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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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52
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Takahashi G, Betsuyaku S, Okuzumi N, Kiyosue T, Hirakawa Y. An Evolutionarily Conserved Coreceptor Gene Is Essential for CLAVATA Signaling in Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657548. [PMID: 33927741 PMCID: PMC8076897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth and development of land plants are controlled by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) family of peptide hormones. In contrast to the genetic diversity of CLE family in flowering plants, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses a minimal set of CLE, MpCLE1(TDIF homolog), and MpCLE2 (CLV3 homolog). MpCLE1 and MpCLE2 peptides exert distinct function at the apical meristem of M. polymorpha gametophyte via specific receptors, MpTDIF RECEPTOR (MpTDR) and MpCLAVATA1 (MpCLV1), respectively, both belonging to the subclass XI of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). Biochemical and genetic studies in Arabidopsis have shown that TDR/PXY family and CLV1/BAM family recognize the CLE peptide ligand in a heterodimeric complex with a member of subclass-II coreceptors. Here we show that three LRR-RLK genes of M. polymorpha are classified into subclass II, representing three distinct subgroups evolutionarily conserved in land plants. To address the involvement of subclass-II coreceptors in M. polymorpha CLE signaling, we performed molecular genetic analysis on one of them, MpCLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASE (MpCIK). Two knockout alleles for MpCIK formed narrow apical meristems marked by prom MpYUC2:GUS marker, which were not expanded by MpCLE2 peptide treatment, phenocopying Mpclv1. Loss of sensitivity to MpCLE2 peptide was also observed in gemma cup formation in both Mpclv1 and Mpcik. Biochemical analysis using a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system revealed weak association between MpCIK and MpCLV1, as well as MpCIK and MpTDR. While MpCIK may also participate in MpCLE1 signaling, our data show that the conserved CLV3-CLV1-CIK module functions in M. polymorpha, controlling meristem activity for development and organ formation for asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Natsuki Okuzumi
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuki Hirakawa,
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Ma D, Endo S, Betsuyaku S, Shimotohno A, Fukuda H. CLE2 regulates light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in Arabidopsis shoots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:561-574. [PMID: 32980951 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the role of CLE1-CLE7 peptides as environmental mediators and indicated that root-induced CLE2 functions systemically in light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in shoots. Plants sense environmental stimuli and convert them into cellular signals, which are transmitted to distinct cells and tissues to induce adequate responses. Plant hormones and small secretory peptides often function as environmental stress mediators. In this study, we investigated whether CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED proteins, CLE1-CLE7, which share closely related CLE domains, mediate environmental stimuli in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression analysis of CLE1-CLE7 revealed that these genes respond to different environmental stimuli, such as nitrogen deprivation, nitrogen replenishment, cold, salt, dark, and sugar starvation, in a sophisticated manner. To further investigate the function of CLE2, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the β-glucuronidase gene under the control of the CLE2 promoter or expressing the CLE2 gene under the control of an estradiol-inducible promoter. We also generated cle2-1 and cle2-2 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In these transgenic lines, dark induced the expression of CLE2 in the root vasculature. Additionally, induction of CLE2 in roots induced the expression of various genes not only in roots but also in shoots, and genes related to light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism were particularly induced in shoots. In addition, cle2 mutant plants showed chlorosis when subjected to a shade treatment. These results suggest that root-induced CLE2 functions systemically in light-dependent carbohydrate metabolism in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dichao Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Optimal control of root nodulation - Prediction of life history theory of a mutualistic system. J Theor Biol 2020; 510:110544. [PMID: 33227264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Legumes produce root nodules containing symbiotic rhizobial bacteria that convert atmospheric molecular nitrogen into ammonia or related nitrogenous compounds. The host plant supplies photosynthetic products to root nodules forming a mutualistic system. Legumes have physiological mechanisms for regulating nodule production with chemical signals produced in leaves, called the autoregulation of nodulation. In this paper, we discuss the optimal number of root nodules that maximizes the performance of the host plant. Here, we study two models. In the stationary plant model, the acquired photosynthetic products minus cost and loss are used for reproduction. In the growing plant model, the excess material is invested to produce leaves, roots, and root nodules, resulting in the exponential growth of the whole plant. The analysis shows that having root nodules is beneficial to the plant for a high leaf nitrogen content, faster plant growth rate, a short leaf longevity, a low root/shoot ratio, and low soil nutrient concentration. We discuss the long-distance control of nodulation-autoregulation and dependence on the environmental conditions of terrestrial plants considering these results.
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Nitrate-Induced CLE Peptide Systemically Inhibits Nodulation in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111456. [PMID: 33126720 PMCID: PMC7692534 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants form nitrogen-fixing nodules in symbiosis with soil bacteria rhizobia. The number of symbiotic nodules is controlled at the whole-plant level with autoregulation of nodulation (AON), which includes a shoot-acting CLV1-like receptor kinase and mobile CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION-related) peptides that are produced in the root in response to rhizobia inoculation. In addition to rhizobia-induced CLE peptides, nitrate-induced CLE genes have been identified in Lotus japonicus and Glycine max, which inhibited nodulation when overexpressed. However, nitrate-induced CLE genes that systemically suppress nodulation in AON-dependent manner have not been identified in Medicago truncatula. Here, we found that MtCLE35 expression is activated by both rhizobia inoculation and nitrate treatment in M. truncatula, similarly to L. japonicus CLE genes. Moreover, we found that MtCLE35 systemically suppresses nodulation in AON-dependent manner, suggesting that MtCLE35 may mediate nitrate-induced inhibition of nodulation in M. truncatula.
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56
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MIR2111-5 locus and shoot-accumulated mature miR2111 systemically enhance nodulation depending on HAR1 in Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5192. [PMID: 33060582 PMCID: PMC7562733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes utilize a shoot-mediated signaling system to maintain a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. In Lotus japonicus, shoot-to-root transfer of microRNA miR2111 that targets TOO MUCH LOVE, a nodulation suppressor in roots, has been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying nodulation control from shoots. However, the role of shoot-accumulating miR2111s for the systemic regulation of nodulation was not clearly shown. Here, we find L. japonicus has seven miR2111 loci, including those mapped through RNA-seq. MIR2111-5 expression in leaves is the highest among miR2111 loci and repressed after rhizobial infection depending on a shoot-acting HYPERNODULATION ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1) receptor. MIR2111-5 knockout mutants show significantly decreased nodule numbers and miR2111 levels. Furthermore, grafting experiments using transformants demonstrate scions with altered miR2111 levels influence nodule numbers in rootstocks in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, miR2111 accumulation in leaves through MIR2111-5 expression is required for HAR1-dependent systemic optimization of nodule number.
