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Abdollahi S. Extracellular vesicles from organoids and 3D culture systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1029-1049. [PMID: 33085083 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When discovered, extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes were thought of as junk carriers and a means by which the cell disposed of its waste material. Over the years, the role of EVs in cell communication has become apparent with the discovery that the nano-scale vesicles also transport RNA, DNA, and other bioactive components to and from the cells. These findings were originally made in EVs from body fluids of organisms and from in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. Recently, organoids and other 3D multicellular in vitro models are being used to study EVs in the context of both physiologic and pathological states. However, standard, reproducible methods are lacking for EV analysis using these models. As a step toward understanding the implications of these platforms, this review provides a comprehensive picture of the progress using 3D in vitro culture models for EV analysis. Translational efforts and regulatory considerations for EV therapeutics are also briefly overviewed to understand what is needed for scale-up and, ultimately, commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Baulies A, Angelis N, Foglizzo V, Danielsen ET, Patel H, Novellasdemunt L, Kucharska A, Carvalho J, Nye E, De Coppi P, Li VS. The Transcription Co-Repressors MTG8 and MTG16 Regulate Exit of Intestinal Stem Cells From Their Niche and Differentiation Into Enterocyte vs Secretory Lineages. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1328-1341.e3. [PMID: 32553763 PMCID: PMC7607384 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Notch signaling maintains intestinal stem cells (ISCs). When ISCs exit the niche, Notch signaling among early progenitor cells at position +4/5 regulates their specification toward secretory vs enterocyte lineages (binary fate). The transcription factor ATOH1 is repressed by Notch in ISCs; its de-repression, when Notch is inactivated, drives progenitor cells to differentiate along the secretory lineage. However, it is not clear what promotes transition of ISCs to progenitors and how this fate decision is established. METHODS We sorted cells from Lgr5-GFP knockin intestines from mice and characterized gene expression patterns. We analyzed Notch regulation by examining expression profiles (by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and RNAscope) of small intestinal organoids incubated with the Notch inhibitor DAPT, intestine tissues from mice given injections of the γ-secretase inhibitor dibenzazepine, and mice with intestine-specific disruption of Rbpj. We analyzed intestine tissues from mice with disruption of the RUNX1 translocation partner 1 gene (Runx1t1, also called Mtg8) or CBFA2/RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 3 (Cbfa2t3, also called Mtg16), and derived their organoids, by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing analyses of intestinal crypts to identify genes regulated by MTG16. RESULTS The transcription co-repressors MTG8 and MTG16 were highly expressed by +4/5 early progenitors, compared with other cells along crypt-villus axis. Expression of MTG8 and MTG16 were repressed by Notch signaling via ATOH1 in organoids and intestine tissues from mice. MTG8- and MTG16-knockout intestines had increased crypt hyperproliferation and expansion of ISCs, but enterocyte differentiation was impaired, based on loss of enterocyte markers and functions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing analyses showed that MTG16 bound to promoters of genes that are specifically expressed by stem cells (such as Lgr5 and Ascl2) and repressed their transcription. MTG16 also bound to previously reported enhancer regions of genes regulated by ATOH1, including genes that encode Delta-like canonical Notch ligand and other secretory-specific transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS In intestine tissues of mice and human intestinal organoids, MTG8 and MTG16 repress transcription in the earliest progenitor cells to promote exit of ISCs from their niche (niche exit) and control the binary fate decision (secretory vs enterocyte lineage) by repressing genes regulated by ATOH1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma Nye
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Vivian S.W. Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Vivian Li, PhD, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Gao JG, Yu MS, Zhang MM, Gu XW, Ren Y, Zhou XX, Chen D, Yan TL, Li YM, Jin X. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in rats by influencing intestinal epithelial cell regeneration, Wnt signaling, and T cell immunity. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3750-3766. [PMID: 32774055 PMCID: PMC7383848 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i26.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional Crohn’s disease (CD) treatments are supportive rather than curative and have serious side effects. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have been gradually applied to treat various diseases. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of ADSCs on CD are still not clear.
AIM To investigate the effect of ADSC administration on CD and explore the potential mechanisms.
METHODS Wistar rats were administered with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to establish a rat model of CD, followed by tail injections of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-modified ADSCs. Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot were used to detect changes in the Wnt signaling pathway, T cell subtypes, and their related cytokines.
RESULTS The isolated cells showed the characteristics of ADSCs, including spindle-shaped morphology, high expression of CD29, CD44, and CD90, low expression of CD34 and CD45, and osteogenic/adipogenic ability. ADSC therapy markedly reduced disease activity index and ameliorated colitis severity in the TNBS-induced rat model of CD. Furthermore, serum anti-sacchromyces cerevisiae antibody and p-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody levels were significantly reduced in ADSC-treated rats. Mechanistically, the GFP-ADSCs were colocalized with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the CD rat model. GFP-ADSC delivery significantly antagonized TNBS-induced increased canonical Wnt pathway expression, decreased noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway expression, and increased apoptosis rates and protein level of cleaved caspase-3 in rats. In addition, ADSCs attenuated TNBS-induced abnormal inflammatory cytokine production, disturbed T cell subtypes, and their related markers in rats.
