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LncRNA FTX Involves in the Nogo-66-Induced Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth Through Regulating PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1143-1153. [PMID: 32107749 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-66 can inhibit neurite outgrowth, while its regulation mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies prove that lncRNAs are involved in neurite outgrowth. This study was aimed to investigate whether lncRNA FTX was involved in Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth and explore the potential mechanism. The expression of relative genes was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. The function of FTX was determined by overexpression and knockdown techniques. The interaction between FTX and PDK1 was evaluated by RIP and RNA pull-down assays. FTX expression was downregulated by Nogo-66 in PC12 cells. Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth was relieved by FTX overexpression. FTX bound to PDK1 protein to disturb the interaction between PDK1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF126, thereby blocked the ubiquitination degradation of PDK1 and elevated PDK1 protein level. Mechanically, FTX involved in the Nogo-66-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth through the PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β pathway. In SCI rats, FTX knockdown inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by the receptor antagonist of Nogo-66. The present results suggested that FTX took part in Nogo-66-inhibited neurite outgrowth, and FTX exerted its function through regulating PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β pathway.
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Yao B, Liang M, Liu H, Sui T, Song Y, Zhang Y, Deng J, Xu Y, Lai L, Li Z. The minimal promoter (P1) of Xist is non-essential for X chromosome inactivation. RNA Biol 2020; 17:623-629. [PMID: 32036747 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1725725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous report shows the minimal promoter (P1) contributes to the Xist RNA activation in cells, while the role of the Xist P1 has not yet been investigated in animal individuals. Here, female Xist P1 knockout rabbits (Xist P1-/-) were generated for the studies. The results showed that there is no significant difference in transmission ratio, Xist and X-linked genes expression, and Xist RNA localization between the female wild type (WT) and Xist P1-/- rabbits, suggesting that P1 is non-essential for Xist expression and XCI in rabbits. Our study has explored the function of Xist P1 in animal level for the first time, and the results provide new ideas for future studies of XCI mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Sui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jichao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guang Dong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhu F, Yin J, Li J, Xue J. MicroRNA-421 affects the chemotaxis of monocytes via MCP-1, and regulates the local immune responses in injured cartilage site of elbow joint of upper limbs. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1738955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Xue
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Dharshini SAP, Taguchi YH, Gromiha MM. Investigating the energy crisis in Alzheimer disease using transcriptome study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18509. [PMID: 31811163 PMCID: PMC6898285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder, which initiates from hippocampus and proliferates to cortical regions. The neurons of hippocampus require higher energy to preserve the firing pattern. In AD, aberrant energy metabolism is the critical factor for neurodegeneration. However, the reason for the energy crisis in hippocampus neurons is still unresolved. Transcriptome analysis enables us in understanding the underlying mechanism of energy crisis. In this study, we identified variants/differential gene/transcript expression profiles from hippocampus RNA-seq data. We predicted the effect of variants in transcription factor (TF) binding using in silico tools. Further, a hippocampus-specific co-expression and functional interaction network were designed to decipher the relationships between TF and differentially expressed genes (DG). Identified variants predominantly influence TF binding, which subsequently regulates the DG. From the results, we hypothesize that the loss of vascular integrity is the fundamental attribute for the energy crisis, which leads to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akila Parvathy Dharshini
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Y-H Taguchi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamilnadu, India.
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Zhu L, Jia R, Zhang J, Li X, Qin C, Zhao Q. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Revealed the Potential Role of lncRNA Ftx in Promoting Gastric Cancer Progression. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 14:e1900053. [PMID: 31709769 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular pathogenesis of gastric cancer is still ambiguous till now. Here, it is demonstrated that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Ftx acts as a novel tumor promotor of gastric cancer and a potent regulator of hexokinase-2 (HK2). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The role of lncRNA Ftx is detected in the loss and gain-of-function models of gastric cancer cells. Tandem mass tags combined with multidimensional LC and MS analyses are performed to decipher comparative proteomic profiles of gastric cancer cells in response to lncRNA Ftx knockdown and overexpression. Real-time roteomics-clinical applications (PCR) and western blot are used to validate the proteomic data. RESULTS A total of 5124 proteins are quantified and indicated in diverse biological functions and metabolic related signaling pathways. Interestingly, HK2, which is downregulated when lncRNA Ftx is deleted and upregulated while lncRNA Ftx is overexpressed, is further validated in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study suggests lncRNA Ftx promotes gastric cancer progression by upregulating HK2, which provides a new perspective for the mechanism of gastric cancer progression, and thus identifies potential therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
| | - Ruzhen Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
| | - Junyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, P. R. China
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Long Non-Coding RNAs and Related Molecular Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194898. [PMID: 31581735 PMCID: PMC6801574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recurrent seizures are the cardinal clinical manifestation. Although it has been reported that the underlying pathological processes include inflammation, changes in synaptic strength, apoptosis, and ion channels dysfunction, currently the pathogenesis of epilepsy is not yet completely understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of long transcripts without protein-coding capacity, have emerged as regulatory molecules that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. A growing number of studies reported that lncRNAs participate in the regulation of pathological processes of epilepsy and they are dysregulated during epileptogenesis. Moreover, an aberrant expression of lncRNAs linked to epilepsy has been observed both in patients and in animal models. In this review, we summarize latest advances concerning the mechanisms of action and the involvement of the most dysregulated lncRNAs in epilepsy. However, the functional roles of lncRNAs in the disease pathogenesis are still to be explored and we are only at the beginning. Additional studies are needed for the complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and they would result in the use of lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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57
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Abstract
In mammals, dosage compensation of sex chromosomal genes between females (XX) and males (XY) is achieved through X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). The X-linked X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist) long noncoding RNA is indispensable for XCI and initiates the process early during development by spreading in cis across the X chromosome from which it is transcribed. During XCI, Xist RNA triggers gene silencing, recruits a plethora of chromatin modifying factors, and drives a major structural reorganization of the X chromosome. Here, we review our knowledge of the multitude of epigenetic events orchestrated by Xist RNA to allow female mammals to survive through embryonic development by establishing and maintaining proper dosage compensation. In particular, we focus on recent studies characterizing the interaction partners of Xist RNA, and we discuss how they have affected the field by addressing long-standing controversies or by giving rise to new research perspectives that are currently being explored. This review is dedicated to the memory of Denise Barlow, pioneer of genomic imprinting and functional long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), whose work has revolutionized the epigenetics field and continues to inspire generations of scientists.
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The bipartite TAD organization of the X-inactivation center ensures opposing developmental regulation of Tsix and Xist. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1024-1034. [PMID: 31133748 PMCID: PMC6551226 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mouse X-inactivation center (Xic) locus represents a powerful model for understanding the links between genome architecture and gene regulation, with the non-coding genes Xist and Tsix showing opposite developmental expression patterns while being organized as an overlapping sense/antisense unit. The Xic is organized into two topologically associating domains (TADs) but the role of this architecture in orchestrating cis-regulatory information remains elusive. To explore this, we generated genomic inversions that swap the Xist/Tsix transcriptional unit and place their promoters in each other’s TAD. We found that this led to a switch in their expression dynamics: Xist became precociously and ectopically up-regulated, both in male and female pluripotent cells, while Tsix expression aberrantly persisted during differentiation. The topological partitioning of the Xic is thus critical to ensure proper developmental timing of X inactivation. Our study illustrates how the genomic architecture of cis-regulatory landscapes can affect the regulation of mammalian developmental processes.