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57
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Kucukoglu M, Tian D, Larkin RM, Shi X, Zheng B. Predicting and clustering plant CLE genes with a new method developed specifically for short amino acid sequences. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:709. [PMID: 33045986 PMCID: PMC7552357 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CLV3/ESR-RELATED (CLE) gene family encodes small secreted peptides (SSPs) and plays vital roles in plant growth and development by promoting cell-to-cell communication. The prediction and classification of CLE genes is challenging because of their low sequence similarity. Results We developed a machine learning-aided method for predicting CLE genes by using a CLE motif-specific residual score matrix and a novel clustering method based on the Euclidean distance of 12 amino acid residues from the CLE motif in a site-weight dependent manner. In total, 2156 CLE candidates—including 627 novel candidates—were predicted from 69 plant species. The results from our CLE motif-based clustering are consistent with previous reports using the entire pre-propeptide. Characterization of CLE candidates provided systematic statistics on protein lengths, signal peptides, relative motif positions, amino acid compositions of different parts of the CLE precursor proteins, and decisive factors of CLE prediction. The approach taken here provides information on the evolution of the CLE gene family and provides evidence that the CLE and IDA/IDL genes share a common ancestor. Conclusions Our new approach is applicable to SSPs or other proteins with short conserved domains and hence, provides a useful tool for gene prediction, classification and evolutionary analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongdong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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58
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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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59
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Khan SU, Khan MHU, Ahmar S, Fan C. Comprehensive study and multipurpose role of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes family in plant growth and development. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2298-2317. [PMID: 32864739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region-related (CLE) is one of the most important signaling peptides families in plants. These peptides signaling are common in the cell to cell communication and control various physiological and developmental processes, that is cell differentiation and proliferation, self-incompatibility, and the defense response. The CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have a diverse mode of action in various developmental processes in different species. In this review, we concise various methods of peptides identification, structure, and molecular identity of the CLE family, the developmental role of CLE genes/peptides in plants, environmental stimuli, and CLE family and some other novel progress in CLE genes/peptides in various crops, and so forth. According to previous literature, about 1,628 CLE genes were identified in land plants, which deeply explained the tale of plant development. Nevertheless, some important queries need to be addressed to get clear insights into the CLE gene family in other organisms and their role in various physiological and developmental processes. Furthermore, we summarized the power of the CLE family around the environment as well as bifunctional activity and the crystal structure recognition mechanism of CLE peptides by their receptors and CLE clusters functions. We strongly believed that the discovery of the CLE family in other organisms would provide a significant breakthrough for future revolutionary and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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60
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Pozas-Rodríguez EA, Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra M, Arroyo-Canales J, Ferrer-Orgaz S, Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa M, Cardenas L, Covarrubias AA, Valdés-López O. Inhibition of legume nodulation by Pi deficiency is dependent on the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1125-1139. [PMID: 32344464 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of nodule development is one of the main adverse effects of phosphate (Pi) deficiency in legumes. Despite all of the efforts made over the last decades to understand how root nodules cope with Pi deficiency, the molecular mechanisms leading to the reduction in nodule number under Pi deficiency remain elusive. In the present study, we provide experimental evidence indicating that Pi deficiency activates the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, leading to a reduction in nodule numbers in both common bean and soybean. A transcriptional profile analysis revealed that the expression of the AON-related genes PvNIN, PvRIC1, PvRIC2, and PvTML is upregulated under Pi deficiency conditions. The downregulation of the MYB transcription factor PvPHR1 in common bean roots significantly reduced the expression of these four AON-related genes. Physiological analyses indicated that Pi deficiency does not affect the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis in the supernodulation mutant lines Pvnark and Gmnark. Reciprocal grafting and split-roots analyses determined that the activation of the AON pathway was required for the inhibitory effect of Pi deficiency. Altogether, these data improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms controlling the establishment of the root nodule symbiosis under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Eithan A Pozas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Rocío Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Jazmin Arroyo-Canales
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Susana Ferrer-Orgaz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - María Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
| | - Luis Cardenas
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla, 54090, México
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61
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Liu J, Bisseling T. Evolution of NIN and NIN-like Genes in Relation to Nodule Symbiosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E777. [PMID: 32664480 PMCID: PMC7397163 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and actinorhizal plants are capable of forming root nodules symbiosis with rhizobia and Frankia bacteria. All these nodulating species belong to the nitrogen fixation clade. Most likely, nodulation evolved once in the last common ancestor of this clade. NIN (NODULE INCEPTION) is a transcription factor that is essential for nodulation in all studied species. Therefore, it seems probable that it was recruited at the start when nodulation evolved. NIN is the founding member of the NIN-like protein (NLP) family. It arose by duplication, and this occurred before nodulation evolved. Therefore, several plant species outside the nitrogen fixation clade have NLP(s), which is orthologous to NIN. In this review, we discuss how NIN has diverged from the ancestral NLP, what minimal changes would have been essential for it to become a key transcription controlling nodulation, and which adaptations might have evolved later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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62
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Han S, Khan MHU, Yang Y, Zhu K, Li H, Zhu M, Amoo O, Khan SU, Fan C, Zhou Y. Identification and comprehensive analysis of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) gene family in Brassica napus L. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:709-721. [PMID: 32223006 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The CLE (CLAVATA3/ESR) gene family, encoding a group of small secretory peptides, plays important roles in cell-to-cell communication, thereby controlling a broad spectrum of development processes. The CLE family has been systematically characterized in some plants, but not in Brassica napus. In the present study, 116 BnCLE genes were identified in the B. napus genome, including seven unannotated, six incorrectly predicted and five multi-CLE domain-encoding genes. These BnCLE members were separated into seven distinct groups based on phylogenetic analysis, which might facilitate the functional characterization of the peptides. Further characterization of CLE pre-propeptides revealed 31 unique CLE peptides from 45 BnCLE genes, which may give rise to distinct roles of BnCLE and expansion of the gene family. The biological activity of these unique CLE dodecamer peptides was tested further through in vitro peptide assays. Variations in several important residues were identified as key contributors to the functional differentiation of BnCLE and expansion of the gene family in B. napus. Expression profile analysis helped to characterize possible functional redundancy and sub-functionalization among the BnCLE members. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the CLE gene family in B. napus and provides a foundation for future evolutionary and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - M H U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - K Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - O Amoo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - S U Khan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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63
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Laffont C, Ivanovici A, Gautrat P, Brault M, Djordjevic MA, Frugier F. The NIN transcription factor coordinates CEP and CLE signaling peptides that regulate nodulation antagonistically. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3167. [PMID: 32576831 PMCID: PMC7311451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes tightly regulate nodule number to balance the cost of supporting symbiotic rhizobia with the benefits of nitrogen fixation. C-terminally Encoded Peptides (CEPs) and CLAVATA3-like (CLE) peptides positively and negatively regulate nodulation, respectively, through independent systemic pathways, but how these regulations are coordinated remains unknown. Here, we show that rhizobia, Nod Factors, and cytokinins induce a symbiosis-specific CEP gene, MtCEP7, which positively regulates rhizobial infection. Via grafting and split root studies, we reveal that MtCEP7 increases nodule number systemically through the MtCRA2 receptor. MtCEP7 and MtCLE13 expression in rhizobia-inoculated roots rely on the MtCRE1 cytokinin receptor and on the MtNIN transcription factor. MtNIN binds and transactivates MtCEP7 and MtCLE13, and a NIN Binding Site (NBS) identified within the proximal MtCEP7 promoter is required for its symbiotic activation. Overall, these results demonstrate that a cytokinin-MtCRE1-MtNIN regulatory module coordinates the expression of two antagonistic, symbiosis-related, peptide hormones from different families to fine-tune nodule number. CLE and CEP peptides regulate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes to balance the benefits of nitrogen fixation with the metabolic costs of nodule production. Here Laffont et al. show that cytokinin and bacterial Nod factors induce Medicago CEP7 which acts antagonistically to CLE13 to fine-tune nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ariel Ivanovici
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Anthony Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ d'Evry, Université de Paris; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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64
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Whitewoods CD. Evolution of CLE peptide signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:12-19. [PMID: 32444290 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CLEs are small non-cell autonomous signalling peptides that regulate cell division rate and orientation in a variety of developmental contexts. Recent years have generated a huge amount of research on CLE function across land plants, characterising their role across the whole plant; they control stem cell division in the shoot, root and cambial meristems, balance developmental investment into symbiosis, regulate leaf development, pattern stomata and control axillary branching. They have even been co-opted by parasitic nematodes to mediate infection. This review synthesises these recent findings and embeds them in an evolutionary context, outlining the likely evolution of the CLE signalling pathway. I use this framework to infer common mechanistic themes and pose key future questions for the field.
