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Epididymal Region-Specific miRNA Expression and DNA Methylation and Their Roles in Controlling Gene Expression in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124450. [PMID: 25901964 PMCID: PMC4406618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Region-specific gene expression is an intriguing feature of the mammalian epididymis. This unique property is essential for sperm maturation and storage, and it also implicates stringent and multi-level regulations of gene expression. Over the past decade, the androgen-driven activation of epididymal gene transcription has been extensively studied. However, it still remains largely unexplored whether and how other regulatory mechanisms, such as miRNAs and DNA methylation, are involved in controlling regional gene expression in the epididymis. Using microarray-based approaches, we studied the regional miRNA expression and DNA methylation profiles in 4 distinct epididymal regions (initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda) of rats. We found that the miR-200 family members were more expressed in caput, compared with cauda. By GSEA analysis, the differential expression of miR-200 family between caput and cauda was shown to be negatively correlated with their predicted target genes, among which 4 bona fide targets were verified by luciferase reporter assay. Predicted target genes of miR-200 family have enriched functions in anti-apoptosis, cell transportation and development, implying the regional diversity in epididymal functions. On the other hand, we revealed epididymal DNA methylation of 2002 CpG islands and 2771 gene promoters (-3.88-0.97 kb), among which 1350 (67.43%) CpG islands and 2095 (75.60%) promoters contained region-specific DNA methylation. We observed significant and distinct functional enrichment in genes with specifically methylated promoters in each epididymal regions, but these DNA methylations did not show significant correlation with repressed gene transcription in the mature epididymis. Conclusively, we investigated the regional miRNA expression and DNA methylation in the rat epididymis and revealed a potential role of miR-200 family in gene expression regulation between caput and cauda. This may contribute to the distinct physiological function in sperm maturation / storage of caput / cauda epididymis.
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Sainathan S, Paul S, Ramalingam S, Baranda J, Anant S, Dhar A. Histone Demethylases in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petrelli A, Carollo R, Cargnelutti M, Iovino F, Callari M, Cimino D, Todaro M, Mangiapane LR, Giammona A, Cordova A, Montemurro F, Taverna D, Daidone MG, Stassi G, Giordano S. By promoting cell differentiation, miR-100 sensitizes basal-like breast cancer stem cells to hormonal therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2315-30. [PMID: 25537513 PMCID: PMC4385854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer is an aggressive tumor subtype with a poor response to conventional therapies. Tumor formation and relapse are sustained by a cell subset of Breast Cancer Stem Cells (BrCSCs). Here we show that miR-100 inhibits maintenance and expansion of BrCSCs in basal-like cancer through Polo-like kinase1 (Plk1) down-regulation. Moreover, miR-100 favors BrCSC differentiation, converting a basal like phenotype into luminal. It induces the expression of a functional estrogen receptor (ER) and renders basal-like BrCSCs responsive to hormonal therapy. The key role played by miR-100 in breast cancer free-survival is confirmed by the analysis of a cohort of patients' tumors, which shows that low expression of miR-100 is a negative prognostic factor and is associated with gene signatures of high grade undifferentiated tumors. Our findings indicate a new possible therapeutic strategy, which could make aggressive breast cancers responsive to standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Petrelli
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Str. Provinciale, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Rosachiara Carollo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marilisa Cargnelutti
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Str. Provinciale, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Flora Iovino
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cimino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Molecular Systems Biology, Via Nizza, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Rosa Mangiapane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giammona
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Cordova
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Str. Provinciale, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Molecular Systems Biology, Via Nizza, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Str. Provinciale, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Ma Y, Yao N, Liu G, Dong L, Liu Y, Zhang M, Wang F, Wang B, Wei X, Dong H, Wang L, Ji S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Yu J. Functional screen reveals essential roles of miR-27a/24 in differentiation of embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 2014; 34:361-78. [PMID: 25519956 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play important roles in controlling the embryonic stem cell (ESC) state. Although much is known about microRNAs maintaining ESC state, microRNAs that are responsible for promoting ESC differentiation are less reported. Here, by screening 40 microRNAs pre-selected by their expression patterns and predicted targets in Dgcr8-null ESCs, we identify 14 novel differentiation-associated microRNAs. Among them, miR-27a and miR-24, restrained by c-Myc in ESC, exert their roles of silencing self-renewal through directly targeting several important pluripotency-associated factors, such as Oct4, Foxo1 and Smads. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of all miR-27/24 in ESCs leads to serious deficiency in ESC differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, depleting of them in mouse embryonic fibroblasts can evidently promote somatic cell reprogramming. Altogether, our findings uncover the essential role of miR-27 and miR-24 in ESC differentiation and also demonstrate novel microRNAs responsible for ESC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueju Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - He Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaowei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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55
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Musto A, Navarra A, Vocca A, Gargiulo A, Minopoli G, Romano S, Romano MF, Russo T, Parisi S. miR-23a, miR-24 and miR-27a protect differentiating ESCs from BMP4-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1047-57. [PMID: 25476774 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that BMP4 signaling is involved in the regulation of the early steps of development. In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), BMP4 is crucial to sustain pluripotency and blocks differentiation towards neural fate. Here, through a systematic analysis of miRNAs in ESCs, we establish that BMP4 signaling regulates miR-23a, 27a and 24-2, through the recruitment of phospho-Smads at the promoter of the gene encoding this miRNA cluster. Suppression of miR-23a/b, 27a/b and 24 does not affect self-renewal or pluripotency, but induces an evident change of ESC differentiation, with a significant increase of the cells undergoing apoptosis after the transition from ESCs to epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). BMP4 has been previously reported to cause apoptosis during ESC differentiation. By blocking BMP4 signaling, we completely prevent the apoptosis induced by suppression of the miRs. This suggests that the effects of miR suppression are the result of enhanced BMP4 signaling. This hypothesis is further supported by the observation that Smad5, the transcription factor downstream of the BMP4 receptor, is targeted by the miRNAs of the 23a and 23b clusters. Altogether, our results highlight the existence of a regulatory loop, involving Smad5 and the miR-23a clusters, that modulates the apoptotic response of ESCs to BMP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Musto
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - A Navarra
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - A Vocca
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - A Gargiulo
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - G Minopoli
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - S Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - M F Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - T Russo
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
| | - S Parisi
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, Italy [2] Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
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56
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Deng L, Shang L, Bai S, Chen J, He X, Martin-Trevino R, Chen S, Li XY, Meng X, Yu B, Wang X, Liu Y, McDermott SP, Ariazi AE, Ginestier C, Ibarra I, Ke J, Luther T, Clouthier SG, Xu L, Shan G, Song E, Yao H, Hannon GJ, Weiss SJ, Wicha MS, Liu S. MicroRNA100 inhibits self-renewal of breast cancer stem-like cells and breast tumor development. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6648-60. [PMID: 25217527 PMCID: PMC4370193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs are essential for self-renewal and differentiation of normal and malignant stem cells by regulating the expression of key stem cell regulatory genes. Here, we report evidence implicating the miR100 in self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells (CSC). We found that miR100 expression levels relate to the cellular differentiation state, with lowest expression in cells displaying stem cell markers. Utilizing a tetracycline-inducible lentivirus to elevate expression of miR100 in human cells, we found that increasing miR100 levels decreased the production of breast CSCs. This effect was correlated with an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in mouse tumor xenografts due to attenuated expression of the CSC regulatory genes SMARCA5, SMARCD1, and BMPR2. Furthermore, miR100 induction in breast CSCs immediately upon their orthotopic implantation or intracardiac injection completely blocked tumor growth and metastasis formation. Clinically, we observed a significant association between miR100 expression in breast cancer specimens and patient survival. Our results suggest that miR100 is required to direct CSC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Shang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shoumin Bai
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueyan He
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rachel Martin-Trevino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaojie Meng
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical School, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Bin Yu
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sean P McDermott
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexa E Ariazi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- Centre de Recherche en Cance'rologie de Marseille, Laboratoire d'Oncologie Mole'culaire, UMR891 Inserm/Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Universite' de la Me'diterrane'e, Marseille, France
| | - Ingrid Ibarra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Program in Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, New York
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tahra Luther
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shawn G Clouthier
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Liang Xu
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical School, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Ge Shan
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Erwei Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Program in Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, New York
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Max S Wicha
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suling Liu
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism, and congenital heart defects. NS also is associated with a risk for developing myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), including juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Mutations responsible for NS occur in at least 11 different loci including KRAS. Here we describe a mouse model for NS induced by K-Ras(V14I), a recurrent KRAS mutation in NS patients. K-Ras(V14I)-mutant mice displayed multiple NS-associated developmental defects such as growth delay, craniofacial dysmorphia, cardiac defects, and hematologic abnormalities including a severe form of MPD that resembles human JMML. Homozygous animals had perinatal lethality whose penetrance varied with genetic background. Exposure of pregnant mothers to a MEK inhibitor rescued perinatal lethality and prevented craniofacial dysmorphia and cardiac defects. However, Mek inhibition was not sufficient to correct these defects when mice were treated after weaning. Interestingly, Mek inhibition did not correct the neoplastic MPD characteristic of these mutant mice, regardless of the timing at which the mice were treated, thus suggesting that MPD is driven by additional signaling pathways. These genetically engineered K-Ras(V14I)-mutant mice offer an experimental tool for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations of NS. Perhaps more importantly, they should be useful as a preclinical model to test new therapies aimed at preventing or ameliorating those deficits associated with this syndrome.
