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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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Johnson C, Hargest V, Cortez V, Meliopoulos VA, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus Pathogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:E22. [PMID: 28117758 PMCID: PMC5294991 DOI: 10.3390/v9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in the young, elderly, and the immunocompromised. Since the discovery of human astrovirus type 1 (HAstV-1) in 1975, the family Astroviridae has expanded to include two more human clades and numerous mammalian and avian-specific genotypes. Despite this, there is still little known about pathogenesis. The following review highlights the current knowledge of astrovirus pathogenesis, and outlines the critical steps needed to further astrovirus research, including the development of animal models of cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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53
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Pérot P, Lecuit M, Eloit M. Astrovirus Diagnostics. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010010. [PMID: 28085120 PMCID: PMC5294979 DOI: 10.3390/v9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Various methods exist to detect an astrovirus infection. Current methods include electron microscopy (EM), cell culture, immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and various other molecular approaches that can be applied in the context of diagnostic or in surveillance studies. With the advent of metagenomics, novel human astrovirus (HAstV) strains have been found in immunocompromised individuals in association with central nervous system (CNS) infections. This work reviews the past and current methods for astrovirus detection and their uses in both research laboratories and for medical diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pérot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, 75015 Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d'innovation et de Recherche Technologique (Citech), 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, 75015 Paris, France.
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France.
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, 75015 Paris, France.
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Wang X, Wang J, Zhou C, Yang S, Shen Q, Zhang W, Qi D. Viral metagenomics of fecal samples from non-human primates revealed human astrovirus in a chimpanzee, China. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:53. [PMID: 27826361 PMCID: PMC5100189 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are commonly identified worldwide as important aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. More and more evidences challenged the paradigm that AstV infections are species-specific. Yet to date, AstVs associated with human infections have not been detected in any animal hosts. Results Viral metagenomics methods were used to detect viral nucleic acids in fecal samples from 69 captive non-human primates (NHPs) from three zoos in China. Sequence reads showing high similarity to astrovirus MLB2 were found in feces from a chimpanzee with diarrhea. The complete genome of this astrovirus was determined and deposited in the GenBank under accession number KX273058 (named SAstV-nj). Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genomes revealed that SAstV-nj was closely related to and shared >98% nucleotide sequence identity with the previous human astrovirus MLB2 strains. Conclusions This study suggested that MLB2-related astroviruses might have the potential of cross-species transmission between human and NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225300 Jiangsu China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, 610000 Sichuan China
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55
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Oyinloye SO, Aminu M, Ella EE, Jatau ED. The prevalence and predisposing factors of norovirus and astrovirus infection among diarrheic children in north east, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jphe2016.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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56
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The prevalence of enteric RNA viruses in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Arch Virol 2016; 162:117-128. [PMID: 27686073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Southwestern Alberta is a region of Canada that has high rates of enteritis as well as high densities of livestock. The presence of enteric RNA viruses, specifically norovirus (NoV) GI, GII, GIII, GIV; sapovirus (SaV); rotavirus (RV); and astrovirus (AstV), was evaluated in stools from diarrheic (n = 2281) and non-diarrheic (n = 173) people over a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009. Diarrheic individuals lived in rural (46.6 %) and urban (53.4 %) settings and ranged in age from less than 1 month to 102 years, and the highest prevalence of infection in these individuals was in November. In all, viruses were detected in diarrheic stools from 388 individuals (17.0 %). NoV GII was the most frequently detected virus (8.0 %; n = 182) followed by SaV (4.3 %; n = 97), RV (2.0 %; n = 46), AstV (1.8 %; n = 42), NoV GI (0.9 %; n = 20), and NoV GIV (0.1 %; n = 1). Animal NoV GIII was never detected. The prevalence of mixed viral infections in diarrheic individuals was 2.8 % (n = 11). Children from 1 to 5 years of age accounted for the highest prevalence of positive stools, followed by the elderly individuals (≥70 years). Only NoV GII (1.2 %; n = 2) and SaV (1.2 %; n = 2) were detected in stools from non-diarrheic people. Sequence analysis of a subset of stools revealed homology to NoV, SaV and RV sequences from humans but not to strains from non-human animals. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that viruses of animal origin have a significant impact on the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis caused by RNA enteric viruses in people living in southwestern Alberta.
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57
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Amimo JO, El Zowalaty ME, Githae D, Wamalwa M, Djikeng A, Nasrallah GK. Metagenomic analysis demonstrates the diversity of the fecal virome in asymptomatic pigs in East Africa. Arch Virol 2016; 161:887-97. [PMID: 26965436 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pigs harbor a variety of viruses that are closely related to human viruses and are suspected to have zoonotic potential. Little is known about the presence of viruses in smallholder farms where pigs are in close contact with humans and wildlife. This study provides insight into viral communities and the prevalence and characteristics of enteric viral co-infections in smallholder pigs in East Africa. Sequence-independent amplification and high-throughput sequencing were applied to the metagenomics analysis of viruses in feces collected from asymptomatic pigs. A total of 47,213 de novo-assembled contigs were constructed and compared with sequences from the GenBank database. Blastx search results revealed that 1039 contigs (>200 nt) were related to viral sequences in the GenBank database. Of the 1039 contigs, 612 were not assigned to any viral taxa because they had little similarity to known viral genomic or protein sequences, while 427 contigs had a high level of sequence similarity to known viruses and were assigned to viral taxa. The most frequent contigs related to mammalian viruses resembling members of the viral genera Astrovirus, Rotavirus, Bocavirus, Circovirus, and Kobuvirus. Other less abundant contigs were related to members of the genera Sapelovirus, Pasivirus, Posavirus, Teschovirus and Picobirnavirus. This is the first report on the diversity of the fecal virome of pig populations in East Africa. The findings of the present study help to elucidate the etiology of diarrheal diseases in pigs and identify potential zoonotic and emerging viruses in the region. Further investigations are required to compare the incidence of these viruses in healthy and diseased pigs in order to better elucidate their pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Amimo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya. .,Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | | | - Dedan Githae
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Apollinaire Djikeng
- Bioscieces of Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Hub, Nairobi, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar. .,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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58
