51
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Ling K, Men F, Wang WC, Zhou YQ, Zhang HW, Ye DW. Carbon Monoxide and Its Controlled Release: Therapeutic Application, Detection, and Development of Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules (CORMs). J Med Chem 2017; 61:2611-2635. [PMID: 28876065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is attracting increasing attention because of its role as a gasotransmitter with cytoprotective and homeostatic properties. Carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) are spatially and temporally controlled CO releasers that exhibit superior and more effective pharmaceutical traits than gaseous CO because of their chemistry and structure. Experimental and preclinical research in animal models has shown the therapeutic potential of inhaled CO and CORMs, and the biological effects of CO and CORMs have also been observed in preclinical trials via the genetic modulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In this review, we describe the pharmaceutical use of CO and CORMs, methods of detecting CO release, and developments in CORM design and synthesis. Many valuable clinical CORMs formulated using macromolecules and nanomaterials are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ling
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Fang Men
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Wei-Ci Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Hao-Wen Zhang
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Da-Wei Ye
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
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Abstract
Part I of this review discussed the similarities between embryogenesis, mammalian adaptions to hypoxia (primarily driven by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 [HIF-1]), ischemia-reperfusion injury (and its relationship with reactive oxygen species), hibernation, diving animals, cancer, and sepsis, and it focused on the common characteristics that allow cells and organisms to survive in these states. Part II of this review describes techniques by which researchers gain insight into subcellular energetics and identify potential future tools for clinicians. In particular, P nuclear magnetic resonance to measure high-energy phosphates, serum lactate measurements, the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the oxidation state of cytochrome aa3, and the ability of the protoporphyrin IX-triplet state lifetime technique to measure mitochondrial oxygen tension are discussed. In addition, this review discusses novel treatment strategies such as hyperbaric oxygen, preconditioning, exercise training, therapeutic gases, as well as inhibitors of HIF-1, HIF prolyl hydroxylase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Thiele
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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53
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Mansour AM. Visible light photoactivatable CO releasing manganese (I) tricarbonyl complexes: Experimental and DFT studies. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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54
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Qian Y, Matson JB. Gasotransmitter delivery via self-assembling peptides: Treating diseases with natural signaling gases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:137-156. [PMID: 27374785 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are powerful signaling molecules that play a variety of roles in mammalian biology. Collectively called gasotransmitters, these gases have wide-ranging therapeutic potential, but their clinical use is limited by their gaseous nature, extensive reactivity, short half-life, and systemic toxicity. Strategies for gasotransmitter delivery with control over the duration and location of release are therefore vital for developing effective therapies. An attractive strategy for gasotransmitter delivery is though injectable or implantable gels, which can ideally deliver their payload over a controllable duration and then degrade into benign metabolites. Self-assembling peptide-based gels are well-suited to this purpose due to their tunable mechanical properties, easy chemical modification, and inherent biodegradability. In this review we illustrate the biological roles of NO, CO, and H2S, discuss their therapeutic potential, and highlight recent efforts toward their controlled delivery with a focus on peptide-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - John B Matson
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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55
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Agatemor C, Etkin N. Antimicrobial resistance challenged with metal-based antimicrobial macromolecules. Biomaterials 2017; 118:27-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Ruthenium is seldom mentioned in microbiology texts, due to the fact that this metal has no known, essential roles in biological systems, nor is it generally considered toxic. Since the fortuitous discovery of cisplatin, first as an antimicrobial agent and then later employed widely as an anticancer agent, complexes of other platinum group metals, such as ruthenium, have attracted interest for their medicinal properties. Here, we review at length how ruthenium complexes have been investigated as potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic agents, in addition to their long and well-established roles as biological stains and inhibitors of calcium channels. Ruthenium complexes are also employed in a surprising number of biotechnological roles. It is in the employment of ruthenium complexes as antimicrobial agents and alternatives or adjuvants to more traditional antibiotics, that we expect to see the most striking developments in the future. Such novel contributions from organometallic chemistry are undoubtedly sorely needed to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis and the slow appearance on the market of new antibiotics.
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57
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Carbon Monoxide Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by the Cyclic GMP/Protein Kinase G and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01866-16. [PMID: 27795439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01866-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide each year. Our previous research demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can suppress PRRSV replication via an unknown molecular mechanism. In this study, inhibition of PRRSV replication was demonstrated to be mediated by carbon monoxide (CO), a downstream metabolite of HO-1. Using several approaches, we demonstrate that CO significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in both a PRRSV permissive cell line, MARC-145, and the predominant cell type targeted during in vivo PRRSV infection, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Our results showed that CO inhibited intercellular spread of PRRSV; however, it did not affect PRRSV entry into host cells. Furthermore, CO was found to suppress PRRSV replication via the activation of the cyclic GMP/protein kinase G (cGMP/PKG) signaling pathway. CO significantly inhibits PRRSV-induced NF-κB activation, a required step for PRRSV replication. Moreover, CO significantly reduced PRRSV-induced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CO exerts its anti-PRRSV effect by activating the cellular cGMP/PKG signaling pathway and by negatively regulating cellular NF-κB signaling. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of HO-1 inhibition of PRRSV replication but also suggest potential new control measures for future PRRSV outbreaks. IMPORTANCE PRRSV causes great economic losses each year to the swine industry worldwide. Carbon monoxide (CO), a metabolite of HO-1, has been shown to have antimicrobial and antiviral activities in infected cells. Our previous research demonstrated that HO-1 can suppress PRRSV replication. Here we show that endogenous CO produced through HO-1 catalysis mediates the antiviral effect of HO-1. CO inhibits PRRSV replication by activating the cellular cGMP/PKG signaling pathway and by negatively regulating cellular NF-κB signaling. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of HO-1 inhibition of PRRSV replication but also suggest potential new control measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.