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58
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Bosch-Presegué L, Vaquero A. Sirtuin-dependent epigenetic regulation in the maintenance of genome integrity. FEBS J 2014; 282:1745-67. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bosch-Presegué
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory; Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory; Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
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59
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Collins AL, Kim Y, Bloom RJ, Kelada SN, Sethupathy P, Sullivan PF. Transcriptional targets of the schizophrenia risk gene MIR137. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e404. [PMID: 24984191 PMCID: PMC4080323 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have strongly implicated MIR137 (the gene encoding the microRNA miR-137) in schizophrenia. A parsimonious hypothesis is that a pathway regulated by miR-137 is important in the etiology of schizophrenia. Full evaluation of this hypothesis requires more definitive knowledge about biological targets of miR-137, which is currently lacking. Our goals were to expand knowledge of the biology of miR-137 by identifying its empirical targets, and to test whether the resulting lists of direct and indirect targets were enriched for genes and pathways involved in risk for schizophrenia. We overexpressed miR-137 in a human neural stem cell line and analyzed gene expression changes at 24 and 48 h using RNA sequencing. Following miR-137 overexpression, 202 and 428 genes were differentially expressed after 24 and 48 h. Genes differentially expressed at 24 h were enriched for transcription factors and cell cycle genes, and differential expression at 48 h affected a wider variety of pathways. Pathways implicated in schizophrenia were upregulated in the 48 h findings (major histocompatibility complex, synapses, FMRP interacting RNAs and calcium channels). Critically, differentially expressed genes at 48 h were enriched for smaller association P-values in the largest published schizophrenia GWAS. This work provides empirical support for a role of miR-137 in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Collins
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R J Bloom
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S N Kelada
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Sethupathy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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60
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Inhibition of Notch signaling facilitates the differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:291-8. [PMID: 24972705 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming an appealing source of cell-based therapies of brain diseases. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of iPSCs toward NSCs. It is well known that Notch signaling governs the retention of stem cell features and drives stem cells fate. However, further studies are required to investigate the role of Notch signaling in the NSCs differentiation of iPSCs. In this study, we successfully generated NSCs from human iPSCs using serum-free medium supplemented with retinoic acid (RA) in vitro. We then assessed changes in the expression of Notch signaling-related molecules and some miRNAs (9, 34a, 200b), which exert their regulation by targeting Notch signaling. Moreover, we used a γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) to disturb Notch signaling. Data revealed that the levels of the Notch signaling-related molecules decreased, whereas those miRNAs increased, during this differentiation process. Inhibition of Notch signaling accelerated the formation of the neural rosette structures and the expression of NSC and mature neurocyte marker genes. This suggests that Notch signaling negatively regulated the neuralization of human iPSCs, and that this process may be regulated by some miRNAs.
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61
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Meza-Sosa KF, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. microRNAs: key triggers of neuronal cell fate. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:175. [PMID: 25009466 PMCID: PMC4070303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires a precisely coordinated series of events. During embryonic development, different intra- and extracellular signals stimulate neural stem cells to become neural progenitors, which eventually irreversibly exit from the cell cycle to begin the first stage of neurogenesis. However, before this event occurs, the self-renewal and proliferative capacities of neural stem cells and neural progenitors must be tightly regulated. Accordingly, the participation of various evolutionary conserved microRNAs is key in distinct central nervous system (CNS) developmental processes of many organisms including human, mouse, chicken, frog, and zebrafish. microRNAs specifically recognize and regulate the expression of target mRNAs by sequence complementarity within the mRNAs 3′ untranslated region and importantly, a single microRNA can have several target mRNAs to regulate a process; likewise, a unique mRNA can be targeted by more than one microRNA. Thus, by regulating different target genes, microRNAs let-7, microRNA-124, and microRNA-9 have been shown to promote the differentiation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors into specific neural cell types while microRNA-134, microRNA-25 and microRNA-137 have been characterized as microRNAs that induce the proliferation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors. Here we review the mechanisms of action of these two sets of microRNAs and their functional implications during the transition from neural stem cells and neural progenitors to fully differentiated neurons. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of these microRNAs as well as the role of the recently described natural RNA circles which act as natural microRNA sponges regulating post-transcriptional microRNA expression and function during the early stages of neurogenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
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Smirnova L, Block K, Sittka A, Oelgeschläger M, Seiler AEM, Luch A. MicroRNA profiling as tool for in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing: the case of sodium valproate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98892. [PMID: 24896083 PMCID: PMC4045889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying chemical disturbances during neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) has been established as an alternative in vitro testing approach for the identification of developmental neurotoxicants. miRNAs represent a class of small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of neural development and ESC differentiation and specification. Thus, neural differentiation of mESCs in vitro allows investigating the role of miRNAs in chemical-mediated developmental toxicity. We analyzed changes in miRNome and transcriptome during neural differentiation of mESCs exposed to the developmental neurotoxicant sodium valproate (VPA). A total of 110 miRNAs and 377 mRNAs were identified differently expressed in neurally differentiating mESCs upon VPA treatment. Based on miRNA profiling we observed that VPA shifts the lineage specification from neural to myogenic differentiation (upregulation of muscle-abundant miRNAs, mir-206, mir-133a and mir-10a, and downregulation of neural-specific mir-124a, mir-128 and mir-137). These findings were confirmed on the mRNA level and via immunochemistry. Particularly, the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) as well as muscle-specific genes (Actc1, calponin, myosin light chain, asporin, decorin) were found elevated, while genes involved in neurogenesis (e.g. Otx1, 2, and Zic3, 4, 5) were repressed. These results were specific for valproate treatment and―based on the following two observations―most likely due to the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity: (i) we did not observe any induction of muscle-specific miRNAs in neurally differentiating mESCs exposed to the unrelated developmental neurotoxicant sodium arsenite; and (ii) the expression of muscle-abundant mir-206 and mir-10a was similarly increased in cells exposed to the structurally different HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Based on our results we conclude that miRNA expression profiling is a suitable molecular endpoint for developmental neurotoxicity. The observed lineage shift into myogenesis, where miRNAs may play an important role, could be one of the developmental neurotoxic mechanisms of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katharina Block
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Luch
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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63
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Repression of SIRT1 promotes the differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:905-12. [PMID: 24832395 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of transplanting functional neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has increased for the treatment of brain diseases. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that promote NSCs differentiation of iPSCs for future NSC-based therapies. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase, has attracted significant attention over the past decade due to its prominent role in processes including organ development, longevity, and cancer. However, it remains unclear whether SIRT1 plays a role in the differentiation of mouse iPSCs toward NSCs. In this study, we produced NSCs from mouse iPSCs using serum-free medium supplemented with retinoic acid. We then assessed changes in the expression of SIRT1 and microRNA-34a, which regulates SIRT1 expression. Moreover, we used a SIRT1 inhibitor to investigate the role of SIRT1 in NSCs differentiation of iPSCs. Data revealed that the expression of SIRT1 decreased, whereas miRNAs-34a increased, during this process. In addition, the inhibition of SIRT1 enhanced the generation of NSCs and mature neurocytes. This suggests that SIRT1 negatively regulated the differentiation of mouse iPSCs into NSCs, and that this process may be regulated by miRNA-34a.
