51
|
Panchenko AV, Gubareva EA, Anisimov VN. The role of circadian rhythms and the “cellular clock” in age-associated diseases. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057017010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
52
|
Nakazato R, Hotta S, Yamada D, Kou M, Nakamura S, Takahata Y, Tei H, Numano R, Hida A, Shimba S, Mieda M, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y, Takarada T. The intrinsic microglial clock system regulates interleukin-6 expression. Glia 2016; 65:198-208. [PMID: 27726182 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Similar to neurons, microglia have an intrinsic molecular clock. The master clock oscillator Bmal1 modulates interleukin-6 upregulation in microglial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Bmal1 can play a role in microglial inflammatory responses. We previously demonstrated that gliotransmitter ATP induces transient expression of the clock gene Period1 via P2X7 purinergic receptors in cultured microglia. In this study, we further investigated mechanisms underlying the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production by clock molecules in microglial cells. Several clock gene transcripts exhibited oscillatory diurnal rhythmicity in microglial BV-2 cells. Real-time luciferase monitoring also showed diurnal oscillatory luciferase activity in cultured microglia from Per1::Luciferase transgenic mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) strongly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells, whereas an siRNA targeting Brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Bmal1), a core positive component of the microglial molecular clock, selectively inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. In addition, LPS-induced IL-6 expression was attenuated in microglia from Bmal1-deficient mice. This phenotype was recapitulated by pharmacological disruption of oscillatory diurnal rhythmicity using the synthetic Rev-Erb agonist SR9011. Promoter analysis of the Il6 gene revealed that Bmal1 is required for LPS-induced IL-6 expression in microglia. Mice conditionally Bmal1 deficient in cells expressing CD11b, including microglia, exhibited less potent upregulation of Il6 expression following middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with that in control mice, with a significant attenuation of neuronal damage. These results suggest that the intrinsic microglial clock modulates the inflammatory response, including the positive regulation of IL-6 expression in a particular pathological situation in the brain, GLIA 2016. GLIA 2017;65:198-208.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakazato
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shogo Hotta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miki Kou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Nakamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Tei
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rika Numano
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, and Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Akiko Hida
- Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shimba
- Department of Health Science, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Weissová K, Bartoš A, Sládek M, Nováková M, Sumová A. Moderate Changes in the Circadian System of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Detected in Their Home Environment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146200. [PMID: 26727258 PMCID: PMC4701009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease often accompanied with disruption of sleep-wake cycle. The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by mechanisms involving internal timekeeping (circadian) regulation. The aim of our present pilot study was to assess the circadian system in patients with mild form of AD in their home environment. In the study, 13 elderly AD patients and 13 age-matched healthy control subjects (the patient's spouses) were enrolled. Sleep was recorded for 21 days by sleep diaries in all participants and checked by actigraphy in 4 of the AD patient/control couples. The samples of saliva and buccal mucosa were collected every 4 hours during the same 24 h-interval to detect melatonin and clock gene (PER1 and BMAL1) mRNA levels, respectively. The AD patients exhibited significantly longer inactivity interval during the 24 h and significantly higher number of daytime naps than controls. Daily profiles of melatonin levels exhibited circadian rhythms in both groups. Compared with controls, decline in amplitude of the melatonin rhythm in AD patients was not significant, however, in AD patients more melatonin profiles were dampened or had atypical waveforms. The clock genes PER1 and BMAL1 were expressed rhythmically with high amplitudes in both groups and no significant differences in phases between both groups were detected. Our results suggest moderate differences in functional state of the circadian system in patients with mild form of AD compared with healthy controls which are present in conditions of their home dwelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Weissová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Bartoš
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sládek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Nováková
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations, Institute of Physiology, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Urrestarazu E, Iriarte J. Clinical management of sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease: current and emerging strategies. Nat Sci Sleep 2016; 8:21-33. [PMID: 26834500 PMCID: PMC4716729 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s76706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more frequent than in the general population and appear early in the course of the disease. Quality of sleep and quality of life are parallel in these patients, and such disorders also represent a heavy burden for caregivers. Although alterations in melatonin and hypocretins (orexins) seem to play a key role in the origin of these disturbances, the etiology of these disorders is multifactorial, including many factors such as environment, behavior, treatments, and comorbidities, among others. A comprehensive evaluation of sleep in each patient is essential in the design of the treatment that includes nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches. One particularly interesting point is the possibility of a role of sleep disorders in the pathogenesis of AD, raising the possibility that treating the sleep disorder may alter the course of the disease. In this review, we present an update on the role of sleep disorders in AD, the bidirectional influence of sleep problems and AD, and treatment options. Behavioral measures, bright light therapy (BLT), melatonin, and other drugs are likely well known and correctly managed by the physicians in charge of these patients. In spite of the multiple treatments used, evidence of efficacy is scarce and more randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies are needed. Future directions for treatment are the establishment of BLT protocols and the development of drugs with new mechanisms of action, especially hypocretin receptor antagonists, melatonin receptor agonists, and molecules that modulate the circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Urrestarazu
- Sleep Unit, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jorge Iriarte
- Sleep Unit, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
La Morgia C, Ross-Cisneros FN, Koronyo Y, Hannibal J, Gallassi R, Cantalupo G, Sambati L, Pan BX, Tozer KR, Barboni P, Provini F, Avanzini P, Carbonelli M, Pelosi A, Chui H, Liguori R, Baruzzi A, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Sadun AA, Carelli V. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:90-109. [PMID: 26505992 PMCID: PMC4737313 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are photoreceptors driving circadian photoentrainment, and circadian dysfunction characterizes Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated mRGCs in AD, hypothesizing that they contribute to circadian dysfunction. Methods We assessed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 21 mild‐moderate AD patients, and in a subgroup of 16 we evaluated rest–activity circadian rhythm by actigraphy. We studied postmortem mRGCs by immunohistochemistry in retinas, and axons in optic nerve cross‐sections of 14 neuropathologically confirmed AD patients. We coimmunostained for retinal amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and melanopsin to locate mRGCs. All AD cohorts were compared with age‐matched controls. Results We demonstrated an age‐related optic neuropathy in AD by OCT, with a significant reduction of RNFL thickness (p = 0.038), more evident in the superior quadrant (p = 0.006). Axonal loss was confirmed in postmortem AD optic nerves. Abnormal circadian function characterized only a subgroup of AD patients. Sleep efficiency was significantly reduced in AD patients (p = 0.001). We also found a significant loss of mRGCs in postmortem AD retinal specimens (p = 0.003) across all ages and abnormal mRGC dendritic morphology and size (p = 0.003). In flat‐mounted AD retinas, Aβ accumulation was remarkably evident inside and around mRGCs. Interpretation We show variable degrees of rest–activity circadian dysfunction in AD patients. We also demonstrate age‐related loss of optic nerve axons and specifically mRGC loss and pathology in postmortem AD retinal specimens, associated with Aβ deposition. These results all support the concept that mRGC degeneration is a contributor to circadian rhythm dysfunction in AD. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:90–109
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Gallassi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Billy X Pan
