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Inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced melanocyte proliferation. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:268-276. [PMID: 28701866 PMCID: PMC5489749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV-B-exposed keratinocytes secrete various paracrine factors. Among these factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates the proliferation of melanocytes. Ginsenosides, the major active compounds of ginseng, are known to have broad pharmacological effects. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative effects of ginsenosides on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation. METHODS We investigated the inhibitory effects of Korean Red Ginseng and ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on bFGF-induced proliferation of melan-a melanocytes. RESULTS When melan-a melanocytes were treated with UV-B-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes media, cell proliferation increased. This increased proliferation of melanocytes decreased with a neutralizing anti-bFGF antibody. To elucidate the effects of ginsenosides on melanocyte proliferation induced by bFGF, we tested 15 types of ginsenoside compounds. Among them, Rh3, Rh1, F1, and CK demonstrated antiproliferative effects on bFGF-induced melanocyte proliferation after 72 h of treatment. bFGF stimulated cell proliferation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in various cell types. Western blot analysis found bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 inhibited bFGF-induced maximum ERK phosphorylation and F1-delayed maximum ERK phosphorylation, whereas Rh1 and CK had no detectable effects. In addition, cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 significantly suppressed bFGF-induced ERK phosphorylation. Western blot analysis found that bFGF increased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels in melan-a. Treatment with Rh3 or F1 had no detectable effects, whereas cotreatment with Rh3 and F1 inhibited bFGF-induced MITF expression levels more strongly than a single treatment. CONCLUSION In summary, we found that ginsenosides Rh3 and F1 have a synergistic antiproliferative effect on bFGF-induced melan-a melanocyte proliferation via the inhibition of ERK-mediated upregulation of MITF.
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Zhou P, Hao Z, Wang X, Gao J, Li D, Xie S, Zhang TC. UV Irradiation Triggers Cylindromatosis Translocation, Modification, and Degradation in a Proteasome-Independent Manner. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 35:140-5. [PMID: 26717101 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor, cylindromatosis (CYLD), is a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling by removing lysine 63-linked ubiquitin chains from multiple NF-κB signaling components, including TRAF2, TRAF6, and NEMO. How CYLD itself is regulated, however, remains yet to be characterized. In this study, we present the first evidence that UV irradiation is able to induce CYLD translocation from the cytoplasm to microtubules and that the cytoskeleton-associated CYLD is subject to posttranslational modification and degradation in a proteasome-independent manner. By immunostaining, we found that CYLD displayed microtubule-like filament localization under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Further studies revealed that the cytoskeleton-associated CYLD underwent posttranslational modification, which in turn contributed to CYLD degradation in an unknown manner, distinct from proteasome-mediated degradation under normal conditions. Collectively, our data suggest that UV-induced CYLD degradation might serve as an underlying mechanism for UV-induced NF-κB pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Ziwei Hao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Xincheng Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jinmin Gao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin, China .,3 Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
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Park J, Chung H, Bang SH, Han AR, Seo EK, Chang SE, Kang DH, Oh ES. (E)-4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol Enhances Melanogenesis through Increasing Upstream Stimulating Factor-1-Mediated Tyrosinase Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141988. [PMID: 26535571 PMCID: PMC4633108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential melanogenic effect of compounds from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Our data revealed that chloroform-soluble extract of Z. cassumunar enhanced melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Among the components of the chloroform extract, (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol (DMPB) increased melanogenesis in both B16F10 cells and human primary melanocytes. In B16F10 cells, DMPB enhanced the activation of ERK and p38, and the level of tyrosinase. Although the level of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor was unchanged in DMPB-treated B16F10 cells, DMPB increased levels and nuclear localization of upstream stimulating factor-1 (USF1). Consistently, DMPB-mediated melanin synthesis was diminished in USF1-knockdown cells. Furthermore, DMPB induced hyperpigmentation in brown guinea pigs in vivo. Together, these data suggest that DMPB may promote melanin synthesis via USF1 dependent fashion and could be used as a clinical therapeutic agent against hypopigmentation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Park
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heesung Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Bang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- The Global Top5 Research Program, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Seo
- The Global Top5 Research Program, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Toxicity of antioxidative extract collected from Styela clava tunics in ICR mice. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:125-33. [PMID: 26472965 PMCID: PMC4602079 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.3.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Some polymers and bioactive compounds derived from Styela clava tunic (SCT) have been reported as traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, oxidative stress and surgical wounds although there is little scientific evidence of their liver and kidney toxicity. To investigate the toxicity of ethanol extracts of SCT (EtSCT) in the liver and kidney of ICR mice, alterations in related markers including body weight, organ weight, urine composition, liver pathology and kidney pathology were analyzed following oral administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of EtSCT for 14 days. EtSCT showed a high level of free radical scavenging activity for DPPH (93.1%) and NO (16.2%) as well as the presence of 14.8 mg/mL of flavonoids and 36.2 mg/mL of phenolics, while EtSCT treated groups did not show any significant alterations in the body and organ weight, clinical phenotypes, urine parameters or mice mortality when compared with the vehicle treated group. In addition, constant levels of serum biochemical markers including alanine phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (CRE) were maintained. Moreover, no specific histopathological features induced by most toxic compounds were observed in liver and kidney sections stained with hematoxilin and eosin. Therefore, the present results indicate that EtSCT with strong antioxidant activity cannot induce any specific toxicity in liver and kidney organs of ICR at doses of 100 mg/kg body weight/day.