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Yin J, Lin J, Luo X, Chen Y, Li Z, Ma G, Li K. miR-137: a new player in schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3262-71. [PMID: 24566148 PMCID: PMC3958910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15023262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disease and characterized by affective, cognitive, neuromorphological, and molecular abnormalities that may have a neurodevelopmental origin. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical to neurodevelopment and adult neuronal processes by modulating the activity of multiple genes within biological networks. MiR-137 as a brain-enriched microRNA, plays important roles in regulating embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) fate determination, neuronal proliferation and differentiation, and synaptic maturation. Its dysregulation causes changes in the gene expression regulation network of the nervous system, thus inducing mental disorders. Recently, miR-137 has been confirmed as a gene related to schizophrenia susceptibility. In the following review, we summarize the expression pattern, epigenetic regulation and functions of miR-137. A more complete picture of the miR-137, which is dysregulated in psychiatric illness, may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yin
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Juda Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Unit on Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Guoda Ma
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
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65
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Tamim S, Vo DT, Uren PJ, Qiao M, Bindewald E, Kasprzak WK, Shapiro BA, Nakaya HI, Burns SC, Araujo PR, Nakano I, Radek AJ, Kuersten S, Smith AD, Penalva LOF. Genomic analyses reveal broad impact of miR-137 on genes associated with malignant transformation and neuronal differentiation in glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85591. [PMID: 24465609 PMCID: PMC3899048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-137 plays critical roles in the nervous system and tumor development; an increase in its expression is required for neuronal differentiation while its reduction is implicated in gliomagenesis. To evaluate the potential of miR-137 in glioblastoma therapy, we conducted genome-wide target mapping in glioblastoma cells by measuring the level of association between PABP and mRNAs in cells transfected with miR-137 mimics vs. controls via RIPSeq. Impact on mRNA levels was also measured by RNASeq. By combining the results of both experimental approaches, 1468 genes were found to be negatively impacted by miR-137--among them, 595 (40%) contain miR-137 predicted sites. The most relevant targets include oncogenic proteins and key players in neurogenesis like c-KIT, YBX1, AKT2, CDC42, CDK6 and TGFβ2. Interestingly, we observed that several identified miR-137 targets are also predicted to be regulated by miR-124, miR-128 and miR-7, which are equally implicated in neuronal differentiation and gliomagenesis. We suggest that the concomitant increase of these four miRNAs in neuronal stem cells or their repression in tumor cells could produce a robust regulatory effect with major consequences to neuronal differentiation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Tamim
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dat T. Vo
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Uren
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mei Qiao
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eckart Bindewald
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wojciech K. Kasprzak
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, California
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzanne C. Burns
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia R. Araujo
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Agnes J. Radek
- Epicentre (An Illumina Company), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott Kuersten
- Epicentre (An Illumina Company), Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Luiz O. F. Penalva
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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66
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Coppola A, Romito A, Borel C, Gehrig C, Gagnebin M, Falconnet E, Izzo A, Altucci L, Banfi S, Antonarakis SE, Minchiotti G, Cobellis G. Cardiomyogenesis is controlled by the miR-99a/let-7c cluster and epigenetic modifications. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:323-37. [PMID: 24365598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyocyte development is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of pre- and post-natal cardiac disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression that play an important role in many developmental processes. Here, we show that the miR-99a/let-7c cluster, mapping on human chromosome 21, is involved in the control of cardiomyogenesis by altering epigenetic factors. By perturbing miRNA expression in mouse embryonic stem cells, we find that let-7c promotes cardiomyogenesis by upregulating genes involved in mesoderm specification (T/Bra and Nodal) and cardiac differentiation (Mesp1, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5). The action of let-7c is restricted to the early phase of mesoderm formation at the expense of endoderm and its late activation redirects cells toward other mesodermal derivatives. The Polycomb complex group protein Ezh2 is a direct target of let-7c, which promotes cardiac differentiation by modifying the H3K27me3 marks from the promoters of crucial cardiac transcription factors (Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Tbx5). In contrast, miR-99a represses cardiac differentiation via the nucleosome-remodeling factor Smarca5, attenuating the Nodal/Smad2 signaling. We demonstrated that the identified targets are underexpressed in human Down syndrome fetal heart specimens. By perturbing the expression levels of these miRNAs in embryonic stem cells, we were able to demonstrate that these miRNAs control lineage- and stage-specific transcription factors, working in concert with chromatin modifiers to direct cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Romito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Gehrig
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Gagnebin
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Università Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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67
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Jiang K, Ren C, Nair VD. MicroRNA-137 represses Klf4 and Tbx3 during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1299-313. [PMID: 24084696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) has been shown to play an important role in the differentiation of neural stem cells. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to differentiate into different cell types including neurons; however, the contribution of miR-137 in the maintenance and differentiation of ES cells remains unknown. Here, we show that miR-137 is mainly expressed in ES cells at the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and highly upregulated during differentiation. We identify that ES cell transcription factors, Klf4 and Tbx3, are downstream targets of miR-137, and we show that endogenous miR-137 represses the 3' untranslated regions of Klf4 and Tbx3. Transfection of ES cells with mature miR-137 RNA duplexes led to a significant reduction in cell proliferation and the expression of Klf4, Tbx3, and other self-renewal genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased miR-137 expression accelerates differentiation of ES cells in vitro. Loss of miR-137 during ES cell differentiation significantly impeded neuronal gene expression and morphogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-137 regulates ES cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing the expression of downstream targets, including Klf4 and Tbx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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68
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Abstract
Sirtuins play an essential role in the cellular response to environmental stress, promoting DNA repair, telomere stability, cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. Much attention has been given to the role of sirtuins in aging and cancer development; however, less is known about their role in stem cell regulation. This review focuses in this topic and discusses the possible implications in adult stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rodriguez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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69
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de Cubas AA, Leandro-García LJ, Schiavi F, Mancikova V, Comino-Méndez I, Inglada-Pérez L, Perez-Martinez M, Ibarz N, Ximénez-Embún P, López-Jiménez E, Maliszewska A, Letón R, Gómez Graña A, Bernal C, Alvarez-Escolá C, Rodríguez-Antona C, Opocher G, Muñoz J, Megias D, Cascón A, Robledo M. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma identifies genotype-specific markers and potentially regulated pathways. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:477-93. [PMID: 23660872 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine neoplasias of neural crest origin that can be part of several inherited syndromes. Although their mRNA profiles are known to depend on genetic background, a number of questions related to tumor biology and clinical behavior remain unanswered. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in the modulation of gene expression, their comprehensive analysis could resolve some of these issues. Through characterization of miRNA profiles in 69 frozen tumors with germline mutations in the genes SDHD, SDHB, VHL, RET, NF1, TMEM127, and MAX, we identified miRNA signatures specific to, as well as common among, the genetic groups of PCCs/PGLs. miRNA expression profiles were validated in an independent series of 30 composed of VHL-, SDHB-, SDHD-, and RET-related formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PCC/PGL samples using quantitative real-time PCR. Upregulation of miR-210 in VHL- and SDHB-related PCCs/PGLs was verified, while miR-137 and miR-382 were confirmed as generally upregulated in PCCs/PGLs (except in MAX-related tumors). Also, we confirmed overexpression of miR-133b as VHL-specific miRNAs, miR-488 and miR-885-5p as RET-specific miRNAs, and miR-183 and miR-96 as SDHB-specific miRNAs. To determine the potential roles miRNAs play in PCC/PGL pathogenesis, we performed bioinformatic integration and pathway analysis using matched mRNA profiling data that indicated a common enrichment of pathways associated with neuronal and neuroendocrine-like differentiation. We demonstrated that miR-183 and/or miR-96 impede NGF-induced differentiation in PC12 cells. Finally, global proteomic analysis in SDHB and MAX tumors allowed us to determine that miRNA regulation occurs primarily through mRNA degradation in PCCs/PGLs, which partially confirmed our miRNA-mRNA integration results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aguirre A de Cubas
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
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70