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin R Tozer
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Carbonelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pelosi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Helena Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Baruzzi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery and Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cicognola C, Chiasserini D, Parnetti L. Preanalytical Confounding Factors in the Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: The Issue of Diurnal Variation. Front Neurol 2015; 6:143. [PMID: 26175714 PMCID: PMC4483516 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the growing use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau as biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is essential that the diagnostic procedures are standardized and the results comparable across different laboratories. Preanalytical factors are reported to be the cause of at least 50% of the total variability. Among them, diurnal variability is a key issue and may have an impact on the comparability of the values obtained. The available studies on this issue are not conclusive so far. Fluctuations of CSF biomarkers in young healthy volunteers have been previously reported, while subsequent studies have not confirmed those observations in older subjects, the ones most likely to receive this test. The observed differences in circadian rhythms need to be further assessed not only in classical CSF biomarkers but also in novel forthcoming biomarkers. In this review, the existing data on the issue of diurnal variations of CSF classical biomarkers for AD will be analyzed, also evaluating the available data on new possible biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicognola
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sleep, circadian rhythms, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e148. [PMID: 25766617 PMCID: PMC4351409 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the sleep–wake cycle and circadian rhythms are common symptoms of Alzheimer Disease (AD), and they have generally been considered as late consequences of the neurodegenerative processes. Recent evidence demonstrates that sleep–wake and circadian disruption often occur early in the course of the disease and may even precede the development of cognitive symptoms. Furthermore, the sleep–wake cycle appears to regulate levels of the pathogenic amyloid-beta peptide in the brain, and manipulating sleep can influence AD-related pathology in mouse models via multiple mechanisms. Finally, the circadian clock system, which controls the sleep–wake cycle and other diurnal oscillations in mice and humans, may also have a role in the neurodegenerative process. In this review, we examine the current literature related to the mechanisms by which sleep and circadian rhythms might impact AD pathogenesis, and we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting these systems for the prevention of AD.
Collapse
|
58
|
Musiek ES. Circadian clock disruption in neurodegenerative diseases: cause and effect? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25774133 PMCID: PMC4343016 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance of the circadian system, manifested as disrupted daily rhythms of physiologic parameters such as sleep, activity, and hormone secretion, has long been observed as a symptom of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease. Circadian abnormalities have generally been considered consequences of the neurodegeneration. Recent evidence suggests, however, that circadian disruption might actually contribute to the neurodegenerative process, and thus might be a modifiable cause of neural injury. Herein we will review the evidence implicating circadian rhythms disturbances and clock gene dysfunction in neurodegeneration, with an emphasis on future research directions and potential therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , Saint Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bunney BG, Li JZ, Walsh DM, Stein R, Vawter MP, Cartagena P, Barchas JD, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE. Circadian dysregulation of clock genes: clues to rapid treatments in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:48-55. [PMID: 25349171 PMCID: PMC4765913 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants require 2-8 weeks for a full clinical response. In contrast, two rapidly acting antidepressant interventions, low-dose ketamine and sleep deprivation (SD) therapy, act within hours to robustly decrease depressive symptoms in a subgroup of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Evidence that MDD may be a circadian-related illness is based, in part, on a large set of clinical data showing that diurnal rhythmicity (sleep, temperature, mood and hormone secretion) is altered during depressive episodes. In a microarray study, we observed widespread changes in cyclic gene expression in six regions of postmortem brain tissue of depressed patients matched with controls for time-of-death (TOD). We screened 12 000 transcripts and observed that the core clock genes, essential for controlling virtually all rhythms in the body, showed robust 24-h sinusoidal expression patterns in six brain regions in control subjects. In MDD patients matched for TOD with controls, the expression patterns of the clock genes in brain were significantly dysregulated. Some of the most robust changes were seen in anterior cingulate (ACC). These findings suggest that in addition to structural abnormalities, lesion studies, and the large body of functional brain imaging studies reporting increased activation in the ACC of depressed patients who respond to a wide range of therapies, there may be a circadian dysregulation in clock gene expression in a subgroup of MDDs. Here, we review human, animal and neuronal cell culture data suggesting that both low-dose ketamine and SD can modulate circadian rhythms. We hypothesize that the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and SD may act, in part, to reset abnormal clock genes in MDD to restore and stabilize circadian rhythmicity. Conversely, clinical relapse may reflect a desynchronization of the clock, indicative of a reactivation of abnormal clock gene function. Future work could involve identifying specific small molecules capable of resetting and stabilizing clock genes to evaluate if they can rapidly relieve symptoms and sustain improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BG Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JZ Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - DM Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - R Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - MP Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P Cartagena
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - JD Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - AF Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - RM Myers
- HudsonAlpha, Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - SJ Watson
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Akil
- Department of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - WE Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Videnovic A, Lazar AS, Barker RA, Overeem S. 'The clocks that time us'--circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 10:683-93. [PMID: 25385339 PMCID: PMC4344830 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioural cycles generated by an endogenous biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The circadian system influences the majority of physiological processes, including sleep-wake homeostasis. Impaired sleep and alertness are common symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, and circadian dysfunction might exacerbate the disease process. The pathophysiology of sleep-wake disturbances in these disorders remains largely unknown, and is presumably multifactorial. Circadian rhythm dysfunction is often observed in patients with Alzheimer disease, in whom it has a major impact on quality of life and represents one of the most important factors leading to institutionalization of patients. Similarly, sleep and circadian problems represent common nonmotor features of Parkinson disease and Huntington disease. Clinical studies and experiments in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders have revealed the progressive nature of circadian dysfunction throughout the course of neurodegeneration, and suggest strategies for the restoration of circadian rhythmicity involving behavioural and pharmacological interventions that target the sleep-wake cycle. In this Review, we discuss the role of the circadian system in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and outline the implications of disrupted circadian timekeeping in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Videnovic
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street Suite 650, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alpar S Lazar
- University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- University of Cambridge, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Forvie Site, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
| | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lim ASP, Ellison BA, Wang JL, Yu L, Schneider JA, Buchman AS, Bennett DA, Saper CB. Sleep is related to neuron numbers in the ventrolateral preoptic/intermediate nucleus in older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2847-61. [PMID: 25142380 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fragmented sleep is a common and troubling symptom in ageing and Alzheimer's disease; however, its neurobiological basis in many patients is unknown. In rodents, lesions of the hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic nucleus cause fragmented sleep. We previously proposed that the intermediate nucleus in the human hypothalamus, which has a similar location and neurotransmitter profile, is the homologue of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, but physiological data in humans were lacking. We hypothesized that if the intermediate nucleus is important for human sleep, then intermediate nucleus cell loss may contribute to fragmentation and loss of sleep in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. We studied 45 older adults (mean age at death 89.2 years; 71% female; 12 with Alzheimer's disease) from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a community-based study of ageing and dementia, who had at least 1 week of wrist actigraphy proximate to death. Upon death a median of 15.5 months later, we used immunohistochemistry and stereology to quantify the number of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons in each individual, and related this to ante-mortem sleep fragmentation. Individuals with Alzheimer's disease had fewer galaninergic intermediate nucleus neurons than those without (estimate -2872, standard error = 829, P = 0.001). Individuals with more galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons had less fragmented sleep, after adjusting for age and sex, and this association was strongest in those for whom the lag between actigraphy and death was <1 year (estimate -0.0013, standard error = 0.0005, P = 0.023). This association did not differ between individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease, and similar associations were not seen for two other cell populations near the intermediate nucleus. These data are consistent with the intermediate nucleus being the human homologue of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Moreover, they demonstrate that a paucity of galanin-immunoreactive intermediate nucleus neurons is accompanied by sleep fragmentation in older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S P Lim
- 1 Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian A Ellison
- 2 Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua L Wang
- 2 Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- 4 Rush Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- 4 Rush Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aron S Buchman
- 4 Rush Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- 4 Rush Alzheimer's Disease Centre, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- 2 Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA 3 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Uth K, Sleigh R. Deregulation of the circadian clock constitutes a significant factor in tumorigenesis: a clockwork cancer. Part II. In vivo studies. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:379-386. [PMID: 26019524 PMCID: PMC4433803 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.925298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The uneventful progression through the cell cycle is closely associated with the rhythm set by the circadian clock machinery, with the S-phase of the cell cycle typically occurring at night. Presence of unrepaired DNA damage may reset the phase of the circadian clock, providing opportunities for damage assessment, repair and/or the induction of pro-apoptotic pathways. The core proteins of the circadian clock regulate directly or indirectly a significant number of genes coding for proteins involved in checkpoint transition, cell proliferation and programmed cell death. Disruption of the circadian rhythm may increase the risk for some multifactorial diseases and conditions, including glucose intolerance, cardiovascular disease and various common cancers. In patients with cancer, chronic circadian misalignment may stimulate the growth of tumours and may modify the outcomes of anticancer therapy. Knowledge about the role of physiological rhythms in human disease may contribute to the field of individualized medicine, specifically, in risk assessment and prognostication of the outcomes in patients with multifactorial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Uth
- CMCBR, Abertay University , Dundee , Scotland , UK
| | - Roger Sleigh
- CMCBR, Abertay University , Dundee , Scotland , UK
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Guarnieri B, Musicco M, Caffarra P, Adorni F, Appollonio I, Arnaldi D, Bartoli A, Bonanni E, Bonuccelli U, Caltagirone C, Cerroni G, Concari L, Cosentino FII, Fermi S, Ferri R, Gelosa G, Lombardi G, Mearelli S, Nobili F, Passero S, Perri R, Rocchi R, Sucapane P, Tognoni G, Zabberoni S, Sorbi S. Recommendations of the Sleep Study Group of the Italian Dementia Research Association (SINDem) on clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a clinical review. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1329-48. [PMID: 25037740 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical assessment and management of sleep disturbances in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia has important clinical and social implications. Poor sleep results in an increased risk of morbidities and mortality in demented patients and is a source of stress for caregivers. Sleep disturbances show high prevalence in mild cognitive impairment and dementia patients and they are often associated one to another in the same patient. A careful clinical evaluation of sleep disorders should be performed routinely in the clinical setting of individuals with cognitive decline. The Sleep Study Group of the Italian Dementia Research Association (SINDem) reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta-analyses and systematic reviews published up to December 2013. The evidence was classified in quality levels (I, II, III) and strength of recommendations (A, B, C, D, E). Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided. These recommendations may not be appropriate for all circumstances and should therefore be adopted only after a patient's individual characteristics have been carefully evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Guarnieri
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Villa Serena Hospital, Città S. Angelo, Pescara, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Markova-Car EP, Jurišić D, Ilić N, Kraljević Pavelić S. Running for time: circadian rhythms and melanoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8359-68. [PMID: 24729125 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian timing system includes an input pathway transmitting environmental signals to a core oscillator that generates circadian signals responsible for the peripheral physiological or behavioural events. Circadian 24-h rhythms regulate diverse physiologic processes. Deregulation of these rhythms is associated with a number of pathogenic conditions including depression, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Melanoma is a less common type of skin cancer yet more aggressive often with a lethal ending. However, little is known about circadian control in melanoma and exact functional associations between core clock genes and development of melanoma skin cancer. This paper, therefore, comprehensively analyses current literature data on the involvement of circadian clock components in melanoma development. In particular, the role of circadian rhythm deregulation is discussed in the context of DNA repair mechanisms and influence of UV radiation and artificial light exposure on cancer development. The role of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) enzyme and impact of melatonin, as a major output factor of circadian rhythm, and its protective role in melanoma are discussed in details. We hypothesise that further understanding of clock genes' involvement and circadian regulation might foster discoveries in the field of melanoma diagnostics and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elitza P Markova-Car
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Clark IA, Vissel B. Inflammation-sleep interface in brain disease: TNF, insulin, orexin. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:51. [PMID: 24655719 PMCID: PMC3994460 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The depth, pattern, timing and duration of unconsciousness, including sleep, vary greatly in inflammatory disease, and are regarded as reliable indicators of disease severity. Similarly, these indicators are applicable to the encephalopathies of sepsis, malaria, and trypanosomiasis, and to viral diseases such as influenza and AIDS. They are also applicable to sterile neuroinflammatory states, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke and type-2 diabetes, as well as in iatrogenic brain states following brain irradiation and chemotherapy. Here we make the case that the cycles of unconsciousness that constitute normal sleep, as well as its aberrations, which range from sickness behavior through daytime sleepiness to the coma of inflammatory disease states, have common origins that involve increased inflammatory cytokines and consequent insulin resistance and loss of appetite due to reduction in orexigenic activity. Orexin reduction has broad implications, which are as yet little appreciated in the chronic inflammatory conditions listed, whether they be infectious or sterile in origin. Not only is reduction in orexin levels characterized by loss of appetite, it is associated with inappropriate and excessive sleep and, when dramatic and chronic, leads to coma. Moreover, such reduction is associated with impaired cognition and a reduction in motor control. We propose that advanced understanding and appreciation of the importance of orexin as a key regulator of pathways involved in the maintenance of normal appetite, sleep patterns, cognition, and motor control may afford novel treatment opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Chen KF, Possidente B, Lomas DA, Crowther DC. The central molecular clock is robust in the face of behavioural arrhythmia in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:445-58. [PMID: 24574361 PMCID: PMC3974455 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian behavioural deficits, including sleep irregularity and restlessness in the evening, are a distressing early feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have investigated these phenomena by studying the circadian behaviour of transgenic Drosophila expressing the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). We find that Aβ expression results in an age-related loss of circadian behavioural rhythms despite ongoing normal molecular oscillations in the central clock neurons. Even in the absence of any behavioural correlate, the synchronised activity of the central clock remains protective, prolonging lifespan, in Aβ flies just as it does in control flies. Confocal microscopy and bioluminescence measurements point to processes downstream of the molecular clock as the main site of Aβ toxicity. In addition, there seems to be significant non-cell-autonomous Aβ toxicity resulting in morphological and probably functional signalling deficits in central clock neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Fan Chen