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Karlsson EA, Small CT, Freiden P, Feeroz MM, Matsen FA, San S, Hasan MK, Wang D, Jones-Engel L, Schultz-Cherry S. Non-Human Primates Harbor Diverse Mammalian and Avian Astroviruses Including Those Associated with Human Infections. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005225. [PMID: 26571270 PMCID: PMC4646697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses transmitted to a wide range of hosts via the fecal-oral route. The number of AstV-infected animal hosts has rapidly expanded in recent years with many more likely to be discovered because of the advances in viral surveillance and next generation sequencing. Yet no study to date has identified human AstV genotypes in animals, although diverse AstV genotypes similar to animal-origin viruses have been found in children with diarrhea and in one instance of encephalitis. Here we provide important new evidence that non-human primates (NHP) can harbor a wide variety of mammalian and avian AstV genotypes, including those only associated with human infection. Serological analyses confirmed that >25% of the NHP tested had antibodies to human AstVs. Further, we identified a recombinant AstV with parental relationships to known human AstVs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests AstVs in NHP are on average evolutionarily much closer to AstVs from other animals than are AstVs from bats, a frequently proposed reservoir. Our studies not only demonstrate that human astroviruses can be detected in NHP but also suggest that NHP are unique in their ability to support diverse AstV genotypes, further challenging the paradigm that astrovirus infection is species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher T Small
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - MM Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sorn San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - David Wang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- University of Washington, National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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59
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Teng JLL, Tsang AKL, Joseph S, Xie J, Jose S, Fan RYY, Wernery U, Yuen KY. A novel astrovirus from dromedaries in the Middle East. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2697-2707. [PMID: 26296576 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from the Middle East and its discovery from dromedary camels has boosted interest in the search for novel viruses in dromedaries. The existence of astroviruses (AstVs) in dromedaries was previously unknown. We describe the discovery of a novel dromedary camel AstV (DcAstV) from dromedaries in Dubai. Among 215 dromedaries, DcAstV was detected in faecal samples of four [three (1.5 %) adult dromedaries and one (8.3 %) dromedary calf] by reverse transcription-PCR. Sequencing of the four DcAstV genomes and phylogenetic analysis showed that the DcAstVs formed a distinct cluster. Although DcAstV was most closely related to a recently characterized porcine AstV 2, their capsid proteins only shared 60-66 % amino acid identity, with a mean amino acid genetic distance of 0.372. Notably, the N-terminal halves of the capsid proteins of DcAstV shared ≤ 85 % amino acid identity, but the C-terminal halves only shared ≤ 49 % amino acid identity compared with the corresponding proteins in other AstVs. A high variation of the genome sequences of DcAstV was also observed, with a mean amino acid genetic distance of 0.214 for ORF2 of the four strains. Recombination analysis revealed a possible recombination event in ORF2 of strain DcAstV-274. The low Ka/Ks ratios (number of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site to number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site) of the four ORFs in the DcAstV genomes supported the suggestion that dromedaries are the natural reservoir where AstV is stably evolving. These results suggest that AstV is a novel species of the genus Mamastrovirus in the family Astroviridae. Further studies are important to understand the pathogenic potential of DcAstV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Shanty Jose
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rachel Y Y Fan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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60
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Abstract
Although RNA viruses exhibit a high frequency of host jumps, major differences exist among the different virus families. Astroviruses infect a wide range of hosts, affecting both public health systems and economic production chains. Here we delineate the ecological and adaptive processes that drive the cross-species transmission of astroviruses. We observe that distinct transmission zones determine the prevailing astrovirus host and virus diversity, which in turn suggests that no single host group (e.g., bats) can be the natural reservoir, as illustrated through our phylogenetic analysis.
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61
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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62
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Cho YY, Lim SI, Kim YK, Song JY, Lee JB, An DJ. Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of feline astrovirus in Korean cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:679-83. [PMID: 24226753 PMCID: PMC11164166 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13511812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are important pathogens associated with enteric diseases in humans and other animals. However, most animal AstVs, including feline astrovirus (FAstV), are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and association of FAstV with enteric diseases in cats, and to conduct a molecular analysis of FAstVs, in Korea. Eleven faecal samples from 62 hospitalised cats at animal hospitals in the Moran market in South Korea tested positive for FAstV. The prevalence of FAstV was higher in cats <2 months old (25%) than in cats >2 months old (14.3%) (P = 0.31). Diarrhoea and normal faeces were observed in 19% (8/42) and 15% (3/20) of cats with FAstV, respectively (P = 1.00). Amino acid sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that FAstVs, including Korean strains, formed a single clade within the mamastroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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63
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Meliopoulos VA, Kayali G, Burnham A, Oshansky CM, Thomas PG, Gray GC, Beck MA, Schultz-Cherry S. Detection of antibodies against Turkey astrovirus in humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96934. [PMID: 24826893 PMCID: PMC4020816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis in mammals and birds worldwide. Although historically thought to be species-specific, increasing evidence suggests that astroviruses may cross species barriers. In this report, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to screen sera from three distinct human cohorts involved in influenza studies in Memphis, TN or Chapel Hill, NC, and Midwestern poultry abattoir workers for antibodies to turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2). Surprisingly, 26% of one cohort’s population was TAstV-2 positive as compared to 0 and 8.9% in the other cohorts. This cohort was composed of people with exposure to turkeys in the Midwestern United States including abattoir workers, turkey growers, and non-occupationally exposed participants. The odds of testing positive for antibodies against turkey astrovirus among abattoir workers were approximately 3 times higher than the other groups. These studies suggest that people with contact to turkeys can develop serological responses to turkey astrovirus. Further work is needed to determine if these exposures result in virus replication and/or clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew Burnham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Oshansky
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Novel human astroviruses: challenges for developing countries. Virusdisease 2014; 25:208-14. [PMID: 25674587 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses have been gaining widespread importance over the past few decades owing to their detection through advanced molecular techniques. The association of astrovirus-associated enteric infections have been reported from various settings among different age groups. The tremendous efforts of scientists from different countries to detect and characterize these star-like viruses in the course of surveillance has shown the emergence of novel astroviruses from varied host species, necessitating changes in the classification to update their taxonomy. The public health importance of these viruses implies new control measures are essential to reduce disease burden in developing countries.