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Kucukoglu M, Chaabouni S, Zheng B, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y, Nilsson O. Peptide encoding Populus CLV3/ESR-RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) promotes cambial development and secondary xylem formation in hybrid aspen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:75-85. [PMID: 31749215 PMCID: PMC7065007 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptide ligands in connection with their receptors are important players in cell-to-cell communications in plants. Here, we investigated the function of the Populus CLV3/ESR-RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) gene during secondary growth and wood formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Expression of PttCLE47 peaks in the vascular cambium. Silencing of the PttCLE47 gene expression affected lateral expansion of stems and decreased apical height growth and leaf size. In particular, PttCLE47 RNAi trees exhibited a narrower secondary xylem zone with less xylem cells/cell file. The reduced radial growth phenotype also correlated with a reduced number of cambial cell layers. In agreement with these results, expression of several cambial regulator genes was downregulated in the stems of the transgenic trees in comparison with controls. Altogether, these results suggest that the PttCLE47 gene is a major positive regulator of cambial activity in hybrid aspen, mainly promoting the production of secondary xylem. Furthermore, in contrast to previously characterized CLE genes expressed in the wood-forming zone, PttCLE47 appears to be active at its site of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Salma Chaabouni
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HILIFE)University of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme (OEB)Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Viikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCB2 1LRCambridgeUK
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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Nishida H, Ito M, Miura K, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. Autoregulation of nodulation pathway is dispensable for nitrate-induced control of rhizobial infection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1733814. [PMID: 32100606 PMCID: PMC7194392 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1733814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Legumes possess the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway which is responsible for maintaining optimal root nodule number. In Lotus japonicus, AON comprises the CLE-HAR1-TML module, which plays an essential role in transmitting signals via root-to-shoot-to-root long-distance signaling. In addition to AON's principal role of negatively regulating nodule number, a recent study revealed another in the systemic control of rhizobial infection. Nitrate also negatively regulates the pleiotropic phases of legume-Rhizobium symbioses, including rhizobial infection and nodule number. Nitrate signaling has recently been shown to use AON components such as CLE-RS2 and HAR1 to control nodule number. Here we consider the role of a loss-of-function mutation in CLE-RS1, -RS2 and TML in rhizobial infection in relation to nitrate. Our results agree with previous findings and support the hypothesis that AON is required for the control of rhizobial infection but not for its nitrate-induced control. Furthermore, we confirm that the tml mutants exhibit nitrate sensitivity that differs from that of cle-rs2 and har1. Hence, while the nitrate-induced control mechanism of nodule number uses AON components, an unknown pathway specific to nitrate may exist downstream of HAR1, acting in parallel with the HAR1> TML pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Momoyo Ito
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- CONTACT Takuya Suzaki Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Tsukuba, Japan
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67
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Spatial regulation of resource allocation in response to nutritional availability. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110078. [PMID: 31734241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is critical for a living organism to appropriately allocate resources among its organs, or within a specific organ, because available resources are generally limited. For example, in response to the nutritional environment of their soil, plants regulate resource allocation in their roots in order to plastically change their root system architecture (RSA) for efficiently absorbing nutrients. However, it is still not understood why and how RSA is adaptively controlled. Therefore, we modeled and investigated the spatial regulation of resource allocation, focusing on RSA in response to nutrient availability, and provided analytical solutions to the optimal strategy in the case of simple fitness functions. We first showed that our model could explain the experimental evidence where root growth is maximized at the optimal nutrient concentration under the homogeneous condition. Next, we extended our model to incorporate the spatial heterogeneity of nutrient availability. This extended model revealed that growth suppression by systemic control is required for adapting to high nutrient conditions, whereas growth promotion by local control is sufficient for adaptation to low-nutrient environments. This evidence predicts that systemic control can be evolved in the presence of excessive amounts of nutrition, consistent with the 'N-supply' systemic signal that is observed experimentally. Furthermore, our model can also explain various experimental results using nitrogen nutrition. Our model provides a theoretical basis for understanding the spatial regulation of adaptive resource allocation in response to nutritional environment.
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Dupin SE, Geurts R, Kiers ET. The Non-Legume Parasponia andersonii Mediates the Fitness of Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobial Symbionts Under High Nitrogen Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1779. [PMID: 32117343 PMCID: PMC7019102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organisms rely on symbiotic associations for metabolism, protection, and energy. However, these intimate partnerships can be vulnerable to exploitation. What prevents microbial mutualists from parasitizing their hosts? In legumes, there is evidence that hosts have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manage their symbiotic rhizobia, but the generality and evolutionary origins of these control mechanisms are under debate. Here, we focused on the symbiosis between Parasponia hosts and N2-fixing rhizobium bacteria. Parasponia is the only non-legume lineage to have evolved a rhizobial symbiosis and thus provides an evolutionary replicate to test how rhizobial exploitation is controlled. A key question is whether Parasponia hosts can prevent colonization of rhizobia under high nitrogen conditions, when the contribution of the symbiont becomes nonessential. We grew Parasponia andersonii inoculated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii under four ammonium nitrate concentrations in a controlled growth chamber. We measured shoot and root dry weight, nodule number, nodule fresh weight, nodule volume. To quantify viable rhizobial populations in planta, we crushed nodules and determined colony forming units (CFU), as a rhizobia fitness proxy. We show that, like legumes and actinorhizal plants, P. andersonii is able to control nodule symbiosis in response to exogenous nitrogen. While the relative host growth benefits of inoculation decreased with nitrogen fertilization, our highest ammonium nitrate concentration (3.75 mM) was sufficient to prevent nodule formation on inoculated roots. Rhizobial populations were highest in nitrogen free medium. While we do not yet know the mechanism, our results suggest that control mechanisms over rhizobia are not exclusive to the legume clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Dupin
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René Geurts
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Yoro E, Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M. CLE-HAR1 Systemic Signaling and NIN-Mediated Local Signaling Suppress the Increased Rhizobial Infection in the daphne Mutant of Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:320-327. [PMID: 31880983 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0223-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes survive in nitrogen-limited soil by forming a symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria. During root nodule symbiosis, legumes strictly control the development of their symbiotic organs, the nodules, in a process known as autoregulation of nodulation (AON). The study of hypernodulation mutants has elucidated the molecular basis of AON. Some hypernodulation mutants show an increase in rhizobial infection in addition to developmental alteration. However, the relationship between the AON and the regulation of rhizobial infection has not been clarified. We previously isolated daphne, a nodule inception (nin) allelic mutant, in Lotus japonicus. This mutant displayed dramatically increased rhizobial infection, suggesting the existence of NIN-mediated negative regulation of rhizobial infection. Here, we investigated whether the previously isolated components of AON, especially CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and their putative receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1), were able to suppress increased infection in the daphne mutant. The constitutive expression of LjCLE-RS1/2 strongly reduced the infection in the daphne mutant in a HAR1-dependent manner. Moreover, reciprocal grafting analysis showed that strong reduction of infection in daphne rootstock constitutively expressing LjCLE-RS1 was canceled by a scion of the har1 or klavier mutant, the genes responsible for encoding putative LjCLE-RS1 receptors. These data indicate that rhizobial infection is also systemically regulated by CLE-HAR1 signaling, a component of AON. In addition, the constitutive expression of NIN in daphne har1 double-mutant roots only partially reduced the rhizobial infection. Our findings indicate that the previously identified NIN-mediated negative regulation of infection involves unknown local signaling, as well as CLE-HAR1 long-distance signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) modulates various defense and developmental responses of plants, and is implied in the integration of multiple environmental signals. Given its centrality in regulating plant physiology according to external stimuli, JA influences the establishment of interactions between plant roots and beneficial bacteria or fungi. In many cases, moderate JA signaling promotes the onset of mutualism, while massive JA signaling inhibits it. The output also depends on the compatibility between microbe and host plant and on nutritional or environmental cues. Also, JA biosynthesis and perception participate in the systemic regulation of mutualistic interactions and in microbe-induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we review our current knowledge of the role of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responses during mutualistic root-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Basso
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France.
