51
|
Insulin resistance in obesity: an overview of fundamental alterations. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:149-157. [PMID: 29397563 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health risk factor, and obesity-induced morbidity and complications account for huge costs for affected individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society at large. In particular, obesity is strongly associated with the development of insulin resistance, which in turn plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications, including metabolic syndrome components, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Insulin sensitive tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, are profoundly affected by obesity both at biomolecular and functional levels. Altered adipose organ function may play a fundamental pathogenetic role once fat accumulation has ensued. Modulation of insulin sensitivity appears to be, at least in part, related to changes in redox balance and oxidative stress as well as inflammation, with a relevant underlying role for mitochondrial dysfunction that may exacerbate these alterations. Nutrients and substrates as well as systems involved in host-nutrient interactions, including gut microbiota, have been also identified as modulators of metabolic pathways controlling insulin action. This review aims at providing an overview of these concepts and their potential inter-relationships in the development of insulin resistance, with particular regard to changes in adipose organ and skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
52
|
Kim HJ, Lee SY, Kim CM. Association between gene polymorphisms and obesity and physical fitness in Korean children. Biol Sport 2018; 35:21-27. [PMID: 30237658 PMCID: PMC6135971 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is affected by genetic factors and environmental influences. This research was undertaken to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to obesity and physical fitness and then to analyse and compare interactions between physical fitness and obesity-associated genotypes. To investigate relationships between physical fitness and major SNPs previously reported to be related to obesity, 68 SNPs in 32 genes were genotyped in 71 Korean children. Tests were conducted to evaluate five elements of physical fitness (speed, aerobic endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility). The results obtained showed significant (P<0.02) differences in physical fitness scores for the following genotypes: CNR1 (rs1049353; GG), LEP (rs7799039; AA+AG), HHEX (rs1111875; TT), GC (rs16847015; TG+GG), LRP5 (rs4988300; GG+GT), NPY2R (rs2880415; CT+CC), PPY (rs231472; GG), UCP2 (rs660339; CT+TT), CDKN2B (rs10811661; AA+AG), and ADIPOQ (rs266729; CG+GG). Ten physical fitness-related genotypes were newly identified during the present study. This study suggests that classification of genotypes by physical fitness level could be used as an index for predicting the risk of obesity and for selecting individuals for intervention programmes. Furthermore, the study shows that even children participating in the same physical fitness improvement programme can exhibit different genotype dependencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University College of Education, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Kim
- Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Collins KH, Herzog W, MacDonald GZ, Reimer RA, Rios JL, Smith IC, Zernicke RF, Hart DA. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Musculoskeletal Disease: Common Inflammatory Pathways Suggest a Central Role for Loss of Muscle Integrity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29527173 PMCID: PMC5829464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can arise in response to a variety of stimuli, including infectious agents, tissue injury, autoimmune diseases, and obesity. Some of these responses are acute and resolve, while others become chronic and exert a sustained impact on the host, systemically, or locally. Obesity is now recognized as a chronic low-grade, systemic inflammatory state that predisposes to other chronic conditions including metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although obesity has received considerable attention regarding its pathophysiological link to chronic cardiovascular conditions and type 2 diabetes, the musculoskeletal (MSK) complications (i.e., muscle, bone, tendon, and joints) that result from obesity-associated metabolic disturbances are less frequently interrogated. As musculoskeletal diseases can lead to the worsening of MetS, this underscores the imminent need to understand the cause and effect relations between the two, and the convergence between inflammatory pathways that contribute to MSK damage. Muscle mass is a key predictor of longevity in older adults, and obesity-induced sarcopenia is a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Muscle is highly plastic, undergoes regular remodeling, and is responsible for the majority of total body glucose utilization, which when impaired leads to insulin resistance. Furthermore, impaired muscle integrity, defined as persistent muscle loss, intramuscular lipid accumulation, or connective tissue deposition, is a hallmark of metabolic dysfunction. In fact, many common inflammatory pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the interrelated tissues of the musculoskeletal system (e.g., tendinopathy, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis). Despite these similarities, these diseases are rarely evaluated in a comprehensive manner. The aim of this review is to summarize the common pathways that lead to musculoskeletal damage and disease that result from and contribute to MetS. We propose the overarching hypothesis that there is a central role for muscle damage with chronic exposure to an obesity-inducing diet. The inflammatory consequence of diet and muscle dysregulation can result in dysregulated tissue repair and an imbalance toward negative adaptation, resulting in regulatory failure and other musculoskeletal tissue damage. The commonalities support the conclusion that musculoskeletal pathology with MetS should be evaluated in a comprehensive and integrated manner to understand risk for other MSK-related conditions. Implications for conservative management strategies to regulate MetS are discussed, as are future research opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H. Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Graham Z. MacDonald
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jaqueline L. Rios
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- CAPES Foundation, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ian C. Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A. Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, The Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Alberta Health Services Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Pandzic Jaksic V, Grizelj D, Livun A, Boscic D, Ajduk M, Kusec R, Jaksic O. Neck adipose tissue - tying ties in metabolic disorders. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 33:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0075/hmbci-2017-0075.xml. [PMID: 29425108 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Upper body adipose tissue accumulation has been associated with clustering of metabolic disorders and increased cardiovascular risk. Neck circumference (NC) indicated that subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in that region is an independent pathogenic depot that might account for the additional risk missed by visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Neck adipose tissue (NAT) is not only one more ectopic depot but has several particular features that might modulate its metabolic role. Besides a controversial impact on obstructive apnea syndrome, neck fat encompasses carotid arteries as an important perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) depot. With dysfunctional changes in obesity, physiologic vascular regulation is lost and inflammatory signals accelerate atherogenesis. Unexpected was the discovery of brown and beige adipocytes in the neck of human adults. When stimulated, brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy through thermogenesis and it is associated with other favorable metabolic effects. Moreover, the neck is the region where the browning mechanism was disclosed. With this unique plastic nature, NAT revealed multiple ties, challenging dynamics and potential new therapeutic targets that might have significant implications on metabolic outcomes and vascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlatka Pandzic Jaksic
- Department of Endocrinology, Dubrava University Hospital, Av. G. Šuška 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Grizelj
- Department of Cardiology, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Livun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Drago Boscic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Ajduk
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajko Kusec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Jaksic