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65
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Recombination analysis based on the HAstV-2 and HAstV-4 complete genomes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 22:94-102. [PMID: 24462746 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complete genome sequences of previously unstudied human astrovirus subgenotypes - HAstV-2a and HAstV-2c - and two isolates of a rare genotype HAstV-4 have been determined. These isolates were recovered from fecal samples of young children hospitalized with acute intestinal infections in Novosibirsk (Russia). Three of the four sequenced isolates (HAstV-2a, HAstV-2c, and HAstV-4) are recombinants. It has been shown that all known HAstV-2 genomes have emerged via recombination; the HAstV-1 and HAstV-4 genotypes contain both recombinant and non-recombinant isolates; and all HAstV-3, HAstV-5, and HAstV-6 whole-genome sequences display no reliable signs of recombination. The average mutation accumulation rate has been determined based on an extended ORF2 fragment and amounts to 1.0×10(-3) substitutions per site per year. The evolutionary chronology of current HAstV genotypes has been reconstructed.
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Oem JK, An DJ. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine astrovirus in Korean cattle. Virus Genes 2013; 48:372-5. [PMID: 24272699 PMCID: PMC7089511 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine astrovirus (BAstV) belongs to a genetically divergent lineage within the genus Mamastrovirus. The present study showed that BAstV was associated with the gastroenteric tracts of cattle in nine positive fecal samples from 115 cattle, whereas no positive samples were found in the brain tissues of 14 downer cattle. Interestingly, the positive diarrheal samples were obtained mainly from calves aged 14 days–3 months. Bayesian inference tree analysis of the partial ORF1ab and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences of BAstVs identified four divergent groups. Eleven BAstVs, four porcine astroviruses, and two deer astroviruses (DAstVs; CcAstV-1 and -2) belonged to group 1; group 2 contained two BAstVs (BAstK08–51 and BAstK10–96) with another two in group 3 (BAstK08–2 and BAstK08–53); and group 4 comprised the BAstV-NeuroS1 strain derived from a cattle brain tissue sample and an ovine astrovirus. The same divergent groups were obtained when the pairwise alignments were produced using both amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The Korean BAstVs isolated from infected cattle had a nationwide distribution and they belonged to groups 1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824 Republic of Korea
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Diaz MA, Bik EM, Carlin KP, Venn-Watson SK, Jensen ED, Jones SE, Gaston EP, Relman DA, Versalovic J. Identification of Lactobacillus strains with probiotic features from the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1037-51. [PMID: 23855505 PMCID: PMC4063339 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aims In order to develop complementary health management strategies for marine mammals, we used culture-based and culture-independent approaches to identify gastrointestinal lactobacilli of the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Methods and Results We screened 307 bacterial isolates from oral and rectal swabs, milk and gastric fluid, collected from 38 dolphins in the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, for potentially beneficial features. We focused our search on lactobacilli and evaluated their ability to modulate TNF secretion by host cells and inhibit growth of pathogens. We recovered Lactobacillus salivarius strains which secreted factors that stimulated TNF production by human monocytoid cells. These Lact. salivarius isolates inhibited growth of selected marine mammal and human bacterial pathogens. In addition, we identified a novel Lactobacillus species by culture and direct sequencing with 96·3% 16S rDNA sequence similarity to Lactobacillus ceti. Conclusions Dolphin-derived Lact. salivarius isolates possess features making them candidate probiotics for clinical studies in marine mammals. Significance and Impact of the Study This is the first study to isolate lactobacilli from dolphins, including a novel Lactobacillus species and a new strain of Lact. salivarius, with potential for veterinary probiotic applications. The isolation and identification of novel Lactobacillus spp. and other indigenous microbes from bottlenose dolphins will enable the study of the biology of symbiotic members of the dolphin microbiota and facilitate the understanding of the microbiomes of these unique animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Diaz
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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He B, Li Z, Yang F, Zheng J, Feng Y, Guo H, Li Y, Wang Y, Su N, Zhang F, Fan Q, Tu C. Virome profiling of bats from Myanmar by metagenomic analysis of tissue samples reveals more novel Mammalian viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61950. [PMID: 23630620 PMCID: PMC3632529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir animals harboring many important pathogenic viruses and with the capability of transmitting these to humans and other animals. To establish an effective surveillance to monitor transboundary spread of bat viruses between Myanmar and China, complete organs from the thorax and abdomen from 853 bats of six species from two Myanmar counties close to Yunnan province, China, were collected and tested for their virome through metagenomics by Solexa sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. In total, 3,742,314 reads of 114 bases were generated, and over 86% were assembled into 1,649,512 contigs with an average length of 114 bp, of which 26,698 (2%) contigs were recognizable viral sequences belonging to 24 viral families. Of the viral contigs 45% (12,086/26,698) were related to vertebrate viruses, 28% (7,443/26,698) to insect viruses, 27% (7,074/26,698) to phages and 95 contigs to plant viruses. The metagenomic results were confirmed by PCR of selected viruses in all bat samples followed by phylogenetic analysis, which has led to the discovery of some novel bat viruses of the genera Mamastrovirus, Bocavirus, Circovirus, Iflavirus and Orthohepadnavirus and to their prevalence rates in two bat species. In conclusion, the present study aims to present the bat virome in Myanmar, and the results obtained further expand the spectrum of viruses harbored by bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zuosheng Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region of the People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fanli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junfeng Zheng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region of the People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiyin Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region of the People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Su
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region of the People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Quanshui Fan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu Military Region of the People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (QF); (CT)
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (QF); (CT)
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Yu JM, Li JS, Ao YY, Duan ZJ. Detection of novel viruses in porcine fecal samples from China. Virol J 2013; 10:39. [PMID: 23363449 PMCID: PMC3598965 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pigs are well known source of human infectious disease. To better understand the spectrum of viruses present in pigs, we utilized the 454 Life Sciences GS-FLX high-throughput sequencing platform to sequence stool samples from healthy pigs. Findings Total nucleic acid was extracted from stool samples of healthy piglets and randomly amplified. The amplified materials were pooled and processed using a high-throughput pyrosequencing technique. The raw sequences were deconvoluted on the basis of the barcode and then processed through a standardized bioinformatics pipeline. The unique reads (348, 70 and 13) had limited similarity to known astroviruses, bocaviruses and parechoviruses. Specific primers were synthesized to assess the prevalence of the viruses in healthy piglets. Our results indicate extremely high rates of positivity. Conclusions Several novel astroviruses, bocaviruses and Ljungan-like viruses were identified in stool samples from healthy pigs. The rates of isolation for the new viruses were high. The high detection rate, diverse sequences and categories indicate that pigs are well-established reservoirs for and likely sources of different enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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70
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Abstract
Astroviruses have been widely described in mammalian and avian species. Here, we report a complete genome sequence of a novel porcine astrovirus (PoAstV) isolated from a porcine fecal sample in China. The genome consists of 6,611 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail, and has two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 maps between nucleotide positions 19 and 4211 and encodes a 1,396-amino-acid (aa) polyprotein precursor consisting of nonstructural protein and putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and ORF2 maps between nucleotide positions 4202 and 6531 and encodes a 775-aa polyprotein which is a capsid precursor protein. The genome sequence of the virus was distinct enough from those of the known PoAstVs to be considered a novel sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the predicted amino acid sequence of the complete capsid region showed that this strain may be a novel porcine astrovirus.