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Mariutti RB, Souza TACB, Ullah A, Caruso IP, de Moraes FR, Zanphorlin LM, Tartaglia NR, Seyffert N, Azevedo VA, Le Loir Y, Murakami MT, Arni RK. Crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin D-like protein: Structural basis for the high specificity of exfoliative toxins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:171-7. [PMID: 26299923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliative toxins are serine proteases secreted by Staphylococcus aureus that are associated with toxin-mediated staphylococcal syndromes. To date, four different serotypes of exfoliative toxins have been identified and 3 of them (ETA, ETB, and ETD) are linked to human infection. Among these toxins, only the ETD structure remained unknown, limiting our understanding of the structural determinants for the functional differentiation between these toxins. We recently identified an ETD-like protein associated to S. aureus strains involved in mild mastitis in sheep. The crystal structure of this ETD-like protein was determined at 1.95 Å resolution and the structural analysis provide insights into the oligomerization, stability and specificity and enabled a comprehensive structural comparison with ETA and ETB. Despite the highly conserved molecular architecture, significant differences in the composition of the loops and in both the N- and C-terminal α-helices seem to define ETD-like specificity. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these regions defining ET specificity present different degrees of flexibility and may undergo conformational changes upon substrate recognition and binding. DLS and AUC experiments indicated that the ETD-like is monomeric in solution whereas it is present as a dimer in the asymmetric unit indicating that oligomerization is not related to functional differentiation among these toxins. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism assays demonstrated an endothermic transition centered at 52 °C, and an exothermic aggregation in temperatures up to 64 °C. All these together provide insights about the mode of action of a toxin often secreted in syndromes that are not associated with either ETA or ETB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Mariutti
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anwar Ullah
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Icaro P Caruso
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio R de Moraes
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Zanphorlin
- Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natayme R Tartaglia
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil; INRA, UMR1253 STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Vasco A Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Yves Le Loir
- INRA, UMR1253 STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Mário T Murakami
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir K Arni
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Labarrade F, Bergeron L, Serre C, Lebleu A, Busuttil V, Botto JM, Domloge N. Modulating the expression of survivin and other basal epidermal proteins protects human skin from UVB damage and oxidative stress. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 14:191-203. [PMID: 26177774 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is an assembly made of four interacting proteins: survivin, borealin, INCENP, and aurora kinase B. CPC is the key regulatory complex responsible for the correct development of cellular mitosis, accompanying each step of the chromosomal segregation. This control of mitosis is particularly important in undifferentiated cells that must renew themselves and also further differentiate and specialize. The epidermis is a self-renewing tissue that needs to continuously generate new cells through proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Both the mitosis supervision by the CPC and a correct extracellular environment are physiologically required for the homeostasis of the adult keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) of the epidermis. KSCs are mainly found in the basal layer of the epidermis and are responsible for the replenishment and maintenance of the tissue, by compensating for the loss of terminally differentiated cells called corneocytes, especially during aging. AIM The aim of our study was to investigate the implication of survivin in epidermal renewal and the relationships between survivin expression and UVB-induced DNA damage levels in cultured human keratinocytes and in skin biopsies. In parallel, the effects of a treatment by compound IV08.009 were studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured human keratinocytes and skin biopsies were used in this study. KSCs-enriched fractions of keratinocytes were isolated from total keratinocytes by differential attachment to a type IV collagen matrix. Survivin expression levels were assessed by immunoblotting in cultured keratinocytes, and α6-integrin, β1-integrin, keratin 15, and survivin were observed after immunodetection in skin biopsies cross sections. Comet assay, immunodetection of CPDs and of cleaved-caspase 3, and electron microscopy were used to characterize UVB-induced DNA damage. RESULTS We demonstrated the ability of compound IV08.009 to efficiently protect ex vivo skin against basal UVB-induced damage. Moreover, comet assay studies demonstrated the efficacy of IV08.009 in protecting DNA damage from UVB stress. We found that IV08.009 protects skin from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress, ex vivo. Electron microscopy confirmed the protective efficiency of IV08.009 on cell ultrastructural damage induced by UVB exposure. CONCLUSION Compound IV08.009 demonstrated to be effective in regulating survivin expression and in preserving the basal epidermis from stresses such as UVB and H2 O2 . These results suggest a protective activity of IV08.009 on the essential renewing potential of KSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Labarrade
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laurine Bergeron
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Catherine Serre
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alexia Lebleu
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Valère Busuttil
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Marie Botto
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nouha Domloge
- Vincience Global Skin Research Center, Ashland Specialties France, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Exosomes released by keratinocytes modulate melanocyte pigmentation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7506. [PMID: 26103923 PMCID: PMC4491833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and microvesicles, which transfer proteins, lipids and RNAs to regulate recipient cell functions. Skin pigmentation relies on a tight dialogue between keratinocytes and melanocytes in the epidermis. Here we report that exosomes secreted by keratinocytes enhance melanin synthesis by increasing both the expression and activity of melanosomal proteins. Furthermore, we show that the function of keratinocyte-derived exosomes is phototype-dependent and is modulated by ultraviolet B. In sum, this study uncovers an important physiological function for exosomes in human pigmentation and opens new avenues in our understanding of how pigmentation is regulated by intercellular communication in both healthy and diseased states. The activity of melanocytes determines skin pigmentation, and is regulated by a tight dialogue with keratinocytes. Here, the authors show that exosomes released by keratinocytes have a direct effect on melanocyte function, and exosome content is dependent on skin phototype and is modulated by ultraviolet B radiation.
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Restoring lost gingival pigmentation in the esthetic zone: A case report. J Am Dent Assoc 2015; 146:402-5. [PMID: 26025828 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW There is insufficient literature on the lack of oral pigmentation in the esthetic zone. The aim of this case report was to illustrate the potential impact of loss of gingival pigmentation in the esthetic zone, describe its surgical treatment, and discuss the limited literature on this topic. CASE DESCRIPTION An African American woman with high smile line had localized loss of gingival melanin pigmentation as a complication after implant failure and attempted guided bone regeneration in site 8. A highly pigmented free gingival graft was collected from the facial-attached gingiva of the maxillary posterior teeth and placed onto the previously de-epithelialized recipient bed in the maxillary front. Some pigmentation of the graft was preserved and was visible a few weeks after surgery; some pigmentation recovered over time. At 6 months after surgery, the patient was satisfied with the esthetics. Complete recovery of pigmentation took 12 months, at which time the patient was ready to proceed with the final prosthetic work. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Gingival pigmentation can be restored using a free gingival graft from a highly pigmented area. When surgical procedures are performed in such cases, loss of gingival pigmentation should be part of the informed consent. However, further research, including histology, is needed.
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Cellular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Action in Melanoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:481782. [PMID: 26064422 PMCID: PMC4438193 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most melanomas occur on the skin, but a small percentage of these life-threatening cancers affect other parts of the body, such as the eye and mucous membranes, including the mouth. Given that most melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, close attention has been paid to the impact of oxidative stress on these tumors. The possibility that key epigenetic enzymes cannot act on a DNA altered by oxidative stress has opened new perspectives. Therefore, much attention has been paid to the alteration of DNA methylation by oxidative stress. We review the current evidence about (i) the role of oxidative stress in melanoma initiation and progression; (ii) the mechanisms by which ROS influence the DNA methylation pattern of transformed melanocytes; (iii) the transformative potential of oxidative stress-induced changes in global and/or local gene methylation and expression; (iv) the employment of this epimutation as a biomarker for melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance evaluation; (v) the impact of this new knowledge in clinical practice for melanoma treatment.