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Coppola N, Potenza N, Pisaturo M, Mosca N, Tonziello G, Signoriello G, Messina V, Sagnelli C, Russo A, Sagnelli E. Liver microRNA hsa-miR-125a-5p in HBV chronic infection: correlation with HBV replication and disease progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65336. [PMID: 23843939 PMCID: PMC3701058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study in HBsAg chronic carriers the expression of liver hsa-miR-125a-5p and its correlation with liver HBV-DNA values and clinical presentation, 27 consecutive Caucasian, HBsAg/anti-HBe/HBV-DNA-positive patients who were naive to nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferon therapy and had no marker of HCV, HDV or HIV infection and no history of alcohol intake were enrolled. For each patient, liver HBV DNA and liver hsa-miR-125a-5p were quantified by real-time PCR in relation to β-globin DNA or RNU6B, respectively. Liver fibrosis and necroinflammation were graded by applying Ishak's scoring system. Liver hsa-miR-125a-5p was detected in all patients enrolled and a correlation between its concentration and liver HBV DNA was demonstrated (p<0.0001). Higher liver hsa-miR-125a-5p concentrations were observed in patients with HBV-DNA plasma level >103 IU/ml (p<0.02), in those with HAI >6 (p = 0.02) and those with fibrosis score >2 (p<0.02) than in patients with lower scores. Higher HBV-DNA liver concentrations were found in patients with abnormal AST (p = 0.005) and ALT serum levels (p = 0.05), in those with serum HBV DNA higher than 10E3 IU/mL (p = 0.001) and those with fibrosis score >2 (p = 0.02) than in patients with a lower load. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, liver hsa-miR-125a-5p was identified as an independent predictor of disease progression: O.R. = 4.21, C.I. 95% = 1.08–16.43, p<0.05, for HAI >6; O.R. = 3.12, C.I. 95% = 1.17–8.27, p<0.05, for fibrosis score >2. In conclusion, in HBsAg/anti-HBe-positive patients, the liver hsa-miR-125a-5p level correlated with liver and plasma HBV-DNA values and was associated to a more severe disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mosca
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gilda Tonziello
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Signoriello
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Statistics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Messina
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano di Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, AORN Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano di Caserta, Caserta, Italy
- * E-mail:
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71
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miR-125b regulates the early steps of ESC differentiation through dies1 in a TGF-independent manner. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13482-96. [PMID: 23807506 PMCID: PMC3742198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, it has become evident that the distinctive pattern of miRNA expression seen in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) contributes to important signals in the choice of the cell fate. Thus, the identification of miRNAs and their targets, whose expression is linked to a specific step of differentiation, as well as the modulation of these miRNAs, may prove useful in the learning of how ESC potential is regulated. In this context, we have studied the expression profile of miRNAs during neural differentiation of ESCs. We have found that miR-125b is upregulated in the first steps of neural differentiation of ESCs. This miRNA targets the BMP4 co-receptor, Dies1, and, in turn, regulates the balance between BMP4 and Nodal/Activin signaling. The ectopic expression of miR-125b blocks ESC differentiation at the epiblast stage, and this arrest is rescued by restoring the expression of Dies1. Finally, opposite to miR-125a, whose expression is under the control of the BMP4, miR-125b is not directly regulated by Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) signals. These results highlight a new important role of miR-125b in the regulation of the transition from ESCs to the epiblast stage and add a new level of control on TGFβ signaling in ESCs.
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Wright C, Turner JA, Calhoun VD, Perrone-Bizzozero N. Potential Impact of miR-137 and Its Targets in Schizophrenia. Front Genet 2013; 4:58. [PMID: 23637704 PMCID: PMC3636510 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on disease pathology is becoming increasingly evident. These small non-coding RNAs have the ability to post-transcriptionally silence the expression of thousands of genes. Therefore, dysregulation of even a single miRNA could confer a large polygenic effect. Schizophrenia is a genetically complex illness thought to involve multiple genes each contributing a small risk. Large genome-wide association studies identified miR-137, a miRNA shown to be involved in neuronal maturation, as one of the top risk genes. To assess the potential mechanism of impact of miR-137 in this disorder and identify its targets, we used a combination of literature searches, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), and freely accessible bioinformatics resources. Using TargetScan and the schizophrenia gene resource (SZGR) database, we found that in addition to CSMD1, C10orf26, CACNA1C, TCF4, and ZNF804A, five schizophrenia risk genes whose transcripts are also validated miR-137 targets, there are other schizophrenia-associated genes that may be targets of miR-137, including ERBB4, GABRA1, GRIN2A, GRM5, GSK3B, NRG2, and HTR2C. IPA analyses of all the potential targets identified several nervous system (NS) functions as the top canonical pathways including synaptic long-term potentiation, a process implicated in learning and memory mechanisms and recently shown to be altered in patients with schizophrenia. Among the subset of targets involved in NS development and function, the top scoring pathways were ephrin receptor signaling and axonal guidance, processes that are critical for proper circuitry formation and were shown to be disrupted in schizophrenia. These results suggest that miR-137 may indeed play a substantial role in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia by regulating networks involved in neural development and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Wright
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- The Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerque, NM, USA
- Psychology Department, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerque, NM, USA
- Psychology Department, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
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73
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Guo Q, Tao YL, Chu D. Characterization and comparative profiling of miRNAs in invasive Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59884. [PMID: 23527280 PMCID: PMC3603954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, conserved, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B and Q are two invasive and dominant whiteflies, and B. tabaci Q has been displacing B in China. Differences in biological traits (fecundity, host range, resistance to insecticides, etc.) as affected by miRNAs might be involved in the displacement. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to identify miRNAs in B. tabaci B and Q. RESULTS We identified 170 conserved miRNAs and 15 novel candidates, and found significant differences in the expression of miRNAs between B. tabaci B and Q. CONCLUSION Expression levels of miRNAs differ in B. tabaci B vs. Q. Additional research is needed to determine whether these differences are related to differences in the biology of B. tabaci B and Q, and whether these differences help explain why B. tabaci Q is displacing B in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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74
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Fang L, Du WW, Yang X, Chen K, Ghanekar A, Levy G, Yang W, Yee AJ, Lu WY, Xuan JW, Gao Z, Xie F, He C, Deng Z, Yang BB. Versican 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) functions as a ceRNA in inducing the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating miRNA activity. FASEB J 2012. [PMID: 23180826 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the role of versican in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ectopic expression of the versican 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) was studied as a competitive endogenous RNA for regulating miRNA functions. We used this approach to modulate the expression of versican and its related proteins in 3'-UTR transgenic mice and in the liver cancer cell line HepG2, stably transfected with the 3'-UTR or a control vector. We demonstrated that transgenic mice expressing the versican 3'-UTR developed HCC and increased expression of versican isoforms V0 and V1. HepG2 cells transfected with versican 3'-UTR displayed increased proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, colony formation, and enhanced endothelial cell growth, but decreased apoptosis. We found that versican 3'-UTR could bind to miRNAs miR-133a, miR-199a*, miR-144, and miR-431 and also interacted with CD34 and fibronectin. As a consequence, expression of versican, CD34, and fibronectin was up-regulated by ectopic transfection of the versican 3'-UTR, which was confirmed in HepG2 cells and in transgenic mice as compared with wild-type controls. Transfection with siRNAs targeting the versican 3'-UTR abolished the effects of the 3'-UTR. Taken together, these results demonstrate that versican V0 and V1 isoforms play important roles in HCC development and that versican mRNAs compete with endogenous RNAs in regulating miRNA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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75
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Petrelli A, Perra A, Schernhuber K, Cargnelutti M, Salvi A, Migliore C, Ghiso E, Benetti A, Barlati S, Ledda-Columbano GM, Portolani N, De Petro G, Columbano A, Giordano S. Sequential analysis of multistage hepatocarcinogenesis reveals that miR-100 and PLK1 dysregulation is an early event maintained along tumor progression. Oncogene 2012; 31:4517-26. [PMID: 22249248 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have an important role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, and their dysregulation has been reported to affect the development and progression of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, in the plethora of dysregulated miRNAs, it is largely unknown which of them have a causative role in the hepatocarcinogenic process. In the present study, we first aimed to determine changes in the expression profile of miRNAs in human HCCs and to compare them with liver tumors generated in a rat model of chemically induced HCC. We found that members of the miR-100 family (miR-100, miR-99a) were downregulated in human HCCs; a similar downregulation was also observed in rat HCCs. Their reduction was paralleled by an increased expression of polo like kinase 1 (PLK1), a target of these miRNAs. The introduction of miR-100 in HCC cells impaired their growth ability and their capability to form colonies in soft agar. Next, we aimed at investigating, in the same animal model, if dysregulation of miR-100 and PLK1 is an early or late event along the multistep process of hepatocarcinogenesis. The obtained results showed that miR-100 downregulation (i) is already evident in very early preneoplastic lesions generated 9 weeks after carcinogenic treatment; (ii) is also observed in adenomas and early HCCs; and (iii) is not simply a marker of proliferating hepatocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first work unveiling the role of a miRNA family along HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrelli
- IRCC, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, Torino, Italy.