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Delay C, Chapman K, Taleski M, Wang Y, Tyagi S, Xiong Y, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP3 levels affect starvation-related growth responses of the primary root. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4763-4774. [PMID: 31173100 PMCID: PMC6760281 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CEPs (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDEs) inhibit Arabidopsis primary root growth by unknown mechanisms. We investigated how CEP3 levels control primary root growth. CEP3 peptide application decreased cell division, S-phase cell number, root meristematic cell number, and meristem zone (MZ) size in a dose- and CEP RECEPTOR1-dependent manner. Grafting showed that CEP3-dependent growth inhibition requires root and shoot CEPR1. CEP3 induced mitotic quiescence in MZ cells significantly faster than that induced by nutrient limitation alone. CEP3 also inhibited the restoration of S-phase to mitotically quiescence cells by nutrient resupply without quantitatively reducing TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase activity. In contrast, cep3-1 had an increased meristem size and S-phase cell number under nitrogen (N)-limited conditions, but not under N-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, cep3-1 meristematic cells remained in S-phase longer than wild-type cells during a sustained carbon (C) and N limitation. RNA sequencing showed that CEP3 peptide down-regulated genes involved in S-phase entry, cell wall and ribosome biogenesis, DNA replication, and meristem expansion, and up-regulated genes involved in catabolic processes and proteins and peptides that negatively control meristem expansion and root growth. Many of these genes were reciprocally regulated in cep3-1. The results suggest that raising CEP3 induces starvation-related responses that curtail primary root growth under severe nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Delay
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kelly Chapman
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Taleski
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yaowei Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sonika Tyagi
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Present address: Bioinformatics Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia 3800
| | - Yan Xiong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Correspondence: or Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Correspondence: or Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Schwember AR, Schulze J, Del Pozo A, Cabeza RA. Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root Nodules. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E333. [PMID: 31489914 PMCID: PMC6784058 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In most legume nodules, the di-nitrogen (N2)-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like structures inside their root host cells. Many processes operate and interact within the symbiotic relationship between plants and nodules, including nitrogen (N)/carbon (C) metabolisms, oxygen flow through nodules, oxidative stress, and phosphorous (P) levels. These processes, which influence the regulation of N2 fixation and are finely tuned on a whole-plant basis, are extensively reviewed in this paper. The carbonic anhydrase (CA)-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key pathway inside nodules involved in this regulation, and malate seems to play a crucial role in many aspects of symbiotic N2 fixation control. How legumes specifically sense N-status and how this stimulates all of the regulatory factors are key issues for understanding N2 fixation regulation on a whole-plant basis. This must be thoroughly studied in the future since there is no unifying theory that explains all of the aspects involved in regulating N2 fixation rates to date. Finally, high-throughput functional genomics and molecular tools (i.e., miRNAs) are currently very valuable for the identification of many regulatory elements that are good candidates for accurately dissecting the particular N2 fixation control mechanisms associated with physiological responses to abiotic stresses. In combination with existing information, utilizing these abundant genetic molecular tools will enable us to identify the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 306-22, Chile.
| | - Joachim Schulze
- Department of Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Ricardo A Cabeza
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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Wang L, Sun Z, Su C, Wang Y, Yan Q, Chen J, Ott T, Li X. A GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 Regulatory Network Coordinates the Nodulation and Autoregulation of Nodulation Pathways in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1211-1226. [PMID: 31201867 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic root nodules are root lateral organs of plants in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. The formation and number of nodules in legumes are precisely controlled by a rhizobia-induced signal cascade and host-controlled autoregulation of nodulation (AON). However, how these pathways are integrated and their underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that microRNA172c (miR172c) activates soybean (Glycine max) Rhizobia-Induced CLE1 (GmRIC1) and GmRIC2 by removing the transcriptional repression of these genes by Nodule Number Control 1 (NNC1), leading to the activation of the AON pathway. NNC1 interacts with GmNINa, the soybean ortholog of Lotus NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), and hampers its transcriptional activation of GmRIC1 and GmRIC2. Importantly, GmNINa acts as a transcriptional activator of miR172c. Intriguingly, NNC1 can transcriptionally repress miR172c expression, adding a negative feedback loop into the NNC1 regulatory network. Moreover, GmNINa interacts with NNC1 and can relieve the NNC1-mediated repression of miR172c transcription. Thus, the GmNINa-miR172c-NNC1 network is a master switch that coordinately regulates and optimizes NF and AON signaling, supporting the balance between nodulation and AON in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Panzhihua University, No. 10 Airport Road, Eastern District, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China; University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China.
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Suzaki T, Nishida H. Autoregulation of Legume Nodulation by Sophisticated Transcriptional Regulatory Networks. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1179-1181. [PMID: 31394290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba Plant-Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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75
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Müller LM, Harrison MJ. Phytohormones, miRNAs, and peptide signals integrate plant phosphorus status with arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:132-139. [PMID: 31212139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant species engage in a beneficial interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in order to increase mineral nutrient acquisition, in particular the major macronutrient phosphorus (P). Initiation, development, and maintenance of the symbiosis are largely under the control of the host plant and strongly influenced by the plants' P status. Recent advances reveal that phytohormones, microRNAs, and secreted peptides all regulate and integrate development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with the P status of the plant. This occurs through a complex, multi-layered signaling network with crosstalk between phosphate (Pi) starvation signaling pathways and AM symbiosis signaling, and also via direct effects on the AM fungal symbiont. Multiple checkpoints allow the plant to fine-tune symbiosis based on its P status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Müller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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76
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Lagunas B, Achom M, Bonyadi-Pour R, Pardal AJ, Richmond BL, Sergaki C, Vázquez S, Schäfer P, Ott S, Hammond J, Gifford ML. Regulation of Resource Partitioning Coordinates Nitrogen and Rhizobia Responses and Autoregulation of Nodulation in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:833-846. [PMID: 30953787 PMCID: PMC6557310 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how plants respond to nitrogen in their environment is crucial for determining how they use it and how the nitrogen use affects other processes related to plant growth and development. Under nitrogen limitation the activity and affinity of uptake systems is increased in roots, and lateral root formation is regulated in order to adapt to low nitrogen levels and scavenge from the soil. Plants in the legume family can form associations with rhizobial nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and this association is tightly regulated by nitrogen levels. The effect of nitrogen on nodulation has been extensively investigated, but the effects of nodulation on plant nitrogen responses remain largely unclear. In this study, we integrated molecular and phenotypic data in the legume Medicago truncatula and determined that genes controlling nitrogen influx are differently expressed depending on whether plants are mock or rhizobia inoculated. We found that a functional autoregulation of nodulation pathway is required for roots to perceive, take up, and mobilize nitrogen as well as for normal root development. Our results together revealed that autoregulation of nodulation, root development, and the location of nitrogen are processes balanced by the whole plant system as part of a resource-partitioning mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lagunas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mingkee Achom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Alonso J Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Chrysi Sergaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Saúl Vázquez
- Gateway Building, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - John Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK; Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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77