- Department of Hematology, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sharma G, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Prossnitz ER. Roles of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER in metabolic regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:31-37. [PMID: 28223150 PMCID: PMC5563497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is differentially regulated in males and females. The lower incidence of obesity and associated diseases in pre-menopausal females points towards the beneficial role of the predominant estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2). The actions of E2 are elicited by nuclear and extra-nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ, as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, previously termed GPR30). The roles of GPER in the regulation of metabolism are only beginning to emerge and much remains unclear. The present review highlights recent advances implicating the importance of GPER in metabolic regulation. Assessment of the specific metabolic roles of GPER employing GPER-deficient mice and highly selective GPER-targeted pharmacological agents, agonist G-1 and antagonists G-15 and G36, is also presented. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies involving either GPER deficiency or selective activation suggests that GPER is involved in body weight regulation, glucose and lipid homeostasis as well as inflammation. The therapeutic potential of activating GPER signaling through selective ligands for the treatment of obesity and diabetes is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Diabetes Discovery and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Xu Q, Mariman ECM, Roumans NJT, Vink RG, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Jocken JWE. Adipose tissue autophagy related gene expression is associated with glucometabolic status in human obesity. Adipocyte 2018; 7:12-19. [PMID: 29400609 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1394537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue autophagy (AT) is associated with human obesity and increased metabolic risk. Recent findings establish a role for autophagy in lipid metabolism. Here, we compared the expression of autophagy-related and lipolysis genes in human abdominal subcutaneous AT (SCAT) in overweight/obese subjects (n = 17) with or without impaired glucose tolerance in comparison with lean normal glucose tolerant individuals (n = 9), and investigated the association between AT autophagy and lipolysis. Human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells (hMADS) were used to investigate the effect of pharmacological HSL inhibition on changes in the autophagic flux. The expression of autophagy-related genes (ATG) 5, 7 and 12 in SCAT was significantly higher (p = 0.043, p = 0.015, p = 0.004, respectively) in overweight/obese compared to lean men, while expression of the classical lipases HSL (p = 0.092) and ATGL (p = 0.084) tended to be lower. ATG12 mRNA was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.407, p = 0.039). ATG7 mRNA correlated positively with waist/hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.420, p = 0.041), 2 h glucose concentration (r = 0.488, p = 0.011) and insulin (r = 0.419, p = 0.033). Multiple linear regressions revealed that ATG7 gene expression was positively related to 2 h glucose, independent of BMI, WHR and insulin. Gene expression interaction analysis showed that ATG7 mRNA negatively correlated with HSL (p<0.01) and ATGL mRNA expression (p<0.01). In line, treatment of differentiated hMADS with an HSL inhibitor increased LC3 accumulation, a marker of increased autophagic flux. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that a low expression of classical lipases in abdominal SCAT is accompanied by an increased expression of ATGs in overweight/obese subjects, which seems to be mainly related to glucose tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. M. Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia J. T. Roumans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G. Vink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Zhu Q, Scherer PE. Immunologic and endocrine functions of adipose tissue: implications for kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 14:105-120. [PMID: 29199276 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excess adiposity can induce adverse sequelae in multiple cell types and organ systems. The transition from the lean to the obese state is characterized by fundamental cellular changes at the level of the adipocyte. These changes affect the local microenvironment within the respective adipose tissue but can also affect nonadipose systems. Adipocytes within fat pads respond to chronic nutrient excess through hyperplasia or hypertrophy, which can differentially affect interorgan crosstalk between various adipose depots and other organs. This crosstalk is dependent on the unique ability of the adipocyte to coordinate metabolic adjustments throughout the body and to integrate responses to maintain metabolic homeostasis. These actions occur through the release of free fatty acids and metabolites during times of energy need - a process that is altered in the obese state. In addition, adipocytes release a wide array of signalling molecules, such as sphingolipids, as well as inflammatory and hormonal factors (adipokines) that are critical for interorgan crosstalk. The interactions of adipose tissue with the kidney - referred to as the adipo-renal axis - are important for normal kidney function as well as the response of the kidney to injury. Here, we discuss the mechanistic basis of this interorgan crosstalk, which clearly has great therapeutic potential given the increasing rates of chronic kidney disease secondary to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549, USA.,Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Morel S, Kwak B, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Steffens S, Molica F. Adipokines at the crossroad between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:553-66. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObesity, and especially excessive visceral adipose tissue accumulation, is considered as a low-grade inflammatory state that is responsible for adipocyte dysfunction and associated metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue displays endocrine functions by releasing pro- or antiinflammatory bioactive molecules named adipokines. An altered expression of these molecules, provoked by obesity or adipocyte dysregulation, contributes to major metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus that are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, obesity is also characterised by the expansion of perivascular adipose tissue that acts locally via diffusion of adipokines into the vascular wall. Local inflammation within blood vessels induced by adipokines contributes to the onset of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, but also to vascular remodelling and hypertension. A fast expansion of obesity is expected in the near future, which will rapidly increase the incidence of these cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarise the link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease and discuss current treatment approaches, limitations and future perspectives for more targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
59
|
Gam CMBF, Larsen LH, Mortensen OH, Engelbrechtsen L, Poulsen SS, Qvortrup K, Mathiesen ER, Damm P, Quistorff B. Unchanged mitochondrial phenotype, but accumulation of lipids in the myometrium in obese pregnant women. J Physiol 2017; 595:7109-7122. [PMID: 29119568 DOI: 10.1113/jp274838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Obesity during pregnancy and childbirth is associated with labour dystocia leading to instrumental or operative delivery, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear and insufficient uterine contractility has been suggested. This study examined whether reduced myometrial mitochondrial capacity or quantity could contribute as a pathophysiological mechanism to labour dystocia. Data did not support reduced myometrial mitochondrial capacity or quantity in the myometrium at term in obese women, but a reduced myocyte density with increased triglyceride content was demonstrated, which could lead to poorer uterine contractility. These results add to the understanding of systemic effects of obesity, placing also the myometrium at term as an affected non-adipose tissue. ABSTRACT Obesity is known to increase the risk of labour dystocia and insufficient energy supply, due to reduced mitochondrial capacity or quantity, could be a possible mechanism leading to reduced efficiency of uterine contractility during labour. In the present study of 36 women having an elective Caesarean section at term, obesity did not change mitochondrial phenotype in the myometrial myocyte obtained from uterine biopsies taken at delivery. Respiration rates in isolated mitochondria were unaffected by obesity. No indication of reduced content, investigated by quantification of the complexes of the respiratory chain, or altered regulation, examined by myometrial mRNA levels of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammation, was detected. Yet we found increased myometrial triglyceride content in the obese group (2.39 ± 0.26 vs. 1.56 ± 0.20 mm, P = 0.024), while protein content and citrate synthase activity per gram wet weight myometrium were significantly lower in the obese (109.2 ± 7.2 vs. 139.4 ± 5.6 mg g-1 , P = 0.002, and 24.8 ± 1.0 vs. 29.6 ± 1.4 U g-1 wet wt, P = 0.008, respectively). These differences were substantiated by our histological findings where staining for nuclei, cytoplasm, glycogen and collagen supported the idea of a smaller muscle content in the myometrium in obese women. In conclusion no indication of myometrial mitochondrial dysfunction in the isolated state was found, but the observed increase of lipid content might play a role in the pathophysiological mechanisms behind labour dystocia in obese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Marie Bourgin Folke Gam