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76
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Bakhshandeh B, Soleimani M, Hafizi M, Ghaemi N. A comparative study on nonviral genetic modifications in cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:523-40. [PMID: 22328133 PMCID: PMC3432529 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of both clinical and basic studies on stem cells is increasing due to their potentials in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. Recently stem cells have been genetically modified to enhance an existing character in or to bring a new property to them. However, accomplishment of declared goals requires detailed knowledge about their molecular characteristics which could be achieved by genetic modifications mostly through nonviral transfection strategies. Capable of differentiating into multiple cells, human unrestricted somatic stem cells (hUSSCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seem to be suitable candidates for transfection approaches. Involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in many biological processes makes their transfection evaluation valuable. Herein we investigated the efficacy and toxicity of four typically used transfection reagents (Arrest-In, Lipofectamine 2000, Oligofectamine and HiPerfect) systematically to deliver fluorescent labeled-miRNA and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expressing plasmid into hUSSCs and hMSCs. The authenticity of stem cells was verified by differentiation experiments along with flow cytometry of surface markers. Our study revealed that stemness properties of these stem cells were not affected by transient transfection. Moreover the ratios of cell viability and transfection efficiency in both analyzed stem cells were reversed. Considering cell viability, the highest fraction of GFP-expressing cells was obtained using Oligofectamine (~50%) while the highest transfection rate of miRNA was achieved by Lipofectamine 2000 (~90%). Moreover dependency of hMSCs to size of transfected nucleic acid and time-dependency of Oligofectamine and their affection on the yield of transfection were observed. Cytotoxicity assessments also showed that hUSSCs are sensitive to HiPerFect. In addition cells treated by Lipofectamine showed morphological changes. Representing the efficient nucleic acid transfection, our research facilitates comprehensive genetic modification of stem cells and demonstrates powerful approaches to understand stem cell molecular regulation mechanisms, which eventually improves nonviral cell-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hafizi
- Stem Cell Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Ghaemi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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77
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Epigenetic control and cancer: the potential of histone demethylases as therapeutic targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:963-90. [PMID: 24280700 PMCID: PMC3816642 DOI: 10.3390/ph5090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer involves an immense number of factors at the molecular level. These factors are associated principally with alterations in the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression profiles. Studying the effects of chromatin structure alterations, which are caused by the addition/removal of functional groups to specific histone residues, are of great interest as a promising way to identify markers for cancer diagnosis, classify the disease and determine its prognosis, and these markers could be potential targets for the treatment of this disease in its different forms. This manuscript presents the current point of view regarding members of the recently described family of proteins that exhibit histone demethylase activity; histone demethylases are genetic regulators that play a fundamental role in both the activation and repression of genes and whose expression has been observed to increase in many types of cancer. Some fundamental aspects of their association with the development of cancer and their relevance as potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies at the epigenetic level are discussed in the following manuscript.
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78
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Girard SL, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Schizophrenia genetics: putting all the pieces together. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012; 12:261-6. [PMID: 22456906 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder characterized by a deep disruption of the thinking process and of emotional response. For many decades, genetics studies have yielded little success in identifying genetic factors responsible for the disease. However, with the recent breakthroughs in genome analysis technologies, the field of the genetics of schizophrenia has progressed a lot in the last years. Both common and rare variants have been successfully associated with the disease and a particular emphasis has been made on rare copy number variations. Recently, a new paradigm linking de novo mutations to the genetic mechanism of schizophrenia has been unravelled. The aim of this review is to discuss the most important genetic studies made in the field to give a general perspective of where to go in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Girard
- Centre of Excellence in Neuromics of Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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79
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MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cells. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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80
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Parisi S, Battista M, Musto A, Navarra A, Tarantino C, Russo T. A regulatory loop involving Dies1 and miR-125a controls BMP4 signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:3957-68. [PMID: 22751012 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) plays an important role in maintaining embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the undifferentiated state and in the regulation of lineage commitment. We recently identified a transmembrane protein, named Dies1, the suppression of which by RNA interference blocks mouse ESC differentiation by interfering with the BMP4 signaling. We asked whether modulation of Dies1 levels could be a physiological mechanism to regulate ESC pluripotency and/or differentiation. We demonstrated that miR-125a targets Dies1 and regulates its expression in ESCs. The overexpression of miR-125a impairs differentiation, and this effect is specifically mediated by Dies1 down-regulation and accompanied by a decrease of BMP4 signaling. We also found that Dies1 is associated with BMP4 receptor complex and that BMP4 activates the transcription of miR-125a gene. Therefore, a feedback loop exists that sets ESC sensitivity to BMP4. The analysis of this regulatory mechanism revealed that miR-125a overexpression and the consequent inhibition of the BMP4 signaling arrest the cells in the epiblast stem cell (epiSC) status, due to the concomitant activation of the Nodal/Activin pathway.