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Nobre LS, Jeremias H, Romão CC, Saraiva LM. Examining the antimicrobial activity and toxicity to animal cells of different types of CO-releasing molecules. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1455-66. [PMID: 26673556 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal carbonyl complexes used as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) for biological and therapeutic applications may exhibit interesting antimicrobial activity. However, understanding the chemical traits and mechanisms of action that rule this activity is required to establish a rationale for the development of CORMs into useful antibiotics. In this work the bactericidal activity, the toxicity to eukaryotic cells, and the ability of CORMs to deliver CO to bacterial and eukaryotic cells were analysed for a set of seven CORMs that differ in the transition metal, ancillary ligands and the CO release profile. Most of these CORMs exhibited bactericidal properties that decrease in the following order: CORM-2 > CORM-3 > ALF062 > ALF850 > ALF186 > ALF153 > [Fe(SBPy3)(CO)](BF4)2. A similar yet not entirely coincident decreasing order was found for their induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in E. coli. In contrast, studies in model animal cells showed that for any given CORM, the level of intracellular ROS generated was negligible when compared with that measured inside bacteria. Importantly, these CORMs were in general not toxic to eukaryotic cells, namely murine macrophages, kidney LLC-PK1 epithelial cells, and liver cell line HepG2. CORM-2 and CORM-3 delivered CO to the intracellular space of both E. coli and the two types of tested eukaryotic cells, yet toxicity was only elicited in the case of E. coli. CO delivered by ALF186 into the intercellular space did not enter E. coli cells and the compound was not toxic to either bacteria or to eukaryotic cells. The Fe(ii) carbonyl complex [Fe(SBPy3)(CO)](2+) had the reverse, undesirable toxicity profile, being unexpectedly toxic to eukaryotic cells and non-toxic to E. coli. ALF153, the most stable complex in the whole set, was essentially devoid of toxicity or ROS induction ability in all cells. These results suggest that CORMs have a relevant therapeutic potential as antimicrobial drugs since (i) they can show opposite toxicity profiles towards bacteria and eukaryotic cells; (ii) their activity can be modulated through manipulation of the ancillary ligands, as shown with the three {Ru(CO)3}(2+) and two zerovalent Mo based CORMs; and (iii) their toxicity to eukaryotic cells can be made acceptably low. With this new approach, this work contributes to the understanding of the roots of the bactericidal action of CORMs and helps in establishing strategies for their development into a new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia S Nobre
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Hélia Jeremias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Carlos C Romão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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59
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Klinger-Strobel M, Gläser S, Makarewicz O, Wyrwa R, Weisser J, Pletz MW, Schiller A. Bactericidal Effect of a Photoresponsive Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Nonwoven against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4037-46. [PMID: 27114272 PMCID: PMC4914626 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00703-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading pathogen in skin and skin structure infections, including surgical and traumatic infections that are associated with biofilm formation. Because biofilm formation is accompanied by high phenotypic resistance of the embedded bacteria, they are almost impossible to eradicate by conventional antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are of high interest. We generated nanostructured hybrid nonwovens via the electrospinning of a photoresponsive carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecule [CORM-1, Mn2(CO)10] and the polymer polylactide. This nonwoven showed a CO-induced antimicrobial activity that was sufficient to reduce the biofilm-embedded bacteria by 70% after photostimulation at 405 nm. The released CO increased the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biofilms, suggesting that in addition to inhibiting the electron transport chain, ROS might play a role in the antimicrobial activity of CORMs on S. aureus The nonwoven showed increased cytotoxicity on eukaryotic cells after longer exposure, most probably due to the released lactic acid, that might be acceptable for local and short-time treatments. Therefore, CO-releasing nonwovens might be a promising local antimicrobial therapy against biofilm-associated skin wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Klinger-Strobel
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Steve Gläser
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- Innovent e.V., Biomaterials Department, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Mathias W Pletz
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schiller
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jena, Germany
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60
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Stolt C, Schmidt IHE, Sayfart Y, Steinmetz I, Bast A. Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide PromoteBurkholderia pseudomalleiInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:834-46. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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61
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Sahlberg Bang C, Kruse R, Johansson K, Persson K. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) inhibits growth of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli in biofilm and following host cell colonization. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:64. [PMID: 27067266 PMCID: PMC4828782 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased resistance to antimicrobial agents is a characteristic of many bacteria growing in biofilms on for example indwelling urinary catheters or in intracellular bacterial reservoirs. Biofilm-related infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, are a major challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate if a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM-2) has antibacterial effects against ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) in the biofilm mode of growth and following colonization of host bladder epithelial cells. Results The effect of CORM-2 was examined on bacteria grown within an established biofilm (biofilm formed for 24 h on plastic surface) by a live/dead viability staining assay. CORM-2 (500 μM) exposure for 24 h killed approximately 60 % of the ESBL-producing UPEC isolate. A non-ESBL-producing UPEC isolate and the E. coli K-12 strain TG1 were also sensitive to CORM-2 exposure when grown in biofilms. The antibacterial effect of CORM-2 on planktonic bacteria was reduced and delayed in the stationary growth phase compared to the exponential growth phase. In human bladder epithelial cell colonization experiments, CORM-2 exposure for 4 h significantly reduced the bacterial counts of an ESBL-producing UPEC isolate. Conclusion This study shows that CORM-2 has antibacterial properties against multidrug-resistant UPEC under biofilm-like conditions and following host cell colonization, which motivate further studies of its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sahlberg Bang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Responses and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Responses and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kjell Johansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden. .,iRiSC - Inflammatory Responses and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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62
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Uchiyama K, Katada K, Yoshikawa T. Multiple targets of carbon monoxide gas in the intestinal inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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63
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Mitterstiller AM, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Nairz M, Demetz E, Talasz H, Soares MP, Einwallner E, Esterbauer H, Fang FC, Geley S, Weiss G. Heme oxygenase 1 controls early innate immune response of macrophages to Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1374-89. [PMID: 26866925 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central for the immune control of intracellular microbes. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1, hmox) is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the breakdown of heme originating from degraded senescent erythrocytes and heme-proteins, yielding equal amounts of iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. HO-1 is strongly up-regulated in macrophages in response to inflammatory signals, including bacterial endotoxin. In view of the essential role of iron for the growth and proliferation of intracellular bacteria along with known effects of the metal on innate immune function, we examined whether HO-1 plays a role in the control of infection with the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium. We studied the course of infection in stably-transfected murine macrophages (RAW264.7) bearing a tetracycline-inducible plasmid producing hmox shRNA and in primary HO-1 knockout macrophages. While uptake of bacteria into macrophages was not affected, a significantly reduced survival of intracellular Salmonella was observed upon hmox knockdown or pharmacological hmox inhibition, which was independent of Nramp1 functionality. This could be traced to limitation of iron availability for intramacrophage bacteria along with enhanced stimulation of innate immune effector pathways, including the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and increased TNF-α expression. Mechanistically, these latter effects result from intracellular iron limitation with subsequent activation of NF-κB and further inos, tnfa and p47phox transcription along with reduced formation of the anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging molecules, CO and biliverdin as a consequence of HO-1 silencing. Taken together our data provide novel evidence that the infection-driven induction of HO-1 exerts detrimental effects in the early control of Salmonella infection, whereas hmox inhibition can favourably modulate anti-bacterial immune effector pathways of macrophages and promote bacterial elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Elisa Einwallner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-7735, USA