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200.,Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100
| | - Lea Hüche Larsen
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Ole Hartvig Mortensen
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Line Engelbrechtsen
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100
| | - Steen Seier Poulsen
- Endocrinology Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Elisabeth Reinhart Mathiesen
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Biochemical and hormonal parameters of lambs using guava (Psidium guajava L.) agro-industrial waste in the diet. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:217-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
61
|
Bharath LP, Ip BC, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive Immunity and Metabolic Health: Harmony Becomes Dissonant in Obesity and Aging. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1307-1337. [PMID: 28915326 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is the primary energy reservoir organ, and thereby plays a critical role in energy homeostasis and regulation of metabolism. AT expands in response to chronic overnutrition or aging and becomes a major source of inflammation that has marked influence on systemic metabolism. The chronic, sterile inflammation that occurs in the AT during the development of obesity or in aging contributes to onset of devastating diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular pathologies. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation in the visceral AT of humans and animals is a critical trigger for the development of metabolic syndrome. This work underscores the well-supported conclusion that the inflammatory immune response and metabolic pathways in the AT are tightly interwoven by multiple layers of relatively conserved mechanisms. During the development of diet-induced obesity or age-associated adiposity, cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems infiltrate and proliferate in the AT. Macrophages, which dominate AT-associated immune cells in mouse models of obesity, but are less dominant in obese people, have been studied extensively. However, cells of the adaptive immune system, including T cells and B cells, contribute significantly to AT inflammation, perhaps more in humans than in mice. Lymphocytes regulate recruitment of innate immune cells into AT, and produce cytokines that influence the helpful-to-harmful inflammatory balance that, in turn, regulates organismal metabolism. This review describes inflammation, or more precisely, metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) with an eye toward the AT and the roles lymphocytes play in regulation of systemic metabolism during obesity and aging. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1307-1337, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena P Bharath
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blanche C Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Center of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Proteomic evaluation of mouse adipose tissue and liver following hydroxytyrosol supplementation. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:329-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
63
|
Fatima F, Nawaz M. Long Distance Metabolic Regulation through Adipose-Derived Circulating Exosomal miRNAs: A Trail for RNA-Based Therapies? Front Physiol 2017; 8:545. [PMID: 28824444 PMCID: PMC5539684 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating physiological and pathological states has been intensively elucidated during last 15 years. The discovery of circulating miRNAs (cir-miRNAs) in variety of body fluids, is, however a recent focus of interest in understanding pathophysiological states of their originating cells/organs. Yet another stimulating debate that takes miRNAs to the next level is their presence in exosomes, and this is truly interesting area of research. Exosomes are cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and are naturally equipped biological vehicles that not only enable functional transfer of miRNAs between cells (horizontal transfer) but also foster inter-organ communication, presumably guided by organ specific receptors—decorated on their surface. However, understandings on inter-organ communication elicited by tissue specific exosomal-miRNA fingerprints remain elusive. Recently, Thomou et al., has discovered that adipose tissue contributes a large fraction of adipose specific exosomal-miRNA fingerprints in blood circulation. Experimental evidence emphasize adipose tissue as major depot of cir-miRNAs that sail through blood flow and reach to distal organs—primarily in the liver, where they regulate gene expression of host tissue and elicit metabolic control. This appears to be a genetic form of adipokines (endocrine factors secreted from adipose tissue). We review such offshore metabolic insults, and make an effort to address few important missing links between miRNAs processing and their incorporation into exosomes. We provide potential perspectives on how this knowledge could be steered towards RNA-based therapeutics for monitoring complex metabolic diseases and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Fatima
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Errico TL, Méndez-Lara KA, Santos D, Cabrerizo N, Baila-Rueda L, Metso J, Cenarro A, Pardina E, Lecube A, Jauhiainen M, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. LXR-dependent regulation of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport is impaired in a model of genetic diabesity. Transl Res 2017; 186:19-35.e5. [PMID: 28583767 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabesity and fatty liver have been associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thus could impair macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport (m-RCT). Liver X receptor (LXR) plays a critical role in m-RCT. Abcg5/g8 sterol transporters, which are involved in cholesterol trafficking into bile, as well as other LXR targets, could be compromised in the livers of obese individuals. We aimed to determine m-RCT dynamics in a mouse model of diabesity, the db/db mice. These obese mice displayed a significant retention of macrophage-derived cholesterol in the liver and reduced fecal cholesterol elimination compared with nonobese mice. This was associated with a significant downregulation of the hepatic LXR targets, including Abcg5/g8. Pharmacologic induction of LXR promoted the delivery of total tracer output into feces in db/db mice, partly due to increased liver and small intestine Abcg5/Abcg8 gene expression. Notably, a favorable upregulation of the hepatic levels of ABCG5/G8 and NR1H3 was also observed postoperatively in morbidly obese patients, suggesting a similar LXR impairment in these patients. In conclusion, our data show that downregulation of the LXR axis impairs cholesterol transfer from macrophages to feces in db/db mice, whereas the induction of the LXR axis partly restores impaired m-RCT by elevating the liver and small intestine expressions of Abcg5/g8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Errico
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Cabrerizo
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Cenarro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Pardina
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lecube
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Recerca en Diabetes i Metabolisme, Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers unit, and Minerva Foundation Institute for medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Peinado-Onsurbe