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71
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Emerging trends in the epidemiology of human astrovirus infection among infants, children and adults hospitalized with acute watery diarrhea in Kolkata, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1685-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stenglein MD, Velazquez E, Greenacre C, Wilkes RP, Ruby JG, Lankton JS, Ganem D, Kennedy MA, DeRisi JL. Complete genome sequence of an astrovirus identified in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with gastroenteritis. Virol J 2012; 9:216. [PMID: 22998755 PMCID: PMC3502403 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A colony of domestic rabbits in Tennessee, USA, experienced a high-mortality (~90%) outbreak of enterocolitis. The clinical characteristics were one to six days of lethargy, bloating, and diarrhea, followed by death. Heavy intestinal coccidial load was a consistent finding as was mucoid enteropathy with cecal impaction. Preliminary analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in the stool of one of the affected rabbits. Analysis using the Virochip, a viral detection microarray, suggested the presence of an astrovirus, and follow-up PCR and sequence determination revealed a previously uncharacterized member of that family. Metagenomic sequencing enabled the recovery of the complete viral genome, which contains the characteristic attributes of astrovirus genomes. Attempts to propagate the virus in tissue culture have yet to succeed. Although astroviruses cause gastroenteric disease in other mammals, the pathogenicity of this virus and the relationship to this outbreak remains to be determined. This study therefore defines a viral species and a potential rabbit pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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73
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Phylogenetic analysis of porcine astrovirus in domestic pigs and wild boars in South Korea. Virus Genes 2012; 46:175-81. [PMID: 22965450 PMCID: PMC7089313 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus (PAstV) belongs to genetically divergent lineages within the genus Mamastrovirus. In this study, 25/129 (19.4 %) domestic pig and 1/146 (0.7 %) wild boar fecal samples tested in South Korea were positive for PAstV. Positive samples were mainly from pigs under 6 weeks old. Bayesian inference (BI) tree analysis for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid (ORF2) gene sequences, including Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus, revealed a relatively geographically divergent lineage. The PAstVs of Hungary and America belong to lineage PAstV 4; those of Japan belong to PAstV 1; and those of Canada belong to PAstV 1, 2, 3, and 5, but not to 4. This study revealed that the PAstVs of Korea belong predominantly to lineage PAstV 4 and secondarily to PAstV 2. It was also observed that PAstV infections are widespread in South Korea regardless of the disease state in domestic pigs and in wild boars as well.
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74
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Toffan A, Catania S, Salviato A, De Battisti C, Vascellari M, Toson M, Capua I, Cattoli G. Experimental infection of poults and guinea fowl with genetically distinct avian astroviruses. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:429-35. [PMID: 22900602 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.704980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Avian astroviruses, of the genus Avastrovirus, are recognized as being the cause of enteritis in different bird species worldwide. In particular, turkeys are very susceptible and can be severely affected by this viral agent. More recently, astroviruses were detected in diseased guinea fowl in Italy but whether or not they were the causative agents of the clinical disease was not established. Despite the distribution and relevance of Avastrovirus infection, very little information on pathogenesis or factors influencing the pathogenicity of astroviruses is available. To increase available data on the pathogenesis of these viruses and to test the hypothesis of possible interspecies transmission, experimental infections were carried out in turkeys and guinea fowl with two genetically distinct avian astroviruses, namely TK-6363 and GF-5497, originating respectively from diseased turkey poults and guinea fowl. Data obtained in our study show that both of the viruses selected were able to infect young birds of the species in which they were originally detected. Additionally, these viruses were able to infect young birds of different species causing clinical signs, thus providing experimental evidence for the infection of distinct avian astroviruses in different avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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75
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Waltzek TB, Cortés-Hinojosa G, Wellehan JFX, Gray GC. Marine mammal zoonoses: a review of disease manifestations. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:521-35. [PMID: 22697432 PMCID: PMC7477081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine mammals evoke strong public affection as well as considerable scientific interest. However, the resultant close contact with marine wildlife poses human health risks, including traumatic injury and zoonotic disease transmission. The majority of zoonotic marine mammal diseases result in localized skin infections in man that resolve spontaneously or with appropriate medical therapy. However, other marine mammal zoonoses, if left untreated, induce life‐threatening systemic diseases that could pose public health risks. As the number of zoonotic diseases rises, the diagnosis of and treatment for these emerging pathogens pose special challenges requiring the expertise of physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the bacterial, viral and fungal marine mammal zoonotic diseases that we hope will be utilized by public health professionals, physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists to better understand, diagnose and prevent marine mammal zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Waltzek
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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76
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Prevalence and risk factors of astrovirus infection in puppies from French breeding kennels. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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77
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Martella V, Moschidou P, Pinto P, Catella C, Desario C, Larocca V, Circella E, Bànyai K, Lavazza A, Magistrali C, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Astroviruses in rabbits. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2287-93. [PMID: 22172457 PMCID: PMC3311190 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel astrovirus was found more frequently in rabbits with enteric disease than in asymptomatic animals. By screening rabbits with enterocolitis or enteritis complex and asymptomatic rabbits, we identified a novel astrovirus. The virus was distantly related (19.3%–23.7% aa identity) in the capsid precursor to other mammalian astroviruses within the Mamastrovirus genus. By using real-time reverse transcription PCR, with specific primers and probes and targeting a conserved stretch in open reading frame 1b, we found rabbit astrovirus in 10 (43%) of 23 samples from animals with enteric disease and in 25 (18%) of 139 samples from asymptomatic animals in Italy during 2005–2008. The mean and median titers in the positive animals were 102× and 103× greater, respectively, in the symptomatic animals than in the asymptomatic animals. These findings support the idea that rabbit astroviruses should be included in the diagnostic algorithm of rabbit enteric disease and animal experiments to increase information obtained about their epidemiology and potential pathogenic role.
