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De Tender C, Mesuere B, Van der Jeugt F, Haegeman A, Ruttink T, Vandecasteele B, Dawyndt P, Debode J, Kuramae EE. Peat substrate amended with chitin modulates the N-cycle, siderophore and chitinase responses in the lettuce rhizobiome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9890. [PMID: 31289280 PMCID: PMC6617458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a valuable peat substrate amendment by increasing lettuce growth and reducing the survival of the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella enterica on lettuce leaves. The production of chitin-catabolic enzymes (chitinases) play a crucial role and are mediated through the microbial community. A higher abundance of plant-growth promoting microorganisms and genera involved in N and chitin metabolism are present in a chitin-enriched substrate. In this study, we hypothesize that chitin addition to peat substrate stimulates the microbial chitinase production. The degradation of chitin leads to nutrient release and the production of small chitin oligomers that are related to plant growth promotion and activation of the plant's defense response. First a shotgun metagenomics approach was used to decipher the potential rhizosphere microbial functions then the nutritional content of the peat substrate was measured. Our results show that chitin addition increases chitin-catabolic enzymes, bacterial ammonium oxidizing and siderophore genes. Lettuce growth promotion can be explained by a cascade degradation of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine and eventually ammonium. The occurrence of increased ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosospira, and amoA genes results in an elevated concentration of plant-available nitrate. In addition, the increase in chitinase and siderophore genes may have stimulated the plant's systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Tender
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - B Mesuere
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Van der Jeugt
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Haegeman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Ruttink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Vandecasteele
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Dawyndt
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Debode
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 92, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E E Kuramae
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Lou Y. PRRs and NB-LRRs: From Signal Perception to Activation of Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081882. [PMID: 30995767 PMCID: PMC6514886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To ward off pathogens and pests, plants use a sophisticated immune system. They use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), as well as nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domains, for detecting nonindigenous molecular signatures from pathogens. Plant PRRs induce local and systemic immunity. Plasma-membrane-localized PRRs are the main components of multiprotein complexes having additional transmembrane and cytosolic kinases. Topical research involving proteins and their interactive partners, along with transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, has extended our understanding of R-gene-mediated plant immunity. The unique LRR domain conformation helps in the best utilization of a surface area and essentially mediates protein–protein interactions. Genome-wide analyses of inter- and intraspecies PRRs and NB-LRRs offer innovative information about their working and evolution. We reviewed plant immune responses with relevance to PRRs and NB-LRRs. This article focuses on the significant functional diversity, pathogen-recognition mechanisms, and subcellular compartmentalization of plant PRRs and NB-LRRs. We highlight the potential biotechnological application of PRRs and NB-LRRs to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Ding Y, Mei J, Chai Y, Yu Y, Shao C, Wu Q, Disi JO, Li Y, Wan H, Qian W. Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Host and Pathogen Highlights the Interaction Between Brassica oleracea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:542-550. [PMID: 30265202 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of Brassica crops. Here, we simultaneously assessed the transcriptome changes from lesions produced by S. sclerotiorum on disease-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) B. oleracea pools bulked from a resistance-segregating F2 population. Virulence genes of S. sclerotiorum, including polygalacturonans, chitin synthase, secretory proteins, and oxalic acid biosynthesis, were significantly repressed in lesions of R B. oleracea at 12 h postinoculation (hpi) but exhibited similar expression patterns in R and S B. oleracea at 24 hpi. Resistant B. oleracea induced expression of receptors potentially to perceive Sclerotinia signals during 0 to 12 hpi and deployed complex strategies to suppress the pathogen establishment, including the quick accumulation of reactive oxygen species via activating Ca2+ signaling and suppressing pathogen oxalic acid generation in S. sclerotiorum. In addition, cell wall degradation was inhibited in the resistant B. oleracea potentially to prevent the expansion of Sclerotinia hyphae. The transcriptome changes in S. sclerotiorum and host revealed that resistant B. oleracea produces strong responses against S. sclerotiorum during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- 3 College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; and
| | - Chaoguo Shao
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Yuhua Li
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Schmitz AM, Pawlowska TE, Harrison MJ. A short LysM protein with high molecular diversity from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis. MYCOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jiang X, Bao H, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Immune Responses of Mammals and Plants to Chitin-Containing Pathogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:61-81. [PMID: 31102242 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin-containing organisms, such as fungi and arthropods, use chitin as a structural component to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions. Hosts such as mammals and plants, however, sense chitin to initiate innate and adaptive immunity and exclude chitin-containing organisms. A number of protein factors are then expressed, and several signaling pathways are triggered. In this chapter, we focus on the responses and signal transduction pathways that are activated in mammals and plants upon invasion by chitin-containing organisms. As host chitinases play important roles in the glycolytic processing of chitin, which is then recognized by pattern-recognition receptors, we also pay special attention to the chitinases that are involved in immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Han Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology - Molecular Biology, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China. .,State Laboratory of Biology for Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Quantitative Proteomics of Potato Leaves Infected with Phytophthora infestans Provides Insights into Coordinated and Altered Protein Expression during Early and Late Disease Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010136. [PMID: 30609684 PMCID: PMC6337297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to get a better understanding of protein association during Solanum tuberosum (cv. Sarpo Mira)–Phytophthora infestans incompatible interaction, we investigated the proteome dynamics of cv. Sarpo Mira, after foliar application of zoospore suspension from P. infestans isolate, at three key time-points: zero hours post inoculation (hpi) (Control), 48 hpi (EI), and 120 hpi (LI); divided into early and late disease stages by the tandem mass tagging (TMT) method. A total of 1229 differentially-expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in cv. Sarpo Mira in a pairwise comparison of the two disease stages, including commonly shared DEPs, specific DEPs in early and late disease stages, respectively. Over 80% of the changes in protein abundance were up-regulated in the early stages of infection, whereas more DEPs (61%) were down-regulated in the later disease stage. Expression patterns, functional category, and enrichment tests highlighted significant coordination and enrichment of cell wall-associated defense response proteins during the early stage of infection. The late stage was characterized by a cellular protein modification process, membrane protein complex formation, and cell death induction. These results, together with phenotypic observations, provide further insight into the molecular mechanism of P. infestans resistance in potatos.