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Frank E, Sidor MM, Gamble KL, Cirelli C, Sharkey KM, Hoyle N, Tikotzky L, Talbot LS, McCarthy MJ, Hasler BP. Circadian clocks, brain function, and development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1306:43-67. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle M. Sidor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Karen L. Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Katherine M. Sharkey
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Nathaniel Hoyle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge University Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Liat Tikotzky
- Department of Psychology Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Lisa S. Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco San Francisco California
| | - Michael J. McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego California
| | - Brant P. Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-56. [PMID: 24112071 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in the sleep/wake cycle, along with a range of physiological measures, are severely disrupted in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Moreover, several central circadian genes have been implicated as potential genetic factors underlying the illness through candidate gene studies and some genome wide association studies. However, investigations into the molecular underpinnings of circadian disturbances in the human brain have been quite challenging. In their recent publication, Li and colleagues have used a novel approach to determine the rhythmic patterns of circadian gene expression in several regions of the human brain, and how these patterns are disrupted in MDD. Their findings demonstrate that in healthy subjects, several brain regions outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the master clock) exhibit diurnal gene expression patterns that are disrupted in the brains of MDD subjects. These findings will provide the foundation for future studies of gene-specific drug targets, and biomarkers for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Edgar
- Department of Psychiatry and Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Çoban A, Bilgiç B, Lohmann E, Küçükali Cİ, Benbir G, Karadeniz D, Hanagasi HA, Tüzün E, Gürvit H. Reduced orexin-A levels in frontotemporal dementia: possible association with sleep disturbance. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:606-11. [PMID: 23813609 PMCID: PMC10852656 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513494453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are encountered in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). To investigate the relationship between the plasma orexin-A levels and sleep disturbance patterns, we measured the plasma orexin-A levels and performed sleep studies in patients with FTD. The orexin-A levels were measured in 10 consecutive patients with FTD and controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) and Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) were performed in 2 patients with FTD. The orexin-A levels were significantly lower in patients with FTD compared to controls. The PSG revealed increased rapid eye movement (REM) latency in patients, whether or not they reported EDS. Mean sleep latency in MSLT was less than 10 minutes in both the patients, being shorter in patient without EDS, but none of them had REM sleep onset. Some patients with FTD may develop narcolepsy-like involuntary sleep attacks, even without complaining of EDS. Involvement of hypothalamus and a subsequent alteration in the orexin levels might be one of the determining factors in this sleep disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Çoban
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ackermann K, Plomp R, Lao O, Middleton B, Revell VL, Skene DJ, Kayser M. Effect of sleep deprivation on rhythms of clock gene expression and melatonin in humans. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:901-9. [PMID: 23738906 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.784773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of sleep deprivation on the human circadian system. Plasma melatonin and cortisol levels and leukocyte expression levels of 12 genes were examined over 48 h (sleep vs. no-sleep nights) in 12 young males (mean±SD: 23±5 yrs). During one night of total sleep deprivation, BMAL1 expression was suppressed, the heat shock gene HSPA1B expression was induced, and the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm increased, whereas other high-amplitude clock gene rhythms (e.g., PER1-3, REV-ERBα) remained unaffected. These data suggest that the core clock mechanism in peripheral oscillators is compromised during acute sleep deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ackermann
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wunderer F, Kühne S, Jilg A, Ackermann K, Sebesteny T, Maronde E, Stehle JH. Clock gene expression in the human pituitary gland. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2046-57. [PMID: 23584858 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary function relies on strictly timed, yet plastic mechanisms, particularly with respect to the daytime-dependent coordination of hormone synthesis and release. In other systems, clock genes and their protein products are well-described candidates to anticipate the daily demands in neuroendocrine coupling and to manage cellular adaptation on changing internal or external circumstances. To elucidate possible mechanisms of time management, a total of 52 human autoptic pituitary glands were allocated to the 4 time-of-day groups, night, dawn, day, and dusk, according to reported time of death. The observed daytime-dependent dynamics in ACTH content supports a postmortem conservation of the premortem condition, and thus, principally validates the investigation of autoptic pituitary glands. Pituitary extracts were investigated for expression of clock genes Per1, Cry1, Clock, and Bmal1 and corresponding protein products. Only the clock gene Per1 showed daytime-dependent differences in quantitative real-time PCR analyses, with decreased levels observed during dusk. Although the overall amount in clock gene protein products PER1, CRY1, and CLOCK did not fluctuate with time of day in human pituitary, an indication for a temporally parallel intracellular translocation of PER1 and CRY1 was detected by immunofluorescence. Presented data suggest that the observed clock gene expression in human pituitary cells does not provide evidence for a functional intrinsic clockwork. It is suggested that clock genes and their protein products may be directly involved in the daytime-dependent regulation and adaptation of hormone synthesis and release and within homeostatic adaptive plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wunderer
- Institute of Anatomy III, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9950-5. [PMID: 23671070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305814110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) is the disruption of circadian patterns. However, to date, there is no direct evidence of circadian clock dysregulation in the brains of patients who have MDD. Circadian rhythmicity of gene expression has been observed in animals and peripheral human tissues, but its presence and variability in the human brain were difficult to characterize. Here, we applied time-of-death analysis to gene expression data from high-quality postmortem brains, examining 24-h cyclic patterns in six cortical and limbic regions of 55 subjects with no history of psychiatric or neurological illnesses ("controls") and 34 patients with MDD. Our dataset covered ~12,000 transcripts in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum. Several hundred transcripts in each region showed 24-h cyclic patterns in controls, and >100 transcripts exhibited consistent rhythmicity and phase synchrony across regions. Among the top-ranked rhythmic genes were the canonical clock genes BMAL1(ARNTL), PER1-2-3, NR1D1(REV-ERBa), DBP, BHLHE40 (DEC1), and BHLHE41(DEC2). The phasing of known circadian genes was consistent with data derived from other diurnal mammals. Cyclic patterns were much weaker in the brains of patients with MDD due to shifted peak timing and potentially disrupted phase relationships between individual circadian genes. This transcriptome-wide analysis of the human brain demonstrates a rhythmic rise and fall of gene expression in regions outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in control subjects. The description of its breakdown in MDD suggests potentially important molecular targets for treatment of mood disorders.