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78
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Genetic characterization of astroviruses detected in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) reveals a distinct genotype and suggests cross-species transmission between turkey and guinea fowl. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1329-37. [PMID: 22527867 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses can infect mammalian and avian species and are often responsible for gastroenteric disease symptoms. In this study, the complete open reading frame (ORF) 2, the 3' end of ORF1b and the corresponding intergenic region of astroviruses identified in farmed guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) were sequenced and genetically analysed. Overall, the genetic sequence of guinea fowl astroviruses was related to turkey astrovirus type 2 (TastV2), although a marked genetic distance was revealed based on ORF2, which might indicate the circulation of a distinct virus genotype and serotype in guinea fowl. Furthermore, the genetic data presented herein suggest that either recombination between different astroviruses infecting distinct hosts or adaptation of a given astrovirus to a new host had occurred. In either case, direct or indirect interspecies transmission of astroviruses is likely to have occurred between turkey and guinea fowl, indicating the ability of viruses belonging to the family Astroviridae to cross species barriers.
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79
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Animal virus discovery: improving animal health, understanding zoonoses, and opportunities for vaccine development. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:344-52. [PMID: 22463981 PMCID: PMC3378828 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of viral genomes has accelerated due to improvement in DNA sequencing technology. Sources of animal samples and molecular methods for the identification of novel viral pathogens and steps to determine their pathogenicity are listed. The difficulties for predicting future cross-species transmissions are highlighted by the wide diversity of known viral zoonoses. Recent surveys of viruses in wild and domesticated animals have characterized numerous viruses including some closely related to those infecting humans. The detection of multiple genetic lineages within viral families infecting a single host species, phylogenetically interspersed with viruses found in other host species, reflects past cross-species transmissions. Numerous opportunities for the generation of novel vaccines will arise from a better understanding of animal viromes.
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81
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Moschidou P, Martella V, Lorusso E, Desario C, Pinto P, Losurdo M, Catella C, Parisi A, Bányai K, Buonavoglia C. Mixed infection by Feline astrovirus and Feline panleukopenia virus in a domestic cat with gastroenteritis and panleukopenia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:581-4. [PMID: 21908295 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711404149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are important pathogens of human beings and animals. Feline astroviruses have been identified by electron microscopy in the feces of either asymptomatic or symptomatic cats, and experimental infection with one isolate was shown to induce enteric clinical signs and virus excretion, thus suggesting a possible role as enteric pathogen. However, due to the lack of specific diagnostic assays, feline astroviruses are not included in the diagnostic algorithms of feline infectious diseases, and their role as feline pathogens remains unclear. The present report describes a dual infection by Feline astrovirus and Feline panleukopenia virus in a 4-month-old cat with severe gastroenteritis and panleukopenia. Upon sequence analysis, the Feline astrovirus strain was found to be genetically related to astroviruses identified in human beings and felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalina Moschidou
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 370010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
The first reports of astroviruses in animals date back to the end of the 1970s, when infections in mammals such as lambs and calves suffering from diarrhea were reported for the first time. Since then, several mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to astroviruses which appear to be genetically diverse and to have acquired host-specificity. To date, astroviruses have been detected in 16 different orders or species of mammals in addition to humans, and signs of infection range from unapparent infection or very mild disease to diarrhea, lethargy, and anorexia, mainly observed in young individuals. This chapter describes those astroviruses detected in nonhuman mammalian species worldwide, as well as their molecular and phenotypic characteristics and their role in diseases. The capacity of these viruses to cross-species barriers and their subsequent adaptation to novel hosts is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- , Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, 38105 Tennessee USA
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Shan T, Li L, Simmonds P, Wang C, Moeser A, Delwart E. The fecal virome of pigs on a high-density farm. J Virol 2011; 85:11697-708. [PMID: 21900163 PMCID: PMC3209269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05217-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine are an important source of proteins worldwide but are subject to frequent viral outbreaks and numerous infections capable of infecting humans. Modern farming conditions may also increase viral transmission and potential zoonotic spread. We describe here the metagenomics-derived virome in the feces of 24 healthy and 12 diarrheic piglets on a high-density farm. An average of 4.2 different mammalian viruses were shed by healthy piglets, reflecting a high level of asymptomatic infections. Diarrheic pigs shed an average of 5.4 different mammalian viruses. Ninety-nine percent of the viral sequences were related to the RNA virus families Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, and Caliciviridae, while 1% were related to the small DNA virus families Circoviridae, and Parvoviridae. Porcine RNA viruses identified, in order of decreasing number of sequence reads, consisted of kobuviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses, sapoviruses, sapeloviruses, coronaviruses, bocaviruses, and teschoviruses. The near-full genomes of multiple novel species of porcine astroviruses and bocaviruses were generated and phylogenetically analyzed. Multiple small circular DNA genomes encoding replicase proteins plus two highly divergent members of the Picornavirales order were also characterized. The possible origin of these viral genomes from pig-infecting protozoans and nematodes, based on closest sequence similarities, is discussed. In summary, an unbiased survey of viruses in the feces of intensely farmed animals revealed frequent coinfections with a highly diverse set of viruses providing favorable conditions for viral recombination. Viral surveys of animals can readily document the circulation of known and new viruses, facilitating the detection of emerging viruses and prospective evaluation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongling Shan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, California
| | - Adam Moeser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Reuter G, Pankovics P, Delwart E, Boros Á. Identification of a novel astrovirus in domestic sheep in Hungary. Arch Virol 2011; 157:323-7. [PMID: 22033597 PMCID: PMC3518301 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The family Astroviridae consists of two genera, Avastrovirus and Mamastrovirus, whose members are associated with gastroenteritis in avian and mammalian hosts, respectively. We serendipitously identified a novel ovine astrovirus in a fecal specimen from a domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in Hungary by viral metagenomic analysis. Sequencing of the fragment indicated that it was an ORF1b/ORF2/3'UTR sequence, and it has been submitted to the GenBank database as ovine astrovirus type 2 (OAstV-2/Hungary/2009) with accession number JN592482. The unique sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic position of OAstV-2 suggest that genetically divergent lineages of astroviruses exist in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Reuter
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Szabadság út 7, 7623 Pécs, Hungary.