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Michelotti V, Lamontanara A, Buriani G, Orrù L, Cellini A, Donati I, Vanneste JL, Cattivelli L, Tacconi G, Spinelli F. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the interaction between Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in absence and presence of acibenzolar-S-methyl. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:585. [PMID: 30081820 PMCID: PMC6090863 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2007, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has become a pandemic disease leading to important economic losses in every country where kiwifruit is widely cultivated. Options for controlling this disease are very limited and rely primarily on the use of bactericidal compounds, such as copper, and resistance inducers. Among the latter, the most widely studied is acibenzolar-S-methyl. To elucidate the early molecular reaction of kiwifruit plants (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis) to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment, a RNA seq analysis was performed at different phases of the infection process, from the epiphytic phase to the endophytic invasion on acibenzolar-S-methyl treated and on non-treated plants. The infection process was monitored in vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS De novo assembly of kiwifruit transcriptome revealed a total of 39,607 transcripts, of which 3360 were differentially expressed during the infection process, primarily 3 h post inoculation. The study revealed the coordinated changes of important gene functional categories such as signaling, hormonal balance and transcriptional regulation. Among the transcription factor families, AP2/ERF, MYB, Myc, bHLH, GATA, NAC, WRKY and GRAS were found differentially expressed in response to Psa infection and acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment. Finally, in plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a number of gene functions related to plant resistance, such as PR proteins, were modulated, suggesting the set-up of a more effective defense response against the pathogen. Weighted-gene coexpression network analysis confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides an in-depth description of the plant molecular reactions to Psa, it highlights the metabolic pathway related to acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced resistance and it contributes to the development of effective control strategies in open field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Michelotti
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Giampaolo Buriani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Donati
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Bisley Road, Ruakura, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Gianni Tacconi
- Council for agriculture research and economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, CAP, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Yeats TH, Bacic A, Johnson KL. Plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins at the plasma membrane-cell wall nexus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:649-669. [PMID: 29667761 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1% of plant proteins are predicted to be post-translationally modified with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that tethers the polypeptide to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Whereas the synthesis and structure of GPI anchors is largely conserved across eukaryotes, the repertoire of functional domains present in the GPI-anchored proteome has diverged substantially. In plants, this includes a large fraction of the GPI-anchored proteome being further modified with plant-specific arabinogalactan (AG) O-glycans. The importance of the GPI-anchored proteome to plant development is underscored by the fact that GPI biosynthetic null mutants exhibit embryo lethality. Mutations in genes encoding specific GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) further supports their contribution to diverse biological processes, occurring at the interface of the plasma membrane and cell wall, including signaling, cell wall metabolism, cell wall polymer cross-linking, and plasmodesmatal transport. Here, we review the literature concerning plant GPI-anchored proteins, in the context of their potential to act as molecular hubs that mediate interactions between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, and their potential to transduce the signal into the protoplast and, thereby, activate signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Yeats
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Lv Z, Huang Y, Ma B, Xiang Z, He N. LysM1 in MmLYK2 is a motif required for the interaction of MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in the chitin signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1101-1112. [PMID: 29846768 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two LysM-containing proteins, namely, MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, were identified in mulberry. These proteins might be involved in chitin signaling. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 is critical for their interactions. Chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and acts as an elicitor in plant innate immunity. Lysin motif (LysM)-containing proteins are essential for chitin recognition. However, related studies have been rarely reported in woody plants. In this study, in mulberry, the expression of a LysM-containing protein, MmLYP1, was significantly up-regulated after treatment with chitin and pathogenic fungi. In addition, MmLYP1 has an affinity for insoluble chitin polymers. Thus, MmLYP1 might function in chitin signaling. Since MmLYP1 lacks an intracellular domain, additional protein kinases are required for this signaling. An LysM-containing kinase, MmLYK2, was then identified. Expression of the MmLYK2 did not change significantly after chitin treatment, and the affinity of MmLYK2 for insoluble chitin was not high. The structure of MmLYP1 is similar to that of the chitin elicitor-binding proteins in rice and Arabidopsis. However, MmLYK2 has two LysM motifs, while the chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 proteins in rice and Arabidopsis have one and three LysM motifs, respectively. The LysM1 of MmLYK2 interacted with all four LysM motifs in MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast. The chimera lacking the LysM1 of MmLYK2 did not interact with MmLYP1 and MmLYK2 in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana cells. The LysM1 in MmLYK2 is the key motif in the interaction between MmLYP1 and MmLYK2, which may be involved in chitin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Liu D, Jiao S, Cheng G, Li X, Pei Z, Pei Y, Yin H, Du Y. Identification of chitosan oligosaccharides binding proteins from the plasma membrane of wheat leaf cell. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:1083-1090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Teixeira MA, Rajewski A, He J, Castaneda OG, Litt A, Kaloshian I. Classification and phylogenetic analyses of the Arabidopsis and tomato G-type lectin receptor kinases. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:239. [PMID: 29625550 PMCID: PMC5889549 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogen perception by plants is mediated by plasma membrane-localized immune receptors that have varied extracellular domains. Lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) are among these receptors and are subdivided into 3 classes, C-type LecRKs (C-LecRKs), L-type LecRKs (L-LecRKs) and G-type LecRKs (G-LecRKs). While C-LecRKs are represented by one or two members in all plant species investigated and have unknown functions, L-LecRKs have been characterized in a few plant species and have been shown to play roles in plant defense against pathogens. Whereas Arabidopsis G-LecRKs have been characterized, this family of LecRKs has not been studied in tomato. Results This investigation updates the current characterization of Arabidopsis G-LecRKs and characterizes the tomato G-LecRKs, using LecRKs from the monocot rice and the basal eudicot columbine to establish a basis for comparisons between the two core eudicots. Additionally, revisiting parameters established for Arabidopsis nomenclature for LecRKs is suggested for both Arabidopsis and tomato. Moreover, using phylogenetic analysis, we show the relationship among and between members of G-LecRKs from all three eudicot plant species. Furthermore, investigating presence of motifs in G-LecRKs we identified conserved motifs among members of G-LecRKs in tomato and Arabidopsis, with five present in at least 30 of the 38 Arabidopsis members and in at least 45 of the 73 tomato members. Conclusions This work characterized tomato G-LecRKs and added members to the currently characterized Arabidopsis G-LecRKs. Additionally, protein sequence analysis showed an expansion of this family in tomato as compared to Arabidopsis, and the existence of conserved common motifs in the two plant species as well as conserved species-specific motifs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4606-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella A Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alex Rajewski
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Amy Litt
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA. .,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
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Abstract
Suspension-cultured cells respond sensitively to a number of stimuli including pathogen-derived molecules. Therefore, they are used in a simple, single-cell model system in order to gain insights into immune signaling pathways in rice. Here we describe protocols for studying chitin-induced MAPK activation and ROS generation in rice suspension-cultured cells.