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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64
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Wagner S, Sommer R, Hinsberger S, Lu C, Hartmann RW, Empting M, Titz A. Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5929-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wagner
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Hinsberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cenbin Lu
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Drug
Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical
Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), 30625 Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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65
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Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Targeting heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide for therapeutic modulation of inflammation. Transl Res 2016; 167:7-34. [PMID: 26166253 PMCID: PMC4857893 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme system remains an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. HO-1, a cellular stress protein, serves a vital metabolic function as the rate-limiting step in the degradation of heme to generate carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), the latter which is converted to bilirubin-IXα (BR). HO-1 may function as a pleiotropic regulator of inflammatory signaling programs through the generation of its biologically active end products, namely CO, BV and BR. CO, when applied exogenously, can affect apoptotic, proliferative, and inflammatory cellular programs. Specifically, CO can modulate the production of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. HO-1 and CO may also have immunomodulatory effects with respect to regulating the functions of antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells. Therapeutic strategies to modulate HO-1 in disease include the application of natural-inducing compounds and gene therapy approaches for the targeted genetic overexpression or knockdown of HO-1. Several compounds have been used therapeutically to inhibit HO activity, including competitive inhibitors of the metalloporphyrin series or noncompetitive isoform-selective derivatives of imidazole-dioxolanes. The end products of HO activity, CO, BV and BR may be used therapeutically as pharmacologic treatments. CO may be applied by inhalation or through the use of CO-releasing molecules. This review will discuss HO-1 as a therapeutic target in diseases involving inflammation, including lung and vascular injury, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Ryter
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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66
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Caterino M, Petruk AA, Vergara A, Ferraro G, Marasco D, Doctorovich F, Estrin DA, Merlino A. Mapping the protein-binding sites for iridium(iii)-based CO-releasing molecules. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12206-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, circular dichroism and X-ray crystallography have been used to investigate the reaction of CO-releasing molecule Cs2IrCl5CO with the model protein RNase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caterino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Ariel A. Petruk
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Alessandro Vergara
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages
- Napoli
- Italy
- Department of Pharmacy
- University of Naples Federico II
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Dario A. Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET
- University of Buenos Aires
- Ciudad Universitaria
- C1428EHA Buenos Aires
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo
- Napoli
- Italy
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Kautz AC, Kunz PC, Janiak C. CO-releasing molecule (CORM) conjugate systems. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18045-18063. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To try to advance CORMs toward medical applications, they are covalently bound to peptides, polymers, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and protein cages or are incorporated into non-wovens, tablets, or metal–organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christin Kautz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Peter C. Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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68
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Fayad-Kobeissi S, Ratovonantenaina J, Dabiré H, Wilson JL, Rodriguez AM, Berdeaux A, Dubois-Randé JL, Mann BE, Motterlini R, Foresti R. Vascular and angiogenic activities of CORM-401, an oxidant-sensitive CO-releasing molecule. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 102:64-77. [PMID: 26721585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and displays important signaling, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, indicating that pharmacological agents mimicking its action may have therapeutic benefit. This study examined the biochemical and pharmacological properties of CORM-401, a recently described CO-releasing molecule containing manganese as a metal center. We used in vitro approaches, ex-vivo rat aortic rings and the EA.hy926 endothelial cell line in culture to address how CORM-401 releases CO and whether the compound modulates vascular tone and pro-angiogenic activities, respectively. We found that CORM-401 released up to three CO/mole of compound depending on the concentration of the acceptor myoglobin. Oxidants such as H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide or hypochlorous acid increased the CO liberated by CORM-401. CORM-401 also relaxed pre-contracted aortic rings and vasorelaxation was enhanced in combination with H2O2. Consistent with the release of multiple CO molecules, CORM-401-induced vasodilation was three times higher than that elicited by CORM-A1, which exhibits a similar half-life to CORM-401 but liberates only one CO/mole of compound. Furthermore, endothelial cells exposed to CORM-401 accumulated CO intracellularly, accelerated migration in vitro and increased VEGF and IL-8 levels. Studies using pharmacological inhibitors revealed HO-1 and p38 MAP kinase as two independent and parallel mechanisms involved in stimulating migration. We conclude that the ability of CORM-401 to release multiple CO, its sensitivity to oxidants which increase CO release, and its vascular and pro-angiogenic properties highlight new advances in the design of CO-releasing molecules that can be tailored for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fayad-Kobeissi
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
| | - Johary Ratovonantenaina
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
| | | | - Jayne Louise Wilson
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
| | - Anne Marie Rodriguez
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
| | | | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service Hospitalier, Créteil 94000, France.
| | - Brian E Mann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
| | - Roberto Motterlini
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Medicine, Créteil 94000, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 12, Créteil 94000, France.
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69
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Wegiel B, Hauser CJ, Otterbein LE. Heme as a danger molecule in pathogen recognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:651-61. [PMID: 26456060 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate control of redox mechanisms are critical for and effective innate immune response, which employs multiple cell types, receptors and molecules that recognize danger signals when they reach the host. Recognition of pathogen-associated pattern molecules (PAMPs) is a fundamental host survival mechanism for efficient elimination of invading pathogens and resolution of the infection and inflammation. In addition to PAMPs, eukaryotic cells contain a plethora of intracellular molecules that are normally secured within the confines of the plasma membrane, but if liberated and encountered in the extracellular milieu can provoke rapid cell activation. These are known as Alarmins or Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) and can be released actively by cells or passively as a result of sterile cellular injury after trauma, ischemia, or toxin-induced cell rupture. Both PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by a series of cognate receptors that increase the generation of free radicals and activate specific signaling pathways that result in regulation of a variety of stress response, redox sensitive genes. Multiple mediators released, as cells die include, but are not limited to ATP, hydrogen peroxide, heme, formyl peptides, DNA or mitochondria provide the second signal to amplify immune responses. In this review, we will focus on how sterile and infective stimuli activate the stress response gene heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1, HO-1), a master gene critical to an appropriate host response that is now recognized as one with enormous therapeutic potential. HO-1 gene expression is regulated in large part by redox-sensitive proteins including but not limited to nrf2. Both PAMPs and DAMPs increase the activation of nrf2 and HO-1. Heme is a powerful pro-oxidant and as such should be qualified as a DAMP. With its degradation by HO-1a molecule of carbon monoxide (CO) is generated that in turn serves as a bioactive signaling molecule. PAMPs such as bacterial endotoxin activate HO-1, and the CO that is generated diffuses into the extracellular milieu where it interacts with bacteria, altering their behavior to increase production of ATP, which then functions as a second signal danger molecule. This two-hit cycle scenario results in efficient and effective activation of host leukocytes to attack and clear bacteria in part via enhanced reactive oxygen species generation. We discuss this intimate communication that occurs between host and bacteria and how these molecules serve as critical regulators of the acute inflammatory response, the overall redox status of the cell, and survival of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wegiel