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85
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Screening of feral and wood pigeons for viruses harbouring a conserved mobile viral element: characterization of novel Astroviruses and Picornaviruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25964. [PMID: 22043297 PMCID: PMC3197151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly conserved RNA-motif of yet unknown function, called stem-loop-2-like motif (s2m), has been identified in the 3′ end of the genomes of viruses belonging to different RNA virus families which infect a broad range of mammal and bird species, including Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae and Caliciviridae. Since s2m is such an extremely conserved motif, it is an ideal target for screening for viruses harbouring it. In this study, we have detected and characterized novel viruses harbouring this motif in pigeons by using a s2m-specific amplification. 84% and 67% of the samples from feral pigeons and wood pigeons, respectively, were found to contain a virus harbouring s2m. Four novel viruses were identified and characterized. Two of the new viruses belong to the genus Avastrovirus in the Astroviridae family. We propose two novel species to be included in this genus, Feral pigeon astrovirus and Wood pigeon astrovirus. Two other novel viruses, Pigeon picornavirus A and Pigeon picornavirus B, belong to the Picornaviridae family, presumably to the genus Sapelovirus. Both of the novel picornaviruses harboured two adjacent s2m, called (s2m)2, suggesting a possible increased functional effect of s2m when present in two copies.
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86
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Detection and genetic characterization of a novel pig astrovirus: relationship to other astroviruses. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2095-9. [PMID: 21935627 PMCID: PMC7086720 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viruses represent a continuous threat to human health and to farmed animals, as evidenced on multiple occasions by outbreaks of influenza, henipavirus and SARS. Knowledge about the diversity of viromes present in reservoir species can lead to a better understanding of the origin of emerging pathogens. In this study, we extend the knowledge of astrovirus diversity in pigs by reporting the genetic characterization of an unknown astrovirus lineage. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that this porcine astrovirus lineage is unique and does not appear to share a recent common ancestor with any known mamastrovirus. The data reported in this study extend the number of porcine astrovirus lineages to a total of five, all of which most likely represent distinct species of different origins.
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87
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Phan TG, Kapusinszky B, Wang C, Rose RK, Lipton HL, Delwart EL. The fecal viral flora of wild rodents. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002218. [PMID: 21909269 PMCID: PMC3164639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent interactions of rodents with humans make them a common source of zoonotic infections. To obtain an initial unbiased measure of the viral diversity in the enteric tract of wild rodents we sequenced partially purified, randomly amplified viral RNA and DNA in the feces of 105 wild rodents (mouse, vole, and rat) collected in California and Virginia. We identified in decreasing frequency sequences related to the mammalian viruses families Circoviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae, and Coronaviridae. Seventeen small circular DNA genomes containing one or two replicase genes distantly related to the Circoviridae representing several potentially new viral families were characterized. In the Picornaviridae family two new candidate genera as well as a close genetic relative of the human pathogen Aichi virus were characterized. Fragments of the first mouse sapelovirus and picobirnaviruses were identified and the first murine astrovirus genome was characterized. A mouse papillomavirus genome and fragments of a novel adenovirus and adenovirus-associated virus were also sequenced. The next largest fraction of the rodent fecal virome was related to insect viruses of the Densoviridae, Iridoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Dicistroviriade, Bromoviridae, and Virgaviridae families followed by plant virus-related sequences in the Nanoviridae, Geminiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Secoviridae, Partitiviridae, Tymoviridae, Alphaflexiviridae, and Tombusviridae families reflecting the largely insect and plant rodent diet. Phylogenetic analyses of full and partial viral genomes therefore revealed many previously unreported viral species, genera, and families. The close genetic similarities noted between some rodent and human viruses might reflect past zoonoses. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in wild rodents and highlights the large number of still uncharacterized viruses in mammals. Rodents are the natural reservoir of numerous zoonotic viruses causing serious diseases in humans. We used an unbiased metagenomic approach to characterize the viral diversity in rodent feces. In addition to diet-derived insect and plant viruses mammalian viral sequences were abundant and diverse. Most notably, multiple new circular viral DNA families, two new picornaviridae genera, and the first murine astrovirus and picobirnaviruses were characterized. A mouse kobuvirus was a close relative to the Aichi virus human pathogen. This study significantly increases the known genetic diversity of eukaryotic viruses in rodents and provides an initial description of their enteric viromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung G. Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Viral Diagnostics, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Howard L. Lipton
- Department of Neurology and Microbiology-Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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De Benedictis P, Schultz-Cherry S, Burnham A, Cattoli G. Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1529-44. [PMID: 21843659 PMCID: PMC7185765 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses first identified in 1975 in children suffering from diarrhea and then described in a wide variety of animals. To date, the list of animal species susceptible to astrovirus infection has expanded to 22 animal species or families, including domestic, synantropic and wild animals, avian, and mammalian species in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Astrovirus infections are considered among the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, second only to rotavirus infections, but in animals their association with enteric diseases is not well documented, with the exception of turkey and mink astrovirus infection. Genetic variability has been described in almost all astrovirus species sufficiently examined infecting mammals and birds; however, antigenic variability has been demonstrated for human astroviruses but is far less investigated in animal viruses. Interestingly, there is an increasing evidence of recombination events occurring in astroviruses, which contributes to increase the genetic variability of this group of viruses. A wide variety of species infected, the evident virus genetic diversity and the occurrence of recombination events indicate or imply either cross-species transmission and subsequent virus adaptation to new hosts or the co-infection of the same host with different astroviruses. This can also favor the emergence of novel astroviruses infecting animals or with a zoonotic potential. After more than 30 years from their first description in humans, there are many exciting streams of research to be explored and intriguing questions that remain to be answered about the relatively under-studied Astroviridae family. In the present work, we will review the existing knowledge concerning astrovirus infections in humans and animals, with particular focus on the molecular biology, interspecies transmission and zoonotic potential of this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Research & Innovation Department, Division of Biomedical Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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89
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Martella V, Moschidou P, Lorusso E, Mari V, Camero M, Bellacicco A, Losurdo M, Pinto P, Desario C, Bányai K, Elia G, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. Detection and characterization of canine astroviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1880-1887. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) have been identified only occasionally in dogs. A canine AstV, strain Bari/08/ITA, was detected from a pup with gastroenteric signs and the virus was isolated in cell culture and characterized molecularly. In the full-length capsid protein, the virus displayed genetic similarities (83.5 % aa identity) to another canine AstV strain, although a high rate of variation occurred in the hypervariable domain, which is related to AstV antigenic specificity. Specific antibodies were detected in the convalescent dog, indicating seroconversion, and in 59 % of a collection of dog serum samples. Using primers specific for canine AstV, designed to detect a conserved region of ORF1b, canine AstVs were detected in 24.5 % of young pups with gastroenteritis, either alone or in mixed infections with other canine pathogens. In contrast, AstVs were detected in only 9.3 % of asymptomatic pups. These findings indicate that canine AstVs are common in dogs and may suggest a possible role as canine enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Martella
- Università degli studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Viviana Mari
- Università degli studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Università degli studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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90
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Abstract
California sea lions are one of the major marine mammal species along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea lions are susceptible to a wide variety of viruses, some of which can be transmitted to or from terrestrial mammals. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed the fecal virome in California sea lions of different ages and health statuses. Averages of 1.6 and 2.5 distinct mammalian viral species were shed by pups and juvenile sea lions, respectively. Previously undescribed mammalian viruses from four RNA virus families (Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae) and one DNA virus family (Parvoviridae) were characterized. The first complete or partial genomes of sapeloviruses, sapoviruses, noroviruses, and bocavirus in marine mammals are reported. Astroviruses and bocaviruses showed the highest prevalence and abundance in California sea lion feces. The diversity of bacteriophages was higher in unweaned sea lion pups than in juveniles and animals in rehabilitation, where the phage community consisted largely of phages related to the family Microviridae. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in marine mammals, highlights the high rate of enteric viral infections in these highly social carnivores, and may be used as a baseline viral survey for comparison with samples from California sea lions during unexplained disease outbreaks.