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Nakamura M, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Yamaguchi Y, Furuhashi T, Nishida E, Kato H, Mizuno T, Sugiura M, Morita A. Site-specific migration of human fetal melanocytes in volar skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:143-8. [PMID: 25818865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytes originate from the neural crest and migrate ventrally from the dorsal neural tube during embryogenesis. How human melanocytes locate at their suitable positions during embryogenesis, however, is unclear. Although a growing body of evidence indicates that melanocytes, melanoblasts, and melanocyte stem cells are closely related to hair follicles, little is known about volar skin. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to observe skin development during human fetal period and clarify the site-specific migration process of human fetal sole melanocytes. METHODS We obtained 4-mm punch biopsies from the scalp, back, abdomen, and right sole of 36 aborted fetuses (gestational age 12-21 weeks). We compared the migration process between hairly areas and volar areas by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Immunohistochemical examination revealed that gp100 (HMB-45) sensitively detects human melanocytes in embryogenesis. Melanocytes were present at the epidermal base, where hair placodes/buds form at 12-15 weeks gestation. Fetal melanocytes in hair follicles are supplied from the epidermis. In volar skin, melanocytes originally localize only in the acrosyringium, where they migrate deeper into with gland development at 16-18 weeks gestation. Palmoplantar melanocyte migration and maturation processes differ considerably from those of the other hairy skin sites. CONCLUSION Eccrine sweat glands seem to have a central role in the palmoplantar melanocyte migration process, similar to the role of hair follicles in hairy sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Nakamura
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuhashi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Emi Nishida
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kato
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Sugiura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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López S, Alonso S, García de Galdeano A, Smith-Zubiaga I. Melanocytes from dark and light skin respond differently after ultraviolet B irradiation: effect of keratinocyte-conditioned medium. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2015; 31:149-58. [PMID: 25740555 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The response to the damage provoked by exposure to UV radiation is mediated by melanocytes and a network of paracrine factors produced by keratinocytes, and it varies among individuals of different geographical origin and skin colour. The mechanisms underlying this differential response, however, have not been completely elucidated. METHODS We characterized the differential behaviour of melanocytes (proliferation and differentiation/melanogenesis) from both dark- and light-skinned individuals in response to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, cultured with and without keratinocyte-conditioned medium (KCM). ELISA assays and real-time quantitative PCR were used to assess the production of keratinocyte-derived factors. RESULTS After UVB irradiation, dark melanocytes showed a decreased proliferation consistent with the highly differentiated state inferred by the increased dendricity of the cells and higher levels of melanogenic genes expression, whereas light melanocytes showed an increase in proliferation in accord with a less differentiated state and decreased melanogenesis levels. KCM induced melanogenesis in dark melanocytes after UVB irradiation, but not in light-pigmented melanocytes. CONCLUSION Proliferation and differentiation are coordinated in response to UVB. A lower proliferative rate and a higher differentiation state in dark melanocytes could account for more effective photoprotective mechanisms that would prevent from cell damage against UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa López
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Okazaki S, Funasaka Y, Wakamatsu K, Kawana S, Saeki H. Effect of infrared radiation A on photoaged hairless mice harboring eumelanin and pheomelanin in the epidermis. J Dermatol 2015; 42:382-90. [PMID: 25683028 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrared radiation A (IRA) is absorbed by melanin and generates heat. Therefore, the effect of IRA could be well analyzed using skin, which contains melanin in the epidermis. Hairless mice harboring epidermal melanocytes that produce eumelanin, pheomelanin, or non-melanin were generated by backcrossing K14-stem cell factor mice, recessive yellow mice, and then albino hairless mice. High-dose IRA was irradiated over 18 weeks after the establishment of photoaged mice by irradiation with ultraviolet B (UVB) three times a week for 14 weeks. Tumor formation was assessed every week. The formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer and apoptotic cells by the irradiation of IRA and UVB was evaluated. Repetitive irradiation of IRA did not promote tumor formation in all types of mice. Pre-irradiation of IRA to UVB, but not post-irradiation, accelerated the elimination of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and enhanced apoptosis; these effects were most obvious in eumelanin-producing mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed downregulation of FLICE (cellular caspase 8)-like inhibitory protein and B-cell lymphoma-extra large and upregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein by UVB, but further enhancement of these molecules by pre-irradiation of IRA was not observed. These results indicate that IRA does not confer the promotion of UVB-induced carcinogenesis in photoaged mice harboring epidermal melanocytes and that photochemical reaction between IRA and melanin might be involved in the induction of apoptosis and the elimination of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by UVB. The enhancement of apoptosis by pre-irradiation of IRA to UVB might be induced by mechanisms other than the modification of the mRNA expression of FLICE (cellular caspase 8)-like inhibitory protein, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, and Bcl-2-associated X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Okazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Oh CT, Lee D, Koo K, Lee J, Yoon HS, Choi YM, Kwon TR, Kim BJ. Superoxide dismutase 1 inhibits alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis in murine skin. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:681-7. [PMID: 25473218 PMCID: PMC4252663 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last decade, the incidence of ultraviolet B (UVB)-related skin problems has increased. Oxidative stress caused by UVB induces the secretion of melanocyte growth and activating factors from keratinocytes, which results in the formation of cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Therefore, increasing the antioxidant abilities of skin cells is thought to be a beneficial strategy for the development of sunscreen agents. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that is known to exhibit antioxidant properties. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SOD1 on alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and UVB-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice. Methods The inhibitory effect of SOD1 on tyrosinase activity was evaluated in a cell-free system. Additional experiments were performed using B16F10 melanoma cells to demonstrate the effects of SOD1 in vitro, and HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice were used to evaluate the antimelanogenic effects of SOD1 in vivo. Results We found that SOD1 inhibited melanin production in a dose-dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanoma cells. SOD1 did not inhibit tyrosinase activity under cell-free conditions. The results indicate that SOD1 may reduce pigmentation by an indirect, nonenzymatic mechanism. We also found that SOD1 decreased UVB-induced melanogenesis in HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice, as visualized through hematoxylin and eosin staining and Fontana-Masson staining. Conclusion Our results indicate that SOD1 has an inhibitory effect on α-MSH and UVB-induced melanogenesis, indicating that SOD1 may be a promising sunscreen agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Taek Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Nutrex Technology R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyotan Koo
- Nutrex Technology R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jay Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho Sang Yoon
- MB Business Development Team, Pacificpharma, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Mi Choi
- Cosmeceutical Team, Pacificpharma, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Rin Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Chiarelli-Neto O, Ferreira AS, Martins WK, Pavani C, Severino D, Faião-Flores F, Maria-Engler SS, Aliprandini E, Martinez GR, Di Mascio P, Medeiros MHG, Baptista MS. Melanin photosensitization and the effect of visible light on epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113266. [PMID: 25405352 PMCID: PMC4236153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting human skin from sun exposure is a complex issue that involves unclear aspects of the interaction between light and tissue. A persistent misconception is that visible light is safe for the skin, although several lines of evidence suggest otherwise. Here, we show that visible light can damage melanocytes through melanin photosensitization and singlet oxygen (1O2) generation, thus decreasing cell viability, increasing membrane permeability, and causing both DNA photo-oxidation and necro-apoptotic cell death. UVA (355 nm) and visible (532 nm) light photosensitize 1O2 with similar yields, and pheomelanin is more efficient than eumelanin at generating 1O2 and resisting photobleaching. Although melanin can protect against the cellular damage induced by UVB, exposure to visible light leads to pre-mutagenic DNA lesions (i.e., Fpg- and Endo III-sensitive modifications); these DNA lesions may be mutagenic and may cause photoaging, as well as other health problems, such as skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Chiarelli-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Divinomar Severino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Aliprandini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Glaucia R. Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa H. G. Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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65
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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66