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Brandão BB, Guerra BA, Mori MA. Shortcuts to a functional adipose tissue: The role of small non-coding RNAs. Redox Biol 2017; 12:82-102. [PMID: 28214707 PMCID: PMC5312655 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are a major public health issue worldwide. These diseases are often linked to a dysfunctional adipose tissue. Fat is a large, heterogenic, pleiotropic and rather complex tissue. It is found in virtually all cavities of the human body, shows unique plasticity among tissues, and harbors many cell types in addition to its main functional unit - the adipocyte. Adipose tissue function varies depending on the localization of the fat depot, the cell composition of the tissue and the energy status of the organism. While the white adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the main site for triglyceride storage and acts as an important endocrine organ, the brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for thermogenesis. Beige adipocytes can also appear in WAT depots to sustain heat production upon certain conditions, and it is becoming clear that adipose tissue depots can switch phenotypes depending on cell autonomous and non-autonomous stimuli. To maintain such degree of plasticity and respond adequately to changes in the energy balance, three basic processes need to be properly functioning in the adipose tissue: i) adipogenesis and adipocyte turnover, ii) metabolism, and iii) signaling. Here we review the fundamental role of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in these processes, with focus on microRNAs, and demonstrate their importance in adipose tissue function and whole body metabolic control in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Brandão
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A Guerra
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Emanuel AL, Meijer RI, Muskiet MHA, van Raalte DH, Eringa EC, Serné EH. Role of Insulin-Stimulated Adipose Tissue Perfusion in the Development of Whole-Body Insulin Resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:411-418. [PMID: 28126826 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After food ingestion, macronutrients are transported to and stored in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. They can be subsequently used as an energy source in times of energy deprivation. Uptake of these nutrients in myocytes and adipocytes depends largely on adequate tissue perfusion. Interestingly, insulin is able to dilate skeletal muscle arterioles, which facilitates the delivery of macronutrients and insulin itself to muscle tissue. Insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle perfusion is impaired in several insulin-resistant states and is believed to contribute to impaired skeletal muscle glucose uptake and consequently impaired whole-body glucose disposal. Insulin-resistant individuals also exhibit blunted postprandial adipose tissue perfusion. However, the relevance of this impairment to metabolic dysregulation is less clear. In this review, we provide an overview of adipose tissue perfusion in healthy and insulin-resistant individuals, its regulation among others by insulin, and the possible influences of impaired adipose tissue perfusion on whole-body insulin sensitivity. Finally, we propose a novel hypothesis that acute overfeeding impacts distribution of macronutrients by reducing skeletal muscle perfusion, while adipose tissue perfusion remains intact. VISUAL OVERVIEW An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Emanuel
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
| | - Rick I Meijer
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Marcel H A Muskiet
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Etto C Eringa
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Erik H Serné
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.E., R.I.M., M.H.A.M., D.H.v.R., E.H.S.) and Physiology (E.C.E.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Booth AD, Magnuson AM, Cox-York KA, Wei Y, Wang D, Pagliassotti MJ, Foster MT. Inhibition of adipose tissue PPARγ prevents increased adipocyte expansion after lipectomy and exacerbates a glucose-intolerant phenotype. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27976431 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adipose tissue plays a fundamental role in glucose homeostasis. For example, fat removal (lipectomy, LipX) in lean mice, resulting in a compensatory 50% increase in total fat mass, is associated with significant improvement in glucose tolerance. This study was designed to further examine the link between fat removal, adipose tissue compensation and glucose homeostasis using a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ; activator of adipogenesis) knockout mouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved PPARγ knockout (FKOγ) or control mice (CON), subdivided into groups that received LipX or Sham surgery. We reasoned that as the ability of adipose tissue to expand in response to LipX would be compromised in FKOγ mice, so would improvements in glucose homeostasis. RESULTS In CON mice, LipX increased total adipose depot mass (~60%), adipocyte number (~45%) and changed adipocyte distribution to smaller cells. Glucose tolerance was improved (~30%) in LipX CON mice compared to Shams. In FKOγ mice, LipX did not result in any significant changes in adipose depot mass, adipocyte number or distribution. LipX FKOγ mice were also characterized by reduction of glucose tolerance (~30%) compared to shams. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of adipose tissue PPARγ prevented LipX-induced increases in adipocyte expansion and produced a glucose-intolerant phenotype. These data support the notion that adipose tissue expansion is critical to maintain and/or improvement in glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Booth
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A M Magnuson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - K A Cox-York
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Y Wei
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - D Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - M J Pagliassotti
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - M T Foster
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
van der Kolk BW, Goossens GH, Jocken JW, Blaak EE. Altered skeletal muscle fatty acid handling is associated with the degree of insulin resistance in overweight and obese humans. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2686-2696. [PMID: 27627982 PMCID: PMC6518064 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/HYPOTHESIS Disturbances in skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) handling may contribute to the development and progression of whole-body insulin resistance (IR). In this study, we compared fasting and postprandial skeletal muscle FA handling in individuals with varying degrees of IR. METHODS Seventy-four overweight/obese participants (62 men) were divided into two groups based on the HOMA-IR median (3.35). Fasting and postprandial skeletal muscle FA handling were determined by combining the forearm muscle balance technique with stable isotopes. [2H2]palmitate was infused i.v. to label VLDL-triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG) and NEFA in the circulation, whereas [U-13C]palmitate was incorporated in a high-saturated FA mixed-meal labelling chylomicron-TAG. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to assess intramuscular lipid content, fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and the transcriptional regulation of FA metabolism. RESULTS Postprandial forearm muscle VLDL-TAG extraction was elevated in the high-IR vs the mild-IR group (AUC0-4h: 0.57 ± 0.32 vs -0.43 ± 0.38 nmol [100 ml tissue]-1 min-1, respectively, p = 0.045). Although no differences in skeletal muscle TAG, diacylglycerol, NEFA content and FSR were present between groups, the high-IR group showed increased saturation of the intramuscular NEFA pool (p = 0.039). This was accompanied by lower muscle GPAT1 (also known as GPAM) expression (p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Participants with high-IR demonstrated increased postprandial skeletal muscle VLDL-TAG extraction and higher saturation of the intramuscular NEFA pool vs individuals with mild-IR. These data support the involvement of disturbances in skeletal muscle FA handling in the progression of whole-body IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta W van der Kolk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Morgan A, Mooney K, Mc Auley M. Obesity and the dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism: implications for healthy aging. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:501-510. [PMID: 30058918 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2016.1245141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The population of the world is aging. In 2010, an estimated 524 million people were aged 65 years or older representing eight percent of the global population. By 2050, this number is expected to nearly triple to approximately 1.5 billion, 16 percent of the world's population. Although people are living longer, the quality of their lives are often compromised due to ill-health. Areas covered: Of the conditions which compromise health as we age, obesity is at the forefront. Over half of the global older population were overweight or obese in 2010, significantly increasing the risk of a range of metabolic diseases. Although, it is well recognised excessive calorie intake is a fundamental driver of adipose tissue dysfunction, the relationship between obesity; intrinsic aging; and fat metabolism is less understood. In this review we discuss the intersection between obesity, aging and the factors which contribute to the dysregulation of whole-body fat metabolism. Expert commentary: Being obese disrupts an array of physiological systems and there is significant crosstalk among these. Moreover it is imperative to acknowledge the contribution intrinsic aging makes to the dysregulation of these systems and the onset of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Morgan