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Goh CH, Nicotra AB, Mathesius U. Genes controlling legume nodule numbers affect phenotypic plasticity responses to nitrogen in the presence and absence of rhizobia. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1747-1757. [PMID: 30512188 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of three autoregulation of nodulation (AON) genes in regulating of root and shoot phenotypes when responding to changing nitrogen availability in the model legume, Medicago truncatula. These genes, RDN1-1 (ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1-1), SUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES), and LSS (LIKE SUNN SUPERNODULAOR), act in a systemic signalling pathway that limits nodule numbers. This pathway is also influenced by nitrogen availability, but it is not well known if AON genes control root and shoot phenotypes other than nodule numbers in response to nitrogen. We conducted a controlled glasshouse experiment to compare root and shoot phenotypes of mutants and wild type plants treated with four nitrate concentrations. All AON mutants showed altered rhizobia-independent phenotypes, including biomass allocation, lateral root length, lateral root density, and root length ratio. In response to nitrogen, uninoculated AON mutants were less plastic than the wild type in controlling root mass ratio, root length ratio, and lateral root length. This suggests that AON genes control nodulation-independent root architecture phenotypes in response to nitrogen. The phenotypic differences between wild type and AON mutants were exacerbated by the presence of nodules, pointing to resource competition as an additional mechanism affecting root and shoot responses to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi-Hua Goh
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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78
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Miri M, Janakirama P, Huebert T, Ross L, McDowell T, Orosz K, Markmann K, Szczyglowski K. Inside out: root cortex-localized LHK1 cytokinin receptor limits epidermal infection of Lotus japonicus roots by Mesorhizobium loti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1523-1537. [PMID: 30636324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During Lotus japonicus-Mesorhizobium loti symbiosis, the LOTUS HISTIDINE KINASE1 (LHK1) cytokinin receptor regulates both the initiation of nodule formation and the scope of root infection. However, the exact spatiotemporal mechanism by which this receptor exerts its symbiotic functions has remained elusive. In this study, we performed cell type-specific complementation experiments in the hyperinfected lhk1-1 mutant background, targeting LHK1 to either the root epidermis or the root cortex. We also utilized various genetic backgrounds to characterize expression of several genes regulating symbiotic infection. We show here that expression of LHK1 in the root cortex is required and sufficient to regulate both nodule formation and epidermal infections. The LHK1-dependent signalling that restricts subsequent infection events is triggered before initial cell divisions for nodule primordium formation. We also demonstrate that AHK4, the Arabidopsis orthologue of LHK1, is able to regulate M. loti infection in L. japonicus, suggesting that an endogenous cytokinin receptor could be sufficient for engineering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in nonlegumes. Our data provide experimental evidence for the existence of an LHK1-dependent root cortex-to-epidermis feedback mechanism regulating rhizobial infection. This root-localized regulatory module functionally links with the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to maintain the homeostasis of symbiotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Miri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
| | - Preetam Janakirama
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Loretta Ross
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Kathleen Orosz
- Fanshawe College, 1001 Fanshawe College Boulevard, London, ON, N5Y 5R6, Canada
| | - Katharina Markmann
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Tübingen University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szczyglowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5BF, Canada
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79
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Olsson V, Joos L, Zhu S, Gevaert K, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Look Closely, the Beautiful May Be Small: Precursor-Derived Peptides in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:153-186. [PMID: 30525926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a flurry of research focusing on the role of peptides as short- and long-distance signaling molecules in plant cell communication has been undertaken. Here, we focus on peptides derived from nonfunctional precursors, and we address several key questions regarding peptide signaling. We provide an overview of the regulatory steps involved in producing a biologically active peptide ligand that can bind its corresponding receptor(s) and discuss how this binding and subsequent activation lead to specific cellular outputs. We discuss different experimental approaches that can be used to match peptide ligands with their receptors. Lastly, we explore how peptides evolved from basic signaling units regulating essential processes in plants to more complex signaling systems as new adaptive traits developed and how nonplant organisms exploit this signaling machinery by producing peptide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Olsson
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Lisa Joos
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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80
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Lei Y, Su S, He L, Hu X, Luo D. A member of the ALOG gene family has a novel role in regulating nodulation in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:463-477. [PMID: 30129698 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can control the number of symbiotic nodules that form on their roots, thus balancing nitrogen assimilation and energy consumption. Two major pathways participate in nodulation: the Nod factor (NF) signaling pathway which involves recognition of rhizobial bacteria by root cells and promotion of nodulation, and the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway which involves long-distance negative feedback between roots and shoots. Although a handful of genes have a clear role in the maintenance of nodule number, additional unknown factors may also be involved in this process. Here, we identify a novel function for a Lotus japonicus ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) family member, LjALOG1, involved in positively regulating nodulation. LjALOG1 expression increased substantially after inoculation with rhizobia, with high levels of expression in whole nodule primordia and in the base of developing nodules. The ljalog1 mutants, which have an insertion of the LORE1 retroelement in LjALOG1, had significantly fewer nodules compared with wild type, along with increased expression of LjCLE-RS1 (L. japonicus CLE Root Signal 1), which encodes a nodulation suppressor in the AON pathway. In summary, our findings identified a novel factor that participates in controlling nodulation, possibly by suppressing the AON pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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81
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Garagounis C, Tsikou D, Plitsi PK, Psarrakou IS, Avramidou M, Stedel C, Anagnostou M, Georgopoulou ME, Papadopoulou KK. Lotus SHAGGY-like kinase 1 is required to suppress nodulation in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:228-242. [PMID: 30570783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase/SHAGGY-like kinases (SKs) are a highly conserved family of signaling proteins that participate in many developmental, cell-differentiation, and metabolic signaling pathways in plants and animals. Here, we investigate the involvement of SKs in legume nodulation, a process requiring the integration of multiple signaling pathways. We describe a group of SKs in the model legume Lotus japonicus (LSKs), two of which respond to inoculation with the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. RNAi knock-down plants and an insertion mutant for one of these genes, LSK1, display increased nodulation. Ηairy-root lines overexpressing LSK1 form only marginally fewer mature nodules compared with controls. The expression levels of genes involved in the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) mechanism are affected in LSK1 knock-down plants at low nitrate levels, both at early and late stages of nodulation. At higher levels of nitrate, these same plants show the opposite expression pattern of AON-related genes and lose the hypernodulation phenotype. Our findings reveal an additional role for the versatile SK gene family in integrating the signaling pathways governing legume nodulation, and pave the way for further study of their functions in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Garagounis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiota K Plitsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioanna S Psarrakou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Catalina Stedel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria E Georgopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
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82
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Gautrat P, Mortier V, Laffont C, De Keyser A, Fromentin J, Frugier F, Goormachtig S. Unraveling new molecular players involved in the autoregulation of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1407-1417. [PMID: 30753553 PMCID: PMC6382332 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of legume root nodules resulting from a symbiosis with rhizobia is tightly controlled by the plant. Certain members of the CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region (CLE) peptide family, specifically MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 in Medicago truncatula, act in the systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway that negatively regulates the number of nodules. Little is known about the molecular pathways that operate downstream of the AON-related CLE peptides. Here, by means of a transcriptome analysis, we show that roots ectopically expressing MtCLE13 deregulate only a limited number of genes, including three down-regulated genes encoding lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), among which are the nodulation factor (NF) receptor NF Perception gene (NFP) and two up-regulated genes, MtTML1 and MtTML2, encoding Too Much Love (TML)-related Kelch-repeat containing F-box proteins. The observed deregulation was specific for the ectopic expression of nodulation-related MtCLE genes and depended on the Super Numeric Nodules (SUNN) AON RLK. Moreover, overexpression and silencing of these two MtTML genes demonstrated that they play a role in the negative regulation of nodule numbers. Hence, the identified MtTML genes are the functional counterpart of the Lotus japonicus TML gene shown to be central in the AON pathway. Additionally, we propose that the down-regulation of a subset of LysM-RLK-encoding genes, among which is NFP, might contribute to the restriction of further nodulation once the first nodules have been formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gautrat
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d’Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: or