Collapse
|
74
|
Hardeland R. Chronobiology of Melatonin beyond the Feedback to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus-Consequences to Melatonin Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5817-41. [PMID: 23481642 PMCID: PMC3634486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian system is composed of numerous oscillators, which gradually differ with regard to their dependence on the pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Actions of melatonin on extra-SCN oscillators represent an emerging field. Melatonin receptors are widely expressed in numerous peripheral and central nervous tissues. Therefore, the circadian rhythm of circulating, pineal-derived melatonin can have profound consequences for the temporal organization of almost all organs, without necessarily involving the melatonin feedback to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Experiments with melatonin-deficient mouse strains, pinealectomized animals and melatonin receptor knockouts, as well as phase-shifting experiments with explants, reveal a chronobiological role of melatonin in various tissues. In addition to directly steering melatonin-regulated gene expression, the pineal hormone is required for the rhythmic expression of circadian oscillator genes in peripheral organs and to enhance the coupling of parallel oscillators within the same tissue. It exerts additional effects by modulating the secretion of other hormones. The importance of melatonin for numerous organs is underlined by the association of various diseases with gene polymorphisms concerning melatonin receptors and the melatonin biosynthetic pathway. The possibilities and limits of melatonergic treatment are discussed with regard to reductions of melatonin during aging and in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Str. 28, Göttingen D-37073, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Slats D, Claassen JA, Verbeek MM, Overeem S. Reciprocal interactions between sleep, circadian rhythms and Alzheimer's disease: focus on the role of hypocretin and melatonin. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:188-200. [PMID: 22575905 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AD, sleep and circadian rhythm physiology display an intricate relationship. On the one hand, AD pathology leads to sleep and circadian disturbances, with a clear negative influence on quality of life. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that both sleep and circadian regulating systems exert an influence on AD pathology. In this review we describe the impairments of both sleep regulating systems and circadian rhythms in AD and their link to clinical symptoms, as this may increase knowledge on appropriate diagnosis and adequate treatment of sleep problems in AD. Furthermore we discuss how sleep regulating systems, and especially neurotransmitters such as melatonin and hypocretin, may affect AD pathophysiology, as this may provide a role for lack of sleep and circadian rhythm deterioration in the onset of AD.
Collapse
|
76
|
The circadian system and the balance of the autonomic nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 117:173-91. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
77
|
Gast H, Gordic S, Petrzilka S, Lopez M, Müller A, Gietl A, Hock C, Birchler T, Fontana A. Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits the expression of clock genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:79-87. [PMID: 22823397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of sleep-wake rhythms are an important problem in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Circadian rhythms are regulated by clock genes. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is overexpressed in neurons in AD and is the only cytokine that is increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our data show that TGF-β2 inhibits the expression of the clock genes Period (Per)1, Per2, and Rev-erbα, and of the clock-controlled genes D-site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp) and thyrotroph embryonic factor (Tef). However, our results showed that TGF-β2 did not alter the expression of brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1). The concentrations of TGF-β2 in the CSF of 2 of 16 AD patients and of 1 of 7 patients with mild cognitive impairment were in the dose range required to suppress the expression of clock genes. TGF-β2-induced dysregulation of clock genes may alter neuronal pathways, which may be causally related to abnormal sleep-wake rhythms in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie Gast
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Berne, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Riccione KA, Smith RP, Lee AJ, You L. A synthetic biology approach to understanding cellular information processing. ACS Synth Biol 2012; 1:389-402. [PMID: 23411668 PMCID: PMC3568971 DOI: 10.1021/sb300044r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The survival of cells and organisms requires proper responses to environmental signals. These responses are governed by cellular networks, which serve to process diverse environmental cues. Biological networks often contain recurring network topologies called "motifs". It has been recognized that the study of such motifs allows one to predict the response of a biological network and thus cellular behavior. However, studying a single motif in complete isolation of all other network motifs in a natural setting is difficult. Synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful approach to understanding the dynamic properties of network motifs. In addition to testing existing theoretical predictions, construction and analysis of synthetic gene circuits has led to the discovery of novel motif dynamics, such as how the combination of simple motifs can lead to autonomous dynamics or how noise in transcription and translation can affect the dynamics of a motif. Here, we review developments in synthetic biology as they pertain to increasing our understanding of cellular information processing. We highlight several types of dynamic behaviors that diverse motifs can generate, including the control of input/output responses, the generation of autonomous spatial and temporal dynamics, as well as the influence of noise in motif dynamics and cellular behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anna J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Effects of aging and genotype on circadian rhythms, sleep, and clock gene expression in APPxPS1 knock-in mice, a model for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 236:249-58. [PMID: 22634208 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Profound disruptions of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles constitute a major cause of institutionalization of AD patients. This study investigated whether a rodent model of AD, APP(NLH/NLH)/PS-1(P264L/264L) (APPxPS1) mice, exhibits circadian alterations. The APPxPS1 mice were generated using CD-1/129 mice and Cre-lox knock-in technology to "humanize" the mouse amyloid (A)β sequence and create a presenilin-1 mutation identified in familial early-onset AD patients. APPxPS1 and WT mice of several ages (~4, 11, and 15 months) were monitored for circadian rhythms in wheel running, cage activity, and sleep:wake behavior. After rhythm assessment, the mice were euthanized at zeitgeber time (ZT) 2 or 10 (i.e., 2 or 10 h after lights-on) and brains were dissected. Amyloidβ levels were measured in cortical samples and brain sections of the hypothalamus and hippocampus were prepared and used for in situ hybridization of circadian or neuropeptide genes. The most significant effects of the APPxPS1 transgenes were phase delays of ~2 h in the onset of daytime wakefulness bouts (P<0.005) and peak wakefulness (P<0.02), potentially relevant to phase delays previously reported in AD patients. However, genotype did not affect the major activity peaks or phases of wheel running, wake, or general movement, which were bimodal with dominant dawn and dusk activity. Expression of Period 2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was affected by ZT (P<0.0001) with a marginal interaction effect of age, genotype, and ZT (P<0.08). A separate analysis of the old animals indicated a robust interaction between ZT and genotype, as well as main effects of these parameters. Aging also altered sleep (e.g., bout length and amount of daytime sleep) and the amount of wheel running and cage activity. In conclusion, the APPxPS1 knock-in mice exhibit some alterations in their sleep:wake rhythm and clock gene expression, but do not show robust, genotype-related changes in activity rhythms. The prominent daytime activity peaks shown by the background strain complicate the use of these APPxPS1 knock-in mice for investigations of circadian activity rhythms in AD. In addition to this unusual activity pattern, lack of hyperactivity differentiates the APPxPS1 knock-in mice from other transgenic AD models.