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Chester, Thornton Science Park , Chester , UK
| | - Kathleen Mooney
- b Faculty of Health and Social Care , Edge Hill University , Lancashire , UK
| | - Mark Mc Auley
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Chester, Thornton Science Park , Chester , UK
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Dietary fat composition, total body fat and regional body fat distribution in two Caucasian populations of middle-aged and older adult women. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1411-1419. [PMID: 27769783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to study whether dietary fat composition (n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (PUFAs) and PUFAs and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ratio) is associated with total body fat (TF) and body fat distribution and whether this association was modified by the presence of chronic disease in middle-aged and elderly women in two population-based cohorts in the Netherlands and Australia. METHODS The study was performed in the Rotterdam Study (RS), a prospective cohort study among subjects aged 55 years and older (N = 1182 women) and the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS), a 5-year randomized controlled trial among women age 70+ (N = 891). At baseline, diet (i.e. PUFAs and SFAs) was measured by validated food frequency questionnaires. TF was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in both studies and android abdominal fat (AF), gynoid fat (GF) and the android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) in the RS but not the CAIFOS. Chronic disease was defined as the presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer. RESULTS No association was found between dietary n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio or SFA/PUFAs ratio with TF in both cohorts. In the RS, a high n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio was associated with a higher AF (3rd vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.24) but not with the A/G ratio. A low SFA/PUFA ratio was associated with a lower AF (1st vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: -0.12; 95% CI: -0.22, -0.06) but not with the A/G ratio. Presence of chronic disease was found to be a significant effect modifier in both cohorts with regard to n-3/n-6 PUFAs and TF (P < 0.05). In participants without chronic disease, a higher n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio was associated with a higher TF in the RS cohort (3rd vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.12, 1.76), but this was not replicated in CAIFOS. CONCLUSION These findings do not support the hypothesis that dietary fat composition is consistently associated with TF and body fat distribution in women. Future studies should clarify to what extent these findings may be influenced by the presence of chronic disease.
Collapse
|
71
|
Metabolic Damage Presents Differently in Young and Early-Aged C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. INT J GERONTOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
72
|
Palanker Musselman L, Fink JL, Baranski TJ. CoA protects against the deleterious effects of caloric overload in Drosophila. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:380-7. [PMID: 26805007 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a Drosophila model of T2D in which high sugar (HS) feeding leads to insulin resistance. In this model, adipose TG storage is protective against fatty acid toxicity and diabetes. Initial biochemical and gene expression studies suggested that deficiency in CoA might underlie reduced TG synthesis in animals during chronic HS feeding. Focusing on the Drosophila fat body (FB), which is specialized for TG storage and lipolysis, we undertook a series of experiments to test the hypothesis that CoA could protect against the deleterious effects of caloric overload. Quantitative metabolomics revealed a reduction in substrate availability for CoA synthesis in the face of an HS diet. Further reducing CoA synthetic capacity by expressing FB-specific RNAi targeting pantothenate kinase (PK orfumble) or phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthase (PPCS) exacerbated HS-diet-induced accumulation of FFAs. Dietary supplementation with pantothenic acid (vitamin B5, a precursor of CoA) was able to ameliorate HS-diet-induced FFA accumulation and hyperglycemia while increasing TG synthesis. Taken together, our data support a model where free CoA is required to support fatty acid esterification and to protect against the toxicity of HS diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palanker Musselman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jill L Fink
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Thomas J Baranski
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Mysore R, Zhou Y, Sädevirta S, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Nidhina Haridas PA, Soronen J, Leivonen M, Sarin AP, Fischer-Posovszky P, Wabitsch M, Yki-Järvinen H, Olkkonen VM. MicroRNA-192* impairs adipocyte triglyceride storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:342-51. [PMID: 26747651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of miR-192* (miR-192-3p) in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese subjects and its function in cultured human adipocytes. This miRNA is a 3' arm derived from the same pre-miRNA as miR-192 (miR-192-5p) implicated in type 2 diabetes, liver disease and cancers, and is predicted to target key genes in lipid metabolism. In morbidly obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery preceded by a very low calorie diet, miR-192* in VAT correlated negatively (r=-0.387; p=0.046) with serum triglyceride (TG) and positively with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (r=0.396; p=0.041). In a less obese patient cohort, the miRNA correlated negatively with the body mass index (r=-0.537; p=0.026). To characterize the function of miR-192*, we overexpressed it in cultured adipocytes and analyzed the expression of adipogenic differentiation markers as well as cellular TG content. Reduced TG and expression of the adipocyte marker proteins aP2 (adipocyte protein 2) and perilipin 1 were observed. The function of miR-192* was further investigated by transcriptomic profiling of adipocytes expressing this miRNA, revealing impacts on key lipogenic genes. A number of the mRNA alterations were validated by qPCR. Western analysis confirmed a marked reduction of the lipogenic enzyme SCD (stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase-1), the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2) and the high-density lipoprotein receptor SCARB1 (scavenger receptor B, type I). SCD and ALDH3A2 were demonstrated to be direct targets of miR-192*. To conclude, the present data identify miR-192* as a novel controller of adipocyte differentiation and lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Mysore
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - You Zhou
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanja Sädevirta
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A Nidhina Haridas
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Soronen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare/Public Health Genomics Unit, Biomedicum, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Leivonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-000290 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare/Public Health Genomics Unit, Biomedicum, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Non-invasive Assessments of Adipose Tissue Metabolism In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:725-32. [PMID: 26399988 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is a diverse area of research where the developed tissues can be used to study normal adipose tissue functions, create disease models in vitro, and replace soft tissue defects in vivo. Increasing attention has been focused on the highly specialized metabolic pathways that regulate energy storage and release in adipose tissues which affect local and systemic outcomes. Non-invasive, dynamic measurement systems are useful to track these metabolic pathways in the same tissue model over time to evaluate long term cell growth, differentiation, and development within tissue engineering constructs. This approach reduces costs and time in comparison to more traditional destructive methods such as biochemical and immunochemistry assays and proteomics assessments. Towards this goal, this review will focus on important metabolic functions of adipose tissues and strategies to evaluate them with non-invasive in vitro methods. Current non-invasive methods, such as measuring key metabolic markers and endogenous contrast imaging will be explored.