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59
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Loss of p53 Causes Stochastic Aberrant X-Chromosome Inactivation and Female-Specific Neural Tube Defects. Cell Rep 2019; 27:442-454.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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60
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Abstract
While only a small part of the human genome encodes for proteins, biological functions for the so-called junk genome are increasingly being recognized through high-throughput technologies and mechanistic experimental studies. Indeed, novel mechanisms of gene regulation are being discovered that require coordinated interaction between DNA, RNA, and proteins. Therefore, interdisciplinary efforts are still needed to decipher these complex transcriptional networks. In this review, we discuss how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are epigenetically regulated in cancer and metastases and consequently how ncRNAs participate in the sculpting of the epigenetic profile of a cancer cell, thus modulating the expression of other RNA molecules. In the latter case, ncRNAs not only affect the DNA methylation status of certain genomic loci but also interact with histone-modifying complexes, changing the structure of the chromatin itself. We present several examples of epigenetic changes causing aberrant expression of ncRNAs in the context of tumor progression. Interestingly, there are also important epigenetic changes and transcriptional regulatory effects derived from their aberrant expression. As ncRNAs can also be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis or explored as potential targets, we present insights into the use of ncRNAs for targeted cancer therapy.
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61
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Li X, Giri V, Cui Y, Yin M, Xian Z, Li J. LncRNA FTX inhibits hippocampal neuron apoptosis by regulating miR-21-5p/SOX7 axis in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Yang F, Wen S, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Lv H, Zhu Y, Wang M, Su P, Huang C, Tian Z. Identifying potential metastasis-related long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and message RNAs in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13202-13215. [PMID: 30891809 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant form with the highest incidence. We aimed to find metastasis-related differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNA (mRNAs) in ESCC. We first obtained the lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs profiles. The differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were obtained, followed by the functional annotation. Then the interaction networks of miRNA-mRNA, lncRNA-mRNA coexpression, lncRNA-miRNA, and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed. In addition, systematic expression pattern analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNA, and mRNA in the normal, metastasis, and nonmetastasis was performed. Survivability of differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNA was analyzed. A total of 613 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 35 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 1586 differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained. Several interactions of H19-hsa-mir-222-chromobox 2 (CBX2), H19-hsa-mir-330-phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (PIK3R4), KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1)/CTB-89H12.4-hsa-mir-374a-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), MALAT1/X inactive specific transcript (XIST)/XIST antisense RNA (TSIX)-hsa-mir-340-tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (NFRSF10A) were identified to play key roles in the metastasis of ESCC. In addition, KCNQ1OT1, TSIX, and XIST were significantly associated with the survival time of patients. In conclusion, our study may be helpful in understanding the pathological mechanism and providing new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shiwang Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanzhao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huilai Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mingbo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ziqiang Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Cheng S, Pei Y, He L, Peng G, Reinius B, Tam PP, Jing N, Deng Q. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity of Pluripotency Transition and X Chromosome Dynamics during Early Mouse Development. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2593-2607.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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64
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Bian H, Zhou Y, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Shang D, Qi J. The latest progress on miR-374 and its functional implications in physiological and pathological processes. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3063-3076. [PMID: 30772950 PMCID: PMC6484333 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been emerging players in cell development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Based on their differences in length and structure, they are subdivided into several categories including long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs >200nt), stable non‐coding RNAs (60‐300nt), microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs, 18‐24nt), circular RNAs, piwi‐interacting RNAs (26‐31nt) and small interfering RNAs (about 21nt). Therein, miRNAs not only directly regulate gene expression through pairing of nucleotide bases between the miRNA sequence and a specific mRNA that leads to the translational repression or degradation of the target mRNA, but also indirectly affect the function of downstream genes through interactions with lncRNAs and circRNAs. The latest studies have highlighted their importance in physiological and pathological processes. MiR‐374 family member are located at the X‐chromosome inactivation center. In recent years, numerous researches have uncovered that miR‐374 family members play an indispensable regulatory role, such as in reproductive disorders, cell growth and differentiation, calcium handling in the kidney, various cancers and epilepsy. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of miR‐374 family members in multiple physiological and pathological processes. More specifically, we also summarize their promising potential as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Deya Shang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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65
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Liu X, Li C, Zhu J, Li W, Zhu Q. Dysregulation of FTX/miR-545 signaling pathway downregulates Tim-3 and is responsible for the abnormal activation of macrophage in cirrhosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2336-2346. [PMID: 30304545 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has suggested the involvement of miR-545 and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) FTX in a wide range of diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the function of miR-545 and lncRNA FTX in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis. METHOD The level of Tim-3, TLR-4, and endotoxin was detected in CD14+ , CD14 + CD16 + , and CD14 + CD16 - monocytes isolated from both patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls. ELISA assays were performed to detect the effect of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or FTX on the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB). In-silico analysis, luciferase assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Western blot analysis were utilized to determine the regulatory relationship between miR-545 and Tim-3. RESULTS The levels of Tim-3, Tim-3 MIF and endotoxin were reduced in the CD14+ monocytes isolated from patients with cirrhosis. In addition, the level of Tim-3 was also decreased in the CD14 + CD16 - monocytes isolated from patients with cirrhosis, whereas the level of Tim-3 in CD14 + CD16 + monocytes showed no evident difference between healthy controls and patients with cirrhosis. Furthermore, TLR-4 was highly expressed in CD14 + CD16 + monocytes isolated from patients with cirrhosis, whereas Tim-3 was negatively regulated by endotoxin and the correlation coefficient was -0.5287. After the LPS stimulation, although the level of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-kB was higher in both patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls, the effect of LPS in patients with cirrhosis was much more significant. In addition, the cirrhosis group showed a lower level of FTX and Tim-3, but a higher level of miR-545. Moreover, miR-545 directly bound to the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of Tim-3 and inhibited the luciferase activity of cells cotransfected with miR-545 mimics and wild-type 3'UTR of Tim-3. Furthermore, FTX downregulated the expression of miR-545, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-kB, but upregulated the expression of Tim-3. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirmed the effect of FTX, miR-545, and Tim-3 on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio, and the severity and prognosis of HBV-related cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Afflilated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Afflilated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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66