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Carl J Hauser
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
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70
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Hu S, Cui X, He W, Chen X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zeng G, Shi Z, Zhu L, Nie H. Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Preliminary Biological Studies of Several Heterocyclic Transition Metal Carbonyl Complexes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Nakahira K, Choi AMK. Carbon monoxide in the treatment of sepsis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1387-93. [PMID: 26498251 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO), a low-molecular-weight gas, is endogenously produced in the body as a product of heme degradation catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. As the beneficial roles of HO system have been elucidated in vitro and in vivo, CO itself has also been reported as a potent cytoprotective molecule. Whereas CO represents a toxic inhalation hazard at high concentration, low-dose exogenous CO treatment (~250-500 parts per million) demonstrates protective functions including but not limited to the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in preclinical models of human diseases. Of note, CO exposure confers protection in animal models of sepsis by inhibiting inflammatory responses and also enhancing bacterial phagocytosis in leukocytes. These unique functions of CO including both dampening inflammation and promoting host defense mechanism are mediated by multiple pathways such as autophagy induction or biosynthesis of specialized proresolving lipid mediators. We suggest that CO gas may represent a novel therapy for patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakahira
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and Division of Pulmonary and Crit Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and Division of Pulmonary and Crit Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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72
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Nguyen D, Boyer C. Macromolecular and Inorganic Nanomaterials Scaffolds for Carbon Monoxide Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Trends. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:895-913. [PMID: 33429521 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is as an important biological gasomediator. It plays significant roles in anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antiapoptotic pathways. Preclinical evidence in animal models has proven the beneficial effects of controlled CO gas administration. However, the medical use of CO gas has been hindered due to its administration. Indeed, its toxicity at high concentrations and the challenging delivery to specific target sites are the limiting factors. To overcome these problems, a wide range of CO-releasing molecules have been designed, and some have emerged as potential therapeutic agents. Despite some successes, these small CO-releasing molecules have limited stability in biologic media resulting in an unspecific release of CO, which could result in side effects. CO-releasing macromolecular and inorganic nanomaterial scaffolds have emerged as promising carriers due to their ability to encapsulate and deliver high amounts of CO-releasing molecules. Furthermore, polymer architecture could be designed for the controlled release of CO under specific stimuli. After highlighting some recent developments in the design of CO-releasing scaffolds, this review will discuss strategies and possible future directions of CO releasing macromolecules and inorganic nanomaterials for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Gate 2, High Street, Sydney, Australia 2052
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Gate 2, High Street, Sydney, Australia 2052
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73
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Andrade BB, Pavan Kumar N, Amaral EP, Riteau N, Mayer-Barber KD, Tosh KW, Maier N, Conceição EL, Kubler A, Sridhar R, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, Barbosa T, Manganiello VC, Moss J, Fontana JR, Marciano BE, Sampaio EP, Olivier KN, Holland SM, Jackson SH, Moayeri M, Leppla S, Sereti I, Barber DL, Nutman TB, Babu S, Sher A. Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression Underlies Distinct Disease Profiles in Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2763-73. [PMID: 26268658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by oxidative stress and lung tissue destruction by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The interplay between these distinct pathological processes and the implications for TB diagnosis and disease staging are poorly understood. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were previously shown to distinguish active from latent TB, as well as successfully treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMP-1 expression is also associated with active TB. In this study, we measured plasma levels of these two important biomarkers in distinct TB cohorts from India and Brazil. Patients with active TB expressed either very high levels of HO-1 and low levels of MMP-1 or the converse. Moreover, TB patients with either high HO-1 or MMP-1 levels displayed distinct clinical presentations, as well as plasma inflammatory marker profiles. In contrast, in an exploratory North American study, inversely correlated expression of HO-1 and MMP-1 was not observed in patients with other nontuberculous lung diseases. To assess possible regulatory interactions in the biosynthesis of these two enzymes at the cellular level, we studied the expression of HO-1 and MMP-1 in M. tuberculosis-infected human and murine macrophages. We found that infection of macrophages with live virulent M. tuberculosis is required for robust induction of high levels of HO-1 but not MMP-1. In addition, we observed that CO, a product of M. tuberculosis-induced HO-1 activity, inhibits MMP-1 expression by suppressing c-Jun/AP-1 activation. These findings reveal a mechanistic link between oxidative stress and tissue remodeling that may find applicability in the clinical staging of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil;
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kevin W Tosh
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nolan Maier
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elisabete L Conceição
- Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Andre Kubler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Theolis Barbosa
- Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Vincent C Manganiello
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph R Fontana
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elizabeth P Sampaio
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sharon H Jackson
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Irini Sereti
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
Infectious diseases remain one of the leading causes of death worldwide despite the tremendous effort devoted to the design and development of antimicrobial agents. However, the decrease in the effectiveness of some antibiotics is often associated with the development of drug resistance by pathogen. This leads to an urgent need for the development of new therapeutic approaches that can overcome the development of drug resistance. Recent evidence suggests that the biological signaling molecule carbon monoxide (CO) presents remarkable antimicrobial properties. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a new type of water-soluble CO-releasing polymer with antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is highly efficient at preventing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
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75
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Wilson JL, Wareham LK, McLean S, Begg R, Greaves S, Mann BE, Sanguinetti G, Poole RK. CO-Releasing Molecules Have Nonheme Targets in Bacteria: Transcriptomic, Mathematical Modeling and Biochemical Analyses of CORM-3 [Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate)] Actions on a Heme-Deficient Mutant of Escherichia coli. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:148-62. [PMID: 25811604 PMCID: PMC4492677 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are being developed with the ultimate goal of safely utilizing the therapeutic potential of CO clinically, including applications in antimicrobial therapy. Hemes are generally considered the prime targets of CO and CORMs, so we tested this hypothesis using heme-deficient bacteria, applying cellular, transcriptomic, and biochemical tools. RESULTS CORM-3 [Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate)] readily penetrated Escherichia coli hemA bacteria and was inhibitory to these and Lactococcus lactis, even though they lack all detectable hemes. Transcriptomic analyses, coupled with mathematical modeling of transcription factor activities, revealed that the response to CORM-3 in hemA bacteria is multifaceted but characterized by markedly elevated expression of iron acquisition and utilization mechanisms, global stress responses, and zinc management processes. Cell membranes are disturbed by CORM-3. INNOVATION This work has demonstrated for the first time that CORM-3 (and to a lesser extent its inactivated counterpart) has multiple cellular targets other than hemes. A full understanding of the actions of CORMs is vital to understand their toxic effects. CONCLUSION This work has furthered our understanding of the key targets of CORM-3 in bacteria and raises the possibility that the widely reported antimicrobial effects cannot be attributed to classical biochemical targets of CO. This is a vital step in exploiting the potential, already demonstrated, for using optimized CORMs in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha McLean