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83
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Fernandez-Göbel TF, Deanna R, Muñoz NB, Robert G, Asurmendi S, Lascano R. Redox Systemic Signaling and Induced Tolerance Responses During Soybean- Bradyrhizobium japonicum Interaction: Involvement of Nod Factor Receptor and Autoregulation of Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30828341 PMCID: PMC6384266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia induces local and systemic responses, which ultimately lead to nodule formation. The autoregulation of nodulation (AON) is a systemic mechanism related to innate immunity that controls nodule development and involves different components ranging from hormones, peptides, receptors to small RNAs. Here, we characterized a rapid systemic redox changes induced during soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiotic interaction. A transient peak of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was found in soybean leaves after 30 min of root inoculation with B. japonicum. The ROS response was accompanied by changes in the redox state of glutathione and by activation of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the ROS peak and antioxidant enzyme activation were abolished in leaves by the addition, in either root or leaf, of DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Likewise, these systemic redox changes primed the plant increasing its tolerance to photooxidative stress. With the use of non-nodulating nfr5-mutant and hyper-nodulating nark-mutant soybean plants, we subsequently studied the systemic redox changes. The nfr5-mutant lacked the systemic redox changes after inoculation, whereas the nark-mutant showed a similar redox systemic signaling than the wild type plants. However, neither nfr5- nor nark-mutant exhibited tolerance to photooxidative stress condition. Altogether, these results demonstrated that (i) the early redox systemic signaling during symbiotic interaction depends on a Nod factor receptor, and that (ii) the induced tolerance response depends on the AON mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeo F. Fernandez-Göbel
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Deanna
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nacira B. Muñoz
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán Robert
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Lascano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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84
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Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yoshida C, Suzaki T, Matsubayashi Y, Kawaguchi M. PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:507-517. [PMID: 30351431 PMCID: PMC6322572 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can survive in nitrogen-deficient environments by forming root-nodule symbioses with rhizobial bacteria; however, forming nodules consumes energy, and nodule numbers must thus be strictly controlled. Previous studies identified major negative regulators of nodulation in Lotus japonicus, including the small peptides CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and CLE-RS3, and their putative major receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1). CLE-RS2 is known to be expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots, and is predicted to be post-translationally arabinosylated, a modification essential for its activity. Moreover, all three CLE-RSs suppress nodulation in a HAR1-dependent manner. Here, we identified PLENTY as a gene responsible for the previously isolated hypernodulation mutant plenty. PLENTY encoded a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase orthologous to ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 in Medicago truncatula. PLENTY was localized to the Golgi, and an in vitro analysis of the recombinant protein demonstrated its arabinosylation activity, indicating that CLE-RS1/2/3 may be substrates for PLENTY. The constitutive expression experiments showed that CLE-RS3 was the major candidate substrate for PLENTY, suggesting the substrate preference of PLENTY for individual CLE-RS peptides. Furthermore, a genetic analysis of the plenty har1 double mutant indicated the existence of another PLENTY-dependent and HAR1-independent pathway negatively regulating nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Yoshida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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85
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Ferguson BJ, Mens C, Hastwell AH, Zhang M, Su H, Jones CH, Chu X, Gresshoff PM. Legume nodulation: The host controls the party. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:41-51. [PMID: 29808564 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand to increase food production and simultaneously reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture are underpinning the need to intensify the use of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legume plants establish with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria is central to their advantage. This plant-microbe interaction results in newly developed root organs, called nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen the plant can use. However, the process of developing and maintaining nodules is resource intensive; hence, the plant tightly controls the number of nodules forming. A variety of molecular mechanisms are used to regulate nodule numbers under both favourable and stressful growing conditions, enabling the plant to conserve resources and optimize development in response to a range of circumstances. Using genetic and genomic approaches, many components acting in the regulation of nodulation have now been identified. Discovering and functionally characterizing these components can provide genetic targets and polymorphic markers that aid in the selection of superior legume cultivars and rhizobia strains that benefit agricultural sustainability and food security. This review addresses recent findings in nodulation control, presents detailed models of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identifies gaps in these processes that are not yet fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Céline Mens
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengbai Zhang
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Candice H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xitong Chu
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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86
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Hastwell AH, Corcilius L, Williams JT, Gresshoff PM, Payne RJ, Ferguson BJ. Triarabinosylation is required for nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides to systemically inhibit nodulation in Pisum sativum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:188-197. [PMID: 29722016 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form root nodules to house beneficial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. However, nodulation is resource demanding; hence, legumes evolved a systemic signalling mechanism called autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to control nodule numbers. AON begins with the production of CLE peptides in the root, which are predicted to be glycosylated, transported to the shoot, and perceived. We synthesized variants of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides to test their activity using petiole feeding to introduce CLE peptides into the shoot. Hydroxylated, monoarabinosylated, and triarabinosylated variants of soybean GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a were chemically synthesized and fed into recipient Pisum sativum (pea) plants, which were used due to the availability of key AON pathway mutants unavailable in soybean. Triarabinosylated GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a suppressed nodulation of wild-type pea, whereas no other peptide variant tested had this ability. Suppression also occurred in the supernodulating hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase mutant, Psnod3, but not in the supernodulating receptor mutants, Pssym29, and to some extent, Pssym28. During our study, bioinformatic resources for pea became available and our analyses identified 40 CLE peptide-encoding genes, including orthologues of nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides. Collectively, we demonstrated that soybean nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides can function interspecifically in the AON pathway of pea and require arabinosylation for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James T Williams
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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87
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Gaudioso-Pedraza R, Beck M, Frances L, Kirk P, Ripodas C, Niebel A, Oldroyd GED, Benitez-Alfonso Y, de Carvalho-Niebel F. Callose-Regulated Symplastic Communication Coordinates Symbiotic Root Nodule Development. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3562-3577.e6. [PMID: 30416059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes involves the initiation of synchronized programs in the root epidermis and cortex to allow rhizobial infection and nodule development. In this study, we provide evidence that symplastic communication, regulated by callose turnover at plasmodesmata (PD), is important for coordinating nodule development and infection in Medicago truncatula. Here, we show that rhizobia promote a reduction in callose levels in inner tissues where nodules initiate. This downregulation coincides with the localized expression of M. truncatula β-1,3-glucanase 2 (MtBG2), encoding a novel PD-associated callose-degrading enzyme. Spatiotemporal analyses revealed that MtBG2 expression expands from dividing nodule initials to rhizobia-colonized cortical and epidermal tissues. As shown by the transport of fluorescent molecules in vivo, symplastic-connected domains are created in rhizobia-colonized tissues and enhanced in roots constitutively expressing MtBG2. MtBG2-overexpressing roots additionally displayed reduced levels of PD-associated callose. Together, these findings suggest an active role for MtBG2 in callose degradation and in the formation of symplastic domains during sequential nodule developmental stages. Interfering with symplastic connectivity led to drastic nodulation phenotypes. Roots ectopically expressing β-1,3-glucanases (including MtBG2) exhibited increased nodule number, and those expressing MtBG2 RNAi constructs or a hyperactive callose synthase (under symbiotic promoters) showed defective nodulation phenotypes. Obstructing symplastic connectivity appears to block a signaling pathway required for the expression of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and its target NUCLEAR FACTOR-YA1 (NF-YA1) in the cortex. We conclude that symplastic intercellular communication is proactively enhanced by rhizobia, and this is necessary for appropriate coordination of bacterial infection and nodule development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Beck