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81
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Mathieu ME, Saucourt C, Mournetas V, Gauthereau X, Thézé N, Praloran V, Thiébaud P, Bœuf H. LIF-dependent signaling: new pieces in the Lego. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:1-15. [PMID: 21537995 PMCID: PMC3285761 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LIF, a member of the IL6 family of cytokine, displays pleiotropic effects on various cell types and organs. Its critical role in stem cell models (e.g.: murine ES, human mesenchymal cells) and its essential non redundant function during the implantation process of embryos, in eutherian mammals, put this cytokine at the core of many studies aiming to understand its mechanisms of action, which could benefit to medical applications. In addition, its conservation upon evolution raised the challenging question concerning the function of LIF in species in which there is no implantation. We present the recent knowledge about the established and potential functions of LIF in different stem cell models, (embryonic, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, muscle, neural stem cells and iPSC). We will also discuss EVO-DEVO aspects of this multifaceted cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emmanuelle Mathieu
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Saucourt
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Virginie Mournetas
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadine Thézé
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Praloran
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Thiébaud
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Bœuf
- Univ. de Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, CIRID, UMR5164, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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82
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Lin CP, Choi YJ, Hicks GG, He L. The emerging functions of the p53-miRNA network in stem cell biology. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2063-72. [PMID: 22580472 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 pathway plays an essential role in tumor suppression, regulating multiple cellular processes coordinately to maintain genome integrity in both somatic cells and stem cells. Despite decades of research dedicated to p53 function in differentiated somatic cells, we are just starting to understand the complexity of the p53 pathway in the biology of pluripotent stem cells and tissue stem cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 suppresses proliferation, promotes differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells and constitutes an important barrier to somatic reprogramming. In addition, emerging evidence reveals the role of the p53 network in the self-renewal, proliferation and genomic integrity of adult stem cells. Interestingly, non-coding RNAs, and microRNAs in particular, are integral components of the p53 network, regulating multiple p53-controlled biological processes to modulate the self-renewal and differentiation potential of a variety of stem cells. Thus, elucidation of the p53-miRNA axis in stem cell biology may generate profound insights into the mechanistic overlap between malignant transformation and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Po Lin
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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83
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Singh P, Soon PSH, Feige JJ, Chabre O, Zhao JT, Cherradi N, Lalli E, Sidhu SB. Dysregulation of microRNAs in adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:118-28. [PMID: 21996374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are involved in the epigenetic regulation of cellular processes. Different malignancies are often associated with the deregulation of specific sets of miRNAs. The prognosis of adrenocortical cancers (ACCs) is very poor as compared to adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and even within ACCs there are cases with better disease specific survival. An improved understanding of the pathobiology of this disease will therefore be useful in facilitating better management of ACCs as well as distinguishing high risk versus low risk subgroups. One third of coding genes are regulated by miRNAs and therefore changes in miRNA expression may be associated with cancer development and progression. In this review we summarize the current understanding of miRNAs in adrenocortical tumors, and highlight their potential in differentiating between ACCs and ACAs, risk stratification and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Singh
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Hormones & Cancer Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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84
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Abstract
SIRT1 is an NAD-dependent deacetylase that regulates stress response pathways. By deacetylating transcription factors and co-factors, SIRT1 modulates metabolism, inflammation, hypoxic responses, circadian rhythms, cell survival, and longevity. Since SIRT1 plays a key role in regulating pathways involved in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases cancer, the regulation of SIRT1 has received intense scrutiny. The post-transcriptional regulation of SIRT1 is mediated by two classes of molecules, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and non-coding small RNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. More than 16 miRNAs modulate SIRT1 expression, including miR-34a. miR-34a induces colon cancer apoptosis through SIRT1, and miR-34a also promotes senescence in endothelial cells via SIRT1. This review describes the impact of miRNAs on SIRT1. The background of SIRT1 and miRNAs will be summarized, followed by the mechanism by which several key miRNAs alter SIRT1 levels, and how the RBP HuR regulates SIRT1. MicroRNA regulation of SIRT1 might affect a wide variety of pathways in humans, from metabolic diseases such as diabetes to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Yamakuchi
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY, USA
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85
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Hunkapiller J, Shen Y, Diaz A, Cagney G, McCleary D, Ramalho-Santos M, Krogan N, Ren B, Song JS, Reiter JF. Polycomb-like 3 promotes polycomb repressive complex 2 binding to CpG islands and embryonic stem cell self-renewal. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002576. [PMID: 22438827 PMCID: PMC3305387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) trimethylates lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) to regulate gene expression during diverse biological transitions in development, embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, and cancer. Here, we show that Polycomb-like 3 (Pcl3) is a component of PRC2 that promotes ESC self-renewal. Using mass spectrometry, we identified Pcl3 as a Suz12 binding partner and confirmed Pcl3 interactions with core PRC2 components by co-immunoprecipitation. Knockdown of Pcl3 in ESCs increases spontaneous differentiation, yet does not affect early differentiation decisions as assessed in teratomas and embryoid bodies, indicating that Pcl3 has a specific role in regulating ESC self-renewal. Consistent with Pcl3 promoting PRC2 function, decreasing Pcl3 levels reduces H3K27me3 levels while overexpressing Pcl3 increases H3K27me3 levels. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq) reveal that Pcl3 co-localizes with PRC2 core component, Suz12, and depletion of Pcl3 decreases Suz12 binding at over 60% of PRC2 targets. Mutation of conserved residues within the Pcl3 Tudor domain, a domain implicated in recognizing methylated histones, compromises H3K27me3 formation, suggesting that the Tudor domain of Pcl3 is essential for function. We also show that Pcl3 and its paralog, Pcl2, exist in different PRC2 complexes but bind many of the same PRC2 targets, particularly CpG islands regulated by Pcl3. Thus, Pcl3 is a component of PRC2 critical for ESC self-renewal, histone methylation, and recruitment of PRC2 to a subset of its genomic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hunkapiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yin Shen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron Diaz
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David McCleary
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Miguel Ramalho-Santos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jun S. Song
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSS); (JFR)
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSS); (JFR)
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86
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p53 regulates cell cycle and microRNAs to promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001268. [PMID: 22389628 PMCID: PMC3289600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies show that tumor suppressor p53 is a barrier to dedifferentiation; whether this is strictly due to repression of proliferation remains a subject of debate. Here, we show that p53 plays an active role in promoting differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and opposing self-renewal by regulation of specific target genes and microRNAs. In contrast to mouse embryonic stem cells, p53 in hESCs is maintained at low levels in the nucleus, albeit in a deacetylated, inactive state. In response to retinoic acid, CBP/p300 acetylates p53 at lysine 373, which leads to dissociation from E3-ubiquitin ligases HDM2 and TRIM24. Stabilized p53 binds CDKN1A to establish a G1 phase of cell cycle without activation of cell death pathways. In parallel, p53 activates expression of miR-34a and miR-145, which in turn repress stem cell factors OCT4, KLF4, LIN28A, and SOX2 and prevent backsliding to pluripotency. Induction of p53 levels is a key step: RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of p53 delays differentiation, whereas depletion of negative regulators of p53 or ectopic expression of p53 yields spontaneous differentiation of hESCs, independently of retinoic acid. Ectopic expression of p53R175H, a mutated form of p53 that does not bind DNA or regulate transcription, failed to induce differentiation. These studies underscore the importance of a p53-regulated network in determining the human stem cell state. Most cell types in an organism are generated from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are able to proliferate an unlimited number of times and have the potential to produce any kind of cell of that organism (this ability is called pluripotency). In order to maintain these properties, ESCs have to remain in a proliferate state, which is achieved by the collaboration of several factors. Expressing combinations of these factors in differentiated cells can result in ESC-like qualities; these induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can then function like ESCs. Previous studies suggested that p53, generally known for its roles in maintaining genomic integrity by regulating cell cycle and cell death pathways, also acts as a barrier to reprogramming adult cells during the creation of iPSCs; whether this is strictly due to repression of proliferation remains a subject of debate. Here, we show that p53 plays a significant role in actively promoting differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs). We find that, prior to differentiation, p53 is expressed at very low levels in hESCs, held in check by two negative regulators, HDM2 and TRIM24, that trigger p53 degradation. Upon induction of differentiation, lysine 373 of p53 is acetylated, and this disrupts the existing interactions with negative regulators, thus allowing stabilization and activation of p53. Active p53 in turn promotes expression of the cell cycle regulator p21 to slow down the hESC cell cycle; cells in the gap (G1) phase of the cell cycle accumulate, preventing division. In parallel, p53 activates specific microRNAs, miR-34a and miR-145, that inhibit the expression of several stem cell factors and prevent differentiated cells from backsliding to pluripotency. Our results highlight a novel function of p53 in determining the human stem cell state.
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87
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Yau WWY, Rujitanaroj PO, Lam L, Chew SY. Directing stem cell fate by controlled RNA interference. Biomaterials 2011; 33:2608-28. [PMID: 22209557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cell fate remains a major area of interest and also a hurdle to many, particularly in the field of regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, conventional methods of over-expressing inductive factors through the use of biochemical induction cocktails have led to sub-optimal outcomes. A potential alternative may be to adopt the opposite by selectively silencing genes or pathways that are pivotal to stem cell differentiation. Indeed, over recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on directing stem cell fate through gene knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi). While the effectiveness of RNAi in controlling stem cell differentiation is evident from the myriad of studies, a chaotically vast collection of gene silencing targets have also been identified. Meanwhile, variations in methods of transfecting stem cells have also affected silencing efficiencies and the subsequent extent of stem cell differentiation. This review serves to unite the pioneers who have ventured into the emerging field of RNAi-enhanced stem cell differentiation by summarizing and evaluating the current approaches adopted in utilizing gene silencing to direct stem cell fate and their corresponding outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred Wing Yiu Yau
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
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88
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Chen F, Hu SJ. Effect of microRNA-34a in cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 26:79-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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89
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An epistatic mini-circuitry between the transcription factors Snail and HNF4α controls liver stem cell and hepatocyte features exhorting opposite regulation on stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:937-46. [PMID: 22139130 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of the epithelial state involves the stable repression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, whereas maintenance of the stem compartment requires the inhibition of differentiation processes. A simple and direct molecular mini-circuitry between master elements of these biological processes might provide the best device to keep balanced such complex phenomena. In this work, we show that in hepatic stem cell Snail, a transcriptional repressor of the hepatocyte differentiation master gene HNF4α, directly represses the expression of the epithelial microRNAs (miRs)-200c and -34a, which in turn target several stem cell genes. Notably, in differentiated hepatocytes HNF4α, previously identified as a transcriptional repressor of Snail, induces the miRs-34a and -200a, b, c that, when silenced, causes epithelial dedifferentiation and reacquisition of stem traits. Altogether these data unveiled Snail, HNF4α and miRs-200a, b, c and -34a as epistatic elements controlling hepatic stem cell maintenance/differentiation.