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Begg
- 2 School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Greaves
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Brian E Mann
- 3 Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Sanguinetti
- 2 School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Poole
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
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76
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Wareham LK, Poole RK, Tinajero-Trejo M. CO-releasing Metal Carbonyl Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents in the Post-antibiotic Era. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18999-9007. [PMID: 26055702 PMCID: PMC4521022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.642926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of a “post-antibiotic era” in the 21st century, in which common infections may kill, has prompted research into radically new antimicrobials. CO-releasing molecules (CORMs), mostly metal carbonyl compounds, originally developed for therapeutic CO delivery in animals, are potent antimicrobial agents. Certain CORMs inhibit growth and respiration, reduce viability, and release CO to intracellular hemes, as predicted, but their actions are more complex, as revealed by transcriptomic datasets and modeling. Progress is hindered by difficulties in detecting CO release intracellularly, limited understanding of the biological chemistry of CO reactions with non-heme targets, and the cytotoxicity of some CORMs to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Poole
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Tinajero-Trejo
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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77
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Nagel C, McLean S, Poole RK, Braunschweig H, Kramer T, Schatzschneider U. Introducing [Mn(CO)3(tpa-κ(3)N)](+) as a novel photoactivatable CO-releasing molecule with well-defined iCORM intermediates - synthesis, spectroscopy, and antibacterial activity. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:9986-97. [PMID: 24855638 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51848e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Mn(CO)3(tpa-κ(3)N)]Br was prepared as a novel photoactivatable CO-releasing molecule (PhotoCORM) from [MnBr(CO)5] and tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpa) for the delivery of carbon monoxide to biological systems, with the κ(3)N binding mode of the tetradentate tpa ligand demonstrated by X-ray crystallography. The title compound is a CORM prodrug stable in solution in the dark for up to 16 h. However, photoactivation at 365 nm leads to CO release from the metal coordination sphere and transfer to haem proteins, as demonstrated by the standard myoglobin assay. Different iCORM intermediates could be detected with solution IR spectroscopy and assigned using DFT vibrational calculations. The antibacterial activity of the complex was studied on Escherichia coli. No effects were observed when the cultures were either kept in the dark in the presence of PhotoCORM or illuminated in the absence of metal complex. However, photoactivation of [Mn(CO)3(tpa-κ(3)N)]Br at 365 nm led to the appearance of the spectral signatures of CO-coordinated haems in the terminal oxidases of the bacterial electron transport chain in whole-cell UV/Vis absorption spectra. Significant internalization of the PhotoCORM was demonstrated by ICP-MS measurement of the intracellular manganese concentration. In particular when using medium with succinate as the sole carbon source, a very pronounced and concentration-dependent decrease in the E. coli growth rate could be observed upon illumination in the presence of metal complex, which is attributed to the constrained energy metabolism under these conditions and a strong indicator of terminal oxidase inhibition by carbon monoxide delivered from the PhotoCORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nagel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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78
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Arrowsmith RL, Atkin AJ, Botchway SW, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM, Moir JWB, Pascu SI, Ward JS, Zhang WQ. Confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging sheds light on the fate of a pyrene-tagged carbon monoxide-releasing Fischer carbene chromium complex. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4957-62. [PMID: 25553721 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new pyrene-containing Fischer carbene complex is described. The complex has a broad absorbance spectrum between 300 and 400 nm and, on excitation at 345 nm in CH2Cl2 solution, emission is observed at 395 and 415 nm. Emission is also observed in PBS buffer, but in this case the resulting spectra are much broader. Confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging indicate that emission occurs on treating HeLa cells with the complex and co-localisation studies demonstrate that this is from the mitochondria and lipid-rich regions of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Arrowsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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79
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Tinajero-Trejo M, Denby KJ, Sedelnikova SE, Hassoubah SA, Mann BE, Poole RK. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3; Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate)) as a tool to study the concerted effects of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide on bacterial flavohemoglobin Hmp: applications and pitfalls. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29471-82. [PMID: 25193663 PMCID: PMC4207967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CO and NO are small toxic gaseous molecules that play pivotal roles in biology as gasotransmitters. During bacterial infection, NO, produced by the host via the inducible NO synthase, exerts critical antibacterial effects while CO, generated by heme oxygenases, enhances phagocytosis of macrophages. In Escherichia coli, other bacteria and fungi, the flavohemoglobin Hmp is the most important detoxification mechanism converting NO and O2 to the ion nitrate (NO3(-)). The protoheme of Hmp binds not only O2 and NO, but also CO so that this ligand is expected to be an inhibitor of NO detoxification in vivo and in vitro. CORM-3 (Ru(CO)(3)Cl(glycinate)) is a metal carbonyl compound extensively used and recently shown to have potent antibacterial properties. In this study, attenuation of the NO resistance of E. coli by CORM-3 is demonstrated in vivo. However, polarographic measurements showed that CO gas, but not CORM-3, produced inhibition of the NO detoxification activity of Hmp in vitro. Nevertheless, CO release from CORM-3 in the presence of soluble cellular compounds is demonstrated by formation of carboxy-Hmp. We show that the inability of CORM-3 to inhibit the activity of purified Hmp is due to slow release of CO in protein solutions alone i.e. when sodium dithionite, widely used in previous studies of CO release from CORM-3, is excluded. Finally, we measure intracellular CO released from CORM-3 by following the formation of carboxy-Hmp in respiring cells. CORM-3 is a tool to explore the concerted effects of CO and NO in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie J Denby
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology and
| | | | | | - Brian E Mann
- Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Poole
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology and
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Wegiel B, Larsen R, Gallo D, Chin BY, Harris C, Mannam P, Kaczmarek E, Lee PJ, Zuckerbraun BS, Flavell R, Soares MP, Otterbein LE. Macrophages sense and kill bacteria through carbon monoxide-dependent inflammasome activation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4926-40. [PMID: 25295542 DOI: 10.1172/jci72853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial clearance by eukaryotes relies on complex and coordinated processes that remain poorly understood. The gasotransmitter carbon monoxide (CO) is generated by the stress-responsive enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1), which is highly induced in macrophages in response to bacterial infection. HO-1 deficiency results in inadequate pathogen clearance, exaggerated tissue damage, and increased mortality. Here, we determined that macrophage-generated CO promotes ATP production and release by bacteria, which then activates the Nacht, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NALP3) inflammasome, intensifying bacterial killing. Bacterial killing defects in HO-1-deficient murine macrophages were restored by administration of CO. Moreover, increased CO levels enhanced the bacterial clearance capacity of human macrophages and WT murine macrophages. CO-dependent bacterial clearance required the NALP3 inflammasome, as CO did not increase bacterial killing in macrophages isolated from NALP3-deficient or caspase-1-deficient mice. IL-1β cleavage and secretion were impaired in HO-1-deficient macrophages, and CO-dependent processing of IL-1β required the presence of bacteria-derived ATP. We found that bacteria remained viable to generate and release ATP in response to CO. The ATP then bound to macrophage nucleotide P2 receptors, resulting in activation of the NALP3/IL-1β inflammasome to amplify bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that macrophage-derived CO permits efficient and coordinated regulation of the host innate response to invading microbes.