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91
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Molecular characterization of a porcine astrovirus strain in China. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1869-75. [PMID: 21688105 PMCID: PMC7086730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are increasingly recognized to harbor a wide range of viruses that apparently establish long-term persistence in these animals. They serve as reservoirs for a number of human zoonotic diseases. In this study, a porcine astrovirus (PAstV) strain, designated as PAstV JWH-1, is identified from a diarrheal pig in China, and it is partially characterized genetically. Sequence analysis shows that the PAstV JWH-1 strain contains divergent nucleotide sequences in both the open reading frame (ORF)1b/ORF2 consensus and the 3'-UTR regions (s2m motif), which are usually highly conserved among members of the family Astroviridae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the JWH-1 strain clusters closely with newly identified strains PAstV 12-4 and 14-4 and forms a group of mamastroviruses with the proposed novel deer astrovirus. Further recombination analysis shows that two possible interspecies recombination events between porcine and deer astroviruses occurred in the genome of the JWH-1 strain. This study further confirms that multiple lineages are present among PAstVs, and each lineage likely represents an independent origin. Additionally, the possibility of interspecies transmission among PAstVs is also suggested.
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92
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Complete sequence and genetic characterization of pigeon avian nephritis virus, a member of the family Astroviridae. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1559-65. [PMID: 21618030 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, the complete genome sequence of a member of the family Astroviridae isolated from pigeons was determined through genetic characterization and phylogeny analysis. The isolated genome sequence was proposed to be that of pigeon avian nephritis virus (ANV), whose genome structure and characteristics were similar to previously reported avian astroviruses. The sequenced ssRNA genome comprises 6928 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail, and contains three open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis using a partial nucleotide sequence of the polymerase gene and the entire amino acid sequence of the full-length capsid protein revealed that pigeon avian nephritis virus is closely related to the previously published ANV, especially to the Japanese G-4260 and Chinese strains. This investigation provides information on the sequence and genetic characteristics of this virus and contributes to a better understanding of pigeon ANV and the possible occurrence of astrovirus transmission between chickens and pigeons.
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93
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Zhu AL, Zhao W, Yin H, Shan TL, Zhu CX, Yang X, Hua XG, Cui L. Isolation and characterization of canine astrovirus in China. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1671-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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94
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Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of bat astroviruses in southern China. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1415-23. [PMID: 21573690 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are associated with acute gastroenteritis of human and many animal species. Recently, two studies have reported that novel astroviruses were found in bats. In order to extensively understand the genetic and phylogenetic characterization of bat astroviruses, we tested fecal samples of nine bat species that were collected at four natural habitats in three areas of southern China. The geographic distributions of the bats involved differed from previous reports. Three out of nine species of bats were observed to harbor astroviruses. These included Miniopterus schreibersii, Scotophilus kuhlii, and Rousettus leschenaultia. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences of partial ORFs of astroviruses revealed that the bat astroviruses are not only divergent from previously described human and other animal astroviruses but also show remarkable diversity among themselves. However, five bat astroviruses were phylogenetically related to mink astrovirus, ovine astrovirus, and the recently discovered human astroviruses VA1, VA2, and VA3. The results indicate that astroviruses may have adapted to the Chiroptera, and bats may transmit astroviruses to humans and other animals, or vice versa.