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Furlan G, Gutierrez Hernandez N, Huret C, Galupa R, van Bemmel JG, Romito A, Heard E, Morey C, Rougeulle C. The Ftx Noncoding Locus Controls X Chromosome Inactivation Independently of Its RNA Products. Mol Cell 2019; 70:462-472.e8. [PMID: 29706539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of the Xist long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) on one X chromosome is the trigger for X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. Xist expression, which needs to be tightly controlled, involves a cis-acting region, the X-inactivation center (Xic), containing many lncRNA genes that evolved concomitantly to Xist from protein-coding ancestors through pseudogeneization and loss of coding potential. Here, we uncover an essential role for the Xic-linked noncoding gene Ftx in the regulation of Xist expression. We show that Ftx is required in cis to promote Xist transcriptional activation and establishment of XCI. Importantly, we demonstrate that this function depends on Ftx transcription and not on the RNA products. Our findings illustrate the multiplicity of layers operating in the establishment of XCI and highlight the diversity in the modus operandi of the noncoding players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furlan
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nancy Gutierrez Hernandez
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Huret
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Rafael Galupa
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR3215/U934 Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Joke Gerarda van Bemmel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR3215/U934 Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, F-75005 Paris, France; Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Romito
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Edith Heard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, UMR3215/U934 Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Céline Morey
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Claire Rougeulle
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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Ju C, Lv Z, Zhang C, Jiao Y. Regulatory effect of miR-421 on humeral fracture and heterotopic ossification in elderly patients. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:1903-1911. [PMID: 30783467 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-421 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the bone tissues and blood of elderly patients with humeral fractures and heterotopic ossification. A total of 38 patients with humeral fractures, including 16 patients who received surgery within 1-7 days of fracture and 22 patients who received surgery within 8-14 days of fracture, were enrolled. An additional 18 patients who had heterotopic ossification and 26 patients who had humeral fracture and not heterotopic ossification were also included. Bone tissues and blood were collected. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the miR-421 and BMP-2 mRNA expression levels in the samples. Western blotting and ELISA were performed to detect BMP-2 protein levels in bone tissues and blood, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify whether BMP-2 is the direct target gene of miR-421. Compared with the patients who received surgery 1-7 days after fracture, the patients who accepted the surgery 8-14 days after fracture had significantly increased levels of BMP-2 mRNA and protein in their bone tissues and blood (P<0.05). Contrastingly, the expression level of miR-421 decreased in the samples from patients who accepted the surgery 8-14 days after fracture compared with the level in those who received surgery 1-7 days after fracture (P<0.05). Compared with the patients without heterotopic ossification, the patients with heterotopic ossification had increased BMP-2 mRNA and protein expression levels in their bone tissues and blood, whereas the expression of miR-421 was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that BMP-2 was the direct target gene of miR-421. The upregulation of BMP-2 may be associated with the downregulation of miR-421. miR-421 may regulate the recovery of humeral fracture and heterotopic ossification through BMP-2. The results of the present study may provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of humeral fracture and heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Ju
- Department of Health Care for The Elderly, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Lv
- Department of Nursing, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257034, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Pallotta MM, Barbato V, Pinton A, Acloque H, Gualtieri R, Talevi R, Jammes H, Capriglione T. In vitro exposure to CPF affects bovine sperm epigenetic gene methylation pattern and the ability of sperm to support fertilization and embryo development. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:85-95. [PMID: 30365181 DOI: 10.1002/em.22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that overexposure to pesticides can reduce mammalian sperm quality, impairing male fertility. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphate pesticide, was shown to impair spermatogenesis by inducing the formation of highly reactive toxic intermediates. To gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CPF, bovine spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to environmental CPF concentrations and the motility, in vitro fertilization rates, DNA fragmentation, chromatin alterations, and methylation patterns were assessed. Motility and in vitro fertilization rates were significantly reduced in spermatozoa exposed to CPF, while DNA fragmentation and putative chromatin deconstruction appeared to increase at higher pesticide concentrations. In situ hybridization was carried out with X and Y probes on sperm samples exposed to different CPF concentrations, and subsequent analysis highlighted a significant percentage of spermatozoa with a peculiar morphological malformation, in which a narrowing occurred at the level of the hybridization. Analysis of potential abnormalities in the methylation pattern of NESP55-GNAS and XIST promoters displayed no differentially methylated regions in GNAS promoter relative to the control, whereas spermatozoa exposed to 10 μg/mL CPF had increased methylation variance in one region of imprinted XIST promoter. Our results provide support that CPF can induce a genotoxic effect on spermatozoa, impairig their ability to fertilize and support preimplantation embryo development in vitro. These observations are worrying since altered levels of sporadic methylation in genes of male gametes may affect the success of reproduction and contribute to infertility. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:85-95, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenza Barbato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alain Pinton
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hervè Acloque
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Roberto Gualtieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Talevi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hèléne Jammes
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Bhatia V, Yadav A, Tiwari R, Nigam S, Goel S, Carskadon S, Gupta N, Goel A, Palanisamy N, Ateeq B. Epigenetic Silencing of miRNA-338-5p and miRNA-421 Drives SPINK1-Positive Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2755-2768. [PMID: 30587549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type-1 (SPINK1) overexpression defines the second most recurrent and aggressive prostate cancer subtype. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and pathobiology of SPINK1 in prostate cancer remains largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN miRNA prediction tools were employed to examine the SPINK1-3'UTR for miRNA binding. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm the SPINK1-3'UTR binding of shortlisted miR-338-5p/miR-421. Furthermore, miR-338-5p/-421-overexpressing cancer cells (SPINK1-positive) were evaluated for oncogenic properties using cell-based functional assays and a mouse xenograft model. Global gene expression profiling was performed to unravel the biological pathways altered by miR-338-5p/-421. IHC and RNA in situ hybridization were carried out on prostate cancer patients' tissue microarray for SPINK1 and EZH2 expression, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed to examine EZH2 occupancy on the miR-338-5p/-421-regulatory regions. Bisulfite sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation were performed on prostate cancer cell lines and patients' specimens. RESULTS We established a critical role of miRNA-338-5p/-421 in posttranscriptional regulation of SPINK1. Ectopic expression of miRNA-338-5p/-421 in SPINK1-positive cells abrogates oncogenic properties including cell-cycle progression, stemness, and drug resistance, and shows reduced tumor burden and distant metastases in a mouse model. Importantly, we show that patients with SPINK1-positive prostate cancer exhibit increased EZH2 expression, suggesting its role in epigenetic silencing of miRNA-338-5p/-421. Furthermore, presence of CpG dinucleotide DNA methylation marks on the regulatory regions of miR-338-5p/-421 in SPINK1-positive prostate cancer cells and patients' specimens confirms epigenetic silencing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that miRNA-338-5p/-421 are epigenetically silenced in SPINK1-positive prostate cancer, although restoring the expression of these miRNAs using epigenetic drugs or synthetic mimics could abrogate SPINK1-mediated oncogenesis.See related commentary by Bjartell, p. 2679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Bhatia