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Suzuki M, Watanabe T, Yoshida I, Kaku H, Shibuya N. Autophosphorylation site Y428 is essential for the in vivo activation of CERK1. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1435228. [PMID: 29388878 PMCID: PMC5846561 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1435228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophosphorylation of PRR is a critical event for the activation of immune signaling in plant. However, the detailed function of these phosphorylation sites is still not well understood. We analyzed the function of an autophosphorylation site of Arabidopsis CERK1, Y428, in immune signaling. Biochemical characterization of CERK1 mutants transiently expressed in N. benthamiana indicated that Y428 plays a crucial role for the in vivo activation of CERK1, differently from the previous observation by the in vitro kinase assay with its cytoplasmic domain. Similar discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo kinase assay was also reported for the corresponding phosphorylation site of EFR, suggesting that these conserved tyrosine residues play important roles for the activation of both RD and non-RD RLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruya Suzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Issei Yoshida
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Desaki Y, Kouzai Y, Ninomiya Y, Iwase R, Shimizu Y, Seko K, Molinaro A, Minami E, Shibuya N, Kaku H, Nishizawa Y. OsCERK1 plays a crucial role in the lipopolysaccharide-induced immune response of rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1042-1049. [PMID: 29194635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) mediate the signals from microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that induce immune responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is a common MAMP perceived by animals and plants; however, the plant receptors/co-receptors are unknown except for LORE, a bulb-type lectin S-domain RLK (B-lectin SD1-RLK) in Arabidopsis. OsCERK1 is a multifunctional RLK in rice that contains lysin motifs (LysMs) and is essential for the perception of chitin, a fungal MAMP, and peptidoglycan, a bacterial MAMP. Here, we analyzed the relevance of OsCERK1 to LPS perception in rice. Using OsCERK1-knockout mutants (oscerk1), we evaluated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production and gene expression after LPS treatment. We also examined the LPS response in knockout mutants for the B-lectin SD1-RLK genes in rice and for all LysM-protein genes in Arabidopsis. Compared with wild-type rice cells, LPS responses in oscerk1 cells were mostly diminished. By contrast, rice lines mutated in either of three B-lectin SD1-RLK genes and Arabidopsis lines mutated in the LysM-protein genes responded normally to LPS. From these results, we conclude that OsCERK1 is an LPS receptor/co-receptor and that the LPS perception systems of rice and Arabidopsis are significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kouzai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ninomiya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iwase
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yumi Shimizu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Keito Seko
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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65
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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Gough C, Cottret L, Lefebvre B, Bono JJ. Evolutionary History of Plant LysM Receptor Proteins Related to Root Endosymbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:923. [PMID: 30022986 PMCID: PMC6039847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
LysM receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), which are specific to plants, can control establishment of both the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and the rhizobium-legume (RL) symbioses in response to signal molecules produced, respectively, by the fungal and bacterial symbiotic partners. While most studies on these proteins have been performed in legume species, there are also important findings that demonstrate the roles of LysM-RLKs in controlling symbiosis in non-legume plants. Phylogenomic studies, which have revealed the presence or absence of certain LysM-RLKs among different plant species, have provided insight into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying both the acquisition and the loss of symbiotic properties. The role of a key nodulation LysM-RLK, NFP/NFR5, in legume plants has thus probably been co-opted from an ancestral role in the AM symbiosis, and has been lost in most plant species that have lost the ability to establish the AM or the RL symbiosis. Another LysM-RLK, LYK3/NFR1, that controls the RL symbiosis probably became neo-functionalised following two rounds of gene duplication. Evidence suggests that a third LysM-RLK, LYR3/LYS12, is also implicated in perceiving microbial symbiotic signals, and this protein could have roles in symbiosis and/or plant immunity in different plant species. By focusing on these three LysM-RLKs that are widespread in plants we review their evolutionary history and what this can tell us about the evolution of both the RL and the AM symbioses.
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Buendia L, Girardin A, Wang T, Cottret L, Lefebvre B. LysM Receptor-Like Kinase and LysM Receptor-Like Protein Families: An Update on Phylogeny and Functional Characterization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1531. [PMID: 30405668 PMCID: PMC6207691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of plant specific families of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), containing 3 extracellular LysMs have been shown to directly bind and/or to be involved in perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), chitooligosaccharides (CO), and peptidoglycan (PGN), three types of GlcNAc-containing molecules produced by microorganisms. These receptors are involved in microorganism perception by plants and can activate different plant responses leading either to symbiosis establishment or to defense responses against pathogens. LysM-RLK/Ps belong to multigenic families. Here, we provide a phylogeny of these families in eight plant species, including dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and we discuss known or putative biological roles of the members in each of the identified phylogenetic groups. We also report and discuss known biochemical properties of the LysM-RLK/Ps.
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68
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Desaki Y, Miyata K, Suzuki M, Shibuya N, Kaku H. Plant immunity and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors. Innate Immun 2017; 24:92-100. [PMID: 29105533 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917738885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess the ability to recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and PAMPs through the PRRs, and initiate pattern-triggered immunity. MAMPs are derived from cell-envelope components, secreted materials and cytosolic proteins from bacteria, oomycetes or fungi, and some MAMPs play a similar function in the innate immunity in mammals. Chitin is a representative fungal MAMP and triggers defense signaling in a wide range of plant species. The chitin receptors CEBiP and CERK1 on the plasma membrane have LysM (lysin motif) in their ectodomains. These molecules play an important role for the defense responses in rice and Arabidopsis, strictly recognizing the size and acetylated form of chitin oligosaccharides. However, related LysM receptors also play major roles for the signaling in root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the defense and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors, including the activation steps of chitin-induced defense signaling downstream of LysM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Desaki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kana Miyata
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maruya Suzuki
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Guest Editors: Mari-Anne Newman (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Antonio Molinaro (Naples, Italy) 1Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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69
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Plant signalling in symbiosis and immunity. Nature 2017; 543:328-336. [PMID: 28300100 DOI: 10.1038/nature22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root-soil interface, that can invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between plants and microorganisms include those that promote plant growth by facilitating the acquisition of limiting nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. But while promoting such symbiotic relationships, plants must restrict the formation of pathogenic associations. Achieving this balance requires the perception of potential invading microorganisms through the signals that they produce, followed by the activation of either symbiotic responses that promote microbial colonization or immune responses that limit it.