Collapse
|
80
|
Hardeland R. Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of melatonin deficiency and dysfunction. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:640389. [PMID: 22629173 PMCID: PMC3354573 DOI: 10.1100/2012/640389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly pleiotropic signaling molecule, which is released as a hormone of the pineal gland predominantly during night. Melatonin secretion decreases during aging. Reduced melatonin levels are also observed in various diseases, such as types of dementia, some mood disorders, severe pain, cancer, and diabetes type 2. Melatonin dysfunction is frequently related to deviations in amplitudes, phasing, and coupling of circadian rhythms. Gene polymorphisms of melatonin receptors and circadian oscillator proteins bear risks for several of the diseases mentioned. A common symptom of insufficient melatonin signaling is sleep disturbances. It is necessary to distinguish between symptoms that are curable by short melatonergic actions and others that require extended actions during night. Melatonin immediate release is already effective, at moderate doses, for reducing difficulties of falling asleep or improving symptoms associated with poorly coupled circadian rhythms, including seasonal affective and bipolar disorders. For purposes of a replacement therapy based on longer-lasting melatonergic actions, melatonin prolonged release and synthetic agonists have been developed. Therapies with melatonin or synthetic melatonergic drugs have to consider that these agents do not only act on the SCN, but also on numerous organs and cells in which melatonin receptors are also expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Hardeland R, Madrid JA, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:139-66. [PMID: 22034907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in the maintenance of health. Dysfunction of endogenous clocks, melatonin receptor polymorphisms, age- and disease-associated declines of melatonin likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, and several mood and cognitive disorders. Consequences of gene silencing, overexpression, gene polymorphisms, and deviant expression levels in diseases are summarized. The circadian system is a complex network of central and peripheral oscillators, some of them being relatively independent of the pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions of melatonin on peripheral oscillators are poorly understood. Various lines of evidence indicate that these clocks are also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences of core oscillator gene expression under impaired melatonin signaling, effects of melatonin and melatonin receptor knockouts on oscillator mRNAs or proteins. Cross-connections between melatonin signaling pathways and oscillator proteins, including associated factors, are discussed in this review. The high complexity of the multioscillator system comprises alternate or parallel oscillators based on orthologs and paralogs of the core components and a high number of associated factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers numerous possibilities for interactions with melatonin. It is an aim of this review to stimulate research on melatonin signaling in peripheral tissues. This should not be restricted to primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected pathways and discriminate between direct effects of the pineal indoleamine at the target organ and others mediated by modulation of oscillators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Morris CJ, Yang JN, Scheer FAJL. The impact of the circadian timing system on cardiovascular and metabolic function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:337-358. [PMID: 22877674 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that adverse cardiovascular events peak in the morning (i.e., between 6 AM and noon) and that shift work is associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. The endogenous circadian timing system modulates certain cardiovascular risk markers to be highest (e.g., cortisol, nonlinear dynamic heart rate control, and platelet activation) or to respond most unfavorably to stressors such as exercise (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vagal cardiac modulation) at an internal body time corresponding to the time of day when adverse cardiovascular events most likely occur. This indicates that the circadian timing system and its interaction with external cardiovascular stressors (e.g., physical activity) could contribute to the morning peak in adverse cardiovascular events. Moreover, circadian misalignment and simulated night work have adverse effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function. This suggests that misalignment between the behavioral cycle and the circadian timing system in shift workers contributes to that population's increased risk for cardiometabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Morris
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jessica N Yang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Bao AM, Ruhé HG, Gao SF, Swaab DF. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in depression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:107-36. [PMID: 22608619 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A-M Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Stehle JH, Saade A, Rawashdeh O, Ackermann K, Jilg A, Sebestény T, Maronde E. A survey of molecular details in the human pineal gland in the light of phylogeny, structure, function and chronobiological diseases. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:17-43. [PMID: 21517957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human pineal gland is a neuroendocrine transducer that forms an integral part of the brain. Through the nocturnally elevated synthesis and release of the neurohormone melatonin, the pineal gland encodes and disseminates information on circadian time, thus coupling the outside world to the biochemical and physiological internal demands of the body. Approaches to better understand molecular details behind the rhythmic signalling in the human pineal gland are limited but implicitly warranted, as human chronobiological dysfunctions are often associated with alterations in melatonin synthesis. Current knowledge on melatonin synthesis in the human pineal gland is based on minimally invasive analyses, and by the comparison of signalling events between different vertebrate species, with emphasis put on data acquired in sheep and other primates. Together with investigations using autoptic pineal tissue, a remnant silhouette of premortem dynamics within the hormone's biosynthesis pathway can be constructed. The detected biochemical scenario behind the generation of dynamics in melatonin synthesis positions the human pineal gland surprisingly isolated. In this neuroendocrine brain structure, protein-protein interactions and nucleo-cytoplasmic protein shuttling indicate furthermore a novel twist in the molecular dynamics in the cells of this neuroendocrine brain structure. These findings have to be seen in the light that an impaired melatonin synthesis is observed in elderly and/or demented patients, in individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease, Smith-Magenis syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and sleep phase disorders. Already, recent advances in understanding signalling dynamics in the human pineal gland have significantly helped to counteract chronobiological dysfunctions through a proper restoration of the nocturnal melatonin surge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Stehle
- Institute of Anatomy III (Cellular and Molecular Anatomy), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Srinivasan V, Brzezinski A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, Brown GM. Melatonin agonists in primary insomnia and depression-associated insomnia: are they superior to sedative-hypnotics? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:913-23. [PMID: 21453740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatment of insomnia involves the use of sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine drugs. Although benzodiazepines improve sleep, their multiple adverse effects hamper their application. Adverse effects include impairment of memory and cognitive functions, next-day hangover and dependence. Non-benzodiazepines are effective for initiating sleep but are not as effective as benzodiazepines for improving sleep quality or efficiency. Furthermore, their prolonged use produces adverse effects similar to those observed with benzodiazepines. Inasmuch as insomnia may be associated with decreased nocturnal melatonin, administration of melatonin is a strategy that has been increasingly used for treating insomnia. Melatonin can be effective for improving sleep quality without the adverse effects associated with hypnotic-sedatives. Ramelteon, a synthetic analog of melatonin which has a longer half life and a stronger affinity for MT1 and MT2 melatonergic receptors, has been reportedly effective for initiating and improving sleep in both adult and elderly insomniacs without showing hangover, dependence, or cognitive impairment. Insomnia is also a major complaint among patients suffering from depressive disorders and is often aggravated by conventional antidepressants especially the specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The novel antidepressant agomelatine, a dual action agent with affinity for melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and 5-HT2c antagonistic properties, constitutes a new approach to the treatment of major depressive disorders. Agomelatine ameliorates the symptoms of depression and improves the quality and efficiency of sleep. Taken together, the evidence indicates that MT1/MT2 receptor agonists like ramelteon or agomelatine may be valuable pharmacological tools for insomnia and for depression-associated insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanujan Srinivasan