Collapse
|
75
|
Lubrano C, Valacchi G, Specchia P, Gnessi L, Rubanenko EP, Shuginina EA, Trukhanov AI, Korkina LG, De Luca C. Integrated Haematological Profiles of Redox Status, Lipid, and Inflammatory Protein Biomarkers in Benign Obesity and Unhealthy Obesity with Metabolic Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:490613. [PMID: 26090072 PMCID: PMC4451994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/490613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of obesity (OB) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) implies free radical-, oxidized lipid- (LOOH-), and inflammatory cytokine-mediated altered pathways in target organs. Key elements of the transition from benign OB to unhealthy OB+MetS remain unclear. Here, we measured a panel of redox, antioxidant, and inflammation markers in the groups of OB patients (67 with, 45 without MetS) and 90 controls. Both OB groups displayed elevated levels of adipokines and heavy oxidative stress (OS) evidenced by reduced levels of glutathione, downregulated glutathione-S-transferase, increased 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, reactive oxygen species, and membrane-bound monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Exclusively in OB+MetS, higher-than-normal glutathione peroxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, and other proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors were observed; a combination of high adipokine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and MUFA was consistent with increased cardiovascular risk. The uncomplicated OB group showed features of adaptation to OS such as decreased levels of vitamin E, activated superoxide dismutase, and inhibited catalase, suggesting H2O2 hyperproduction. Proinflammatory cytokine pattern was normal, except few markers like RANTES, a suitable candidate for therapeutic approaches to prevent a setting of MetS by inhibition of LOOH-primed leukocyte chemotaxis/recruitment to target tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lubrano
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Science, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University, “Umberto I” Polyclinic, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Palma Specchia
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Science, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University, “Umberto I” Polyclinic, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Science, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University, “Umberto I” Polyclinic, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elizaveta P. Rubanenko
- Active Longevity Clinic “Institut Krasoty na Arbate”, 8 Maly Nikolopeskovsky Lane, Moscow 119002, Russia
| | - Elena A. Shuginina
- Active Longevity Clinic “Institut Krasoty na Arbate”, 8 Maly Nikolopeskovsky Lane, Moscow 119002, Russia
| | - Arseny I. Trukhanov
- Active Longevity Clinic “Institut Krasoty na Arbate”, 8 Maly Nikolopeskovsky Lane, Moscow 119002, Russia
| | - Liudmila G. Korkina
- Active Longevity Clinic “Institut Krasoty na Arbate”, 8 Maly Nikolopeskovsky Lane, Moscow 119002, Russia
- Centre of Innovative Biotechnological Investigations (Cibi-NanoLab), 197 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Centre of Innovative Biotechnological Investigations (Cibi-NanoLab), 197 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Heimann E, Nyman M, Degerman E. Propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis and increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. Adipocyte 2015; 4:81-8. [PMID: 26167409 PMCID: PMC4496978 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.960694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of dietary fibers by colonic microbiota generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e.g., propionic acid and butyric acid, which have been described to have “anti-obesity properties” by ameliorating fasting glycaemia, body weight and insulin tolerance in animal models. In the present study, we therefore investigate if propionic acid and butyric acid have effects on lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis and glucose uptake in primary rat adipocytes. We show that both propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit isoproterenol- and adenosine deaminase-stimulated lipolysis as well as isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in the presence of a phosphodiesterase (PDE3) inhibitor. In addition, we show that propionic acid and butyric acid inhibit basal and insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis, which is associated with increased phosphorylation and thus inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, we show that propionic acid and butyric acid increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. To conclude, our study shows that SCFAs have effects on fat storage and mobilization as well as glucose uptake in rat primary adipocytes. Thus, the SCFAs might contribute to healthier adipocytes and subsequently also to improved energy metabolism with for example less circulating free fatty acids, which is beneficial in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ADA, adenosine deaminase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- BA, butyric acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- FFAR, free fatty acid receptor
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase
- ISO, isoproterenol
- KRBH, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-HEPES
- KRH, Krebs Ringer-HEPES
- PA, propionic acid
- PDE, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- adipocyte
- metabolism
- obesity
- short-chain fatty acid
- type 2 diabetes
Collapse
|
77
|
ter Horst KW, Gilijamse PW, de Weijer BA, Kilicarslan M, Ackermans MT, Nederveen AJ, Nieuwdorp M, Romijn JA, Serlie MJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Hepatic, Adipose Tissue, and Peripheral Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:182. [PMID: 26635731 PMCID: PMC4659894 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose and lipid metabolism differ between men and women, and women tend to have better whole-body or muscle insulin sensitivity. This may be explained, in part, by differences in sex hormones and adipose tissue distribution. Few studies have investigated gender differences in hepatic, adipose tissue, and whole-body insulin sensitivity between severely obese men and women. In this study, we aimed to determine the differences in glucose metabolism between severely obese men and women using tissue-specific measurements of insulin sensitivity. Insulin sensitivity was compared between age and body mass index (BMI)-matched obese men and women by a two-step euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with infusion of [6,6-(2)H2]glucose. Basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) and insulin sensitivity of the liver, adipose tissue, and peripheral tissues were assessed. Liver fat content was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a subset of included subjects. We included 46 obese men and women (age, 48 ± 2 vs. 46 ± 2 years, p = 0.591; BMI, 41 ± 1 vs. 41 ± 1 kg/m(2), p = 0.832). There was no difference in basal EGP (14.4 ± 1.0 vs. 15.3 ± 0.5 μmol · kg fat-free mass(-1) · min(-1), p = 0.410), adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (insulin-mediated suppression of free fatty acids, 71.6 ± 3.6 vs. 76.1 ± 2.6%, p = 0.314), or peripheral insulin sensitivity (insulin-stimulated rate of disappearance of glucose, 26.2 ± 2.1 vs. 22.7 ± 1.7 μmol · kg(-1) · min(-1), p = 0.211). Obese men were characterized by lower hepatic insulin sensitivity (insulin-mediated suppression of EGP, 61.7 ± 4.1 vs. 72.8 ± 2.5% in men vs. women, respectively, p = 0.028). Finally, these observations could not be explained by differences in liver fat content (men vs. women, 16.5 ± 3.1 vs. 16.0 ± 2.5%, p = 0.913, n = 27). We conclude that obese men have lower hepatic, but comparable adipose tissue and peripheral tissue, insulin sensitivity compared to similarly obese women. Hepatic insulin resistance may contribute to the higher prevalence of diabetes in obese men. Further insight into the mechanisms underlying this gender difference may reveal novel targets for diabetes prevention and/or therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper W. ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pim W. Gilijamse