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Erwig J, Ghareeb H, Kopischke M, Hacke R, Matei A, Petutschnig E, Lipka V. Chitin-induced and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of Arabidopsis thaliana LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (LYK5). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:382-396. [PMID: 28513921 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To detect potential pathogens, plants perceive the fungal polysaccharide chitin through receptor complexes containing lysin motif receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs). To investigate the ligand-induced spatial dynamics of chitin receptor components, we studied the subcellular behaviour of two Arabidopsis thaliana LysM-RLKs involved in chitin signalling, CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) and LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5. We performed standard and quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy on stably transformed A. thaliana plants expressing fluorescently tagged CERK1 and LYK5 from their native promoters. Microscopy approaches were complemented by biochemical analyses in plants and in vitro. Both CERK1 and LYK5 localized to the plasma membrane and showed constitutive endomembrane trafficking. After chitin treatment, however, CERK1 remained at the plasma membrane while LYK5 relocalized into mobile intracellular vesicles. Detailed analyses revealed that chitin perception transiently induced the internalization of LYK5 into late endocytic compartments. Plants that lacked CERK1 or expressed an enzymatically inactive CERK1 variant did not exhibit chitin-induced endocytosis of LYK5. CERK1 could phosphorylate LYK5 in vitro and chitin treatment induced CERK1-dependent phosphorylation of LYK5 in planta. Our results suggest that chitin-induced phosphorylation by CERK1 triggers LYK5 internalization. Thus, our work identifies phosphorylation as a key regulatory step in endocytosis of plant RLKs and also provides evidence for receptor complex dissociation after ligand perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erwig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronja Hacke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Zhou Y, Jiang S, Jiao Y, Wang H. Synergistic effects of nanochitin on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:205-212. [PMID: 28237570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have great potential for use in various fields, due to their unique properties. In order to explore the bioactivity of nanochitin on tobacco, the effects of nanochitin suspensions on tobacco seed germination, seedling growth, and synergistic effects with fungicides were studied in indoor and field trials. Results showed that 0.004% (w/v) of nanochitin improved tobacco seed germination and shortened mean time to germination significantly; 0.005% (w/v) of nanochitin increased tobacco stem length, stem girth, leaf number and leaf area, and 0.001% (w/v) of nanochitin had synergistic effects on inhibition of tobacco root rot when mixed with metalaxyl mancozeb and thiophanate methyl fungicides. This indicates that nanochitin suspensions have a strong potential to protect tobacco from tobacco root rot diseases and reduce the use of chemical fungicides in tobacco plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shijun Jiang
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongji Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hezhong Wang
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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72
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Carotenuto G, Chabaud M, Miyata K, Capozzi M, Takeda N, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Nakagawa T, Barker DG, Genre A. The rice LysM receptor-like kinase OsCERK1 is required for the perception of short-chain chitin oligomers in arbuscular mycorrhizal signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1440-1446. [PMID: 28369864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The rice lysin-motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase OsCERK1 is now known to have a dual role in both pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. Following the recent discovery that the Oscerk1 mutant is unable to host arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, we have examined whether OsCERK1 is directly involved in the perception of the short-chain chitin oligomers (Myc-COs) identified in AM fungal exudates and shown to activate nuclear calcium (Ca2+ ) spiking in the rice root epidermis. An Oscerk1 knockout mutant expressing the cameleon NLS-YC2.60 was used to monitor nuclear Ca2+ signaling following root treatment with either crude fungal exudates or purified Myc-COs. Compared with wild-type rice, Ca2+ spiking responses to AM fungal elicitation were absent in root atrichoblasts of the Oscerk1 mutant. By contrast, rice lines mutated in OsCEBiP, encoding the LysM receptor-like protein which associates with OsCERK1 to perceive chitin elicitors of the host immune defense pathway, responded positively to Myc-COs. These findings provide direct evidence that the bi-functional OsCERK1 plays a central role in perceiving short-chain Myc-CO signals and activating the downstream conserved symbiotic signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions (LIPM), INRA-CNRS-Toulouse University, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Kana Miyata
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Martina Capozzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Naoya Takeda
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB)/SOKENDAI, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB)/SOKENDAI, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - David G Barker
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions (LIPM), INRA-CNRS-Toulouse University, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
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73
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Cao Y, Halane MK, Gassmann W, Stacey G. The Role of Plant Innate Immunity in the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:535-561. [PMID: 28142283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A classic view of the evolution of mutualism is that it derives from a pathogenic relationship that attenuated over time to a situation in which both partners can benefit. If this is the case for rhizobia, then one might uncover features of the symbiosis that reflect this earlier pathogenic state. For example, as with plant pathogens, it is now generally assumed that rhizobia actively suppress the host immune response to allow infection and symbiosis establishment. Likewise, the host has retained mechanisms to control the nutrient supply to the symbionts and the number of nodules so that they do not become too burdensome. The open question is whether such events are strictly ancillary to the central symbiotic nodulation factor signaling pathway or are essential for rhizobial host infection. Subsequent to these early infection events, plant immune responses can also be induced inside nodules and likely play a role in, for example, nodule senescence. Thus, a balanced regulation of innate immunity is likely required throughout rhizobial infection, symbiotic establishment, and maintenance. In this review, we discuss the significance of plant immune responses in the regulation of symbiotic associations with rhizobia, as well as rhizobial evasion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Morgan K Halane
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211;
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74
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Gu Z, Liu T, Ding B, Li F, Wang Q, Qian S, Ye F, Chen T, Yang Y, Wang J, Wang G, Zhang B, Zhou X. Two Lysin-Motif Receptor Kinases, Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK2, Contribute to Resistance against Verticillium wilt in Upland Cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2133. [PMID: 29326741 PMCID: PMC5733346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysin-motif (LysM) receptor kinases (LYKs) play essential roles in recognition of chitin and activation of defense responses against pathogenic fungi in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. The function of LYKs in non-model plants, however, remains elusive. In the present work, we found that the transcription of two LYK-encoding genes from cotton, Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK2, was induced after Verticillium dahliae infection. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK2 in cotton plants compromises resistance to V. dahliae. As putative pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK2 are membrane-localized, and all three LysM domains of Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK2 are required for their chitin-binding ability. However, since Gh-LYK2, but not Gh-LYK1, is a pseudo-kinase and, on the other hand, the ectodomain (ED) of Gh-LYK2 can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in planta, Gh-LYK2 and Gh-LYK1 may contribute differently to cotton defense. Taken together, our results establish that both Gh-LYK1 and Gh-LYK12 are required for defense against V. dahliae in cotton, possibly through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Baolong Zhang
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xueping Zhou
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75
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Miyata K, Hayafune M, Kobae Y, Kaku H, Nishizawa Y, Masuda Y, Shibuya N, Nakagawa T. Evaluation of the Role of the LysM Receptor-Like Kinase, OsNFR5/OsRLK2 for AM Symbiosis in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2283-2290. [PMID: 27519312 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In legume-specific rhizobial symbiosis, host plants perceive rhizobial signal molecules, Nod factors, by a pair of LysM receptor-like kinases, NFR1/LYK3 and NFR5/NFP, and activate symbiotic responses through the downstream signaling components also required for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Recently, the rice NFR1/LYK3 ortholog, OsCERK1, was shown to play crucial roles for AM symbiosis. On the other hand, the roles of the NFR5/NFP ortholog in rice have not been elucidated, while it has been shown that NFR5/NFP orthologs, Parasponia PaNFR5 and tomato SlRLK10, engage in AM symbiosis. OsCERK1 also triggers immune responses in combination with a receptor partner, OsCEBiP, against fungal or bacterial infection, thus regulating opposite responses against symbiotic and pathogenic microbes. However, it has not been elucidated how OsCERK1 switches these opposite functions. Here, we analyzed the function of the rice NFR5/NFP ortholog, OsNFR5/OsRLK2, as a possible candidate of the OsCERK1 partner for symbiotic signaling. Inoculation of AM fungi induced the expression of OsNFR5 in the rice root, and the chimeric receptor consisting of the extracellular domain of LjNFR5 and the intracellular domain of OsNFR5 complemented the Ljnfr5 mutant for rhizobial symbiosis, indicating that the intracellular kinase domain of OsNFR5 could activate symbiotic signaling in Lotus japonicus. Although these data suggested the possible involvement of OsNFR5 in AM symbiosis, osnfr5 knockout mutants were colonized by AM fungi similar to the wild-type rice. These observations suggested several possibilities including the presence of functionally redundant genes other than OsNFR5 or involvement of novel ligands, which do not require OsNFR5 for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Miyata