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritika Tiwari
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivansh Nigam
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Goel
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ma C, Luo H, Liu B, Li F, Tschöpe C, Fa X. Long noncoding RNAs: A new player in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3056. [PMID: 30160026 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) can cause extensive necrosis of the heart muscle by metabolic disorders and microangiopathy, with subclinical cardiac dysfunction, and eventually progress to heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiogenic shock; severe patients may even die suddenly. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of nonprotein-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. They have critical roles in various biological processes, including gene expression regulation, genomic imprinting, nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking, RNA splicing, and translational control. Recent studies indicated that lncRNAs extensively participate in the development of diverse cardiac diseases, such as cardiac ischaemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure. Little is known about lncRNA in DCM. In this review, we summarize the current literature on lncRNAs in DCM studies, aiming to provide new methods for DCM's future prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Campus Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xianen Fa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ma M, Pei Y, Wang X, Feng J, Zhang Y, Gao MQ. LncRNA XIST mediates bovine mammary epithelial cell inflammatory response via NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12525. [PMID: 30362186 PMCID: PMC6430464 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The correlations between long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and diverse mammal diseases have been clarified by many researches, but the cognition about bovine mastitis‐related lncRNAs remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of lncRNA X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST) in the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Materials and methods Two inflammatory bovine mammary alveolar cell‐T (MAC‐T) models were established by infecting the cells with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The expressions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines were measured, and the proliferation, viability and apoptosis of the inflammatory cells were evaluated after XIST was knocked down by an siRNA. The relationship among XIST, NF‐κB pathway and NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was investigated using an inhibitor of NF‐κB signal pathway. Results The expression of XIST was abnormally increased in bovine mastitic tissues and inflammatory MAC‐T cells. Silencing of XIST significantly increased the expression of E. coli or S. aureus‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, knockdown of XIST could inhibit cell proliferation, suppress cell viability and promote cell apoptosis under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, XIST inhibited E. coli or S. aureus‐induced NF‐κB phosphorylation and the production of NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions The expression of XIST was promoted by activated NF‐κB pathway and, in turn, XIST generated a negative feedback loop to regulate NF‐κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway for mediating the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaxin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming-Qing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Galupa R, Heard E. X-Chromosome Inactivation: A Crossroads Between Chromosome Architecture and Gene Regulation. Annu Rev Genet 2018; 52:535-566. [PMID: 30256677 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120116-024611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In somatic nuclei of female therian mammals, the two X chromosomes display very different chromatin states: One X is typically euchromatic and transcriptionally active, and the other is mostly silent and forms a cytologically detectable heterochromatic structure termed the Barr body. These differences, which arise during female development as a result of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), have been the focus of research for many decades. Initial approaches to define the structure of the inactive X chromosome (Xi) and its relationship to gene expression mainly involved microscopy-based approaches. More recently, with the advent of genomic techniques such as chromosome conformation capture, molecular details of the structure and expression of the Xi have been revealed. Here, we review our current knowledge of the 3D organization of the mammalian X-chromosome chromatin and discuss its relationship with gene activity in light of the initiation, spreading, and maintenance of XCI, as well as escape from gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Galupa
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit and Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France; .,Current affiliation: Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edith Heard
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit and Mammalian Developmental Epigenetics Group, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France; .,Collège de France, 75231 Paris, France
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73
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Female mice lacking Ftx lncRNA exhibit impaired X-chromosome inactivation and a microphthalmia-like phenotype. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3829. [PMID: 30237402 PMCID: PMC6148026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential epigenetic process in female mammalian development. Although cell-based studies suggest the potential importance of the Ftx long non-protein-coding RNA (lncRNA) in XCI, its physiological roles in vivo remain unclear. Here we show that targeted deletion of X-linked mouse Ftx lncRNA causes eye abnormalities resembling human microphthalmia in a subset of females but rarely in males. This inheritance pattern cannot be explained by X-linked dominant or recessive inheritance, where males typically show a more severe phenotype than females. In Ftx-deficient mice, some X-linked genes remain active on the inactive X, suggesting that defects in random XCI in somatic cells cause a substantially female-specific phenotype. The expression level of Xist, a master regulator of XCI, is diminished in females homozygous or heterozygous for Ftx deficiency. We propose that loss-of-Ftx lncRNA abolishes gene silencing on the inactive X chromosome, leading to a female microphthalmia-like phenotype. Although Ftx lncRNA has been linked to X-chromosome inactivation, its physiological roles in vivo remain unclear. Here the authors show that deletion of mouse Ftx causes eye abnormalities similar to human microphthalmia in a subset of female mice but rarely in males and provide evidence that Ftx plays a role in gene silencing on the inactive X chromosome.
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Chen X, Xu X, Cao G, Li H, Wu T. LncRNA FTX sponges miR-215 and inhibits phosphorylation of vimentin for promoting colorectal cancer progression. Gene Ther 2018; 25:321-330. [PMID: 29925853 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent researches have reported that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) five prime to Xist (FTX) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancers. In the current study, the clinical significance and functional roles of lncRNA FTX in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression were investigated. A significant increase of lncRNA FTX expression in CRC tissue and cell lines was observed. Overexpression of lncRNA FTX was significantly associated with the bigger tumor diameter, the advanced TNM stage, the lymph node, and distant metastasis, and also predicted poor prognosis of patients with CRC. Functional analyses demonstrated that knockdown of lncRNA FTX markedly inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, FTX directly interacted with miR-215 and suppressed miR-215 expression. FTX also bind to vimentin and reduced its phosphorylation level on Ser83 in CRC cells. Finally, using siRNAs against lncRNA FTX could dramatically inhibit CRC growth and distant metastasis in vivo. Taken together, our data demonstrated an oncogenic role of lncRNA FTX in CRC tumorigenesis and progression via interaction with miR-215 and vimentin. Then, a promising therapeutic target for CRC was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Jinpei Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China.