- Sri Sathya Sai Medical Educational and Research Foundation, Prsanthi Nilayam, Plot-40 Kovai Thirunagar, Coimbatore-641014, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Fronczek R, van Geest S, Frölich M, Overeem S, Roelandse FWC, Lammers GJ, Swaab DF. Hypocretin (orexin) loss in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1642-50. [PMID: 21546124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are associated with the severity of dementia and are often the primary reason for institutionalization. These sleep problems partly resemble core symptoms of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder caused by a general loss of the neurotransmitter hypocretin. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder targeting different brain areas and types of neurons. In this study, we assessed whether the neurodegenerative process of AD also affects hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons. The total number of hypocretin-1 immunoreactive neurons was quantified in postmortem hypothalami of AD patients (n = 10) and matched controls (n = 10). In addition, the hypocretin-1 concentration was measured in postmortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of 24 AD patients and 25 controls (including the patients and controls in which the hypothalamic cell counts were performed). The number of hypocretin-1 immunoreactive neurons was significantly decreased by 40% in AD patients (median [25th-75th percentiles]); AD 12,935 neurons (9972-19,051); controls 21,002 neurons (16,439-25,765); p = 0.049). Lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels were found in AD patients compared with controls (AD: 275 pg/mL [197-317]; controls: 320 pg/mL [262-363]; p = 0.038). Two AD patients with documented excessive daytime sleepiness showed the lowest CSF hypocretin-1 concentrations (55 pg/mL and 76 pg/mL). We conclude that the hypocretin system is affected in advanced AD. This is reflected in a 40% decreased cell number, and 14% lower CSF hypocretin-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Fronczek
- Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kimura A, Ishida Y, Hayashi T, Nosaka M, Kondo T. Estimating time of death based on the biological clock. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125:385-91. [PMID: 21069371 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biological clock may stop at the time of death in a dead body. Therefore, the biological clock seems useful for estimating the time of death. In this study, we tried to read the biological clock in tissues from dead bodies to estimate the time of death using molecular biological techniques. At first, we examined real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression for mPer2 and mBmal1, which constitutes a feedback loop in the oscillation system, in the kidney, liver, and heart of mice. We could detect circadian oscillation of these gene expressions in mouse tissues even at <48 h after death. Thus, the ratio of mPer2/mBmal1 was found to be useful for estimating the time of death. We next applied this method to the liver, kidney, and heart obtained from forensic autopsy cases with less than 72 h of postmortem interval. Significant circadian oscillation of hPer2/hBmal1 ratio could be detected in these autopsy samples. We further examined gene expression for hRev-Erbα, a component of another feedback loop. The ratios of hRev-Erbα/hBmal1 showed higher amplitude of oscillation than those of hPer2/hBmal1 and are considered more suitable for estimating the time of death. In particular, a hRev/hBmal1 ratio of >50 indicated the time of death as 0200-0900 hours, and a hRev/hBmal1 ratio that considerably exceeded 75 indicated the time of death as 0200-0800 hours. On the other hand, a hRev/hBmal1 ratio of less than 25 strongly indicated the time of death as 1000-2300 hours. Taken together, these findings indicate that gene expression analyses of the biological clock could be powerful methods for estimation of the time of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
|
89
|
Cermakian N, Lamont EW, Boudreau P, Boivin DB. Circadian clock gene expression in brain regions of Alzheimer 's disease patients and control subjects. J Biol Rhythms 2011; 26:160-70. [PMID: 21454296 DOI: 10.1177/0748730410395732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circadian oscillators have been observed throughout the rodent brain. In the human brain, rhythmic expression of clock genes has been reported only in the pineal gland, and little is known about their expression in other regions. The investigators sought to determine whether clock gene expression could be detected and whether it varies as a function of time of day in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and cingulate cortex, areas known to be involved in decision making and motivated behaviors, as well as in the pineal gland, in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and aged controls. Relative expression levels of PERIOD1 (PER1 ), PERIOD2 (PER2), and Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) were detected by quantitative PCR in all 3 brain regions. A harmonic regression model revealed significant 24-h rhythms of PER1 in the BNST of AD subjects. A significant rhythm of PER2 was found in the cingulate cortex and BNST of control subjects and in all 3 regions of AD patients. In controls, BMAL1 did not show a diurnal rhythm in the cingulate cortex but significantly varied with time of death in the pineal and BNST and in all 3 regions for AD patients. Notable differences in the phase of clock gene rhythms and phase relationships between genes and regions were observed in the brains of AD compared to those of controls. These results indicate the presence of multiple circadian oscillators in the human brain and suggest altered synchronization among these oscillators in the brain of AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal (QC) H4H 1R3 Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
(Re-)activation of neurons in aging and dementia: Lessons from the hypothalamus. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
91
|
Naismith SL, Lewis SJG, Rogers NL. Sleep-wake changes and cognition in neurodegenerative disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2011; 190:21-52. [PMID: 21531243 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing aging population, neurodegenerative disorders will become more common in clinical practice. These disorders involve multiple pathophysiological mechanisms that differentially affect cognition, mood, and physical functions. Possibly due to the involvement of common underlying neurobiological circuits, sleep and/or circadian (sleep-wake) changes are also common in this disease group. Of significance, sleep-wake changes are often a prodromal feature and are predictive of cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, need for institutional care, and caregiver burden. Unfortunately, in neurodegenerative disease, few studies have included detailed polysomnography or neuropsychological assessments although some data indicate that sleep and neurocognitive features are related. Further studies are also required to address the effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments on cognitive functioning. Such research will hopefully lead to targeted early intervention approaches for cognitive decline in older people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, Ageing Brain Centre, Brain & Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Srinivasan V, Kaur C, Pandi-Perumal S, Brown GM, Cardinali DP. Melatonin and its agonist ramelteon in Alzheimer's disease: possible therapeutic value. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:741974. [PMID: 21197086 PMCID: PMC3004402 DOI: 10.4061/2011/741974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of cognitive function, loss of memory and insomnia, and abnormal behavioral signs and symptoms. Among the various theories that have been put forth to explain the pathophysiology of AD, the oxidative stress induced by amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition has received great attention. Studies undertaken on postmortem brain samples of AD patients have consistently shown extensive lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation. Presence of abnormal tau protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein hyperphosphorylation all have been demonstrated in neural tissues of AD patients. Moreover, AD patients exhibit severe sleep/wake disturbances and insomnia and these are associated with more rapid cognitive decline and memory impairment. On this basis, the successful management of AD patients requires an ideal drug that besides antagonizing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity could also correct the disturbed sleep-wake rhythm and improve sleep quality. Melatonin is an effective chronobiotic agent and has significant neuroprotective properties preventing Aβ-induced neurotoxic effects in a number of animal experimental models. Since melatonin levels in AD patients are greatly reduced, melatonin replacement has the potential value to be used as a therapeutic agent for treating AD, particularly at the early phases of the disease and especially in those in whom the relevant melatonin receptors are intact. As sleep deprivation has been shown to produce oxidative damage, impaired mitochondrial function, neurodegenerative inflammation, and altered proteosomal processing with abnormal activation of enzymes, treatment of sleep disturbances may be a priority for arresting the progression of AD. In this context the newly introduced melatonin agonist ramelteon can be of much therapeutic value because of its highly selective action on melatonin MT1/MT2 receptors in promoting sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanujam Srinivasan