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81
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Petruk AA, Vergara A, Marasco D, Bikiel D, Doctorovich F, Estrin DA, Merlino A. Interaction between Proteins and Ir Based CO Releasing Molecules: Mechanism of Adduct Formation and CO Release. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:10456-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A. Petruk
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad
Universitaria, Pab. 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alessandro Vergara
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16 I-80100, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16 I-80100, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPEB: Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi- University of Naples Federico II, DFM-Scarl, Via Mezzocannone, 16 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Damian Bikiel
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad
Universitaria, Pab. 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad
Universitaria, Pab. 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario A. Estrin
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad
Universitaria, Pab. 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16 I-80100, Napoli, Italy
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82
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Rana N, McLean S, Mann BE, Poole RK. Interaction of the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate) (CORM-3) with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: in situ measurements of carbon monoxide binding by integrating cavity dual-beam spectrophotometry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2771-2779. [PMID: 25085864 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas that binds to haems, but also plays critical signalling and cytoprotective roles in mammalian systems; despite problems associated with systemic delivery by inhalation of the gas, it may be employed therapeutically. CO delivered to cells and tissues by CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) has beneficial and toxic effects not mimicked by CO gas; CO-RMs are also attractive candidates as novel antimicrobial agents. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an enteropathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans. Recent studies have implicated haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the protein that catalyses the degradation of haem into biliverdin, free iron and CO, in the host immune response to Salmonella infection. In several studies, CO administration via CO-RMs elicited many of the protective roles of HO-1 induction and so we investigated the effects of a well-characterized water-soluble CO-RM, Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate) (CORM-3), on Salmonella. CORM-3 exhibits toxic effects at concentrations significantly lower than those reported to cause toxicity to RAW 264.7 macrophages. We demonstrated here, through oxyhaemoglobin assays, that CORM-3 did not release CO spontaneously in phosphate buffer, buffered minimal medium or very rich medium. CORM-3 was, however, accumulated to high levels intracellularly (as shown by inductively coupled plasma MS) and released CO inside cells. Using growing Salmonella cultures without prior concentration, we showed for the first time that sensitive dual-beam integrating cavity absorption spectrophotometry can detect directly the CO released from CORM-3 binding in real-time to haems of the bacterial electron transport chain. The toxic effects of CO-RMs suggested potential applications as adjuvants to antibiotics in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Rana
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Samantha McLean
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Brian E Mann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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83
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Kohlenstoffmonoxid freisetzende Moleküle für die therapeutische CO-Verabreichung in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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84
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García-Gallego S, Bernardes GJL. Carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules for the delivery of therapeutic CO in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9712-21. [PMID: 25070185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of carbon-monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) as pharmaceutical agents represents an attractive and safer alternative to administration of gaseous CO. Most CORMs developed to date are transition-metal carbonyl complexes. Although such CORMs have showed promising results in the treatment of a number of animal models of disease, they still lack the necessary attributes for clinical development. Described in this Minireview are the methods used for CORM selection, to date, and how new insights into the reactivity of metal-carbonyl complexes in vivo, together with advances in methods for live-cell CO detection, are driving the design and synthesis of new CORMs, CORMs that will enable controlled CO release in vivo in a spatial and temporal manner without affecting oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra García-Gallego
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge (UK); Present Address: Polymer and Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm (Sweden)
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase enzymes, which exist as constitutive (HO-2) and inducible (HO-1) isoforms, degrade heme to carbon monoxide (CO) and the bile pigment biliverdin. In the last two decades, substantial scientific evidence has been collected on the function of HO-1 in cell homeostasis, emphasizing these two important features: (i) HO-1 is a fundamental "sensor" of cellular stress and directly contributes toward limiting or preventing tissue damage; (ii) the products of HO-1 activity dynamically participate in cellular adaptation to stress and are inherently involved in the mechanisms of defence. RECENT ADVANCES On the basis of its promising cytoprotective features, scientists have pursued the targeting of HO-1 as an attractive cellular pathway for drug discovery. Three different pharmacological approaches are currently being investigated in relation to HO-1, namely the use of CO gas, the development of CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), and small molecules possessing the ability to up-regulate HO-1 in cells and tissues. CRITICAL ISSUE: Studies on the regulation and amplification of the HO-1/CO pathway by selective pharmacological approaches may lead to the discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this review, we will discuss in detail the importance of pharmacologically manipulating the HO-1 pathway and its products for conferring protection against a variety of conditions that are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. We will also evaluate each of the strategic approaches being developed by considering their intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, which may have implications for their use as therapeutics in specific pathological conditions.
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86
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Liu H, Wang P, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Liu B, Zhang B, Zheng Q. Syntheses, toxicity and biodistribution of CO-releasing molecules containing M(CO)5(M = Mo, W and Cr). Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Zhang
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zheng
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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87
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Tian L, Qiu H, Pun VC, Lin H, Ge E, Chan JC, Louie PK, Ho KF, Yu ITS. Ambient carbon monoxide associated with reduced risk of hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 188:1240-5. [PMID: 23944864 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201304-0676oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that exogenous carbon monoxide (CO) at lower concentrations may have beneficial effects under certain circumstances, whereas population-based epidemiologic studies of environmentally relevant CO exposure generated mixed findings. OBJECTIVES To examine the acute effects of ambient CO on respiratory tract infection (RTI) hospitalizations. METHODS A time series study was conducted. Daily emergency hospital admission and air pollution data in Hong Kong were collected from January 2001 to December 2007. Log-linear Poisson models were used to estimate the associations between daily hospital admissions for RTI and daily average concentrations of CO across three background air monitoring stations and three roadside stations, respectively, controlling for other traffic-related copollutants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CO concentrations were low during the study period with a daily average of 0.6 ppm in background stations and 1.0 ppm in roadside stations. Negative associations were found between ambient CO concentrations and daily hospital admissions for RTI. One ppm increase in background CO at lag 0-2 days was associated with -5.7% (95% confidence interval, -9.2 to -2.1) change in RTI admissions from the whole population according to single-pollutant model; the negative association became stronger when nitrogen dioxide or particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm was adjusted for in two-pollutant models. The negative association seemed to be stronger in the adults than in the children and elderly. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to ambient CO was associated with decreased risk of hospital admissions for RTI, suggesting some acute protective effects of low ambient CO exposure on respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Tian
- 1 The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin-NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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88
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The bactericidal activity of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83157. [PMID: 24386154 PMCID: PMC3873287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that establishes long life infections responsible for chronic gastric ulcer diseases and a proved risk factor for gastric carcinoma. The therapeutic properties of carbon-monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) led us to investigate their effect on H. pylori. We show that H. pylori 26695 is susceptible to two widely used CORMs, namely CORM-2 and CORM-3. Also, several H. pylori clinical isolates were killed by CORM-2, including those resistant to metronidazole. Moreover, sub-lethal doses of CORM-2 combined with metronidazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin was found to potentiate the effect of the antibiotics. We further demonstrate that the mechanisms underpinning the antimicrobial effect of CORMs involve the inhibition of H. pylori respiration and urease activity. In vivo studies done in key cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages, showed that CORM-2, either alone or when combined with metronidazole, strongly reduces the ability of H. pylori to infect animal cells. Hence, CORMs have the potential to kill antibiotic resistant strains of H. pylori.
