binding in 22q11 deletion syndrome: an [¹²³I]IBZM SPECT study. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1525-31. [PMID: 19406852 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that in subjects with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) disturbances of the dopamine (DA) system contribute to their increased risk for cognitive deficits and psychiatric problems. However, central DAergic neurotransmission in 22q11DS has not been investigated. We measured striatal D₂ receptor binding potential (D₂R BP(ND)) using (S)-(-)-3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl] benzamide-single photon emission computed tomography ([¹²³I]IBZM SPECT) in 12 adults with 22q11DS and 12 matched controls. Correlations between D₂R BP(ND) and plasma prolactin (pPRL) levels were also determined. 22q11DS subjects and controls had similar D₂R BP( ND). There was a positive correlation between D₂R BP( ND) and pPRL values in controls, but no such relation was found in 22q11DS subjects. This study suggests that a 22q11 deletion does not affect striatal DAergic neurotransmission in the living human brain. However, the disturbed relationship between D₂R BP(ND) and pPRL values suggests DAergic dysfunction at a different level. Further studies on DAergic function in extra-striatal brain regions and under challenged conditions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Ipse de Bruggen, Centre for People with Intellectual Disability, Zwammerdam, the Netherlands.
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94
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Käenmäki M, Tammimäki A, Myöhänen T, Pakarinen K, Amberg C, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Männistö PT. Quantitative role of COMT in dopamine clearance in the prefrontal cortex of freely moving mice. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1745-55. [PMID: 20626558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays an active role in the metabolism of dopamine (DA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Because of low levels of dopamine transporter (DAT), it is proposed that the majority of released DA is taken up by either norepinephrine transporter (NET) and subsequently metabolized by monoamine oxidize (MAO) or by uptake(2) (to glial cells and post-synaptic neurons) and metabolized by COMT. However, a comprehensive in vivo study of rating the mechanisms involved in DA clearance in the PFC has not been done. Here, we employ two types of microdialysis to study these pathways using DAT, NET and MAO blockers in conscious mice, with or without Comt gene disruption. In quantitative no-net-flux microdialysis, DA levels were increased by 60% in the PFC of COMT-knockout (ko) mice, but not in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In conventional microdialysis studies, we showed that selective NET and MAO inhibition increased DA levels in the PFC of wild-type mice by two- to fourfold, an effect that was still doubled in COMT-ko mice. Inhibition of DAT had no effect on DA levels in either genotype. Therefore, we conclude that in the mouse, PFC COMT contributes about one half of the total DA clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Käenmäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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95
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Karayiorgou M, Simon TJ, Gogos JA. 22q11.2 microdeletions: linking DNA structural variation to brain dysfunction and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:402-16. [PMID: 20485365 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies are beginning to paint a clear and consistent picture of the impairments in psychological and cognitive competencies that are associated with microdeletions in chromosome 22q11.2. These studies have highlighted a strong link between this genetic lesion and schizophrenia. Parallel studies in humans and animal models are starting to uncover the complex genetic and neural substrates altered by the microdeletion. In addition to offering a deeper understanding of the effects of this genetic lesion, these findings may guide analysis of other copy-number variants associated with cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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96
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Sigurdsson T, Stark KL, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA, Gordon JA. Impaired hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Nature 2010; 464:763-7. [PMID: 20360742 DOI: 10.1038/nature08855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in functional connectivity between brain areas have been postulated as an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying schizophrenia. In particular, macroscopic measurements of brain activity in patients suggest that functional connectivity between the frontal and temporal lobes may be altered. However, it remains unclear whether such dysconnectivity relates to the aetiology of the illness, and how it is manifested in the activity of neural circuits. Because schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, animal models of genetic risk factors are likely to aid our understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease. Here we study Df(16)A(+/-) mice, which model a microdeletion on human chromosome 22 (22q11.2) that constitutes one of the largest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. To examine functional connectivity in these mice, we measured the synchronization of neural activity between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex during the performance of a task requiring working memory, which is one of the cognitive functions disrupted in the disease. In wild-type mice, hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony increased during working memory performance, consistent with previous reports in rats. Df(16)A(+/-) mice, which are impaired in the acquisition of the task, showed drastically reduced synchrony, measured both by phase-locking of prefrontal cells to hippocampal theta oscillations and by coherence of prefrontal and hippocampal local field potentials. Furthermore, the magnitude of hippocampal-prefrontal coherence at the onset of training could be used to predict the time it took the Df(16)A(+/-) mice to learn the task and increased more slowly during task acquisition. These data suggest how the deficits in functional connectivity observed in patients with schizophrenia may be realized at the single-neuron level. Our findings further suggest that impaired long-range synchrony of neural activity is one consequence of the 22q11.2 deletion and may be a fundamental component of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torfi Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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97