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90
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Wiklund ED, Gao S, Hulf T, Sibbritt T, Nair S, Costea DE, Villadsen SB, Bakholdt V, Bramsen JB, Sørensen JA, Krogdahl A, Clark SJ, Kjems J. MicroRNA alterations and associated aberrant DNA methylation patterns across multiple sample types in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27840. [PMID: 22132151 PMCID: PMC3222641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) expression is broadly altered in cancer, but few studies have investigated miRNA deregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of >30 miRNA genes in a range of tissues, and we aimed to investigate this further in OSCC. Methods TaqMan® qRT-PCR arrays and individual assays were used to profile miRNA expression in a panel of 25 tumors with matched adjacent tissues from patients with OSCC, and 8 control paired oral stroma and epithelium from healthy volunteers. Associated DNA methylation changes of candidate epigenetically deregulated miRNA genes were measured in the same samples using the MassArray® mass spectrometry platform. MiRNA expression and DNA methylation changes were also investigated in FACS sorted CD44high oral cancer stem cells from primary tumor samples (CSCs), and in oral rinse and saliva from 15 OSCC patients and 7 healthy volunteers. Results MiRNA expression patterns were consistent in healthy oral epithelium and stroma, but broadly altered in both tumor and adjacent tissue from OSCC patients. MiR-375 is repressed and miR-127 activated in OSCC, and we confirm previous reports of miR-137 hypermethylation in oral cancer. The miR-200 s/miR-205 were epigenetically activated in tumors vs normal tissues, but repressed in the absence of DNA hypermethylation specifically in CD44high oral CSCs. Aberrant miR-375 and miR-200a expression and miR-200c-141 methylation could be detected in and distinguish OSCC patient oral rinse and saliva from healthy volunteers, suggesting a potential clinical application for OSCC specific miRNA signatures in oral fluids. Conclusions MiRNA expression and DNA methylation changes are a common event in OSCC, and we suggest miR-375, miR-127, miR-137, the miR-200 family and miR-205 as promising candidates for future investigations. Although overall activated in OSCC, miR-200/miR-205 suppression in oral CSCs indicate that cell specific silencing of these miRNAs may drive tumor expansion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Wiklund
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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91
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Heinemann A, Zhao F, Pechlivanis S, Eberle J, Steinle A, Diederichs S, Schadendorf D, Paschen A. Tumor suppressive microRNAs miR-34a/c control cancer cell expression of ULBP2, a stress-induced ligand of the natural killer cell receptor NKG2D. Cancer Res 2011; 72:460-71. [PMID: 22102694 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells express ligands for the natural killer cell immunoreceptor NKG2D, which sensitizes to early recognition and elimination by cytotoxic lymphocytes and provides an innate barrier against tumor development. However, the mechanisms that control NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression in tumor cells remain unknown. We recently identified the NKG2DL ULBP2 as strong prognostic marker in human malignant melanoma. Here, we provide evidence that the tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNA) miR-34a and miR-34c control ULBP2 expression. Reporter gene analyses revealed that both miRNAs directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of ULBP2 mRNA and that levels of miR-34a inversely correlated with expression of ULBP2 surface molecules. Accordingly, treatment of cancer cells with miRNA inhibitors led to upregulation of ULBP2, whereas miR-34 mimics led to downregulation of ULBP2, diminishing tumor cell recognition by NK cells. Treatment with the small molecule inhibitor Nutlin-3a also decreased ULBP2 levels in a p53-dependent manner, which was due to a p53-mediated increase in cellular miR-34 levels. Taken together, our study shows that tumor-suppressive miR-34a and miR-34c act as ULBP2 repressors. These findings also implicate p53 in ULBP2 regulation, emphasizing the role of the specific NKG2DL in tumor immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heinemann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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92
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Liu Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, Chen R, Sun T, Fok KL, Dong J, Tsang LL, Yi S, Ruan Y, Guo J, Yu MK, Tian Y, Chung YW, Yang M, Xu W, Chung CM, Li T, Chan HC. Dedifferentiation-Reprogrammed Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Improved Therapeutic Potential. Stem Cells 2011; 29:2077-89. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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93
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Sun G, Ye P, Murai K, Lang MF, Li S, Zhang H, Li W, Fu C, Yin J, Wang A, Ma X, Shi Y. miR-137 forms a regulatory loop with nuclear receptor TLX and LSD1 in neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2011; 2:529. [PMID: 22068596 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-137 is a brain-enriched microRNA. Its role in neural development remains unknown. Here we show that miR-137 has an essential role in controlling embryonic neural stem cell fate determination. miR-137 negatively regulates cell proliferation and accelerates neural differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells. In addition, we show that the histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a transcriptional co-repressor of nuclear receptor TLX, is a downstream target of miR-137. In utero electroporation of miR-137 in embryonic mouse brains led to premature differentiation and outward migration of the transfected cells. Introducing a LSD1 expression vector lacking the miR-137 recognition site rescued miR-137-induced precocious differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TLX, an essential regulator of neural stem cell self-renewal, represses the expression of miR-137 by recruiting LSD1 to the genomic regions of miR-137. Thus, miR-137 forms a feedback regulatory loop with TLX and LSD1 to control the dynamics between neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoQiang Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Gene Expression and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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94
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Choi YJ, Lin CP, Ho JJ, He X, Okada N, Bu P, Zhong Y, Kim SY, Bennett MJ, Chen C, Ozturk A, Hicks GG, Hannon GJ, He L. miR-34 miRNAs provide a barrier for somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:1353-60. [PMID: 22020437 PMCID: PMC3541684 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming induced by defined transcription factors is a low efficiency process that is enhanced by p53 deficiency 1-5. To date, p21 is the only p53 target shown to contribute to p53 repression of iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell) generation 1, 3, suggesting additional p53 targets may regulate this process. Here, we demonstrated that mir-34 microRNAs (miRNAs), particularly miR-34a, exhibit p53-dependent induction during reprogramming. mir-34a deficiency in mice significantly increased reprogramming efficiency and kinetics, with miR-34a and p21 cooperatively regulating somatic reprogramming downstream of p53. Unlike p53 deficiency, which enhances reprogramming at the expense of iPSC pluripotency, genetic ablation of mir-34a promoted iPSC generation without compromising self-renewal and differentiation. Suppression of reprogramming by miR-34a was due, at least in part, to repression of pluripotency genes, including Nanog, Sox2 and Mycn (N-Myc). This post-transcriptional gene repression by miR-34a also regulated iPSC differentiation kinetics. miR-34b and c similarly repressed reprogramming; and all three mir-34 miRNAs acted cooperatively in this process. Taken together, our findings identified mir-34 miRNAs as novel p53 targets that play an essential role in restraining somatic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Choi
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94705, USA
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95
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Wang L, Zhang D, Zhang C, Zhang S, Wang Z, Qu C, Liu S. A microRNA expression signature characterizing the properties of tumor-initiating cells for breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:119-124. [PMID: 22740866 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in controlling tumor behaviors either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. To elucidate the role of miRNAs in the regulation of tumor initiation, we delineated the microRNA expression signature characterizing the properties of tumor-initiating cells for breast cancer. A group of miRNAs were differentially expressed in MDA-MB-231 and SUM1315 cells (with a high proportion of breast cancer tumor-initiating cells, CD44(+)CD24(-/low) subpopulation) compared to MCF-7 cells (only a small proportion of CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells). Among the differentially expressed miRNAs common to MDA-MB-231 and SUM1315, approximately 46% of them are suggested to regulate the 'stemness' of stem cells or progenitor cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that miRNAs contribute to the maintenance of tumor-initiating properties and indicate the potential value of the miRNA expression signature in characterizing or predicting the features (including metastasis) of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085
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96