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbara A. de Weijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Murat Kilicarslan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariette T. Ackermans
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Mireille J. Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Mireille J. Serlie,
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Enos RT, Velázquez KT, Murphy EA. Insight into the impact of dietary saturated fat on tissue-specific cellular processes underlying obesity-related diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:600-12. [PMID: 24742471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of three high-fat diets (HFDs), differing in the percentage of total calories from saturated fat (SF) (6%, 12%, 24%) but identical in total fat (40%), for a 16-week period in mice on a variety of tissue-specific cellular processes believed to be at the root of obesity-related diseases. Specifically, we examined ectopic lipid accumulation, oxidative capacity [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mRNA and protein; mtDNA; Cox IV and cytochrome C protein; citrate synthase activity; and gene expression of fission 1, mitofusin (Mfn) 1 and Mfn2], oxidative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (binding immunoglobulin protein, activating transcription factor 6-p50, p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha and x-box binding protein 1 spliced protein), inflammatory [p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-nuclear factor kappa-B, p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and insulin signaling (p-Akt), and inflammation [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-6, F4/80, toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 gene expression] in various tissues, including the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and heart. In general, adipose and hepatic tissues were the only tissues which displayed evidence of dysfunction. All HFDs down-regulated adipose, cardiac and hepatic PGC-1α mRNA and hepatic citrate synthase activity, and induced adipose tissue oxidative stress, whereas only the 6%-SF and 12%-SF diet produced hepatic steatosis. However, compared to the 6%-SF and 24%-SF diets, consumption of the 12%-SF diet resulted in the greatest degree of dysregulation (hepatic ER and oxidative stress, JNK activation, increased F4/80 gene expression and down-regulation of adipose tissue Akt signaling). These findings suggest that the saturated fatty acid composition of an HFD can greatly influence the processes responsible for obesity-related diseases - nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in particular - as well as provide further evidence that the mechanisms at the root of these diseases are diet and tissue sensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kandy T Velázquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Magkos F, Smith GI, Reeds DN, Okunade A, Patterson BW, Mittendorfer B. One day of overfeeding impairs nocturnal glucose but not fatty acid homeostasis in overweight men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:435-40. [PMID: 23836730 PMCID: PMC3849339 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overfeeding is associated with insulin resistance. Studies on animals suggest this is likely due to disruption of fatty acid metabolism and increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability during the night. We tested the hypothesis that overfeeding induces insulin resistance and increases nocturnal but not daytime plasma FFA availability in human subjects. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations hourly for 24 h during a day of isocaloric feeding and a day of hypercaloric feeding (30% calorie excess) in 8 overweight and obese, nondiabetic men (age: 38±3 years; body mass index: 34±2 kg/m²). RESULTS Overfeeding had no effect on daytime plasma glucose, insulin, and FFA concentrations compared to isocaloric feeding, but increased nocturnal glucose (P = 0.007) and insulin (P = 0.003) concentrations and decreased nocturnal FFA concentration (P = 0.006). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score was ∼30% greater the morning after hypercaloric than isocaloric feeding (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS One day of overfeeding has no effect on daytime plasma glucose and FFA concentrations but increases nocturnal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, whereas nocturnal plasma FFA availability is reduced. The acute overfeeding-induced development of insulin resistant glucose metabolism therefore does not appear to be directly mediated by plasma FFA availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Sieber J, Jehle AW. Free Fatty acids and their metabolism affect function and survival of podocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:186. [PMID: 25386168 PMCID: PMC4209866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury and loss critically contribute to the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Deregulated lipid metabolism with disturbed free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism is a characteristic of metabolically unhealthy obesity and type 2 diabetes and likely contributes to end-stage kidney disease irrespective of the underlying kidney disease. In the current review, we summarize recent findings related to FFAs and altered renal FFA metabolism with a special focus on podocytes. We will outline the opposing effects of saturated and monounsaturated FFAs and a particular emphasis will be given to the underlying molecular mechanisms involving insulin resistance and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Finally, recent data suggesting a critical role of renal FFA metabolism to adapt to an altered lipid environment will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sieber
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Jonas Sieber, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA e-mail: ; Andreas Werner Jehle, Department of Biomedicine, Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Room 303, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel 4031, Switzerland e-mail:
| | - Andreas Werner Jehle
- Molecular Nephrology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jonas Sieber, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA e-mail: ; Andreas Werner Jehle, Department of Biomedicine, Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Room 303, Hebelstrasse 20, Basel 4031, Switzerland e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Effects of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated, saturated, or trans fatty acids on cytokine content in the liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle of adult mice. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:594958. [PMID: 24027356 PMCID: PMC3762081 DOI: 10.1155/2013/594958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of diet enriched with 30% lipids on cytokines content in different tissues. Swiss male mice were distributed into four groups treated for 8 weeks with control (C, normolipidic diet); soybean oil (S); lard (L); and hydrogenated vegetable fat (H). We observed an increase in carcass fat in groups S and L, and the total amount of fatty deposits was only higher in group L compared with C group. The serum levels of free fatty acids were lower in the L group, and insulin, adiponectin, lipid profile, and glucose levels were similar among the groups. IL-10 was lower in group L in mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissues. H reduced IL-10 only in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There was an increase in IL-6 in the gastrocnemius muscle of the L group, and a positive correlation between TNF-α and IL-10 was observed in the livers of groups C, L, and H and in the muscles of all groups studied. The results suggested relationships between the quantity and quality of lipids ingested with adiposity, the concentration of free fatty acids, and cytokine production in white adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and liver.