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayafune
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kobae
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Agro-environmental Research Division 1, Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555 Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Masuda
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571 Japan
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602 Japan
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76
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Suzuki M, Shibuya M, Shimada H, Motoyama N, Nakashima M, Takahashi S, Suto K, Yoshida I, Matsui S, Tsujimoto N, Ohnishi M, Ishibashi Y, Fujimoto Z, Desaki Y, Kaku H, Kito K, Shibuya N. Autophosphorylation of Specific Threonine and Tyrosine Residues in Arabidopsis CERK1 is Essential for the Activation of Chitin-Induced Immune Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2312-2322. [PMID: 27565204 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors on the plant cell surface mediate the recognition of microbe/damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) and activate downstream immune signaling. Autophosphorylation of signaling receptor-like kinases is a critical event for the activation of downstream responses but the function of each phosphorylation site in the regulation of immune signaling is not well understood. In this study, 41 Ser/Thr/Tyr and 15 Ser/Thr residues were identified as in vitro and in vivo autophosphorylation sites of Arabidopsis CERK1, which is essential for chitin signaling. Comprehensive analysis of transgenic plants expressing mutated CERK1 genes for each phosphorylation site in the cerk1-2 background indicated that the phosphorylation of T479 in the activation segment and Y428 located upstream of the catalytic loop is important for the activation of chitin-triggered defense responses. Contribution of the phosphorylation of T573 to the chitin responses was also suggested. In vitro evaluation of kinase activities of mutated kinase domains indicated that the phosphorylation of T479 and T573 is directly involved in the regulation of kinase activity of CERK1 but the phosphorylation of Y428 regulates chitin signaling independently of the regulation of kinase activity. These results indicated that the phosphorylation of specific residues in the kinase domain contributes to the regulation of downstream signaling either through the regulation of kinase activity or the different mechanisms, e.g. regulation of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruya Suzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masatoshi Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hikaru Shimada
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Noriko Motoyama
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masato Nakashima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shohei Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kenkichi Suto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Issei Yoshida
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Saki Matsui
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tsujimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mihoko Ohnishi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishibashi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Zui Fujimoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Desaki
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Keiji Kito
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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78
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Takahara H, Hacquard S, Kombrink A, Hughes HB, Halder V, Robin GP, Hiruma K, Neumann U, Shinya T, Kombrink E, Shibuya N, Thomma BPHJ, O'Connell RJ. Colletotrichum higginsianum extracellular LysM proteins play dual roles in appressorial function and suppression of chitin-triggered plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1323-37. [PMID: 27174033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the hemibiotrophic anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum higginsianum, encodes a large repertoire of candidate-secreted effectors containing LysM domains, but the role of such proteins in the pathogenicity of any Colletotrichum species is unknown. Here, we characterized the function of two effectors, ChELP1 and ChELP2, which are transcriptionally activated during the initial intracellular biotrophic phase of infection. Using immunocytochemistry, we found that ChELP2 is concentrated on the surface of bulbous biotrophic hyphae at the interface with living host cells but is absent from filamentous necrotrophic hyphae. We show that recombinant ChELP1 and ChELP2 bind chitin and chitin oligomers in vitro with high affinity and specificity and that both proteins suppress the chitin-triggered activation of two immune-related plant mitogen-activated protein kinases in the host Arabidopsis. Using RNAi-mediated gene silencing, we found that ChELP1 and ChELP2 are essential for fungal virulence and appressorium-mediated penetration of both Arabidopsis epidermal cells and cellophane membranes in vitro. The findings suggest a dual role for these LysM proteins as effectors for suppressing chitin-triggered immunity and as proteins required for appressorium function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahara
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Bleddyn Hughes
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guillaume P Robin
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J O'Connell
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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79
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Li L, Yu Y, Zhou Z, Zhou JM. Plant pattern-recognition receptors controlling innate immunity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:878-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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80
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Akamatsu A, Shimamoto K, Kawano Y. Crosstalk of Signaling Mechanisms Involved in Host Defense and Symbiosis Against Microorganisms in Rice. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:297-307. [PMID: 27499679 PMCID: PMC4955034 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160331201602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important food crops, feeding about half population in the world. Rice pathogens cause enormous damage to rice production worldwide. In plant immunity research, considerable progress has recently been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity. Using genome sequencing and molecular techniques, a number of new MAMPs and their receptors have been identified in the past two decades. Notably, the mechanisms for chitin perception via the lysine motif (LysM) domain-containing receptor OsCERK1, as well as the mechanisms for bacterial MAMP (e.g. flg22, elf18) perception via the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain-containing receptors FLS2 and EFR, have been clarified in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively. In chitin signaling in rice, two direct substrates of OsCERK1, Rac/ROP GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor OsRacGEF1 and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK185, have been identified as components of the OsCERK1 complex and are rapidly phosphorylated by OsCERK1 in response to chitin. Interestingly, OsCERK1 also participates in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in rice and plays a role in the recognition of short-chitin molecules (CO4/5), which are symbiotic signatures included in AMF germinated spore exudates and induced by synthetic strigolactone. Thus, OsCERK1 contributes to both immunity and symbiotic responses. In this review, we describe recent studies on pathways involved in rice immunity and symbiotic signaling triggered by interactions with microorganisms. In addition, we describe recent advances in genetic engineering by using plant immune receptors and symbiotic microorganisms to enhance disease resistance of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan;; Present address: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich,United Kingdom
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan
| | - Yoji Kawano
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara,Japan;; Present address: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai,P.R. China;; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama,Japan
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81
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Liu S, Wang J, Han Z, Gong X, Zhang H, Chai J. Molecular Mechanism for Fungal Cell Wall Recognition by Rice Chitin Receptor OsCEBiP. Structure 2016; 24:1192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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82
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Wang YJ, Wei XY, Jing XQ, Chang YL, Hu CH, Wang X, Chen KM. The Fundamental Role of NOX Family Proteins in Plant Immunity and Their Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060805. [PMID: 27240354 PMCID: PMC4926339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are involved in many important processes in plants such as regulation of acclimatory signaling and programmed cell death (PCD). Increasing evidence shows that NOXs play crucial roles in plant immunity and their functions in plant immune responses are not as separate individuals but with other signal molecules such as kinases, Rac/Rop small GTPases and hormones, mediating a series of signal transmissions. In a similar way, NOX-mediated signaling also participates in abiotic stress response of plants. We summarized here the complex role and regulation mechanism of NOXs in mediating plant immune response, and the viewpoint that abiotic stress response of plants may be a kind of special plant immunity is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiao-Yong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiu-Qing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yan-Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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83