- Sri Sathya Sai Medical Educational and Research Foundation, Prasanthi Nilayam, 40- Kovai Thirunagar, Coimbatore 641014, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Tseng IJ, Liu HC, Yuan RY, Sheu JJ, Yu JM, Hu CJ. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and period 1 (PER1) clock gene products in different sleep stages of patients with cognitive impairment. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1140-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
94
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex progressive brain degenerative disorder that has effects on multiple cerebral systems. In addition to cognitive and functional decline, diverse behavioral changes manifest with increasing severity over time, presenting significant management challenges for caregivers and health care professionals. Almost all patients with AD are affected by neuropsychiatric symptoms at some point during their illness; in some cases, symptoms occur prior to diagnosis of the dementia syndrome. Further, behavioral factors have been identified, which may have their origins in particular neurobiological processes, and respond to particular management strategies. Improved clarification of causes, triggers, and presentation of neuropsychiatric symptoms will guide both research and clinical decision-making. Measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD is most commonly by means of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory; its utility and future development are discussed, as are the limitations and difficulties encountered when quantifying behavioral responses in clinical trials. Evidence from clinical trials of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, and from neurobiological studies, provides a range of management options that can be tailored to individual needs. We suggest that non-pharmacological interventions (including psychosocial/psychological counseling, interpersonal management and environmental management) should be attempted first, followed by the least harmful medication for the shortest time possible. Pharmacological treatment options, such as antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, need careful consideration of the benefits and limitations of each drug class.
Collapse
|
95
|
|
96
|
Chen P, Kakan X, Zhang J. Altered circadian rhythm of the clock genes in fibrotic livers induced by carbon tetrachloride. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1597-601. [PMID: 20233594 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Disruption in circadian rhythms either by mutation in mice or by shiftwork in people, is associated with an increased risk for the development of multiple organ diseases. In turn, organ disease may influence the function of clock genes and peripheral circadian systems. Here we showed that hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice leads to alterations in the circadian rhythms of hepatic clock genes. Especially, we found an impaired daily Cry2 rhythm in the fibrotic livers, with markedly decreased levels during the day time while compared with control livers. Associatively, the expressions of two important clock-regulated genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase lost circadian rhythm with significantly decreased levels during the light-dark (12/12h) cycle in fibrotic livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Bao AM, Swaab DF. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin in Depression. HORMONES OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM 2010; 82:339-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
98
|
Abstract
The presence of day-night variations in cardiovascular and metabolic functioning is well known. However, only recently it has been shown that cardiovascular and metabolic processes are not only affected by the behavioral sleep/wake cycle but are partly under direct control of the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Heart rate, cardiac autonomic activity, glucose metabolism and leptin-involved in appetite control-all show circadian variation (i.e., under constant behavioral and environmental conditions). This knowledge of behavioral vs. circadian modulation of cardiometabolic function is of clinical relevance given the morning peak in adverse cardiovascular incidents observed in epidemiological studies and given the increased risk for the development of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in shift workers. We will review the evidence for circadian control of cardiometabolic functioning, as well its sensitivity to light and melatonin, and discuss potential implication for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rüger
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
Many circadian rhythms are controlled by the central clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, as well as clocks located in other brain regions and most peripheral tissues. These central and peripheral clocks are based on clock genes and their protein products. In recent years, the expression of clock genes has started to be investigated in human samples, primarily white blood cells, but also skin, oral mucosa, colon cells, adipose tissue as well as post-mortem brain tissue. The expression of clock genes in those peripheral tissues offers a way to monitor human peripheral clocks and to compare their function and regulation with those of the central clock, which is followed by markers such as melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature. We have recently used such an approach to compare central and peripheral rhythms in subjects under different lighting conditions. In particular, we have monitored the entrainment of the clock of blood cells in subjects undergoing a simulated night shift protocol with bright light treatment, known to efficiently reset the central clock. This line of research will be helpful for learning more about the human circadian system and to find ways to alleviate health problems of shift workers, and other populations experiencing altered circadian rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Mansuy V, Risold PY, Glauser M, Fraichard A, Pralong FP. Expression of the GABAA receptor associated protein Gec1 is circadian and dependent upon the cellular clock machinery in GnRH secreting GnV-3 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 307:68-76. [PMID: 19524128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The timely regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion requires a GABAergic signal. We hypothesized that GEC1, a protein promoting the transport of GABA(A) receptors, could represent a circadian effector in GnRH neurons. First, we demonstrated that gec1 is co-expressed with the GABA(A) receptor in hypothalamic rat GnRH neurons. We also confirmed that the clock genes per1, cry1 and bmal1 are expressed and oscillate in GnRH secreting GnV-3 cells. Then we could show that gec1 is expressed in GnV-3 cells, and oscillates in a manner temporally related to the oscillations of the clock transcription factors. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that these oscillations depend upon Per1 expression. Finally, we observed that GABA(A) receptor levels at the GnV-3 cell membrane are timely modulated following serum shock. Together, these data demonstrate that gec1 expression is dependent upon the circadian clock machinery in GnRH-expressing neurons, and suggest for the first time that the level of GABA(A) receptor at the cell membrane may be under timely regulation. Overall, they provide a potential mechanism for the circadian regulation of GnRH secretion by GABA, and may also be relevant to the general understanding of circadian rhythms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mansuy
- Services of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism of the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|