Collapse
|
82
|
Hardwick JP, Eckman K, Lee YK, Abdelmegeed MA, Esterle A, Chilian WM, Chiang JY, Song BJ. Eicosanoids in metabolic syndrome. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:157-266. [PMID: 23433458 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic persistent inflammation plays a significant role in disease pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a constellation of diseases that include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with many of the MetS diseases. These metabolic derangements trigger a persistent inflammatory cascade, which includes production of lipid autacoids (eicosanoids) that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and subsequent expression of cytokines and chemokines that amplify the inflammatory response. In acute inflammation, the transcellular synthesis of antiinflammatory eicosanoids resolve inflammation, while persistent activation of the autacoid-cytokine-chemokine cascade in metabolic disease leads to chronic inflammation and accompanying tissue pathology. Many drugs targeting the eicosanoid pathways have been shown to be effective in the treatment of MetS, suggesting a common linkage between inflammation, MetS and drug metabolism. The cross-talk between inflammation and MetS seems apparent because of the growing evidence linking immune cell activation and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thus modulation of lipid metabolism through either dietary adjustment or selective drugs may become a new paradigm in the treatment of metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms linking eicosanoid metabolism to persistent inflammation and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Palmitic acid increases apoptosis of neural stem cells via activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:257-66. [PMID: 23319068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level is common in many pathological conditions, including neurological disorders, and their deleterious effects on various cells have been well documented. However, it remains to be investigated whether elevated FFAs would have a direct effect on neural stem cells (NSCs). Here, we reported that palmitic acid (PA) impaired cell viability and increased apoptosis of NSCs significantly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 coupled with decreased expression of Bcl-2 were also observed in NSCs with increasing dose or time of PA treatment, whereas caspase 3 expression remained relatively unaltered. In parallel to this, the expression of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in NSCs challenged with PA was increased significantly; however, JNK expression appeared stable. Remarkably, JNK inhibitor effectively reduced the apoptosis of NSCs induced by PA. The expression of phospho-p38 (p-p38), p38, phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (p-EKR1/2) and EKR1/2 in NSCs was not affected by PA treatment. In consideration of the above, it is suggested that elevated plasma FFA level may induce apoptosis of NSCs in vivo, and that this might be one of possible underlying mechanisms for the cognitive disturbance in neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
84
|
Corkey BE, Shirihai O. Metabolic master regulators: sharing information among multiple systems. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:594-601. [PMID: 22939743 PMCID: PMC3502692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are caused by defects in metabolically sensitive tissues. Attention has been paid to insulin resistance as the key relevant pathosis, with a detailed focus on signal transduction pathways in metabolic tissues. Evidence exists to support an important role for each tissue in metabolic homeostasis and a potential causative role in both diabetes and obesity. The redox metabolome, that coordinates tissue responses and reflects shared control and regulation, is our focus. Consideration is given to the possibility that pathosis results from contributions of all relevant tissues, by virtue of a circulating communication system. Validation of this model would support simultaneous regulation of all collaborating metabolic organs through changes in the circulation, regardless of whether change was initiated exogenously or by a single organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Corkey
- Obesity Research Center, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Peterson MD, Gordon PM, Hurvitz EA, Burant CF. Secondary muscle pathology and metabolic dysregulation in adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1085-93. [PMID: 22912367 PMCID: PMC3492860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by an insult to or malformation of the developing brain which affects motor control centers and causes alterations in growth, development, and overall health throughout the life span. In addition to the disruption in development caused by the primary neurological insult, CP is associated with exaggerated sedentary behaviors and a hallmark accelerated progression of muscle pathology compared with typically developing children and adults. Factors such as excess adipose tissue deposition and altered partitioning, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation may increase the severity of muscle pathology throughout adulthood and lead to cardiometabolic disease risk and/or early mortality. We describe a model of exaggerated health risk represented in adults with CP and discuss the mechanisms and secondary consequences associated with chronic sedentary behavior, obesity, aging, and muscle spasticity. Moreover, we highlight novel evidence that implicates aberrant inflammation in CP as a potential mechanism linking both metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in a cyclical pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Goran MI, Alderete TL. Targeting adipose tissue inflammation to treat the underlying basis of the metabolic complications of obesity. NESTLE NUTRITION INSTITUTE WORKSHOP SERIES 2012; 73:49-60; discussion p61-6. [PMID: 23128765 PMCID: PMC4439096 DOI: 10.1159/000341287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased throughout the last three decades due to genetic, metabolic, behavioral, and environmental factors [1]. Obesity in turn increases risk for a number of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease and some forms of cancer [1]. Despite the well-known link between obesity and increased morbidity, the mechanism of this remains elusive. Thus, the question 'why does increased body fat cause increased metabolic comorbidities' remains unanswered. By understanding the underlying basis of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, different therapies could be designed to target relevant pathways. Although we lack a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms that result in disease, several putative explanations exist for why fat affects metabolic health. One such theory is based on the anatomic location of fat deposition and ectopic fat accumulation [2]. Specifically, current literature suggests that visceral, liver and skeletal fat accumulation affects organ function and contributes to the development of insulin resistance, fatty liver, and the metabolic syndrome [3]. However, even in individuals matched for body fat and fat distribution, significant differences can exist in metabolic outcomes, and the phenomenon of metabolically healthy obese has been well described [4]. More recent data suggest the alternative hypothesis relating excess adipose tissue to disease risk based on the metabolic function and morphological properties of adipose tissue. In this scenario, excess adipose tissue is hypothesized to contribute to a state of chronic inflammation which promotes development of insulin resistance as well as other metabolic complications by stimulating nuclear factor-ĸB and Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in adipocytes and the liver [5]. In this paper, we will review the hypothesis linking excess adipose tissue to increased disease risk through adipose tissue inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kishida K, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visceral obesity and cardiometabolic risks: lessons from the VACTION-J study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|