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75
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Sahakyan A, Yang Y, Plath K. The Role of Xist in X-Chromosome Dosage Compensation. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:999-1013. [PMID: 29910081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In each somatic cell of a female mammal one X chromosome is transcriptionally silenced via X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), initiating early in development. Although XCI events are conserved in mouse and human postimplantation development, regulation of X-chromosome dosage in preimplantation development occurs differently. In preimplantation development, mouse embryos undergo imprinted form of XCI, yet humans lack imprinted XCI and instead regulate gene expression of both X chromosomes by dampening transcription. The long non-coding RNA Xist/XIST is expressed in mouse and human preimplantation and postimplantation development to orchestrate XCI, but its role in dampening is unclear. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of Xist in X chromosome dosage compensation in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sahakyan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yihao Yang
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathrin Plath
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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James de Bony E, Bizet M, Van Grembergen O, Hassabi B, Calonne E, Putmans P, Bontempi G, Fuks F. Comprehensive identification of long noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27605-27629. [PMID: 29963224 PMCID: PMC6021240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in humans and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As in the case of other cancers, CRC heterogeneity leads to a wide range of clinical outcomes and complicates therapy. Over the years, multiple factors have emerged as markers of CRC heterogeneity, improving tumor classification and selection of therapeutic strategies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity remains a major challenge. A considerable research effort is therefore devoted to identifying additional features of colorectal tumors, in order to better understand CRC etiology and to multiply therapeutic avenues. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important players in physiological and pathological processes, including CRC. Here we looked for lncRNAs that might contribute to the various colorectal tumor phenotypes. We thus monitored the expression of 4898 lncRNA genes across 566 CRC samples and identified 282 lncRNAs reflecting CRC heterogeneity. We then inferred potential functions of these lncRNAs. Our results highlight lncRNAs that may participate in the major processes altered in distinct CRC cases, such as WNT/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling, immunity, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. For several candidates, we provide experimental evidence supporting our functional predictions that they may be involved in the cell cycle or the EMT. Overall, our work identifies lncRNAs associated with key CRC characteristics and provides insights into their respective functions. Our findings constitute a further step towards understanding the contribution of lncRNAs to CRC heterogeneity. They may open new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric James de Bony
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Inter-University Institute of Bioinformatics, Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles–Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van Grembergen
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bouchra Hassabi
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Putmans
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Bontempi
- Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Inter-University Institute of Bioinformatics, Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles–Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Sousa EJ, Stuart HT, Bates LE, Ghorbani M, Nichols J, Dietmann S, Silva JCR. Exit from Naive Pluripotency Induces a Transient X Chromosome Inactivation-like State in Males. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:919-928.e6. [PMID: 29804891 PMCID: PMC5989057 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of naive pluripotency is the presence of two active X chromosomes in females. It is not clear whether prevention of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is mediated by gene networks that preserve the naive state. Here, we show that robust naive pluripotent stem cell (nPSC) self-renewal represses expression of Xist, the master regulator of XCI. We found that nPSCs accumulate Xist on the male X chromosome and on both female X chromosomes as they become NANOG negative at the onset of differentiation. This is accompanied by the appearance of a repressive chromatin signature and partial X-linked gene silencing, suggesting a transient and rapid XCI-like state in male nPSCs. In the embryo, Xist is transiently expressed in males and in females from both X chromosomes at the onset of naive epiblast differentiation. In conclusion, we propose that XCI initiation is gender independent and triggered by destabilization of naive identity, suggesting that gender-specific mechanisms follow, rather than precede, XCI initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa J Sousa
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannah T Stuart
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lawrence E Bates
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - José C R Silva
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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Li X, Zhao Q, Qi J, Wang W, Zhang D, Li Z, Qin C. lncRNA Ftx promotes aerobic glycolysis and tumor progression through the PPARγ pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:551-566. [PMID: 29845188 PMCID: PMC6017247 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is a phenomenon by which malignant cells preferentially metabolize glucose through the glycolytic pathway, rather than oxidative phosphorylation to proliferate efficiently. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and functional implications of long non-coding (lnc)RNA Ftx in the aerobic glycolysis and tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It was identified that lncRNA Ftx was upregulated in human HCC tissues and cell lines and, notably, was associated with aggressive clinicopathological features. lncRNA Ftx overexpression promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of HCC cells, whereas lncRNA Ftx knockdown resulted in the opposite effects. Furthermore, lncRNA Ftx affected the activity and expression of key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that lncRNA Ftx may be involved in aerobic glycolysis in HCC. The measurement of glucose consumption, lactate production and glucose transporter expression further supported this assumption. Mechanistically, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in human HCC tissues and cell lines was positively correlated with lncRNA Ftx. Inhibiting PPARγ in Huh7 cells partially abrogated the alterations in glucose uptake, lactate production and relative glycolytic enzyme expression induced by lncRNA Ftx; similarly, PPARγ activation in Bel-7402 cells partially rescued the lncRNA Ftx-mediated alterations. In conclusion, lncRNA Ftx is a promoter of the Warburg effect and tumor progression, partly via the PPARγ pathway, and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Liver Diseases Prevention and Control, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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79
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de Hoon B, Splinter E, Eussen B, Douben JCW, Rentmeester E, van de Heijning M, Laven JSE, de Klein JEMM, Liebelt J, Gribnau J. X chromosome inactivation in a female carrier of a 1.28 Mb deletion encompassing the human X inactivation centre. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0359. [PMID: 28947658 PMCID: PMC5627161 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a mechanism specifically initiated in female cells to silence one X chromosome, thereby equalizing the dose of X-linked gene products between male and female cells. XCI is regulated by a locus on the X chromosome termed the X-inactivation centre (XIC). Located within the XIC is XIST, which acts as a master regulator of XCI. During XCI, XIST is upregulated on the inactive X chromosome and chromosome-wide cis spreading of XIST leads to inactivation. In mouse, the Xic comprises Xist and all cis-regulatory elements and genes involved in Xist regulation. The activity of the XIC is regulated by trans-acting factors located elsewhere in the genome: X-encoded XCI activators positively regulating XCI, and autosomally encoded XCI inhibitors providing the threshold for XCI initiation. Whether human XCI is regulated through a similar mechanism, involving trans-regulatory factors acting on the XIC has remained elusive so far. Here, we describe a female individual with ovarian dysgenesis and a small X chromosomal deletion of the XIC. SNP-array and targeted locus amplification (TLA) analysis defined the deletion to a 1.28 megabase region, including XIST and all elements and genes that perform cis-regulatory functions in mouse XCI. Cells carrying this deletion still initiate XCI on the unaffected X chromosome, indicating that XCI can be initiated in the presence of only one XIC. Our results indicate that the trans-acting factors required for XCI initiation are located outside the deletion, providing evidence that the regulatory mechanisms of XCI are conserved between mouse and human. This article is part of the themed issue ‘X-chromosome inactivation: a tribute to Mary Lyon’.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Hoon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - B Eussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C W Douben
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Rentmeester
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J S E Laven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Liebelt
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Gribnau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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80
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Sado T. What makes the maternal X chromosome resistant to undergoing imprinted X inactivation? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0365. [PMID: 28947661 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, while either X chromosome is chosen for inactivation in a random fashion in the embryonic tissue, the paternally derived X chromosome is preferentially inactivated in the extraembryonic tissues. It has been shown that the maternal X chromosome is imprinted so as not to undergo inactivation in the extraembryonic tissues. X-linked noncoding Xist RNA becomes upregulated on the X chromosome that is to be inactivated. An antisense noncoding RNA, Tsix, which occurs at the Xist locus and has been shown to negatively regulate Xist expression in cis, is imprinted to be expressed from the maternal X in the extraembryonic tissues. Although Tsix appears to be responsible for the imprint laid on the maternal X, those who disagree with this idea would point out the fact that Tsix has not yet been expressed from the maternal X when Xist becomes upregulated on the paternal but not the maternal X at the onset of imprinted X-inactivation in preimplantation embryos. Recent studies have demonstrated, however, that there is a prominent difference in the chromatin structure at the Xist locus depending on the parental origin, which I suggest might account for the repression of maternal Xist in the absence of maternal Tsix at the preimplantation stages.This article is part of the themed issue 'X-chromosome inactivation: a tribute to Mary Lyon'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sado
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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81
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Rajpathak SN, Deobagkar DD. Aneuploidy: an important model system to understand salient aspects of functional genomics. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:181-190. [PMID: 29228117 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a balance in gene dosage and protein activity is essential to sustain normal cellular functions. Males and females have a wide range of genetic as well as epigenetic differences, where X-linked gene dosage is an essential regulatory factor. Basic understanding of gene dosage maintenance has emerged from the studies carried out using mouse models with FCG (four core genotype) and chromosomal aneuploidy as well as from mono-chromosomal hybrid cells. In mammals, aneuploidy often leads to embryonic lethality particularly in early development with major developmental and structural abnormalities. Thus, in-depth analysis of the causes and consequences of gene dosage alterations is needed to unravel its effects on basic cellular and developmental functions as well as in understanding its medical implications. Cells isolated from individuals with naturally occurring chromosomal aneuploidy can be considered as true representatives, as these cells have stable chromosomal alterations/gene dosage imbalance, which have occurred by modulation of the basic molecular machinery. Therefore, innovative use of these natural aneuploidy cells/organisms with recent molecular and high-throughput techniques will provide an understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in gene dosage balance and the related consequences for functional genomics.