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Fliegmann J, Jauneau A, Pichereaux C, Rosenberg C, Gasciolli V, Timmers ACJ, Burlet-Schiltz O, Cullimore J, Bono JJ. LYR3, a high-affinity LCO-binding protein of Medicago truncatula, interacts with LYK3, a key symbiotic receptor. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1477-87. [PMID: 27129432 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
LYR3, LYK3, and NFP are lysin motif-containing receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs) from Medicago truncatula, involved in perception of symbiotic lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals. Here, we show that LYR3, a high-affinity LCO-binding protein, physically interacts with LYK3, a key player regulating symbiotic interactions. In vitro, LYR3 is phosphorylated by the active kinase domain of LYK3. Fluorescence lifetime imaging/Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM/FRET) experiments in tobacco protoplasts show that the interaction between LYR3 and LYK3 at the plasma membrane is disrupted or inhibited by addition of LCOs. Moreover, LYR3 attenuates the cell death response, provoked by coexpression of NFP and LYK3 in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Fédération de Recherche FR3450 - Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche FR3450 - Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Cullimore
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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84
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Selin C, de Kievit TR, Belmonte MF, Fernando WGD. Elucidating the Role of Effectors in Plant-Fungal Interactions: Progress and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:600. [PMID: 27199930 PMCID: PMC4846801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have diverse growth lifestyles that support fungal colonization on plants. Successful colonization and infection for all lifestyles depends upon the ability to modify living host plants to sequester the necessary nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Secretion of virulence determinants referred to as “effectors” is assumed to be the key governing factor that determines host infection and colonization. Effector proteins are capable of suppressing plant defense responses and alter plant physiology to accommodate fungal invaders. This review focuses on effector molecules of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogenic fungi, and the mechanism required for the release and uptake of effector molecules by the fungi and plant cells, respectively. We also place emphasis on the discovery of effectors, difficulties associated with predicting the effector repertoire, and fungal genomic features that have helped promote effector diversity leading to fungal evolution. We discuss the role of specific effectors found in biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi and examine how CRISPR/Cas9 technology may provide a new avenue for accelerating our ability in the discovery of fungal effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Selin
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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85
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Melcher RLJ, Moerschbacher BM. An improved microtiter plate assay to monitor the oxidative burst in monocot and dicot plant cell suspension cultures. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:5. [PMID: 26819624 PMCID: PMC4729151 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A screening method for elicitor and priming agents does not only allow detecting new bioactive substances, it can also be used to understand structure-function relationships of known agents by testing different derivatives of them. This can not only provide new lead compounds for the development of novel, more environment-benign, bio-based agro-chemicals, it may eventually also lead to a better understanding of defense mechanisms in plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are sensitive indicators of these mechanisms but current assay formats are not suitable for multiplex screening, in particularly not in the case of monocot systems. RESULTS Here we describe continuous monitoring of ROS in 96-well microtiter plates using the chemiluminescent probe L012, a luminol derivative producing chemiluminescence when oxidised by ROS like hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, or hydroxyl radical that can thus be used as an indicator for these ROS. We were able to measure ROS in both monocot (Oryza sativa) and dicot (Medicago truncatula) cell suspension cultures and record dose dependencies for the carbohydrate elicitors and priming agents ulvan and chitosan at low substrate concentrations (0.3-2.5 µg/ml). The method was optimized in terms of cell density, L012 concentration, and pre-incubation time. In contrast to the single peak observed using a cuvette luminometer, the improved method revealed a double burst in both cell systems during the 90-min measuring period, probably due to the detection of multiple ROS rather than only H2O2. CONCLUSION We provide a medium throughput screening method for monocot and dicot suspension-cultured cells that enables direct comparison of monocot and dicot plant systems regarding their reaction to different signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. J. Melcher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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86
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Via VD, Zanetti ME, Blanco F. How legumes recognize rhizobia. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1120396. [PMID: 26636731 PMCID: PMC4883929 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1120396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants have developed the capacity to establish symbiotic interactions with soil bacteria (known as rhizobia) that can convert N2 to molecular forms that are incorporated into the plant metabolism. The first step of this relationship is the recognition of bacteria by the plant, which allows to distinguish potentially harmful species from symbiotic partners. The main molecular determinant of this symbiotic interaction is the Nod Factor, a diffusible lipochitooligosaccharide molecule produced by rhizobia and perceived by LysM receptor kinases; however, other important molecules involved in the specific recognition have emerged over the years. Secreted exopolysaccharides and the lipopolysaccharides present in the bacterial cell wall have been proposed to act as signaling molecules, triggering the expression of specific genes related to the symbiotic process. In this review we will briefly discuss how transcriptomic analysis are helping to understand how multiple signaling pathways, triggered by the perception of different molecules produced by rhizobia, control the genetic programs of root nodule organogenesis and bacterial infection. This knowledge can help to understand how legumes have evolved to recognize and establish complex ecological relationships with particular species and strains of rhizobia, adjusting gene expression in response to identity determinants of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Dalla Via
- a Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET , La Plata , Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Zanetti
- a Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Flavio Blanco
- a Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT-La Plata, CONICET , La Plata , Argentina
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87
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Shinya T, Nakagawa T, Kaku H, Shibuya N. Chitin-mediated plant-fungal interactions: catching, hiding and handshaking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:64-71. [PMID: 26116978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect infecting fungi through the perception of chitin oligosaccharides by lysin motif receptors such as CEBiP and CERK1. A major function of CERK1 seems to be as a signaling molecule in the receptor complex formed with ligand-binding molecules and to activate downstream defense signaling. Fungal pathogens, however, have developed counter strategies to escape from the chitin-mediated detection by using effectors and/or changing their cell walls. Common structural features between chitin and Nod-/Myc-factors and corresponding receptors have suggested the close relationships between the chitin-mediated immunity and rhizobial/arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The recent discovery of the dual function of OsCERK1 in both plant immunity and mycorrhizal symbiosis sheds new light on the evolutionary relationships between defense and symbiotic systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakagawa
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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88