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Chang SJ, Weng SL, Hsieh JY, Wang TY, Chang MDT, Wang HW. MicroRNA-34a modulates genes involved in cellular motility and oxidative phosphorylation in neural precursors derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:65. [PMID: 21923954 PMCID: PMC3195087 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) found in bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and the Wharton's jelly matrix of human umbilical cord (WJ-MSCs) are able to transdifferentiate into neuronal lineage cells both in vitro and in vivo and therefore hold the potential to treat neural disorders such as stroke or Parkinson's disease. In bone marrow MSCs, miR-130a and miR-206 have been show to regulate the synthesis of neurotransmitter substance P in human mesenchymal stem cell-derived neuronal cells. However, how neuronal differentiation is controlled in WJ-MSC remains unclear. Methods WJ-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cords. We subjected WJ-MSCs into neurogenesis by a published protocol, and the miRNome patterns of WJ-MSCs and their neuronal progenitors (day 9 after differentiation) were analyzed by the Agilent microRNA microarray. Results Five miRNAs were enriched in WJ-MSCs, including miR-345, miR-106a, miR-17-5p, miR-20a and miR-20b. Another 11 miRNAs (miR-206, miR-34a, miR-374, miR-424, miR-100, miR-101, miR-323, miR-368, miR-137, miR-138 and miR-377) were abundantly expressed in transdifferentiated neuronal progenitors. Among these miRNAs, miR-34a and miR-206 were the only 2 miRNAs been linked to BM-MSC neurogenesis. Overexpressing miR-34a in cells suppressed the expression of 136 neuronal progenitor genes, which all possess putative miR-34a binding sites. Gene enrichment analysis according to the Gene Ontology database showed that those 136 genes were associated with cell motility, energy production (including those with oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport and ATP synthesis) and actin cytoskeleton organization, indicating that miR-34a plays a critical role in precursor cell migration. Knocking down endogenous miR-34a expression in WJ-MSCs resulted in the augment of WJ-MSC motility. Conclusions Our data suggest a critical role of miRNAs in MSC neuronal differentiation, and miR-34a contributes in neuronal precursor motility, which may be crucial for stem cells to home to the target sites they should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jyh Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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97
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Li BH, Zhou JS, Ye F, Cheng XD, Zhou CY, Lu WG, Xie X. Reduced miR-100 expression in cervical cancer and precursors and its carcinogenic effect through targeting PLK1 protein. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2166-74. [PMID: 21636267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although aberrant miRNAs expression has been documented, altered miR-100 expression in cervical cancer and precursor tissues and its carcinogenic effect and mechanism remain unexplored. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of miR-100 alteration in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS The expression of miR-100 was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) in 125 cervical tissues including normal cervical epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and cervical cancer, as well as in five cervical cell lines. Through modulating miR-100 expression using miR-100 inhibitor or mimic in vitro, cell growth, cycle and apoptosis were tested separately by MTT or flow cytometry and meanwhile Polo-like kinase1 (PLK1) mRNA and protein expressions were detected by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. The expression of PLK1 in 125 cervical tissues was also examined by immunohistochemical staining and the correlation between miR-100 and PLK1 expression in the same tissues was analysed. Finally, HPV-16 E6/E7 expression was modulated by gene transfection and subsequently the level of miR-100 was examined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The miR-100 expression showed a significantly and gradually reduced tendency from low-grade CIN, high-grade CIN to cervical cancer tissues and a significant decrease in HPV positive cervical cancer cell lines. The modulation of miR-100 expression remarkably influenced cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, as well as the level of PLK1 protein, but not mRNA, in vitro experiments. PLK1 expression was negatively correlated with miR-100 expression in CIN3 and cervical cancer tissues. The modulation of HR-HPV E6/E7 expression did not change miR-100 level. CONCLUSIONS The reduced miR-100 expression participates in the development of cervical cancer at least partly through loss of inhibition to target gene PLK1, which probably occurs in a relative late phase of carcinogenesis. HR-HPV E6/E7 may not directly regulate miR-100 expression in cervical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Hua Li
- Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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98
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Differential programming of p53-deficient embryonic cells during rotenone block. Toxicology 2011; 290:31-41. [PMID: 21893155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in chemical toxicities. The present study used an in vitro model to investigate the differential expression of metabolic pathways during cellular stress in p53-efficient embryonic fibroblasts compared to p53-deficient cells. These cell lines differed with respect to NADH/NAD(+) balance. This ratio constitutes a driving force for NAD- and NADH-dependent reactions and is inversed upon exposure to Rotenone (complex I inhibitor). Rotenone perturbed the structure of the elongated fibrillar tubulin network and decreased mRNA expression of tubulin genes both suggesting reprogramming and reorganization of the cytoskeleton in both cell lines. These changes were reflected in the abundance of specific mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) species as determined from genome-based analysis. Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression profiles reflected differences in energy utilizing pathways, consistent with the notion that the p53 pathway influences the cellular response to mitochondrial dysfunction and that at least some control may be embedded within specific mRNA/miRNA networks in embryonic cells.
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99
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Aranha MM, Santos DM, Solá S, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. miR-34a regulates mouse neural stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21396. [PMID: 21857907 PMCID: PMC3153928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) participate in the regulation of several biological processes, including cell differentiation. Recently, miR-34a has been implicated in the differentiation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, human erythroleukemia cells, and mouse embryonic stem cells. In addition, members of the miR-34 family have been identified as direct p53 targets. However, the function of miR-34a in the control of the differentiation program of specific neural cell types remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of miR-34a in regulating mouse neural stem (NS) cell differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings miR-34a overexpression increased postmitotic neurons and neurite elongation of mouse NS cells, whereas anti-miR-34a had the opposite effect. SIRT1 was identified as a target of miR-34a, which may mediate the effect of miR-34a on neurite elongation. In addition, acetylation of p53 (Lys 379) and p53-DNA binding activity were increased and cell death unchanged after miR-34a overexpression, thus reinforcing the role of p53 during neural differentiation. Interestingly, in conditions where SIRT1 was activated by pharmacologic treatment with resveratrol, miR-34a promoted astrocytic differentiation, through a SIRT1-independent mechanism. Conclusions Our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which miR-34a modulates neural differentiation, suggesting that miR-34a is required for proper neuronal differentiation, in part, by targeting SIRT1 and modulating p53 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia M Aranha
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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100
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Differential genomic imprinting and expression of imprinted microRNAs in testes-derived male germ-line stem cells in mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22481. [PMID: 21799869 PMCID: PMC3142150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testis-derived male germ-line stem (GS) cells, the in vitro counterpart of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), can acquire multipotency under appropriate culture conditions to become multipotent adult germ-line stem (maGS) cells, which upon testicular transplantation, produce teratoma instead of initiating spermatogenesis. Consequently, a molecular marker that can distinguish GS cells from maGS cells would be of potential value in both clinical and experimental research settings. Methods and Findings Using mouse as a model system, here we show that, similar to sperm, expression of imprinted and paternally expressed miRNAs (miR-296-3p, miR-296-5p, miR-483) were consistently higher (P<0.001), while those of imprinted and maternally expressed miRNA (miR-127, miR-127-5p) were consistently lower (P<0.001) in GS cells than in control embryonic stem (ES) cells. DNA methylation analyses of imprinting control regions (ICR), that control the expression of all imprinted miRNAs in respective gene clusters (Gnas-Nespas DMR, Igf2-H19 ICR and Dlk1-Dio3 IG-DMR), confirmed that imprinted miRNAs were androgenetic in GS cells. On the other hand, DNA methylation of imprinted miRNA genes in maGS cells resembled those of ES cells but the expression pattern of the imprinted miRNAs was intermediate between those of GS and ES cells. The expression of imprinted miRNAs in GS and maGS cells were also altered during their in vitro differentiation and varied both with the differentiation stage and the miRNA. Conclusions Our data suggest that GS cells have androgenetic DNA methylation and expression of imprinted miRNAs which changes to ES cell-like pattern upon their conversion to maGS cells. Differential genomic imprinting of imprinted miRNAs may thus, serve as epigenetic miRNA signature or molecular marker to distinguish GS cells from maGS cells.
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