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82
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Zhang X, Yang J, Li Y, Ma X, Li R. Sex chromosome abnormalities and psychiatric diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3969-3979. [PMID: 27992373 PMCID: PMC5354807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Excesses of sex chromosome abnormalities in patients with psychiatric diseases have recently been observed. It remains unclear whether sex chromosome abnormalities are related to sex differences in some psychiatric diseases. While studies showed evidence of susceptibility loci over many sex chromosomal regions related to various mental diseases, others demonstrated that the sex chromosome aneuploidies may be the key to exploring the pathogenesis of psychiatric disease. In this review, we will outline the current evidence on the interaction of sex chromosome abnormalities with schizophrenia, autism, ADHD and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
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83
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Saha P, Verma S, Pathak RU, Mishra RK. Long Noncoding RNAs in Mammalian Development and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1008:155-198. [PMID: 28815540 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5203-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following analysis of sequenced genomes and transcriptome of many eukaryotes, it is evident that virtually all protein-coding genes have already been discovered. These advances have highlighted an intriguing paradox whereby the relative amount of protein-coding sequences remain constant but nonprotein-coding sequences increase consistently in parallel to increasing evolutionary complexity. It is established that differences between species map to nonprotein-coding regions of the genome that surprisingly is transcribed extensively. These transcripts regulate epigenetic processes and constitute an important layer of regulatory information essential for organismal development and play a causative role in diseases. The noncoding RNA-directed regulatory circuit controls complex characteristics. Sequence variations in noncoding RNAs influence evolution, quantitative traits, and disease susceptibility. This chapter presents an account on a class of such noncoding transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides (long noncoding RNA-lncRNA) in mammalian development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Saha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Shreekant Verma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Rashmi U Pathak
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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84
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Liu Z, Dou C, Yao B, Xu M, Ding L, Wang Y, Jia Y, Li Q, Zhang H, Tu K, Song T, Liu Q. Ftx non coding RNA-derived miR-545 promotes cell proliferation by targeting RIG-I in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25350-65. [PMID: 26992218 PMCID: PMC5041909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that aberrant expression of several lncRNAs was found to be involved in the hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, a lncRNA Ftx was chosen to investigate its effects on HCC cells, and clarify the possible mechanism. We demonstrated that the lncRNA Ftx and Ftx-derived miR-545 were up-regulated in both HCC tissues and cells. MiR-545 was positively correlated with lncRNA Ftx expression. Notably, clinical association analysis revealed that the high expression of lncRNA Ftx and miR-545 was associated with poor prognostic features, and conferred a reduced 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of HCC patients. We found that miR-545 was a pivotal mediator in Ftx-induced promotion of HCC cell growth. Subsequently, we identified RIG-I as a direct target of miR-545. The expression of RIG-I was downregulated in HCC tissues and was inversely correlated with miR-545 expression. Our data revealed that ectopic expression of RIG-I abrogated the effects of lncRNA Ftx or miR-545 on HCC cells. LncRNA Ftx/miR-545-mediated downregulation of RIG-I led to increased Akt phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Akt phosphorylation abolished the effects of lncRNA Ftx/miR-545 on HCC cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the novel pathway lncRNA Ftx/miR-545/RIG-I promotes HCC development by activating PI3K/Akt signaling, and it may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changwei Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bowen Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linglong Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuli Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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85
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Long B, Li N, Xu XX, Li XX, Xu XJ, Guo D, Zhang D, Wu ZH, Zhang SY. Long noncoding RNA FTX regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting miR-29b-1-5p and Bcl2l2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:312-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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86
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Abstract
DNA methylation is a dynamic epigenetic mark that characterizes different cellular developmental stages, including tissue-specific profiles. This CpG dinucleotide modification cooperates in the regulation of the output of the cellular genetic content, in both healthy and pathological conditions. According to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, DNA methylation is involved in gene transcription, alternative splicing, imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and control of transposable elements. When these dinucleotides are organized in dense regions are called CpG islands (CGIs), being commonly known as transcriptional regulatory regions frequently associated with the promoter region of several genes. In cancer, promoter DNA hypermethylation events sustained the mechanistic hypothesis of epigenetic transcriptional silencing of an increasing number of tumor suppressor genes. CGI hypomethylation-mediated reactivation of oncogenes was also documented in several cancer types. In this chapter, we aim to summarize the functional consequences of the differential DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides in cancer, focused in CGIs. Interestingly, cancer methylome is being recently explored, looking for biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and predictors of drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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87
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Syrett CM, Sindhava V, Hodawadekar S, Myles A, Liang G, Zhang Y, Nandi S, Cancro M, Atchison M, Anguera MC. Loss of Xist RNA from the inactive X during B cell development is restored in a dynamic YY1-dependent two-step process in activated B cells. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007050. [PMID: 28991910 PMCID: PMC5648283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female lymphocytes is uniquely regulated, as the inactive X (Xi) chromosome lacks localized Xist RNA and heterochromatin modifications. Epigenetic profiling reveals that Xist RNA is lost from the Xi at the pro-B cell stage and that additional heterochromatic modifications are gradually lost during B cell development. Activation of mature B cells restores Xist RNA and heterochromatin to the Xi in a dynamic two-step process that differs in timing and pattern, depending on the method of B cell stimulation. Finally, we find that DNA binding domain of YY1 is necessary for XCI in activated B cells, as ex-vivo YY1 deletion results in loss of Xi heterochromatin marks and up-regulation of X-linked genes. Ectopic expression of the YY1 zinc finger domain is sufficient to restore Xist RNA localization during B cell activation. Together, our results indicate that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes, and that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation. Females are predisposed to develop various autoimmune disorders, and the genetic basis for this susceptibility is the X-chromosome. X-linked genes are dosage compensated between sexes by X-chromosome Inactivation (XCI) during embryogenesis and maintained into adulthood. Here we show that the chromatin of the inactive X loses epigenetic modifications during B cell lineage development. We found that female mature B cells, which are the pathogenic cells in autoimmunity, have a dynamic two-step mechanism of maintaining XCI during stimulation. The transcription factor YY1, which regulates DNA looping during V(D)J recombination in B cells, is necessary for relocalizing Xist RNA back to the inactive X in activated B cells. YY1 deletion ex vivo in mature B cells impairs heterochromatin mark enrichment on the inactive X, and results in increased X-linked gene expression. We demonstrate that the DNA binding domain of YY1 is sufficient for localizing Xist RNA to the inactive X during B cell stimulation. Our study indicates that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes. We propose that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Vishal Sindhava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Cancro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Montserrat C. Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Choosing the Active X: The Human Version of X Inactivation. Trends Genet 2017; 33:899-909. [PMID: 28988701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Humans and rodents differ in how they carry out X inactivation (XI), the mammalian method to compensate for the different number of X chromosomes in males and females. Evolutionary changes in staging embryogenesis and in mutations within the XI center alter the process among mammals. The mouse model of XI is predicated on X counting and subsequently choosing the X to 'inactivate'. However, new evidence suggests that humans initiate XI by protecting one X in both sexes from inactivation by XIST, the noncoding RNA that silences the inactive X. This opinion article explores the question of how the active X is protected from silencing by its own Xist locus, and the possibility of different solutions for mouse and human.