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89
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Bang CS, Kruse R, Demirel I, Onnberg A, Söderquist B, Persson K. Multiresistant uropathogenic extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are susceptible to the carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2). Microb Pathog 2013; 66:29-35. [PMID: 24361394 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) releasing molecules (CO-RMs) have been shown to inhibit growth of commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli). In the present study we examined the effect of CORM-2 on uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) that produces extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Viability experiments showed that CORM-2 inhibited the growth of several different ESBL-producing UPEC isolates and that 500 μM CORM-2 had a bactericidal effect within 4 h. The bactericidal effect of CORM-2 was significantly more pronounced than the effect of the antibiotic nitrofurantoin. CORM-2 demonstrated a low level of cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells (human bladder epithelial cell line 5637) at the concentrations and time-points where the antibacterial effect was obtained. Real-time RT-PCR studies of different virulence genes showed that the expression of capsule group II kpsMT II and serum resistance traT was reduced and that some genes encoding iron acquisition systems were altered by CORM-2. Our results demonstrate that CORM-2 has a fast bactericidal effect against multiresistant ESBL-producing UPEC isolates, and also identify some putative UPEC virulence factors as targets for CORM-2. CO-RMs may be candidate drugs for further studies in the field of finding new therapeutic approaches for treatment of uropathogenic ESBLproducing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sahlberg Bang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Onnberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bo Söderquist
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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McLean S, Begg R, Jesse HE, Mann BE, Sanguinetti G, Poole RK. Analysis of the bacterial response to Ru(CO)3Cl(Glycinate) (CORM-3) and the inactivated compound identifies the role played by the ruthenium compound and reveals sulfur-containing species as a major target of CORM-3 action. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1999-2012. [PMID: 23472713 PMCID: PMC3869425 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) are being developed with the ultimate goal of safely utilizing the therapeutic potential of CO clinically. One such application is antimicrobial activity; therefore, we aimed to characterize and compare the effects of the CO-RM, CORM-3, and its inactivated counterpart, where all labile CO has been removed, at the transcriptomic and cellular level. RESULTS We found that both compounds are able to penetrate the cell, but the inactive form is not inhibitory to bacterial growth under conditions where CORM-3 is. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the bacterial response to inactivated CORM-3 (iCORM-3) is much lower than to the active compound and that a wide range of processes appear to be affected by CORM-3 and to a lesser extent iCORM-3, including energy metabolism, membrane transport, motility, and the metabolism of many sulfur-containing species, including cysteine and methionine. INNOVATION This work has demonstrated that both CORM-3 and its inactivated counterpart react with cellular functions to yield a complex response at the transcriptomic level. A full understanding of the actions of both compounds is vital to understand the toxic effects of CO-RMs. CONCLUSION This work has furthered our understanding of how CORM-3 behaves at the cellular level and identifies the responses that occur when the host is exposed to the Ru compound as well as those that result from the released CO. This is a vital step in laying the groundwork for future development of optimized CO-RMs for eventual use in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha McLean
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
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91
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Therapeutic applications of carbon monoxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:360815. [PMID: 24648866 PMCID: PMC3932177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a regulated enzyme induced in multiple stress states. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of HO catalysis of heme. In many circumstances, CO appears to functionally replace HO-1, and CO is known to have endogenous anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antiproliferative effects. CO is well studied in anoxia-reoxygenation and ischemia-reperfusion models and has advanced to phase II trials for treatment of several clinical entities. In alternative injury models, laboratories have used sepsis, acute lung injury, and systemic inflammatory challenges to assess the ability of CO to rescue cells, organs, and organisms. Hopefully, the research supporting the protective effects of CO in animal models will translate into therapeutic benefits for patients. Preclinical studies of CO are now moving towards more complex damage models that reflect polymicrobial sepsis or two-step injuries, such as sepsis complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, co-treatment and post-treatment with CO are being explored in which the insult occurs before there is an opportunity to intervene therapeutically. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential therapeutic implications of CO with a focus on lung injury and sepsis-related models.
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92
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cor, a novel carbon monoxide resistance gene, is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. mBio 2013; 4:e00721-13. [PMID: 24255121 PMCID: PMC3870250 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00721-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a devastating human infectious disease, causing two million deaths annually. We previously demonstrated that M. tuberculosis induces an enzyme, heme oxygenase (HO1), that produces carbon monoxide (CO) gas and that M. tuberculosis adapts its transcriptome during CO exposure. We now demonstrate that M. tuberculosis carries a novel resistance gene to combat CO toxicity. We screened an M. tuberculosis transposon library for CO-susceptible mutants and found that disruption of Rv1829 (carbon monoxide resistance, Cor) leads to marked CO sensitivity. Heterologous expression of Cor in Escherichia coli rescued it from CO toxicity. Importantly, the virulence of the cor mutant is attenuated in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Thus, Cor is necessary and sufficient to protect bacteria from host-derived CO. Taken together, this represents the first report of a role for HO1-derived CO in controlling infection of an intracellular pathogen and the first identification of a CO resistance gene in a pathogenic organism. IMPORTANCE Macrophages produce a variety of antimicrobial molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and acid (H+), that serve to kill engulfed bacteria. In addition to these molecules, human and mouse macrophages also produce carbon monoxide (CO) gas by the heme oxygenase (HO1) enzyme. We observed that, in contrast to other bacteria, mycobacteria are resistant to CO, suggesting that this might be an evolutionary adaptation of mycobacteria for survival within macrophages. We screened a panel of ~2,500 M. tuberculosis mutants to determine which genes are required for survival of M. tuberculosis in the presence of CO. Within this panel, we identified one such gene, cor, that specifically confers CO resistance. Importantly, we found that the ability of M. tuberculosis cells carrying a mutated copy of this gene to cause tuberculosis in a mouse disease model is significantly attenuated. This indicates that CO resistance is essential for mycobacterial survival in vivo.
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Abstract
Since the discovery that CO acts as a cytoprotective and homeostatic molecule, increasing research efforts have been devoted to the exploitation of its therapeutic effects. Both endogenous and exogenous CO improves experimental lung, vascular and cardiac injuries and protects against several inflammatory states. The technology is now in place to bring CO to clinical applications, but the use of the gaseous molecule poses several problems. The challenges associated with the clinical implementation of the gas have in part been answered by the development of CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs). As stable solid forms of CO, these molecules represent an alternative to the administration of carbon monoxide (orally or by injection). In this article, we present insights into the biochemical action of CO and discuss the efficacy of CO and CO-RMs in preclinical disease models. Recent advances in the CO-RMs field are critically addressed.
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94
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Zobi F, Quaroni L, Santoro G, Zlateva T, Blacque O, Sarafimov B, Schaub MC, Bogdanova AY. Live-fibroblast IR imaging of a cytoprotective PhotoCORM Activated with Visible Light. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6719-31. [PMID: 23927566 DOI: 10.1021/jm400527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) are an emerging class of pharmaceutical compounds currently evaluated in several preclinical disease models. There is general consensus that the therapeutic effects elicited by the molecules may be directly ascribed to the biological function of the released CO. It remains unclear, however, if cellular internalization of CORMs is a critical event in their therapeutic action. To address the problem of cellular delivery, we have devised a general strategy which entails conjugation of a CO-releasing molecule (here a photoactivated CORM) to the 5'-OH ribose group of vitamin B12. Cyanocobalamin (B12) functions as the biocompatible water-soluble scaffold which actively transports the CORM against a concentration gradient into the cells. The uptake and cellular distribution of this B12-photoCORM conjugate is demonstrated via synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy measurements on living cells. Intracellular photoinduced CO release prevents fibroblasts from dying under conditions of hypoxia and metabolic depletion, conditions that may occur in vivo during insufficient blood supply to oxygen-sensitive tissues such as the heart or brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zobi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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95
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Wilson JL, Jesse HE, Hughes B, Lund V, Naylor K, Davidge KS, Cook GM, Mann BE, Poole RK. Ru(CO)3Cl(Glycinate) (CORM-3): a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule with broad-spectrum antimicrobial and photosensitive activities against respiration and cation transport in Escherichia coli. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19. [PMID: 23186316 PMCID: PMC3704104 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Carbon monoxide (CO) delivered to cells and tissues by CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) has beneficial and toxic effects not mimicked by CO gas. The metal carbonyl Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate) (CORM-3) is a novel, potent antimicrobial agent. Here, we established its mode of action. RESULTS CORM-3 inhibits respiration in several bacterial and yeast pathogens. In anoxic Escherichia coli suspensions, CORM-3 first stimulates, then inhibits respiration, but much higher concentrations of CORM-3 than of a classic protonophore are required for stimulation. Proton translocation measurements (H(+)/O quotients, i.e., H(+) extrusion on pulsing anaerobic cells with O2) show that respiratory stimulation cannot be attributed to true "uncoupling," that is, dissipation of the protonmotive force, or to direct stimulation of oxidase activity. Our data are consistent with CORM-3 facilitating the electrogenic transmembrane movement of K(+) (or Na(+)), causing a stimulation of respiration and H(+) pumping to compensate for the transient drop in membrane potential (ΔΨ). The effects on respiration are not mimicked by CO gas or control Ru compounds that do not release CO. Inhibition of respiration and loss of bacterial viability elicited by CORM-3 are reversible by white light, unambiguously identifying heme-containing oxidase(s) as target(s). INNOVATION This is the most complete study to date of the antimicrobial action of a CO-RM. Noteworthy are the demonstration of respiratory stimulation, electrogenic ion transport, and photosensitive activity, establishing terminal oxidases and ion transport as primary targets. CONCLUSION CORM-3 has multifaceted effects: increased membrane permeability, inhibition of terminal oxidases, and perhaps other unidentified mechanisms underlie its effectiveness in tackling microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Tinajero-Trejo M, Jesse HE, Poole RK. Gasotransmitters, poisons, and antimicrobials: it's a gas, gas, gas! F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 23967379 PMCID: PMC3732073 DOI: 10.12703/p5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We review recent examples of the burgeoning literature on three gases that have major impacts in biology and microbiology. NO, CO and H2S are now co-classified as endogenous gasotransmitters with profound effects on mammalian physiology and, potentially, major implications in therapeutic applications. All are well known to be toxic yet, at tiny concentrations in human and cell biology, play key signalling and regulatory functions. All may also be endogenously generated in microbes. NO and H2S share the property of being biochemically detoxified, yet are beneficial in resisting the bactericidal properties of antibiotics. The mechanism underlying this protection is currently under debate. CO, in contrast, is not readily removed; mounting evidence shows that CO, and especially organic donor compounds that release the gas in biological environments, are themselves effective, novel antimicrobial agents.