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95
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Zhao W, Hua XG, Yuan L, Cui L, Shan TL, Dai XQ, Zhu AL, Yu Y, Zhu CX, Yang ZB. Sequence analyses of the representative Chinese-prevalent strain of avian nephritis virus in healthy chicken flocks. Avian Dis 2011; 55:65-9. [PMID: 21500638 DOI: 10.1637/9506-081810-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian nephritis virus (ANV), which belongs to the Astroviridae family, has been associated with acute nephritis in chickens. Cases of ANV infection have been recorded in Japan and in several European countries. However, related studies have never been performed in China. Thus, this study isolated ANV in Chinese chicken flocks. ANV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in stool samples collected from healthy layer chickens in the Sichuan Province of China in 2009. Of the 192 stool specimens collected, 32.3% (62/192) were positive for ANV infection. The whole genome of ANV-Sichuan54, the first representative Chinese strain, was 6941 nucleotides in length, including the 5' untranslated region, three open reading frames (ORFs), a 3' UTR, and a poly-(A) tail. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ORF1b) demonstrated that the majority of ANV investigations were more closely related to the U.S. ANV strain (DQ324827-324836) than to the G-4260 (AB033998).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
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96
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Tse H, Chan WM, Tsoi HW, Fan RYY, Lau CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Rediscovery and genomic characterization of bovine astroviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1888-1898. [PMID: 21508185 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Mamastrovirus belongs to the family Astroviridae and consists of at least six members infecting different mammalian hosts, including humans, cattle and pigs. In recent years, novel astroviruses have been identified in other mammalian species like roe deer, bats and sea lions. While the bovine astrovirus was one of the earliest astroviruses to have been studied, no further research has been performed recently and its genome sequence remains uncharacterized. In this report, we describe the detection and genomic characterization of astroviruses in bovine faecal specimens obtained in Hong Kong. Five of 209 specimens were found to be positive for astrovirus by RT-PCR. Two of the positive specimens were found to contain sequences from two different astrovirus strains. Complete genome sequences of approximately 6.3 kb in length were obtained for four strains, which showed similar organization of the genome compared to other astroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their identities as members of the genus Mamastrovirus, and showed them to be most closely related to the Capreolus capreolus astrovirus. Based on the pairwise genetic distances among their full-length ORF2 sequences, these bovine astroviruses may be assigned into at least three different genotype species. Sequence analysis revealed evidence of potential recombination in ORF2. In summary, we report the first genome sequences of bovine astroviruses and clearly establish the species status of the virus. Additionally, our study is among the first to report co-infection by different astrovirus genotypes in the same host, which is an essential step for recombination to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Tse
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hoi-Wah Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rachel Y Y Fan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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97
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Luo Z, Roi S, Dastor M, Gallice E, Laurin MA, L'homme Y. Multiple novel and prevalent astroviruses in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:316-23. [PMID: 21159453 PMCID: PMC7172684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of porcine astrovirus diversity and epidemiology remains limited. We used a broad range PCR approach to investigate the presence and diversity of astroviruses in healthy pigs of different ages on 20 farms and in 3 slaughterhouses situated in the province of Quebec, Canada between 2005 and 2007. Our study unexpectedly revealed remarkable levels of genetic diversity and high prevalence of astroviruses in pigs of this province. Astroviruses were detected on every farm investigated and in all age groups of pigs, from suckling piglets to adults. In addition, we found that nearly 80% of healthy finisher pigs harbour astroviruses in their intestine at slaughter. Phylogenetic evidence based on partial polymerase and complete capsid sequences, suggests that porcine astroviruses do not form a monophyletic group but are rather found on separate branches across the mamastrovirus tree. In addition to type species strains, we found highly divergent strains that form two additional lineages, one of which falls outside existing taxonomic groups. The presence of diverse astroviruses in a majority of healthy pigs likely represents a continuous source of infection to piglets and possibly to other animal species including humans. Porcine astrovirus strains appeared phylogenetically related not only to prototypical human astroviruses, as was already known, but also to novel human strains recently discovered suggesting multiple cross species transmission events between these hosts and other animal species. Overall, the findings reported in this study suggest an active role of pigs in the evolution and ecology of the Astroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Luo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Blvd Casavant West, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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98
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Reuter G, Pankovics P, Boros A. Identification of a novel astrovirus in a domestic pig in Hungary. Arch Virol 2010; 156:125-8. [PMID: 20931250 PMCID: PMC7086753 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The family Astroviridae consists of two genera, Avastrovirus and Mamastrovirus, whose members are associated with gastroenteritis in avian and mammalian hosts, respectively. We serendipitously identified a novel porcine astrovirus in a fecal specimen from a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) in Hungary. Sequencing of a fragment indicated that it was an ORF1b/ORF2/3′UTR sequence, and it has been submitted to the database as porcine astrovirus type 2 (PAstV-2/Hungary/2007) with accession number GU562296. Its unique sequence characteristics and its phylogenetic position suggest that PAstV-2 could be an important link between previously reported astroviruses and that a genetically divergent lineage of astroviruses exist in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Reuter
- ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary.
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99
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Lee JI, Lee GC, Oh YH, Lee YK, Kim MY, Lee CH. Molecular characterization of partial-open reading frames 1a and 2 of the human astroviruses in South Korea. Virol J 2010; 7:221. [PMID: 20831802 PMCID: PMC2944169 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are among the major causes of gastroenteritis in South Korea. In this study, the partial regions of the open reading frame (ORF) 1a and ORF2 genes of HAstVs from gastroenteritis patients in nine hospitals were sequenced, and the molecular characterization of the viruses was revealed. 89 partial nucleotide sequences of ORF1a and 88 partial nucleotide sequences of ORF2 were amplified from 120 stool specimens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the nucleotide sequences of ORF1a and ORF2 were grouped with HAstV type 1 but had evolutionary genetic distance compared with the reference sequences, such as the HAstV-1 prototype, Dresden strain, and Oxford strain. According to the phylogenetic analysis, some nucleotide sequences including SE0506041, SE0506043, and SE0506058, showed the discrepancy of the genotypes, but there was no proof of recombination among the HAstV types. In conclusion, this study showed that the dominant HAstV isolated from the Seoul metropolitan area in 2004-2005 was HAstV type 1, and that Korean HAstV-1 had the genetic distance in evolution compared with the reference sequences of HAstVs. Lots of nucleotide sequences of the ORF1a and ORF2 genes of HAstV will be useful for studying for the control and prevention of HAstV gastroenteritis in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae In Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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100
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Smits SL, van Leeuwen M, Kuiken T, Hammer AS, Simon JH, Osterhaus ADME. Identification and characterization of deer astroviruses. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2719-22. [PMID: 20668117 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of emerging infectious viruses in humans requires a more effective approach regarding virus surveillance. A thorough understanding of virus diversity in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about pathogens and may lead to the identification of newly emerging pathogens in the future. In this study, diarrhoea samples from an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness in a Danish population of European roe deer were gathered for which no aetiological agent could be identified. Large-scale molecular RNA virus screening, based on host nucleic acid depletion, sequence-independent amplification and sequencing of partially purified viral RNA, revealed the presence of novel astroviruses, CcAstV-1 and CcAstV-2, in two of ten diarrhoea samples. Whether these viruses were responsible for causing diarrhoea remains to be determined. Phylogenetic analyses on amplified sequences showed that these viruses were most closely related to each other, were a novel species in the genus Mamastrovirus and may represent two different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Smits
- ViroClinics BioSciences BV, Erasmus Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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