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89
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Niu ZS, Niu XJ, Wang WH. Long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential roles and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5860-5874. [PMID: 28932078 PMCID: PMC5583571 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i32.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a subgroup of non-coding RNA transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides in length with little or no protein-coding potential. Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs may play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Certain lncRNAs may be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for HCC, a serious malignancy with increasing morbidity and high mortality rates worldwide. Therefore, elucidating the functional roles of lncRNAs in tumors can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCC and may help in developing novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the functional roles of lncRNAs in HCC and explore their clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets for HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Disease Progression
- Early Detection of Cancer/methods
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Prognosis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/analysis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Niu
- Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Niu
- Oncology Specialty, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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90
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Acharya S, Hartmann M, Erhardt S. Chromatin-associated noncoding RNAs in development and inheritance. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [PMID: 28840663 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as crucial players in chromatin regulation. Their diversity allows them to partake in the regulation of numerous cellular processes across species. During development, long and short ncRNAs act in conjunction with each other where long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are best understood in establishing appropriate gene expression patterns, while short ncRNAs (sRNAs) are known to establish constitutive heterochromatin and suppress mobile elements. Additionally, increasing evidence demonstrates roles of sRNAs in several typically lncRNA-mediated processes such as dosage compensation, indicating a complex regulatory network of noncoding RNAs. Together, various ncRNAs establish many mitotically heritable epigenetic marks during development. Additionally, they participate in mechanisms that regulate maintenance of these epigenetic marks during the lifespan of the organism. Interestingly, some epigenetic traits are transmitted to the next generation(s) via paramutations or transgenerational inheritance mediated by sRNAs. In this review, we give an overview of the various functions and regulations of ncRNAs and the mechanisms they employ in the establishment and maintenance of epigenetic marks and multi-generational transmission of epigenetic traits. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1435. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1435 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemukta Acharya
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, and CellNetworks, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Hartmann
- Regulation of Cellular Differentiation Group, Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, and CellNetworks, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, Germany
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91
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Yue M, Ogawa A, Yamada N, Charles Richard JL, Barski A, Ogawa Y. Xist RNA repeat E is essential for ASH2L recruitment to the inactive X and regulates histone modifications and escape gene expression. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006890. [PMID: 28686623 PMCID: PMC5521851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA Xist plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) which is a paradigm of long non-coding RNA-mediated gene regulation. Xist has Xist-specific repeat elements A-F which are conserved among eutherian mammals, underscoring their functional importance. Here we report that Xist RNA repeat E, a conserved Xist repeat element in the Xist exon 7, interacts with ASH2L and contributes to maintenance of escape gene expression level on the inactive X-chromosome (Xi) during XCI. The Xist repeat E-deletion mutant female ES cells show the depletion of ASH2L from the Xi upon differentiation. Furthermore, a subset of escape genes exhibits unexpectedly higher expression in the repeat E mutant cells than the cells expressing wildtype Xist during X-inactivation, whereas the silencing of X-linked non-escape genes is not affected. We discuss the implications of these results to understand the role of ASH2L and Xist repeat E for histone modifications and escape gene regulation during random X-chromosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yue
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Akiyo Ogawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Norishige Yamada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Lalith Charles Richard
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Artem Barski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy & Immunology and Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuya Ogawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Quan Z, Zheng D, Qing H. Regulatory Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Central Nervous System and Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:175. [PMID: 28713244 PMCID: PMC5491930 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies have revealed that the human genome encodes tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which participate in multiple biological networks modulating gene expression via transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Strikingly, a large fraction of tissue-specific lncRNAs are expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) with precisely regulated temporal and spatial expression patterns. These brain-specific lncRNAs are also featured with the cell-type specificity, the highest signals of evolutionary conservation, and their preferential location adjacent to brain-expressed protein-coding genes. Mounting evidence has indicated dysregulation or mutations in lncRNA gene loci are associated with a variety of CNS-associated neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and others. However, how lncRNAs contribute to these disorders remains to be further explored and studied. In this review article, we systematically and comprehensively summarize the current studies of lncRNAs, demonstrate the specificity of lncRNAs expressed in the brain, their functions during neural development and expression profiles in major cell types of the CNS, highlight the regulatory mechanisms of several studied lncRNAs that may play essential roles in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of lncRNA studies involved in neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Da Zheng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing, China
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93
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Chujo T, Yamazaki T, Kawaguchi T, Kurosaka S, Takumi T, Nakagawa S, Hirose T. Unusual semi-extractability as a hallmark of nuclear body-associated architectural noncoding RNAs. EMBO J 2017; 36:1447-1462. [PMID: 28404604 PMCID: PMC5430218 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NEAT1_2 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is the molecular scaffold of paraspeckle nuclear bodies. Here, we report an improved RNA extraction method: extensive needle shearing or heating of cell lysate in RNA extraction reagent improved NEAT1_2 extraction by 20-fold (a property we term "semi-extractability"), whereas using a conventional method NEAT1_2 was trapped in the protein phase. The improved extraction method enabled us to estimate that approximately 50 NEAT1_2 molecules are present in a single paraspeckle. Another architectural lncRNA, IGS16, also exhibited similar semi-extractability. A comparison of RNA-seq data from needle-sheared and control samples revealed the existence of multiple semi-extractable RNAs, many of which were localized in subnuclear granule-like structures. The semi-extractability of NEAT1_2 correlated with its association with paraspeckle proteins and required the prion-like domain of the RNA-binding protein FUS This observation suggests that tenacious RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions, which drive nuclear body formation, are responsible for semi-extractability. Our findings provide a foundation for the discovery of the architectural RNAs that constitute nuclear bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chujo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawaguchi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Toru Takumi
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
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94
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Abstract
Extensive 3D folding is required to package a genome into the tiny nuclear space, and this packaging must be compatible with proper gene expression. Thus, in the well-hierarchized nucleus, chromosomes occupy discrete territories and adopt specific 3D organizational structures that facilitate interactions between regulatory elements for gene expression. The mammalian X chromosome exemplifies this structure-function relationship. Recent studies have shown that, upon X-chromosome inactivation, active and inactive X chromosomes localize to different subnuclear positions and adopt distinct chromosomal architectures that reflect their activity states. Here, we review the roles of long non-coding RNAs, chromosomal organizational structures and the subnuclear localization of chromosomes as they relate to X-linked gene expression.