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Lu F, Wang H, Wang S, Jiang W, Shan C, Li B, Yang J, Zhang S, Sun W. Enhancement of innate immune system in monocot rice by transferring the dicotyledonous elongation factor Tu receptor EFR. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:641-52. [PMID: 25358295 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) receptor (EFR) in cruciferous plants specifically recognizes the N-terminal acetylated elf18 region of bacterial EF-Tu and thereby activates plant immunity. It has been demonstrated that Arabidopsis EFR confers broad-spectrum bacterial resistance in the EFR transgenic solanaceous plants. Here, the transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. Zhonghua 17) and cell cultures with constitutive expression of AtEFR were developed to investigate whether AtEFR senses EF-Tu and thus enhances bacterial resistance in the monocot plants. We demonstrated that the Xanthomonas oryzae-derived elf18 peptide induced oxidative burst and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the AtEFR transgenic rice cells and plants, respectively. Pathogenesis-related genes, such as OsPBZ1, were upregulated dramatically in transgenic rice plant and cell lines in response to elf18 stimulation. Importantly, pretreatment with elf18 triggered strong resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae in the transgenic plants, which was largely dependent on the AtEFR expression level. These plants also exhibited enhanced resistance to rice bacterial brown stripe, but not to rice fungal blast. Collectively, the results indicate that the rice plants with heterologous expression of AtEFR recognize bacterial EF-Tu and exhibit enhanced broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance and that pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity may be manipulated across the two plant classes, dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wendi Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changlin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory in Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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89
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Schoonbeek HJ, Wang HH, Stefanato FL, Craze M, Bowden S, Wallington E, Zipfel C, Ridout CJ. Arabidopsis EF-Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:606-13. [PMID: 25760815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18. We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication. These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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90
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Liu P, Zhang H, Yu B, Xiong L, Xia Y. Proteomic identification of early salicylate- and flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8625. [PMID: 25720653 PMCID: PMC4342551 DOI: 10.1038/srep08625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the early defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. The mechanism about the initial and direct regulation of the defense signaling pathway by ROS remains elusive. Perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis by ROS is believed to alter functions of redox-sensitive proteins through their oxidative modifications. Here we report an OxiTRAQ-based proteomic study in identifying proteins whose cysteines underwent oxidative modifications in Arabidopsis cells during the early response to salicylate or flg22, two defense pathway elicitors that are known to disturb cellular redox homeostasis. Among the salicylate- and/or flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins are those involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, RNA processing, post-translational modifications, and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. The identification of the salicylate-/flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins provides a foundation from which further study can be conducted toward understanding biological significance of their oxidative modifications during the plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- 1] Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong [2] Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huoming Zhang
- Biosciences Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boying Yu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Xiong
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiji Xia
- 1] Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong [2] Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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91
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Sánchez-Vallet A, Mesters JR, Thomma BP. The battle for chitin recognition in plant-microbe interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:171-83. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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92
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Limpens E, van Zeijl A, Geurts R. Lipochitooligosaccharides modulate plant host immunity to enable endosymbioses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:311-34. [PMID: 26047562 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals to communicate with potential host plants. Upon a compatible match, an intimate relation is established during which the microsymbiont is allowed to enter root (-derived) cells. Plants perceive microbial LCO molecules by specific LysM-domain-containing receptor-like kinases. These do not only activate a common symbiosis signaling pathway that is shared in both symbioses but also modulate innate immune responses. Recent studies revealed that symbiotic LCO receptors are closely related to chitin innate immune receptors, and some of these receptors even function in symbiosis as well as immunity. This raises questions about how plants manage to translate structurally very similar microbial signals into different outputs. Here, we describe the current view on chitin and LCO perception in innate immunity and endosymbiosis and question how LCOs might modulate the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss what it takes to become an endosymbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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93
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Egusa M, Matsui H, Urakami T, Okuda S, Ifuku S, Nakagami H, Kaminaka H. Chitin Nanofiber Elucidates the Elicitor Activity of Polymeric Chitin in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1098. [PMID: 26697049 PMCID: PMC4673310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer, is a component of fungal cell walls and a microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern that elicits plant defense responses. As polymeric chitin is difficult to handle due to its insolubility in water, many studies on chitin-induced immune responses have used water-soluble low-molecular weight chitin instead. Thus, it is unclear if polymeric chitin can induce resistance. Here, we examined the elicitor activity of chitin nanofiber (CNF) of submicron thickness prepared from polymeric chitin. CNF showed a high dispersing ability in water and induced both reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chitin-induced defense-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The Arabidopsis chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (Atcerk1) mutant, which is impaired in chitin perception, also failed to respond to CNF. CNF exposure triggered ROS generation in suspension-cultured cells from Oryza sativa. Furthermore, pre-treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with CNF effectively reduced pathogen infection by both the fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These results demonstrate that CNF has elicitor activity and will help define the role of polymeric chitin in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Egusa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urakami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
| | - Sanami Okuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
| | | | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori UniversityTottori, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironori Kaminaka,
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94
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Ao Y, Li Z, Feng D, Xiong F, Liu J, Li JF, Wang M, Wang J, Liu B, Wang HB. OsCERK1 and OsRLCK176 play important roles in peptidoglycan and chitin signaling in rice innate immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1072-84. [PMID: 25335639 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity plays critical roles in the basal resistance defense response in plants. Chitin and peptidoglycan (PGN) are major molecular patterns for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Two rice (Oryza sativa) lysin motif-containing proteins, OsLYP4 and OsLYP6, function as receptors that sense bacterial PGN and fungal chitin. These membrane receptors, which lack intracellular kinase domains, likely contain another component for transmembrane immune signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that the rice LysM receptor-like kinase OsCERK1, a key component of the chitin elicitor signaling pathway, also plays an important role in PGN-triggered immunity in rice. Silencing of OsCERK1 suppressed PGN-induced (and chitin-induced) immunity responses, including reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and callose deposition, indicating that OsCERK1 is essential for both PGN and chitin signaling initiated by OsLYP4 and OsLYP6. OsLYP4 associated with OsLYP6 and the rice chitin receptor chitin oligosaccharide elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP) in the absence of PGN or chitin, and treatment with PGN or chitin led to their disassociation in vivo. OsCERK1 associated with OsLYP4 or OsLYP6 when induced by PGN but it associated with OsLYP4, OsLYP6, or CEBiP under chitin treatment, suggesting the presence of different patterns of ligand-induced heterooligomeric receptor complexes. Furthermore, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK176 functions downstream of OsCERK1 in the PGN and chitin signaling pathways, suggesting that these MAMPs share overlapping intracellular signaling components. Therefore, OsCERK1 plays dual roles in PGN and chitin signaling in rice innate immunity and as an adaptor involved in signal transduction at the plasma membrane in conjunction with OsLYP4 and OsLYP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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95
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Seybold H, Trempel F, Ranf S, Scheel D, Romeis T, Lee J. Ca2+ signalling in plant immune response: from pattern recognition receptors to Ca2+ decoding mechanisms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:782-90. [PMID: 25539002 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger for cellular signalling in various stresses and developmental processes. Here, we summarize current developments in the roles of Ca2+ during plant immunity responses. We discuss the early perception events preceding and necessary for triggering cellular Ca2+ fluxes, the potential Ca2+-permeable channels, the decoding of Ca2+ signals predominantly via Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation events and transcriptional reprogramming. To highlight the complexity of the cellular signal network, we briefly touch on the interplay between Ca2+-dependent signalling and selected major signalling mechanisms--with special emphasis on reactive oxygen species at local and systemic levels.