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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Tada M, Kohno M, Niwano Y. Alleviation effect of arbutin on oxidative stress generated through tyrosinase reaction with L-tyrosine and L-DOPA. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:23. [PMID: 25297374 PMCID: PMC4195341 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyl radical that has the highest reactivity among reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated through L-tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction. Thus, the melanogenesis might induce oxidative stress in the skin. Arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor has been widely used for the purpose of skin whitening. The aim of the present study was to examine if arbutin could suppress the hydroxyl radical generation via tyrosinase reaction with its substrates, L-tyrosine and L-DOPA. RESULTS The hydroxyl radical, which was determined by an electron spin resonance-spin trapping technique, was generated by the addition of not only L-tyrosine but L-DOPA to tyrosinase in a concentration dependent manner. Arbutin could inhibit the hydroxyl radical generation in the both reactions. CONCLUSION It is presumed that arbutin could alleviate oxidative stress derived from the melanogenic pathway in the skin in addition to its function as a whitening agent in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tada
- Center for General Education, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohno
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwano
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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68
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Yin L, Coelho SG, Ebsen D, Smuda C, Mahns A, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ. Epidermal gene expression and ethnic pigmentation variations among individuals of Asian, European and African ancestry. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:731-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Sergio G. Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Dominik Ebsen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | | | - Andre Mahns
- R&D Skin Research; Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg Germany
| | - Sharon A. Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Janusz Z. Beer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- R&D Skin Research; Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent J. Hearing
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
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69
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Tan ES, Ee M, Shen L, Chua H, Chan YH, Tan SH. Basal cell carcinoma in Singapore: a prospective study on epidemiology and clinicopathological characteristics with a secondary comparative analysis between Singaporean Chinese and Caucasian patients. Australas J Dermatol 2014; 56:175-9. [PMID: 25179179 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Susceptibility to and clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) differ in Asian and Caucasian populations. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics of BCC in a multiracial Singaporean population, with a secondary comparative analysis between Chinese and Caucasian patients. METHODS We prospectively studied patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed BCC at the National Skin Centre, Singapore from 2004 to 2008. RESULTS In total, 274 BCC from 260 patients were studied, with 19 patients having two or more tumours. Their mean age was 67.5 years and 54% were male. Chinese comprised 80% and Caucasians 14%. The Chinese were 1.8-fold as likely as Caucasians to be older than 60 years, and experienced itch thrice more frequently. Caucasians developed multiple BCC threefold and truncal or upper limb BCC 2.9-fold more frequently than the Chinese. In terms of tumour subtype, morphoeic BCC was 2.7-fold more common in Caucasians. Pigmented BCC occurred 2.7-fold more often in the Chinese, most frequently on the head and neck of elderly Chinese. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the Chinese, BCC occurred more often in younger Caucasians, with a predilection for the trunk and upper limb, suggesting a greater role for recreational sun exposure as a risk factor. Pigmented BCC more commonly occurred on the head and neck of elderly Chinese and may be reflective of cumulative sun exposure as a risk factor. Aggressive morphoeic BCC was more common in Caucasians than in Singaporean Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvin Ee
- Dermatology & Surgery Clinic, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Liang Shen
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Hilary Chua
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yiong-Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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70
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Fernandez TL, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Dawson RA, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. Characterization of a human skin equivalent model to study the effects of ultraviolet B radiation on keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:588-98. [PMID: 24219750 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of skin cancers resulting from chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure are on the incline in both Australia and globally. Hence, the cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with UVR-induced photocarcinogenesis need to be urgently elucidated, in order to develop more robust preventative and treatment strategies against skin cancers. In vitro investigations into the effects of UVR (in particular, the highly mutagenic UVB wavelength) have, to date, mainly involved the use of cell culture and animal models. However, these models possess biological disparities to native skin, which, to some extent, have limited their relevance to the in vivo situation. To address this, we characterized a three-dimensional, tissue-engineered human skin equivalent (HSE) model (consisting of primary human keratinocytes cultured on a dermal-derived scaffold) as a representation of a more physiologically relevant platform to study keratinocyte responses to UVB. Significantly, we demonstrate that this model retains several important epidermal properties of native skin. Moreover, UVB irradiation of the HSE constructs was shown to induce key markers of photodamage in the HSE keratinocytes, including the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, the activation of apoptotic pathways, the accumulation of p53, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the UVB-exposed HSE constructs retain the capacity for epidermal repair and regeneration after photodamage. Together, our results demonstrate the potential of this skin equivalent model as a tool to study various aspects of the acute responses of human keratinocytes to UVB radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Fernandez
- 1 Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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71
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Del Bino S, Bernerd F. Variations in skin colour and the biological consequences of ultraviolet radiation exposure. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169 Suppl 3:33-40. [PMID: 24098899 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Harmful consequences of sun exposure range from sunburn, photoageing and pigmentary disorders to skin cancer. The incidence and extent of these detrimental effects are largely due to the degree of constitutive pigmentation of the skin. The latter can be objectively classified according to the individual typology angle (°ITA) based on colorimetric parameters. The physiological relevance of the ITA colorimetric classification was assessed in 3500 women living in various geographical areas. Furthermore, in order to understand the relationship between constitutive pigmentation and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensitivity, we worked on ex vivo human skin samples of different colour exposed to increasing UVR doses. For each sample we defined the biologically efficient dose (BED), based on the induction of sunburn cells, and analysed UVR-induced DNA damage (cyclobutane thymine dimers, CPD). We found a significant correlation between ITA and BED. We also found a correlation between ITA and DNA damage. As the epidermal basal layer also hosts melanocytes and in order to analyse the relationship between skin colour and DNA damage occurring specifically within this cell type, we performed double staining for CPD and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) 1, a key enzyme in melanin synthesis. We found that DNA damage within melanocytes depends on ITA. Taken together our results may explain the higher risk of lighter skin types developing skin cancers, including melanoma, as well as the development of pigmentary disorders in moderately pigmented skin. They show that skin classification based on ITA is physiologically relevant (as it correlates with constitutive pigmentation) and further support the concept of a more personalized approach to photoprotection that corresponds to a particular skin colour type's sensitivity to solar UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Del Bino
- Centre Charles Zviak, L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 90 rue du Général Roguet, 92583, Clichy Cedex, France
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72
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Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:100-15. [PMID: 24675046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decisive role of the epidermis in maintaining body homeostasis prompted studies to evaluate the changes in epidermal structure and functionality over the lifetime. This development, along with the identification of molecular mechanisms of epidermal signaling, maintenance, and differentiation, points to a need for new therapeutic alternatives to treat and prevent skin aging. In addition to recovering age- and sun-compromised functions, proper treatment of the epidermis has important esthetic implications. This study reviews active ingredients capable of counteracting symptoms of epidermal aging, organized according to the regulation of specific age-affected epidermal functions: (1) several compounds, other than retinoids and derivatives, act on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, supporting the protective barrier against mechanical and chemical insults; (2) natural lipidic compounds, as well as glycerol and urea, are described as agents for maintaining water-ion balance; (3) regulation of immunological pathogen defense can be reinforced by natural extracts and compounds, such as resveratrol; and (4) antioxidant exogenous sources enriched with flavonoids and vitamin C, for example, improve solar radiation protection and epidermal antioxidant activity. The main objective is to provide a functional classification of active ingredients as regulatory elements of epidermal homeostasis, with potential cosmetic and/or dermatological applications.