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95
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Xing Y, Wen X, Ding X, Fan J, Chai P, Jia R, Ge S, Qian G, Zhang H, Fan X. CANT1 lncRNA Triggers Efficient Therapeutic Efficacy by Correcting Aberrant lncing Cascade in Malignant Uveal Melanoma. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1209-1221. [PMID: 28330694 PMCID: PMC5417793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Recent studies have shown the functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumorigenesis; thus, targeting tumor-specific lncRNA abnormalities has become an attractive approach for developing therapeutics to treat uveal melanoma. In this study, we identified a novel nuclear CANT1 lncRNA (CASC15-New-Transcript 1) that acts as a necessary UM suppressor. CANT1 significantly reduced tumor metastatic capacity and tumor formation, either in cell culture or in animals harboring tumor xenograft. Intriguingly, XIST lncRNA serves as a potential target of CANT1, and JPX or FTX lncRNA subsequently serves as a contextual hinge to activate a novel CANT1-JPX/FTX-XIST long non-coding (lncing) pathway in UM. Moreover, CANT1 triggers the expression of JPX and FTX by directly binding to their promoters and promoting H3K4 methylation. These observations delineate a novel lncing cascade in which lncRNAs directly build a lncing cascade without coding genes that aims to modulate UM tumorigenesis, thereby specifying a novel "lncing-cascade renewal" anti-tumor therapeutic strategy by correcting aberrant lncing cascade in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Guanxiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.
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96
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Long noncoding RNA FTX is upregulated in gliomas and promotes proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by negatively regulating miR-342-3p. J Transl Med 2017; 97:447-457. [PMID: 28112756 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas remain a major public health challenge, posing a high risk for brain tumor-related morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms that drive the development of gliomas remain largely unknown. Emerging evidence has shown that long noncoding RNAs are key factors in glioma pathogenesis. qRT-PCR analysis was used to assess the expression of FTX and miR-342-3p in the different stages of gliomas in tissues. Bioinformatics tool DIANA and TargetSCan were used to predict the targets of FTX and miR-342-3p, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to test the correlation between the expression levels of FTX, miR-342-3p, and astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). To examine the role of FTX in regulating proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, specific siRNA was used to knockdown FTX, and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and transwell assays were performed. Furthermore, rescue experiments were performed to further confirm the regulation of miR-342-3p by FTX. We then found that the expression of FTX and miR-342-3p was associated with progression of gliomas. FTX directly inhibited the expression of miR-342-3p, which subsequently regulates the expression of AEG-1. Collectively, FTX is critical for proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by regulating miR-342-3p and AEG-1. Our findings indicate that FTX and miR-342-3p may serve as a biomarker of glioma diagnosis, and offer potential novel therapeutic targets of treatment of gliomas.
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97
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Reddy AS, O'Brien D, Pisat N, Weichselbaum CT, Sakers K, Lisci M, Dalal JS, Dougherty JD. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cell Type-Specific Nuclear RNA From Neurons and Glia of the Brain. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:252-264. [PMID: 27113499 PMCID: PMC4996761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in psychiatric genetics have identified >100 loci associated with disease risk, yet many of these loci are distant from protein coding genes. Recent characterization of the transcriptional landscape of cell lines and whole tissues has suggested widespread transcription in both coding and noncoding regions of the genome, including differential expression from loci that produce regulatory noncoding RNAs that function within the nucleus; however, the nuclear transcriptome of specific cell types in the brain has not been previously investigated. METHODS We defined the nuclear transcriptional landscape of the three major cellular divisions of the nervous system using flow sorting of genetically labeled nuclei from bacTRAP mouse lines. Next, we characterized the unique expression of coding, noncoding, and intergenic RNAs in the mature mouse brain with RNA-Seq and validation with independent methods. RESULTS We found diverse expression across the cell types of all classes of RNAs, including long noncoding RNAs, several of which were confirmed as highly enriched in the nuclei of specific cell types using anatomic methods. We also discovered several examples of cell type-specific expression of tandem gene fusions, and we report the first cell type-specific expression of circular RNAs-a neuron-specific and nuclear-enriched RNA arising from the gene Hnrnpu. CONCLUSIONS These data provide an important resource for studies evaluating the function of various noncoding RNAs in the brain, including noncoding RNAs that may play a role in psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh S Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Nilambari Pisat
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Claire T Weichselbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kristina Sakers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Miriam Lisci
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jasbir S Dalal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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98
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Sridhar B, Rivas-Astroza M, Nguyen TC, Chen W, Yan Z, Cao X, Hebert L, Zhong S. Systematic Mapping of RNA-Chromatin Interactions In Vivo. Curr Biol 2017; 27:602-609. [PMID: 28132817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA molecules can attach to chromatin. It remains difficult to know what RNAs are associated with chromatin and where the genomic target loci of these RNAs are. Here, we present MARGI (mapping RNA-genome interactions), a technology to massively reveal native RNA-chromatin interactions from unperturbed cells. The gist of this technology is to ligate chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) with their target genomic sequences by proximity ligation, forming RNA-DNA chimeric sequences, which are converted to a sequencing library for paired-end sequencing. Using MARGI, we produced RNA-genome interaction maps for human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. MARGI revealed hundreds of caRNAs, including previously known XIST, SNHG1, NEAT1, and MALAT1, as well as each caRNA's genomic interaction loci. Using a cross-species experiment, we estimated that approximately 2.2% of MARGI-identified interactions were false positives. In ESCs and HEK cells, the RNA ends of more than 5% of MARGI read pairs were mapped to distal or inter-chromosomal locations as compared to the locations of their corresponding DNA ends. The majority of transcription start sites are associated with distal or inter-chromosomal caRNAs. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq)-reported H3K27ac and H3K4me3 levels are positively correlated, while H3K9me3 is negatively correlated, with MARGI-reported RNA attachment levels. The MARGI technology should facilitate revealing novel RNA functions and their genomic target regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Sridhar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marcelo Rivas-Astroza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tri C Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhangming Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lucie Hebert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Yang T, Yildirim E. Epigenetic and LncRNA-Mediated Regulation of X Chromosome Inactivation and Its Impact on Pathogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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100
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Han Y, He X. Integrating Epigenomics into the Understanding of Biomedical Insight. Bioinform Biol Insights 2016; 10:267-289. [PMID: 27980397 PMCID: PMC5138066 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s38427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is one of the most rapidly expanding fields in biomedical research, and the popularity of the high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) highlights the accelerating speed of epigenomics discovery over the past decade. Epigenetics studies the heritable phenotypes resulting from chromatin changes but without alteration on DNA sequence. Epigenetic factors and their interactive network regulate almost all of the fundamental biological procedures, and incorrect epigenetic information may lead to complex diseases. A comprehensive understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, their interactions, and alterations in health and diseases genome widely has become a priority in biological research. Bioinformatics is expected to make a remarkable contribution for this purpose, especially in processing and interpreting the large-scale NGS datasets. In this review, we introduce the epigenetics pioneering achievements in health status and complex diseases; next, we give a systematic review of the epigenomics data generation, summarize public resources and integrative analysis approaches, and finally outline the challenges and future directions in computational epigenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Han
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.; Present address: Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ximiao He
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.; Present address: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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