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Roux D, Ricard JD. Nouveautés et perspectives thérapeutiques des pneumonies acquises sous ventilation mécanique à Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jesse HE, Nye TL, McLean S, Green J, Mann BE, Poole RK. Cytochrome bd-I in Escherichia coli is less sensitive than cytochromes bd-II or bo'' to inhibition by the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule, CORM-3: N-acetylcysteine reduces CO-RM uptake and inhibition of respiration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1693-703. [PMID: 23624261 PMCID: PMC3787766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) are potential therapeutic agents, able to deliver CO – a critical gasotransmitter – in biological environments. CO-RMs are also effective antimicrobial agents; although the mechanisms of action are poorly defined, haem-containing terminal oxidases are primary targets. Nevertheless, it is clear from several studies that the effects of CO-RMs on biological systems are frequently not adequately explained by the release of CO: CO-RMs are generally more potent inhibitors than is CO gas and other effects of the molecules are evident. Methods: Because sensitivity to CO-RMs cannot be predicted by sensitivity to CO gas, we assess the differential susceptibilities of strains, each expressing only one of the three terminal oxidases of E. coli — cytochrome bd-I, cytochrome bd-II and cytochrome bo′, to inhibition by CORM-3. We present the first sensitive measurement of the oxygen affinity of cytochrome bd-II (Km 0.24 μM) employing globin deoxygenation. Finally, we investigate the way(s) in which thiol compounds abolish the inhibitory effects of CORM-2 and CORM-3 on respiration, growth and viability, a phenomenon that is well documented, but poorly understood. Results: We show that a strain expressing cytochrome bd-I as the sole oxidase is least susceptible to inhibition by CORM-3 in its growth and respiration of both intact cells and membranes. Growth studies show that cytochrome bd-II has similar CORM-3 sensitivity to cytochrome bo′. Cytochromes bo′ and bd-II also have considerably lower affinities for oxygen than bd-I. We show that the ability of N-acetylcysteine to abrogate the toxic effects of CO-RMs is not attributable to its antioxidant effects, or prevention of CO targeting to the oxidases, but may be largely due to the inhibition of CO-RM uptake by bacterial cells. Conclusions: A strain expressing cytochrome bd-I as the sole terminal oxidase is least susceptible to inhibition by CORM-3. N-acetylcysteine is a potent inhibitor of CO-RM uptake by E. coli. General significance: Rational design and exploitation of CO-RMs require a fundamental understanding of their activity. CO and CO-RMs have multifaceted effects on mammalian and microbial cells; here we show that the quinol oxidases of E. coli are differentially sensitive to CORM-3. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins. Cytochrome bd-I is a CORM- insensitive heme-protein in E. coli. The oxygen affinity of the ‘third oxidase’, cytochrome bd-II is low (Km 0.24 μM). Non-thiol antioxidants do not prevent CO-RM-mediated inhibition of respiration. N-acetylcysteine reduces the uptake of CORM-2 and CORM-3 by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Jesse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Zacharia VM, Shiloh MU. Effect of carbon monoxide on Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Med Gas Res 2012; 2:30. [PMID: 23244630 PMCID: PMC3537638 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is exposed to multiple host antimicrobial pathways, including toxic gases such as superoxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (CO). To survive, mycobacteria evolved mechanisms to resist the toxic environment, and in this review we focus on a relatively new field, namely, the role of macrophage heme oxygenase and its enzymatic product CO in Mtb pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on (i) the induction of heme oxygenase during Mtb infection and its relevance to Mtb pathogenesis, (ii) the ability of mycobacteria to catabolize CO, (iii) the transcriptional reprogramming of Mtb by exposure to CO, (iv) the general antimicrobial properties of CO and (v) new genetic evidence characterizing the ability of Mtb to resist CO toxicity. Developing a complete molecular and genetic understanding of the pathogenesis of Mtb is essential to its eventual eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha M Zacharia
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75229-9113, USA.
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Motterlini R, Sawle P, Hammad J, Mann BE, Johnson TR, Green CJ, Foresti R. Vasorelaxing effects and inhibition of nitric oxide in macrophages by new iron-containing carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs). Pharmacol Res 2012; 68:108-17. [PMID: 23253427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) are a class of organometallo carbonyl complexes capable of delivering controlled quantities of CO gas to cells and tissues thus exerting a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. Here we report on the chemical synthesis, CO releasing properties, cytotoxicity profile and pharmacological activities of four novel structurally related iron-allyl carbonyls. The major difference among the new CO-RMs tested was that three compounds (CORM-307, CORM-308 and CORM-314) were soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), whereas a fourth one (CORM-319) was rendered water-soluble by reacting the iron-carbonyl with hydrogen tetrafluoroborate. We found that despite the fact all compounds liberated CO, CO-RMs soluble in DMSO caused a more pronounced toxic effect both in vascular and inflammatory cells as well as in isolated vessels. More specifically, iron carbonyls soluble in DMSO released CO with a fast kinetic and displayed a marked cytotoxic effect in smooth muscle cells and RAW 247.6 macrophages despite exerting a rapid and pronounced vasorelaxation ex vivo. In contrast, CORM-319 that is soluble in water and liberated CO with a slower rate, preserved smooth muscle cell viability, relaxed aortic tissue and exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect in macrophages challenged with endotoxin. These data suggest that iron carbonyls can be used as scaffolds for the design and synthesis of pharmacologically active CO-RMs and indicate that increasing water solubility and controlling the rate of CO release are important parameters for limiting their potential toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Motterlini
- INSERM U955, Equipe 3, University of Paris-Est, Faculty of Medicine, 94010 Creteil, France.
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