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73
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Jung H, Chung H, Chang SE, Choi S, Han IO, Kang DH, Oh ES. Syndecan-2 regulates melanin synthesis via protein kinase CβII-mediated tyrosinase activation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:387-97. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Jung
- Department of Life Sciences; Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Heesung Chung
- Department of Life Sciences; Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sora Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; College of Medicine; Inha University; Incheon Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Kang
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine; Ewha Medical Research Center; Ewha Womans University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences; Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Center for Cellular Homeostasis; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. Epidermal pigmentation in the human lineage is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:671-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Frauenstein K, Sydlik U, Tigges J, Majora M, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Abel J, Esser C, Fritsche E, Krutmann J, Haarmann-Stemmann T. Evidence for a novel anti-apoptotic pathway in human keratinocytes involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, E2F1, and checkpoint kinase 1. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1425-34. [PMID: 23912710 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of keratinocytes (KC) to ultraviolet (UV) radiation results in the initiation of apoptosis, a protective mechanism that eliminates cells harboring irreparable DNA damage. Hence, a manipulation of UV-induced apoptosis may significantly influence photocarcinogenesis. We have discovered that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a key regulator of drug metabolism and an UVB-sensitive transcription factor, serves an anti-apoptotic function in UVB-irradiated human KC. Chemical and shRNA-mediated inhibition of AHR signaling sensitized KC to UVB-induced apoptosis by decreasing the expression of E2F1 and its target gene checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1). The decreased expression of these cell-cycle regulators was due to an enhanced expression of p27(KIP1) and an associated decrease in phosphorylation of both cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and its substrate molecule retinoblastoma protein. The subsequent inhibition of E2F1 autoregulation and downstream CHK1 expression resulted in an enhanced susceptibility of damaged cells to undergo apoptosis. Accordingly, ectopic overexpression of either E2F1 or CHK1 in AHR-knockdown KC attenuated the observed sensitization to UVB-induced apoptosis. Using an AHR-knockout SKH-1 hairless mouse model, we next demonstrated the physiological relevance of the anti-apoptotic function of AHR. In contrast to their AHR-proficient littermates, the constitutive expression of E2F1 and CHK1 was significantly reduced in the skin of AHR-knockout mice. Accordingly, a single exposure of the animals to UVB resulted in an enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 in the skin of AHR-knockout mice. These results identify for the first time the AHR-E2F1-CHK1 axis as a novel anti-apoptotic pathway in KC, which may represent a suitable target for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Frauenstein
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Colmenares LU, Coelho S, Miller SA, Boomer KB, Beer JZ. UV responses in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, and Asians residing in Hawai'i and in Maryland. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2013; 29:121-31. [PMID: 23651272 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UV exposure causes a wide range of skin damage including cutaneous melanoma. The mechanisms of cellular and molecular damage, as well as those of erythemal and pigmentation responses to UV exposure, have largely been studied in the White population. METHODS This study systematically investigates responses to UV exposure in the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) and Asian populations living in Hawai'i (A/HI) as well as in Asians living in Maryland (A/MD). RESULTS Our analyses indicate that the NHPI population is less sensitive to UV exposure than the A/HI population. Comparisons between the two Asian groups suggest that, despite slightly but not statistically different baseline constitutive pigmentation (pre-UV exposure), the A/HI and A/MD had similar UV sensitivity, measured as minimal erythemal dose (MED). However, the A/MD population had higher levels of oxyhemoglobin at doses of 2.0, 2.8 and 4.0 MED. Unexpectedly, the A/MD subjects retained higher levels of pigmentation 2 weeks post-UV exposure. CONCLUSION This study provides insight into UV responses of the inhabitants of Hawai'i and shows that such responses are statistically significant for relatively small samples of NHPI and for A/HI and A/MD.
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Del Bino S, Sok J, Bernerd F. Assessment of ultraviolet-radiation-induced DNA damage within melanocytes in skin of different constitutive pigmentation. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:1120-3. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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78
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Coelho SG, Zmudzka BZ, Yin L, Miller SA, Yamaguchi Y, Tadokoro T, Hearing VJ, Beer JZ. Non-invasive diffuse reflectance measurements of cutaneous melanin content can predict human sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:266-71. [PMID: 23528212 PMCID: PMC3609039 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of human skin phenotypes and the ubiquitous exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) underscore the need for a non-invasive tool to predict an individual's UVR sensitivity. We analysed correlations between UVR sensitivity, melanin content, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR) and UVR-induced DNA damage in the skin of subjects from three racial/ethnic groups: Asian, black or African American and White. UVR sensitivity was determined by evaluating each subject's response to one minimal erythemal dose (MED) of UVR one day after the exposure. Melanin content was measured using DR and by densitometric analysis of Fontana-Masson staining (FM) in skin biopsies taken from unexposed areas. An individual's UVR sensitivity based on MED was highly correlated with melanin content measured by DR and by FM. Therefore, a predictive model for the non-invasive determination of UVR sensitivity using DR was developed. The MED precision was further improved when we took race/ethnicity into consideration. The use of DR serves as a tool for predicting UVR sensitivity in humans that should be invaluable for determining appropriate UVR doses for therapeutic, diagnostic and/or cosmetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Lee CH, Wu SB, Hong CH, Yu HS, Wei YH. Molecular Mechanisms of UV-Induced Apoptosis and Its Effects on Skin Residential Cells: The Implication in UV-Based Phototherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6414-35. [PMID: 23519108 PMCID: PMC3634415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is an integral system that acts as a physical and immunological barrier to outside pathogens, toxicants, and harmful irradiations. Environmental ultraviolet rays (UV) from the sun might potentially play a more active role in regulating several important biological responses in the context of global warming. UV rays first encounter the uppermost epidermal keratinocytes causing apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms of UV-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes include direct DNA damage (intrinsic), clustering of death receptors on the cell surface (extrinsic), and generation of ROS. When apoptotic keratinocytes are processed by adjacent immature Langerhans cells (LCs), the inappropriately activated Langerhans cells could result in immunosuppression. Furthermore, UV can deplete LCs in the epidermis and impair their migratory capacity, leading to their accumulation in the dermis. Intriguingly, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) activation of LCs by UV can induce the pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signals due to the upregulation of Bcl-xL, leading to the generation of regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, a physiological dosage of UV can also enhance melanocyte survival and melanogenesis. Analogous to its effect in keratinocytes, a therapeutic dosage of UV can induce cell cycle arrest, activate antioxidant and DNA repair enzymes, and induce apoptosis through translocation of the Bcl-2 family proteins in melanocytes to ensure genomic integrity and survival of melanocytes. Furthermore, UV can elicit the synthesis of vitamin D, an important molecule in calcium homeostasis of various types of skin cells contributing to DNA repair and immunomodulation. Taken together, the above-mentioned effects of UV on apoptosis and its related biological effects such as proliferation inhibition, melanin synthesis, and immunomodulations on skin residential cells have provided an integrated biochemical and molecular biological basis for phototherapy that has been widely used in the treatment of many dermatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chien-Hui Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 813, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7118; Fax: +886-2-2826-4843
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80
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Tulah AS, Birch-Machin MA. Stressed out mitochondria: the role of mitochondria in ageing and cancer focussing on strategies and opportunities in human skin. Mitochondrion 2012. [PMID: 23195682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA damage has been used as a successful and unique biomarker of tissue stress. A valuable example of this is sun damage in human skin which leads to ageing and skin cancer. The skin is constantly exposed to the harmful effects of sunlight, such as ultraviolet radiation, which causes it to age with observable characteristic features as well as clinical precancerous lesions and skin cancer. Formation of free radicals by the sun's harmful rays which contribute to oxidative stress has been linked to the induction of deletions and mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. These markers of mitochondrial DNA damage have been proposed to contribute to the mechanisms of ageing in many tissues including skin and are associated with many diseases including cancer. In this article we highlight the role of this important organelle in ageing and cancer with particular emphasis on experimental strategies in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif S Tulah
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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81