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Guilmatre A, Dubourg C, Mosca AL, Legallic S, Goldenberg A, Drouin-Garraud V, Layet V, Rosier A, Briault S, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Laumonnier F, Odent S, Le Vacon G, Joly-Helas G, David V, Bendavid C, Pinoit JM, Henry C, Impallomeni C, Germano E, Tortorella G, Di Rosa G, Barthelemy C, Andres C, Faivre L, Frébourg T, Saugier Veber P, Campion D. Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:947-56. [PMID: 19736351 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Results of comparative genomic hybridization studies have suggested that rare copy number variations (CNVs) at numerous loci are involved in the cause of mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES To provide an estimate of the collective frequency of a set of recurrent or overlapping CNVs in 3 different groups of cases compared with healthy control subjects and to assess whether each CNV is present in more than 1 clinical category. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Academic research. PARTICIPANTS We investigated 28 candidate loci previously identified by comparative genomic hybridization studies for gene dosage alteration in 247 cases with mental retardation, in 260 cases with autism spectrum disorders, in 236 cases with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and in 236 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Collective and individual frequencies of the analyzed CNVs in cases compared with controls. RESULTS Recurrent or overlapping CNVs were found in cases at 39.3% of the selected loci. The collective frequency of CNVs at these loci is significantly increased in cases with autism, in cases with schizophrenia, and in cases with mental retardation compared with controls (P < .001, P = .01, and P = .001, respectively, Fisher exact test). Individual significance (P = .02 without correction for multiple testing) was reached for the association between autism and a 350-kilobase deletion located at 22q11 and spanning the PRODH and DGCR6 genes. CONCLUSIONS Weakly to moderately recurrent CNVs (transmitted or occurring de novo) seem to be causative or contributory factors for these diseases. Most of these CNVs (which contain genes involved in neurotransmission or in synapse formation and maintenance) are present in the 3 pathologic conditions (schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation), supporting the existence of shared biologic pathways in these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Guilmatre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 614, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire de Recherche Biomédicale, 76000 Rouen, France
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98
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Diminished dosage of 22q11 genes disrupts neurogenesis and cortical development in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16434-45. [PMID: 19805316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905696106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion (or DiGeorge) syndrome (22q11DS), the result of a 1.5- to 3-megabase hemizygous deletion on human chromosome 22, results in dramatically increased susceptibility for "diseases of cortical connectivity" thought to arise during development, including schizophrenia and autism. We show that diminished dosage of the genes deleted in the 1.5-megabase 22q11 minimal critical deleted region in a mouse model of 22q11DS specifically compromises neurogenesis and subsequent differentiation in the cerebral cortex. Proliferation of basal, but not apical, progenitors is disrupted, and subsequently, the frequency of layer 2/3, but not layer 5/6, projection neurons is altered. This change is paralleled by aberrant distribution of parvalbumin-labeled interneurons in upper and lower cortical layers. Deletion of Tbx1 or Prodh (22q11 genes independently associated with 22q11DS phenotypes) does not similarly disrupt basal progenitors. However, expression analysis implicates additional 22q11 genes that are selectively expressed in cortical precursors. Thus, diminished 22q11 gene dosage disrupts cortical neurogenesis and interneuron migration. Such developmental disruption may alter cortical circuitry and establish vulnerability for developmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism.
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99
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Abstract
Animal models have been useful in elucidating the genetic basis of the cognitive and behavioural phenotypes associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions. Loss-of-function models have implicated a number of genes as playing a role in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. Here, we report the generation and initial analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic (Tg) mice, overexpressing genes from within the 22q11.2 locus. We used engineered BAC constructs to generate Tg lines and quantitative RT-PCR to assess levels of gene expression in each line. We assessed PPI and open-field activity in mice from two low copy number lines. In Tg-1, a line overexpressing Prodh and Vpreb2, PPI was significantly increased at prepulse levels of 78 dB and 82 dB while no differences were found in activity measures. By contrast, no significant differences were found in PPI testing of the Tg-2 line overexpressing Zdhhc8, Ranbp1, Htf9c, T10, Arvcf and Comt. Taken together with previous loss-of-function reports, these findings suggest that Prodh has a key role in modulating the degree of sensorimotor gating in mice and possibly in humans and provide additional support for an important role of this pathway in modulating behavioural deficits associated with genomic gains or losses at 22q11.2.
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100
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Tost H, Alam T, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Dopamine and psychosis: theory, pathomechanisms and intermediate phenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:689-700. [PMID: 19559045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder arising from the adverse interaction of predisposing risk genes and environmental factors. The psychopathology is characterized by a wide array of disturbing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that interfere with the individual's capacity to function in society. Contemporary pathophysiological models assume that psychotic symptoms are triggered by a dysregulation of dopaminergic activity in the brain, a theory that is tightly linked to the serendipitous discovery of the first effective antipsychotic agents in the early 1950s. In recent years, the availability of modern neuroimaging techniques has significantly expanded our understanding of the key mediator circuits that bridge the gap between genetic susceptibility and clinical phenotype. This paper discusses the pathophysiological concepts, molecular mechanisms and neuroimaging evidence that link psychosis to disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Tost
- Unit for Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, DHHS, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1365, USA
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