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96
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Antolín-Llovera M, Petutsching EK, Ried MK, Lipka V, Nürnberger T, Robatzek S, Parniske M. Knowing your friends and foes--plant receptor-like kinases as initiators of symbiosis or defence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:791-802. [PMID: 25367611 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The decision between defence and symbiosis signalling in plants involves alternative and modular plasma membrane-localized receptor complexes. A critical step in their activation is ligand-induced homo- or hetero-oligomerization of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and/or lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases (RLKs). In defence signalling, receptor complexes form upon binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including the bacterial flagellin-derived peptide flg22, or chitin. Similar mechanisms are likely to operate during the perception of microbial symbiont-derived (lipo)-chitooligosaccharides. The structurally related chitin-oligomer ligands chitooctaose and chitotetraose trigger defence and symbiosis signalling, respectively, and their discrimination involves closely related, if not identical, LysM-RLKs. This illustrates the demand for and the challenges imposed on decision mechanisms that ensure appropriate signal initiation. Appropriate signalling critically depends on abundance and localization of RLKs at the cell surface. This is regulated by internalization, which also provides a mechanism for the removal of activated signalling RLKs. Abundance of the malectin-like domain (MLD)-LRR-RLK Symbiosis Receptor-like Kinase (SYMRK) is additionally controlled by cleavage of its modular ectodomain, which generates a truncated and rapidly degraded RLK fragment. This review explores LRR- and LysM-mediated signalling, the involvement of MLD-LRR-RLKs in symbiosis and defence, and the role of endocytosis in RLK function.
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97
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Wiesel L, Newton AC, Elliott I, Booty D, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ, Hein I. Molecular effects of resistance elicitors from biological origin and their potential for crop protection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:655. [PMID: 25484886 PMCID: PMC4240061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain a sophisticated innate immune network to prevent pathogenic microbes from gaining access to nutrients and from colonizing internal structures. The first layer of inducible response is governed by the plant following the perception of microbe- or modified plant-derived molecules. As the perception of these molecules results in a plant response that can provide efficient resistance toward non-adapted pathogens they can also be described as "defense elicitors." In compatible plant/microbe interactions, adapted microorganisms have means to avoid or disable this resistance response and promote virulence. However, this requires a detailed spatial and temporal response from the invading pathogens. In agricultural practice, treating plants with isolated defense elicitors in the absence of pathogens can promote plant resistance by uncoupling defense activation from the effects of pathogen virulence determinants. The plant responses to plant, bacterial, oomycete, or fungal-derived elicitors are not, in all cases, universal and need elucidating prior to the application in agriculture. This review provides an overview of currently known elicitors of biological rather than synthetic origin and places their activity into a molecular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Wiesel
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- The Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
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98
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Cao Y, Liang Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Jedrzejczak RP, Joachimiak A, Stacey G. The kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with related kinase CERK1. eLife 2014. [PMID: 25340959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03766.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern recognized in Arabidopsis by a lysin motif receptor kinase (LYK), AtCERK1. Previous research suggested that AtCERK1 is the major chitin receptor and mediates chitin-induced signaling through homodimerization and phosphorylation. However, the reported chitin binding affinity of AtCERK1 is quite low, suggesting another receptor with high chitin binding affinity might be present. Here, we propose that AtLYK5 is the primary chitin receptor in Arabidopsis. Mutations in AtLYK5 resulted in a significant reduction in chitin response. However, AtLYK5 shares overlapping function with AtLYK4 and, therefore, Atlyk4/Atlyk5-2 double mutants show a complete loss of chitin response. AtLYK5 interacts with AtCERK1 in a chitin-dependent manner. Chitin binding to AtLYK5 is indispensable for chitin-induced AtCERK1 phosphorylation. AtLYK5 binds chitin at a much higher affinity than AtCERK1. The data suggest that AtLYK5 is the primary receptor for chitin, forming a chitin inducible complex with AtCERK1 to induce plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Yan Liang
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Cuong T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Robert P Jedrzejczak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, United States
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
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99
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Cao Y, Liang Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Jedrzejczak RP, Joachimiak A, Stacey G. The kinase LYK5 is a major chitin receptor in Arabidopsis and forms a chitin-induced complex with related kinase CERK1. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25340959 PMCID: PMC4356144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a fungal microbe-associated molecular pattern recognized in Arabidopsis by a lysin motif receptor kinase (LYK), AtCERK1. Previous research suggested that AtCERK1 is the major chitin receptor and mediates chitin-induced signaling through homodimerization and phosphorylation. However, the reported chitin binding affinity of AtCERK1 is quite low, suggesting another receptor with high chitin binding affinity might be present. Here, we propose that AtLYK5 is the primary chitin receptor in Arabidopsis. Mutations in AtLYK5 resulted in a significant reduction in chitin response. However, AtLYK5 shares overlapping function with AtLYK4 and, therefore, Atlyk4/Atlyk5-2 double mutants show a complete loss of chitin response. AtLYK5 interacts with AtCERK1 in a chitin-dependent manner. Chitin binding to AtLYK5 is indispensable for chitin-induced AtCERK1 phosphorylation. AtLYK5 binds chitin at a much higher affinity than AtCERK1. The data suggest that AtLYK5 is the primary receptor for chitin, forming a chitin inducible complex with AtCERK1 to induce plant immunity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03766.001 Invading fungi are responsible for many of the plant diseases that affect global crop production. Plants have to be able to identify these fungi, and activate the right defense strategies if they are to protect themselves. Chitin is a polymer that is found in the cell walls of all fungi, but not in plants, so if the plant detects chitin, it knows that a potentially harmful fungus may be nearby. The detection of chitin, and the resulting activation of a plant's defenses, requires a receptor protein called CERK1. In rice, CERK1 needs to interact with another receptor protein called CEBiP, which binds to chitin. However, in Arabidopsis thaliana—which is widely studied in plant research—CERK1 can bind to chitin on its own, although this interaction is very weak, so it has been suggested that a second protein may be involved. Cao et al. have now found that a receptor protein called LYK5, which is very similar to CERK1, is much better at attaching to chitin in A. thaliana. It can also bind to CERK1, but only when chitin is present, and is required for activation of basic plant defenses. The experiments suggest that LYK5 detects chitin on behalf of CERK1, in a similar way to how CEBiP works in rice. The next step in this research is to work out how CERK1 and LYK5 are able to activate plant defenses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03766.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Yan Liang
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Cuong T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Robert P Jedrzejczak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, United States
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
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100
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Liang Y, Tóth K, Cao Y, Tanaka K, Espinoza C, Stacey G. Lipochitooligosaccharide recognition: an ancient story. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:289-96. [PMID: 25453133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, found in crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. The action of chitin and chitin derivatives on plants has become a very interesting story of late. Chitin is a b1-4-linked polymer of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine(GlcNAc). In this unmodified form, chitooligosaccharides (degree of polymerization(dp) = 6–8)) are strong inducers of plant innate immunity. By contrast, when these chitooligosaccharides are acylated (so-called lipochitooligosaccharides, LCOs) and further modified, they can act as Nod factors, the key signaling molecules that play an important role in the initiation of the legume–rhizobium symbiosis. In a similar form, these molecules can also act as Myc factors, the key signaling molecules involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)symbiosis. It has been proposed that Nod factor perception might have evolved from the more ancient AM symbiosis. Increasing evidence now suggests that LCO perception might have evolved from plant innate immunity signaling. In this review, we will discuss the evolutionary origin of symbiotic LCO recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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