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Liu W, Wang X, Lai W, Yan T, Wu Y, Wan M, Yi J, Matsui MS. Sunburn protection as a function of sunscreen application thickness differs between high and low SPFs. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 28:120-6. [PMID: 22548392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2012.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunscreens are an important component of healthy sun-protection behavior. To achieve satisfactory protection, sunscreens must be applied consistently, evenly and correctly. Consumers do not apply sunscreen properly and, therefore, do not achieve the protection indicated by the label 'sun protection factor' (SPF). The objective of the present study was to determine the actual sun(burn) protection given by a range of sunscreen application thickness levels for both low and high SPF formulas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty study subjects were recruited from each of three geographical regions in China. Sunscreens with label SPFs of 4, 15, 30, and 55 were tested at application levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/cm(2) in three laboratories using a standard SPF protocol. RESULTS Sunscreens with lower SPFs (4 and 15) showed a linear dose-response relationship with application level, but higher SPF (30 and 55) product protection was exponentially related to application thickness. CONCLUSION Sunscreen protection is not related in one uniform way to the amount of product applied to human skin. Consumers may achieve an even lower than expected sunburn protection from high SPF products than from low SPF sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
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82
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Miller SA, Coelho SG, Miller SW, Yamaguchi Y, Hearing VJ, Beer JZ. Evidence for a new paradigm for ultraviolet exposure: a universal schedule that is skin phototype independent. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 28:187-95. [PMID: 23017171 PMCID: PMC3462367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2012.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration has published guidelines for manufacturer-recommended exposure schedules for ultraviolet (UV) tanning, intended to limit acute and delayed damage from UV exposure. These guidelines recommend that exposure schedules be adjusted for skin phototype. However, it has been shown that the dose necessary to produce tanning is similar for phototypes 2-4. METHODS We observed tanning in phototypes 2 and 3 from repeated UV exposures over a 5-week period. Pigmentation was evaluated visually, instrumentally, and through Fontana-Masson staining of biopsies. RESULTS The resultant pigmentation was equal or greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2 - both visually and instrumentally - measured on day 31 of the exposure protocol. The amount of melanin measured in biopsies taken 24 h postexposure was also greater in phototype 3 compared with phototype 2. CONCLUSION Published data on tanning in phototypes 4 and 5 support our findings that higher phototypes can develop pigmentation more efficiently than lower phototypes. Therefore, a universal exposure schedule (based on sensitivity of phototype 2) can be used for all phototypes that are expected to engage in indoor tanning. This approach will result in a reduction of the UV burden for skin phototypes 3 and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Miller
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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83
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Effects of cosmetic formulations containing hydroxyacids on sun-exposed skin: current applications and future developments. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:710893. [PMID: 22675344 PMCID: PMC3362829 DOI: 10.1155/2012/710893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes recent data on the effects of various skin formulations containing hydroxyacids (HAs) and related products on sun-exposed skin. The most frequently used classes of these products, such as α- and β-hydroxyacids, polyhydroxy acids, and bionic acids, are reviewed, and their application in cosmetic formulations is described. Special emphasis is devoted to the safety evaluation of these formulations, particularly on the effects of their prolonged use on sun-exposed skin. We also discuss the important contribution of cosmetic vehicles in these types of studies. Data on the effects of HAs on melanogenesis and tanning are also included. Up-to-date methods and techniques used in those explorations, as well as selected future developments in the cosmetic area, are presented.
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84
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Kim M, Park J, Song K, Kim HG, Koh JS, Boo YC. Screening of plant extracts for human tyrosinase inhibiting effects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:202-8. [PMID: 22220689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening for tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors potentially useful for control of skin pigmentation has been hampered by the limited availability of human TYR. To overcome this hurdle, we have established human embryonic kidney (HEK293)-TYR cells that constitutively express human TYR. In the current study, we assayed human TYR inhibition activities of 50 plant extracts using the lysates of transformed HEK293-TYR cells. The strongest inhibition of human TYR was shown by the extract of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunberg, followed by the extract of Morus bombycis Koidzumi. The former extract did not inhibit mushroom TYR activity whereas significant inhibition was observed with the latter extract, demonstrating the importance of using human TYR in the screening for human TYR inhibitors. Upon liquid-liquid partitioning of the extract from V. bracteatum, the active constituents were enriched in the ethyl acetate fraction, and the subsequent preparatory thin-layer chromatography identified p-coumaric acid (PCA) as the main active constituent. The hypo-pigmentation of PCA was verified in the MelanoDerm™ Skin Model. This study demonstrates that transformed HEK293-TYR cells could expedite the discovery of human TYR-specific inhibitors from natural sources which might be useful in the control of skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Medical Education Program for Human Resources, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu Dermapro Skin Research Center, Dermapro Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
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85
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Swalwell H, Latimer J, Haywood RM, Birch-Machin MA. Investigating the role of melanin in UVA/UVB- and hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular and mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial DNA damage in human melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:626-634. [PMID: 22178978 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidence is dramatically increasing worldwide, with exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) a predominant factor. The UVA component initiates oxidative stress in human skin, although its exact role in the initiation of skin cancer, particularly malignant melanoma, remains unclear and is controversial because there is evidence for a melanin-dependent mechanism in UVA-linked melanoma studies. Nonpigmented (CHL-1, A375), moderately pigmented (FM55, SKmel23), and highly pigmented (FM94, hyperpigmented FM55) human melanoma cell lines have been used to investigate UVA-induced production of reactive oxygen species using FACS analysis, at both the cellular (dihydrorhodamine-123) and the mitochondrial (MitoSOX) level, where most cellular stress is generated. For the first time, downstream mtDNA damage (utilizing a quantitative long-PCR assay) has been investigated. Using UVA, UVB, and H(2)O(2) as cellular stressors, we have explored the dual roles of melanin as a photoprotector and photosensitizer. The presence of melanin has no influence over cellular oxidative stress generation, whereas, in contrast, melanin protects against mitochondrial superoxide generation and mtDNA damage (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's analysis, P<0.001). We show that if melanin binds directly to DNA, it acts as a direct photosensitizer of mtDNA damage during UVA irradiation (P<0.001), providing evidence for the dual roles of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Swalwell
- Department of Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jennifer Latimer
- Department of Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel M Haywood
- RAFT Leopold Muller Building, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, UK
| | - Mark A Birch-Machin
- Department of Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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86
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Mouret S, Forestier A, Douki T. The specificity of UVA-induced DNA damage in human melanocytes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 11:155-62. [PMID: 21986862 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05185g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to solar UV radiation is the origin of most skin cancers, including deadly melanomas. Melanomas are quite different from keratinocyte-derived tumours and exhibit a different mutation spectrum in the activated oncogenes, possibly arising from a different class of DNA damage. In addition, some data suggest a role for UVA radiation in melanomagenesis. To get further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying induction of melanoma, we quantified a series of UV-induced DNA damage in primary cultures of normal human melanocytes. The results were compared with those obtained in keratinocytes from the same donors. In the UVB range, the frequency and the distribution of pyrimidine dimers was the same in melanocytes and keratinocytes. UVA was also found to produce thymine cyclobutane dimer as the major DNA lesion with an equal efficiency in both cell types. In contrast, following UVA-irradiation a large difference was found for the yield of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine; the level of this product was 2.2-fold higher in melanocytes than in keratinocytes. The comet assay showed that the induction of strand breaks was equally efficient in both cell types but that the yield of Fpg-sensitive sites was larger in melanocytes. Our data show that, upon UVA irradiation, oxidative lesions contribute to a larger extent to DNA damage in melanocytes than in keratinocytes. We also observed that the basal level of oxidative lesions was higher in the melanocytes, in agreement with a higher oxidative stress that may be due to the production of melanin. The bulk of these results, combined with qPCR and cell survival data, may explain some of the differences in mutation spectrum and target genes between melanomas and carcinomas arising from keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouret
- Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, SCIB, UMR-E3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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87
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Kang YG, Choi EJ, Choi Y, Hwang JK. 5,7-dimethoxyflavone induces melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells through cAMP-dependent signalling. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:445-7. [PMID: 21426409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanin protects the skin against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and diverse free radicals. Agents that increase melanin synthesis in melanocytes may reduce UVR-induced skin damage and skin cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) on melanogenic protein expression and signalling pathways. We found that 5,7-DMF significantly increased melanin content by upregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and related melanogenic proteins. Additionally, 5,7-DMF increased cAMP levels, which activates a cascade of reactions, such as cAMP responsive element-binding protein and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signalling. Thus, 5,7-DMF may be an effective pigmentation stimulator for photoprotection and hypopigmentation disorders.