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lisa Frances
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carolina Ripodas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Andreas Niebel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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88
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Nishida H, Suzaki T. Two Negative Regulatory Systems of Root Nodule Symbiosis: How Are Symbiotic Benefits and Costs Balanced? PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1733-1738. [PMID: 29860446 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbiosis is one of the best characterized mutualistic relationships of plant-microbe symbiosis, where mainly leguminous species can obtain nitrogen sources fixed by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia through the formation of symbiotic organ root nodules. In order to drive this symbiotic process, plants need to provide carbon sources that should be used for their growth. Therefore, a balance between the benefits of obtaining nitrogen sources and the costs of losing carbon sources needs to be maintained during root nodule symbiosis. Plants have developed at least two negative regulatory systems of root nodule symbiosis. One strategy involves the regulation of nodule number in response to rhizobial infection. For this regulation, a systemic long-range signaling between roots and shoots called autoregulation of nodulation has a pivotal role. Another strategy involves the regulation of root nodule symbiosis in response to nitrate, the most abundant form of nitrogen nutrients in the soil. Recent studies indicate that long-distance signaling is shared between the two strategies, where NIN and NRSYM1, two paralogous RWP-RK transcription factors, can activate the production of nodulation-related CLE peptides in response to different inputs. Here, we provide an overview of such progress in our understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to the control of the symbiotic balance, including their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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89
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Gu J, Li Z, Mao Y, Struik PC, Zhang H, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang J. Roles of nitrogen and cytokinin signals in root and shoot communications in maximizing of plant productivity and their agronomic applications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:320-331. [PMID: 30080619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential, often limiting, factor in plant growth and development. To regulate growth under limited nitrogen supply, plants sense the internal and external nitrogen status, and coordinate various metabolic processes and developmental programs accordingly. This coordination requires the transmission of various signaling molecules that move across the entire plant. Cytokinins, phytohormones derived from adenine and synthesized in various parts of the plant, are considered major local and long-distance messengers. Cytokinin metabolism and signaling are closely associated with nitrogen availability. They are systemically transported via the vasculature from plant roots to shoots, and vice versa, thereby coordinating shoot and root development. Tight linkage exists between the nitrogen signaling network and cytokinins during diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the cytokinin-nitrogen interactions and the communication systems involved in sensing rhizospheric nitrogen status and in regulating canopy development remain obscure. We review current knowledge on cytokinin biosynthesis, transport and signaling, nitrogen acquisition, metabolism and signaling, and their interactive roles in regulating root-shoot morphological and physiological characteristics. We also discuss the role of spatio-temporal regulation of cytokinins in enhancing beneficial crop traits of yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqi Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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90
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Mens C, Li D, Haaima LE, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Local and Systemic Effect of Cytokinins on Soybean Nodulation and Regulation of Their Isopentenyl Transferase ( IPT) Biosynthesis Genes Following Rhizobia Inoculation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1150. [PMID: 30135694 PMCID: PMC6092703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plant development. Here, a role for this phytohormone group in soybean nodulation is shown through the exogenous application of cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine and trans-zeatin) via either root drenching or a petiole feeding technique. Overall, nodule numbers were reduced by treatment with high cytokinin concentrations, but increased with lower concentrations. This was especially evident when feeding the solutions directly into the vasculature via petiole feeding. These findings highlight the importance of cytokinin in nodule development. To further investigate the role of cytokinin in controlling nodule numbers, the IPT gene family involved in cytokinin biosynthesis was characterized in soybean. Bioinformatic analyses identified 17 IPT genes in the soybean genome and homeologous duplicate gene partners were subsequently identified including GmIPT5 and GmIPT6, the orthologs of LjIPT3. Expression of GmIPT5 was upregulated in the shoot in response to nodulation, but this was independent of a functional copy of the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) receptor, GmNARK, which suggests it is unlikely to have a role in the negative feedback system called AON. Legumes also control nodule numbers in the presence of soil nitrogen through nitrate-dependent regulation of nodulation, a locally acting pathway in soybean. Upon nitrate treatment to the root, the tandem duplicates GmIPT3 and GmIPT15 were upregulated in expression indicating a role for these genes in the plant's response to soil nitrogen, potentially including the nitrate-dependent regulation of legume nodulation pathway. Additional roles for cytokinin and their IPT biosynthetic genes in nodulation and the control of nodule numbers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brett J. Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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91
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Liu H, Zhang C, Yang J, Yu N, Wang E. Hormone modulation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:632-648. [PMID: 29578639 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants can establish symbiotic associations with diazotropic rhizobia to form nitrogen-fixating nodules, which are classified as determinate or indeterminate based on the persistence of nodule meristem. The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules requires coordinating rhizobial infection and root nodule organogenesis. The formation of an infection thread and the extent of nodule formation are largely under plant control, but vary with environmental conditions and the physiological state of the host plants. Many achievements in these two areas have been made in recent decades. Phytohormone signaling pathways have gradually emerged as important regulators of root nodule symbiosis. Cytokinin, strigolactones (SLs) and local accumulation of auxin can promote nodule development. Ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) all negatively regulate infection thread formation and nodule development. However, salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) have different effects on the formation of these two nodule types. Some peptide hormones are also involved in nodulation. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of these plant hormones in legume-rhizobial symbiosis, and we propose that DELLA proteins may function as a node to integrate plant hormones to regulate nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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92
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Nishida H, Suzaki T. Nitrate-mediated control of root nodule symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:129-136. [PMID: 29684704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an indispensable inorganic nutrient that is required by plants throughout their life. Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is an important strategy mainly adopted by legumes to enhance nitrogen acquisition, where several key processes required for the establishment of the symbiosis, are pleiotropically controlled by nitrate availability in soil. Although the autoregulation of nodulation (AON), a systemic long-range signaling, has been suggested to be implicated in nitrate-induced control of RNS, AON alone is insufficient to fully explain the pleiotropic regulation that is induced by nitrate. A recent elucidation of the function of a NIN-LIKE PROTEIN transcription factor has provided greater insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying nitrate-induced control of RNS in varying nitrate environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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93
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Gutiérrez-Alanís D, Ojeda-Rivera JO, Yong-Villalobos L, Cárdenas-Torres L, Herrera-Estrella L. Adaptation to Phosphate Scarcity: Tips from Arabidopsis Roots. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:721-730. [PMID: 29764728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) availability is a limiting factor for plant growth and development. Root tip contact with low Pi media triggers diverse changes in the root architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana. The most conspicuous among these modifications is the inhibition of root growth, which is triggered by a shift from an indeterminate to a determinate root growth program. This phenomenon takes place in the root tip and involves a reduction in cell elongation, a decrease in cell proliferation, and the induction of premature cell differentiation, resulting in meristem exhaustion. Here, we review recent findings in the root response of A. thaliana to low Pi availability and discuss the cellular and genetic basis of the inhibition of root growth in Pi-deprived seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Gutiérrez-Alanís
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO) del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México; These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO) del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México; These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Lenin Yong-Villalobos
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO) del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas-Torres
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO) del Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México.