CONCLUSION Successfully isolated ADSCs show therapeutic effects in CD by regulating IEC proliferation, the Wnt signaling pathway, and T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mo-Sang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Wei Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian-Lian Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - You-Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Duleba M, Yamamoto Y, Neupane R, Rao W, Xie J, Qi Y, Liew AA, Niroula S, Zhang Y, Mahalingam R, Wang S, Goller K, Ajani JA, Vincent M, Ho KY, Hou JK, Hyams JS, Sylvester FA, Crum CP, McKeon F, Xian W. Cloning of ground-state intestinal stem cells from endoscopic biopsy samples. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1612-1627. [PMID: 32238950 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
'Adult' or 'somatic' stem cells harbor an intrinsic ability to regenerate tissues. Heterogeneity of such stem cells along the gastrointestinal tract yields the known segmental specificity of this organ and may contribute to the pathology of certain enteric conditions. Here we detail technology for the generation of 'libraries' of clonogenic cells from 1-mm-diamter endoscopic biopsy samples from the human gastrointestinal tract. Each of the 150-300 independent clones in a typical stem cell library can be clonally expanded to billions of cells in a few weeks while maintaining genomic stability and the ability to undergo multipotent differentiation to the specific epithelia from which the sample originated. The key to this methodology is the intrinsic immortality of normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and culture systems that maintain them as highly immature, ground-state ISCs marked by a single-cell clonogenicity of 70% and a corresponding 250-fold proliferative advantage over spheroid technologies. Clonal approaches such as this enhance the resolution of molecular genetics, make genome editing easier, and may be useful in regenerative medicine, unravelling heterogeneity in disease, and facilitating drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Duleba
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rahul Neupane
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Rao
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingzhong Xie
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yutao Qi
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Audrey-Ann Liew
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suchan Niroula
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajasekaran Mahalingam
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristina Goller
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Vincent
- Tract Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Francisco A Sylvester
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Wa Xian
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Verma S, Senger S, Cherayil BJ, Faherty CS. Spheres of Influence: Insights into Salmonella Pathogenesis from Intestinal Organoids. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040504. [PMID: 32244707 PMCID: PMC7232497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular complexity of host-pathogen interactions remains poorly understood in many infectious diseases, particularly in humans due to the limited availability of reliable and specific experimental models. To bridge the gap between classical two-dimensional culture systems, which often involve transformed cell lines that may not have all the physiologic properties of primary cells, and in vivo animal studies, researchers have developed the organoid model system. Organoids are complex three-dimensional structures that are generated in vitro from primary cells and can recapitulate key in vivo properties of an organ such as structural organization, multicellularity, and function. In this review, we discuss how organoids have been deployed in exploring Salmonella infection in mice and humans. In addition, we summarize the recent advancements that hold promise to elevate our understanding of the interactions and crosstalk between multiple cell types and the microbiota with Salmonella. These models have the potential for improving clinical outcomes and future prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, 02129 MA, USA; (S.S.); (B.J.C.); (C.S.F.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-726-7991
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, 02129 MA, USA; (S.S.); (B.J.C.); (C.S.F.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Bobby J. Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, 02129 MA, USA; (S.S.); (B.J.C.); (C.S.F.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Christina S. Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, 02129 MA, USA; (S.S.); (B.J.C.); (C.S.F.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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Okamoto R, Shimizu H, Suzuki K, Kawamoto A, Takahashi J, Kawai M, Nagata S, Hiraguri Y, Takeoka S, Sugihara HY, Yui S, Watanabe M. Organoid-based regenerative medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. Regen Ther 2020; 13:1-6. [PMID: 31970266 PMCID: PMC6961757 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two major idiopathic gastrointestinal diseases: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although a significant advance has been achieved in the treatment of IBD, there remains a particular population of patients that are refractory to the conventional treatments, including the biologic agents. Studies have revealed the importance of "mucosal healing" in improving the prognosis of those difficult-to-treat patients, which indicates the proper and complete regeneration of the damaged intestinal tissue. In this regard, organoid-based regenerative medicine may have the potential to dramatically promote the achievement of mucosal healing in refractory IBD patients, and thereby improve their long-term prognosis as well. So far, studies have shown that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have some beneficial effect on IBD patients through their transplantation or transfusion. Recent advance in stem cell biology has added intestinal stem cells (ISCs) as a new player in this field. It has been shown that ISCs can be grown in vitro as organoids and that those ex-vivo cultured organoids can be employed as donor cells for transplantation studies. Further studies using mice colitis models have shown that ex-vivo cultured organoids can engraft onto the colitic ulcers and reconstruct the crypt-villus structures. Such transplantation of organoids may not only facilitate the regeneration of the refractory ulcers that may persist in IBD patients but may also reduce the risk of developing colitis-associated cancers. Endoscopy-assisted transplantation of organoids may, therefore, become one of the alternative therapies for refractory IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okamoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takeoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hady Yuki Sugihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Institute of Advanced Study, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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O'Connell L, Winter DC. Organoids: Past Learning and Future Directions. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:281-289. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Des C. Winter