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88
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Liu JJ, Fisher DE. Lighting a path to pigmentation: mechanisms of MITF induction by UV. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 23:741-5. [PMID: 20973930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While sunlight is important for life, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can have harmful and mutagenic effects. This duality is particularly relevant to human skin, in which UVR both participates in evolutionarily important photochemical reactions yet may act as a potential carcinogen. UVR can upregulate production of melanin, the "tanning response" that serves a photoprotective function. This genetic program is centrally tuned by the transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte function. In this review, we discuss the myriad consequences of UV exposure for skin homeostasis, highlighting the diverse pathways activated by this ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue J Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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89
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Wong TH, Jackson IJ, Rees JL. The physiological and phenotypic determinants of human tanning measured as change in skin colour following a single dose of ultraviolet B radiation. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:667-73. [PMID: 20648713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental study of the in vivo kinetics of tanning in human skin has been limited by the difficulties in measuring changes in melanin pigmentation independent of the ultravioletinduced changes in erythema. The present study attempted to experimentally circumvent this issue. We have studied erythemal and tanning responses following a single exposure to a range of doses of ultraviolet B irradiation on the buttock and the lower back in 98 subjects. Erythema was assessed using reflectance techniques at 24 h and tanning measured as the L* spectrophotometric score at 7 days following noradrenaline iontophoresis. We show that dose (P < 0.0001), body site (P < 0.0001), skin colour (P < 0.0001), ancestry (P = 0.0074), phototype (P = 0.0019) and sex (P = 0.04) are all independent predictors of erythema. Quantitative estimates of the effects of these variables are reported, but the effects of ancestry and phototype do not appear solely explainable in terms of L* score. Dose (P < 0.0001), body site (P < 0.0001) and skin colour (P = 0.0365) or, as an alternative to skin colour, skin type (P = 0.0193) predict tanning, with those with lighter skin tanning slightly more to a defined UVB dose. If erythema is factored into the regression, then only dose and body site remain significant predictors of tanning: therefore neither phototype nor pigmentary factors, such as baseline skin colour, or eye or hair colour, predict change in skin colour to a unit erythemal response.
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90
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Miyamura Y, Coelho SG, Schlenz K, Batzer J, Smuda C, Choi W, Brenner M, Passeron T, Zhang G, Kolbe L, Wolber R, Hearing VJ. The deceptive nature of UVA tanning versus the modest protective effects of UVB tanning on human skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:136-47. [PMID: 20979596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between human skin pigmentation and protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important element underlying differences in skin carcinogenesis rates. The association between UV damage and the risk of skin cancer is clear, yet a strategic balance in exposure to UV needs to be met. Dark skin is protected from UV-induced DNA damage significantly more than light skin owing to the constitutively higher pigmentation, but an as yet unresolved and important question is what photoprotective benefit, if any, is afforded by facultative pigmentation (i.e. a tan induced by UV exposure). To address that and to compare the effects of various wavelengths of UV, we repetitively exposed human skin to suberythemal doses of UVA and/or UVB over 2 weeks after which a challenge dose of UVA and UVB was given. Although visual skin pigmentation (tanning) elicited by different UV exposure protocols was similar, the melanin content and UV-protective effects against DNA damage in UVB-tanned skin (but not in UVA-tanned skin) were significantly higher. UVA-induced tans seem to result from the photooxidation of existing melanin and its precursors with some redistribution of pigment granules, while UVB stimulates melanocytes to up-regulate melanin synthesis and increases pigmentation coverage, effects that are synergistically stimulated in UVA and UVB-exposed skin. Thus, UVA tanning contributes essentially no photoprotection, although all types of UV-induced tanning result in DNA and cellular damage, which can eventually lead to photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Miyamura
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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91
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Svobodová A, Vostálová J. Solar radiation induced skin damage: review of protective and preventive options. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:999-1030. [PMID: 20807180 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solar energy has a number of short- and long-term detrimental effects on skin that can result in several skin disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on endogenous systems within the skin for protection from solar radiation and present research findings to date, on the exogenous options for such skin photoprotection. RESULTS Endogenous systems for protection from solar radiation include melanin synthesis, epidermal thickening and an antioxidant network. Existing lesions are eliminated via repair mechanisms. Cells with irreparable damage undergo apoptosis. Excessive and chronic sun exposure however can overwhelm these mechanisms leading to photoaging and the development of cutaneous malignancies. Therefore exogenous means are a necessity. Exogenous protection includes sun avoidance, use of photoprotective clothing and sufficient application of broad-spectrum sunscreens as presently the best way to protect the skin. However other strategies that may enhance currently used means of protection are being investigated. These are often based on the endogenous protective response to solar light such as compounds that stimulate pigmentation, antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants. CONCLUSION More research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of new alternatives to photoprotection such as use of DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes and plant polyphenols and to find an efficient way for their delivery to the skin. New approaches to the prevention of skin damage are important especially for specific groups of people such as (young) children, photosensitive people and patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Changes in public awareness on the subject too must be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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92
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Choi W, Wolber R, Gerwat W, Mann T, Batzer J, Smuda C, Liu H, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ. The fibroblast-derived paracrine factor neuregulin-1 has a novel role in regulating the constitutive color and melanocyte function in human skin. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3102-11. [PMID: 20736300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between melanocytes and neighboring cells in the skin are important in regulating skin color in humans. We recently demonstrated that the less pigmented and thicker skin on the palms and soles is regulated by underlying fibroblasts in those areas, specifically via a secreted factor (DKK1) that modulates Wnt signaling. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that dermal fibroblasts regulate the constitutive skin color of individuals ranging from very light to very dark. We used microarray analysis to compare gene expression patterns in fibroblasts derived from lighter skin types compared to darker skin types, with a focus on secreted proteins. We identified a number of genes that differ dramatically in expression and, among the expressed proteins, neuregulin-1, which is secreted by fibroblasts derived from dark skin, effectively increases the pigmentation of melanocytes in tissue culture and in an artificial skin model and regulates their growth, suggesting that it is one of the major factors determining human skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseon Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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93
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Tada M, Kohno M, Kasai S, Niwano Y. Generation mechanism of radical species by tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 47:162-6. [PMID: 20838572 PMCID: PMC2935156 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alleviated melanin formation in the skin through inhibition of tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction is one of the major targets of cosmetics for whitening ability. Since melanin has a pivotal role for photoprotection, there are pros and cons of inhibition of melanin formation. This study applying electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping method revealed that •H and •OH are generated through tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction. When deuterium water was used instead of H2O, the signal of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)-H (a spin adduct of DMPO and •H) greatly decreased, whilst DMPO-OH (a spin adduct of DMPO and •OH) did not. Thus, it is suggested that •H was derived from H2O, and •OH through oxidative catalytic process of tyrosine to dopaquinone. Our study suggests that tyrosinase inhibitors might contribute to alleviate the oxidative damage of the skin by inhibiting •OH generation via the enzyme reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tada
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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94
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Protection against UVR Involves MC1R-Mediated Non-Pigmentary and Pigmentary Mechanisms In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1904-13. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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95
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Colloquium paper: human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107 Suppl 2:8962-8. [PMID: 20445093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914628107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin pigmentation is the product of two clines produced by natural selection to adjust levels of constitutive pigmentation to levels of UV radiation (UVR). One cline was generated by high UVR near the equator and led to the evolution of dark, photoprotective, eumelanin-rich pigmentation. The other was produced by the requirement for UVB photons to sustain cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D(3) in low-UVB environments, and resulted in the evolution of depigmented skin. As hominins dispersed outside of the tropics, they experienced different intensities and seasonal mixtures of UVA and UVB. Extreme UVA throughout the year and two equinoctial peaks of UVB prevail within the tropics. Under these conditions, the primary selective pressure was to protect folate by maintaining dark pigmentation. Photolysis of folate and its main serum form of 5-methylhydrofolate is caused by UVR and by reactive oxygen species generated by UVA. Competition for folate between the needs for cell division, DNA repair, and melanogenesis is severe under stressful, high-UVR conditions and is exacerbated by dietary insufficiency. Outside of tropical latitudes, UVB levels are generally low and peak only once during the year. The populations exhibiting maximally depigmented skin are those inhabiting environments with the lowest annual and summer peak levels of UVB. Development of facultative pigmentation (tanning) was important to populations settling between roughly 23 degrees and 46 degrees , where levels of UVB varied strongly according to season. Depigmented and tannable skin evolved numerous times in hominin evolution via independent genetic pathways under positive selection.