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94
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Kereszt A, Mergaert P, Montiel J, Endre G, Kondorosi É. Impact of Plant Peptides on Symbiotic Nodule Development and Functioning. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 30065740 PMCID: PMC6056668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized peptides have wide ranges of functions in plants being, for example, signal molecules, transporters, alkaloids, or antimicrobial agents. Legumes are an unprecedented rich source of peptides, which are used to control the symbiosis of these plants with the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria. Here, we discuss the function and the evolution of these peptides playing an important role in the formation or functioning of the symbiotic organs, the root nodules. We distinguish peptides that can be either cell-autonomous or secreted short-range or long-range signals, carrying messages in or between plant cells or that can act as effectors interacting with the symbiotic bacteria. Peptides are further classified according to the stage of the symbiotic process where they act. Several peptide classes, including RALF, DLV, ENOD40, and others, control Rhizobium infection and the initiation of cell divisions and the formation of nodule primordia. CLE and CEP peptides are implicated in systemic and local control of nodule initiation during autoregulation of nodulation and in response to the nutritional demands of the plant. Still other peptides act at later stages of the symbiosis. The PSK peptide is thought to be involved in the suppression of immunity in nodules and the nodule-specific cysteine-rich, GRP, and SNARP (LEED..PEED) peptide families are essential in the functioning of the nitrogen fixing root nodules. The NCRs and possibly also the GRP and SNARPs are targeted to the endosymbionts and play essential roles in the terminal differentiation of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kereszt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CNRS – CEA – Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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95
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Wang C, Reid JB, Foo E. The Art of Self-Control - Autoregulation of Plant-Microbe Symbioses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:988. [PMID: 30042780 PMCID: PMC6048281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with diverse microbes including those that result in nutrient-acquiring symbioses. In order to balance the energy cost with the benefit gained, plants employ a systemic negative feedback loop to control the formation of these symbioses. This is particularly well-understood in nodulation, the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and is known as autoregulation of nodulation (AON). However, much less is understood about the autoregulation of the ancient arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses that form between Glomeromycota fungi and the majority of land plants. Elegant physiological studies in legumes have indicated there is at least some overlap in the genes and signals that regulate these two symbioses but there are major gaps in our understanding. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the autoregulation of mycorrhizae (AOM) pathway shares some elements with AON but that there are also some important differences. By reviewing the current knowledge of the AON pathway, we have identified important directions for future AOM studies. We also provide the first genetic evidence that CLV2 (an important element of the AON pathway) influences mycorrhizal development in a non-legume, tomato and review the interaction of the autoregulation pathway with plant hormones and nutrient status. Finally, we discuss whether autoregulation may play a role in the relationships plants form with other microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eloise Foo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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96
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Taleski M, Imin N, Djordjevic MA. CEP peptide hormones: key players in orchestrating nitrogen-demand signalling, root nodulation, and lateral root development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1829-1836. [PMID: 29579226 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Secreted peptide hormones play pivotal roles in plant growth and development. So far, CEPs (C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDEs) have been shown to act through CEP receptors (CEPRs) to control nitrogen (N)-demand signalling, nodulation, and lateral root development. Secreted CEP peptides can enter the xylem stream to act as long-distance signals, but evidence also exists for CEPs acting in local circuits. Recently, CEP peptide species varying in sequence, length, and post-translational modifications have been identified. A more comprehensive understanding of CEP biology requires insight into the in planta function of CEP genes, CEP peptide biogenesis, the components of CEP signalling cascades and, finally, how CEP peptide length, amino-acid composition, and post-translational modifications affect biological activity. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding in these key areas and discuss some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taleski
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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97
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Oh E, Seo PJ, Kim J. Signaling Peptides and Receptors Coordinating Plant Root Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:337-351. [PMID: 29366684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides mediate cell-cell communication to coordinate a variety of plant developmental processes. Signaling peptides specifically bind to the extracellular domains of receptors that belong to the receptor-like kinase family, and the peptide-receptor interaction activates a range of biochemical and physiological processes. The plant root is crucial for the anchorage of plants in soil as well as for the uptake of water and nutrients. Over recent years great progress has been made in the identification of receptors, structural analysis of peptide-receptor pairs, and characterization of their signaling pathways during plant root development. We review here recent advances in the elucidation of the functions and molecular mechanisms of signaling peptides, the peptide-receptor pairs that activate signal initiation, and their signaling pathways during root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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98
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Imin N, Patel N, Corcilius L, Payne RJ, Djordjevic MA. CLE peptide tri-arabinosylation and peptide domain sequence composition are essential for SUNN-dependent autoregulation of nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:73-80. [PMID: 29393515 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 encode CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION RELATED (CLE) peptides which regulate autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in Medicago through the shoot receptor, SUNN (SUPER NUMERIC NODULES). Genetics suggests RDN1 (ROOT-DETERMINED NODULATION 1) arabinosylates MtCLE12 to enable SUNN perception. The functional structures of MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 peptides, however, remain elusive. We combined genetic and chemical synthesis approaches to determine if glyco-modifications of three nodule-expressed CLE peptides are essential for AON. We also examined how root and shoot applied AON-CLEs inhibit nodulation. MtCLE12, MtCLE13 and MtCLE42 peptides were synthesized with hydroxylation, mono-arabinosylation or tri-arabinosylation (TaP) at proline 7. Only MtCLE12-TaP and MtCLE13-TaP peptides induced AON in wild-type (WT) and rdn1-1, but not in sunn-4. The application of MtCLE13-TaP to cotyledons 1 d before rhizobial inoculation completely inhibited both rhizobial infection and nodulation. By contrast, MtCLE12-TaP induced significant AON without abolishing rhizobial infection. The results indicate that key CLE domain amino acids and TaP modifications to MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 are essential for SUNN-dependent AON. We also show evidence that RDN1 does not tri-arabinosylate MtCLE13. Finally, MtCLE13-TaP can induce a strong AON response in shoots that inhibits the entire symbiotic processes in roots. We present a new model for AON in Medicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijat Imin
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - Neha Patel
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael A Djordjevic
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
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99
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Nishida H, Tanaka S, Handa Y, Ito M, Sakamoto Y, Matsunaga S, Betsuyaku S, Miura K, Soyano T, Kawaguchi M, Suzaki T. A NIN-LIKE PROTEIN mediates nitrate-induced control of root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29403008 PMCID: PMC5799372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumes and rhizobia establish symbiosis in root nodules. To balance the gains and costs associated with the symbiosis, plants have developed two strategies for adapting to nitrogen availability in the soil: plants can regulate nodule number and/or stop the development or function of nodules. Although the former is accounted for by autoregulation of nodulation, a form of systemic long-range signaling, the latter strategy remains largely enigmatic. Here, we show that the Lotus japonicus NITRATE UNRESPONSIVE SYMBIOSIS 1 (NRSYM1) gene encoding a NIN-LIKE PROTEIN transcription factor acts as a key regulator in the nitrate-induced pleiotropic control of root nodule symbiosis. NRSYM1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to nitrate and directly regulates the production of CLE-RS2, a root-derived mobile peptide that acts as a negative regulator of nodule number. Our data provide the genetic basis for how plants respond to the nitrogen environment and control symbiosis to achieve proper plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Nishida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Momoyo Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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100
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Laffont C, De Cuyper C, Fromentin J, Mortier V, De Keyser A, Verplancke C, Holsters M, Goormachtig S, Frugier F. MtNRLK1, a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase upregulated during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2046. [PMID: 29391543 PMCID: PMC5794917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are signaling molecules regulating various aspects of plant development, including the balance between cell division and differentiation in different meristems. Among those, CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-related (CLE-ESR) peptide activity depends on leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like-kinases (LRR-RLK) belonging to the subclass XI. In legume plants, such as the Medicago truncatula model, specific CLE peptides were shown to regulate root symbiotic nodulation depending on the LRR-RLK SUNN (Super Numeric Nodules). Amongst the ten M. truncatula LRR-RLK most closely related to SUNN, only one showed a nodule-induced expression, and was so-called MtNRLK1 (Nodule-induced Receptor-Like Kinase 1). MtNRLK1 expression is associated to root and nodule vasculature as well as to the proximal meristem and rhizobial infection zone in the nodule apex. Except for the root vasculature, the MtNRLK1 symbiotic expression pattern is different than the one of MtSUNN. Functional analyses either based on RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and overexpression of MtNRLK1 however failed to identify a significant nodulation phenotype, either regarding the number, size, organization or nitrogen fixation capacity of the symbiotic organs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christa Verplancke
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcelle Holsters
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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