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96
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Rennekampff HO, Busche MN, Knobloch K, Tenenhaus M. Is UV radiation beneficial in postburn wound healing? Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:436-8. [PMID: 20447771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently strict ultraviolet (UV) light avoidance strategies and utilizing sunblock containing products are generally advocated during the reepithelialization process as well as after wound closure. These recommendations are guided by a common appreciation of UV radiation as a predominant cause of skin cancer development. It is possible however that the currently accepted practice of near continuous UV protection abrogates the normal cutaneous response to injury, with melanocyte redistribution and pigmentation creating hypopigmented scars. We hypothesize that judicious UV exposure might in fact be beneficial for wound healing and skin homeostasis. UV light should be investigated as a potential modulator of keratinocyte-melanocyte cross-talk in wound healing. In vitro studies will have to prove whether UV radiation induced melanocyte activation might have a stimulatory paracrine effect on keratinocyte proliferation which could beneficially affect wound healing. We further hypothesize that UV exposure to wounds might stimulate and restore normal melanocyte distribution and melanin content in reepithelialized wounds preventing hypopigmentation. Furthermore, exposure of reepithelialized wounds to UV light might exert a photo protective effect in the skin by the production of melanin. This in turn may protect the epidermis from UV-induced damage and carcinogenesis. It is therefore proposed that moderate UV exposure should be commenced early in the healing process of cutaneous wounds. At present, current practice and literature do not support the notion that UV-sun block is necessary in postburn scar management. Burn scars do not seem to exert an enhanced risk for melanomagenesis, the occurrence of which has only very rarely been reported in burn scars. Different mutations in susceptibility genes or in genes involved in the control of the cell cycle or maintenance of cellular integrity which are UV radiation independent are involved in the initiation and promotion steps of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Rennekampff
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Tada M, Kohno M, Niwano Y. Scavenging or quenching effect of melanin on superoxide anion and singlet oxygen. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 46:224-8. [PMID: 20490317 PMCID: PMC2872227 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although photoprotective properties of skin melanin have been well documented, a few studies on the effect of melanin on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have been reported. To study the interaction of melanin with ROS, scavenging or quenching effect of melanin on O(2) (*-) and (1)O(2) was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping methods and a spectrophotometric method, respectively. Melanin potently interacted with O(2) (*-) generated in a hypoxanthine (HPX)-xanthine oxidase (XOD) reaction, and with (1)O(2) generated from a peroxidase, H(2)O(2), and halide system. In the HPX-XOD reaction, it was proved that melanin doses not interfere with the enzyme reaction. It is confirmed that one of the mechanisms by which melanin protects UV-induced skin damage is likely scavenging or quenching activity against ROS such as O(2) (*-) and (1)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshimi Niwano
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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98
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Melanogenesis inhibitory effect of dehydroevodiamine isolated from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-010-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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99
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Vargas MA, Geish MA, Maciel FE, Cruz BP, Filgueira DDMVB, Ferreira GDJ, Nery LEM, Allodi S. Influence of the dark/light rhythm on the effects of UV radiation in the eyestalk of the crab Neohelice granulata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:343-50. [PMID: 20060494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans are interesting models to study the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and many species may be used as biomarkers for aquatic contamination of UV radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. Here, we investigated cell damage in the visual system of crabs Neohelice granulata that were acclimated to either 12L:12D, constant light, or constant dark, and were exposed to UVA or UVB at 12:00h (noon). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage, catalase activity, and pigment dispersion in the eye were evaluated. No significant differences from the three groups of controls (animals acclimated to 12L:12D, or in constant light, or not exposed to UV radiation) were observed in animals acclimated to 12L:12D, however, crabs acclimated to constant light and exposed to UV radiation for 30min showed a significant increase in ROS concentration, catalase activity, and LPO damage, but a decrease in ACAP compared with the controls. Crabs acclimated to constant darkness and exposed to UV for 30min showed a significantly increased ROS concentration and LPO damage, but the ACAP and catalase activity did not differ from the controls (animals kept in the dark while the experimental group was being exposed to UV radiation). Pigment dispersion in the pigment cells of eyes of animals acclimated to constant light was also observed. The results indicate that UVA and UVB alter specific oxidative parameters; however, the cell damage is more evident in animals deviated from the normal dark/light rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Alves Vargas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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100
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Liu J, Man WY, Lv CZ, Song SP, Shi YJ, Elias PM, Man MQ. Epidermal permeability barrier recovery is delayed in vitiligo-involved sites. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 23:193-200. [PMID: 20185976 DOI: 10.1159/000288166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Prior studies have demonstrated that both the skin surface pH and epidermal permeability barrier function vary with skin pigmentation types. Although melanin deficiency is the main feature of vitiligo, alterations in cutaneous biophysical properties in vitiligo have not yet been well defined. In the present study, stratum corneum (SC) hydration, the skin surface pH and epidermal permeability barrier function in vitiligo were evaluated. METHODS A total of 30 volunteers with vitiligo comprising 19 males and 11 females aged 13-51 years (mean age: 27.91 +/- 2.06 years) were enrolled in this study. The skin surface pH, SC hydration, melanin/erythema index and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured by respective probes connected to a Courage-Khazaka MPA5. SC integrity was determined by measuring the TEWL following each D-Squame application. The barrier recovery rate was assessed at 5 h following barrier disruption by repeated tape stripping. RESULTS In addition to SC hydration, both melanin and erythema index were significantly lower in vitiligo lesions than in contralateral, nonlesional sites, while no difference in skin surface pH between vitiligo-involved and uninvolved areas was observed. In addition, neither the basal TEWL nor SC integrity in the involved areas differed significantly from that in the uninvolved areas. However, barrier recovery in vitiligo-involved sites was significantly delayed in comparison with uninvolved sites (40.83 +/- 5.39% vs. 58.30 +/- 4.71%; t = 2.441; p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Barrier recovery following tape stripping of the SC is delayed in vitiligo. Therefore, improvement in epidermal permeability barrier function may be an important unrecognized factor to be considered in treating patients with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Dalian, The People's Republic of China
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