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
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Mennillo E, Yang X, Paszek M, Auwerx J, Benner C, Chen S. NCoR1 Protects Mice From Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Guarding Colonic Crypt Cells From Luminal Insult. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:133-147. [PMID: 32044398 PMCID: PMC7229481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colonic stem cells are essential for producing the mucosal lining, which in turn protects stem cells from insult by luminal factors. Discovery of genetic and biochemical events that control stem cell proliferation and differentiation can be leveraged to decipher the causal factors of ulcerative colitis and aid the development of more effective therapy. METHODS We performed in vivo and in vitro studies from control (nuclear receptor corepressor 1 [NCoR1F/F]) and intestinal epithelial cell-specific NCoR1-deficient mice (NCoR1ΔIEC). Mice were challenged with dextran sodium sulfate to induce experimental ulcerative colitis, followed by colitis examination, barrier permeability analysis, cell proliferation immunostaining assays, and RNA sequencing analysis. By using crypt cultures, the organoid-forming efficiency, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and histone acetylation were analyzed after butyrate and/or tumor necrosis factor α treatments. RESULTS NCoR1ΔIEC mice showed a dramatic increase in disease severity in this colitis model, with suppression of proliferative cells at the crypt base as an early event and a concomitant increase in barrier permeability. Genome expression patterns showed an important role for NCoR1 in colonic stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation. Colonic organoids cultured from NCoR1ΔIEC mice were more sensitive to butyrate-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, which were exaggerated further by tumor necrosis factor α co-treatment, which was accompanied by increased histone acetylation. CONCLUSIONS NCoR1 regulates colonic stem cell proliferation and secretory cell differentiation. When NCoR1 is disrupted, barrier protection is weakened, allowing luminal products such as butyrate to penetrate and synergistically damage the colonic crypt cells. Transcript profiling: RNA sequencing data have been deposited in the GEO database, accession number: GSE136153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Miles Paszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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59
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Qi D, Shi W, Black AR, Kuss MA, Pang X, He Y, Liu B, Duan B. Repair and regeneration of small intestine: A review of current engineering approaches. Biomaterials 2020; 240:119832. [PMID: 32113114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine (SI) is difficult to regenerate or reconstruct due to its complex structure and functions. Recent developments in stem cell research, advanced engineering technologies, and regenerative medicine strategies bring new hope of solving clinical problems of the SI. This review will first summarize the structure, function, development, cell types, and matrix components of the SI. Then, the major cell sources for SI regeneration are introduced, and state-of-the-art biofabrication technologies for generating engineered SI tissues or models are overviewed. Furthermore, in vitro models and in vivo transplantation, based on intestinal organoids and tissue engineering, are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to help direct future applications for SI repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Qi
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Academician Expert Workstation and Liaoning Province Human Amniotic Membrane Dressings Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang Amnion Biological Engineering Technology Research and Development Center Co., Ltd, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yini He
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Tsuruta S, Uchida H, Akutsu H. Intestinal Organoids Generated from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. JMA J 2020; 3:9-19. [PMID: 33324771 PMCID: PMC7733741 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system is one of the most complex organ systems in the human body, and consists of numerous cell types originating from three germ layers. To understand intestinal development and homeostasis and elucidate the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders, including unidentified diseases, several in vitro models have been developed. Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have remarkable developmental plasticity and possess the potential for a wide variety of applications. Three-dimensional organs, termed organoids and produced in vitro by PSCs, contain not only epithelium but also mesenchymal tissue and partially recapitulate intestinal functions. Such intestinal organoids have begun to be applied in disease models and drug development and have contributed to a detailed analysis of molecular interactions and findings in the synergistic development of biomedicine for human digestive organs. In this review, we describe gastrointestinal organoid technology derived from PSCs and consider its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsuruta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Transplantation Centre, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is known as one of the most regenerative tissues in our body. The lining of the intestine is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells generated by rapidly renewing stem cells residing at the crypt bottoms, resulting in a flow of cells to the villus tips. The stereotypical crypt-villus architecture makes the intestine an ideal model for stem cell research. Based on recent advances in research of stem cell niche signals in vivo, we have established an intestinal epithelial stem cell culture method. Under this culture condition, single Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs) or isolated whole crypts efficiently expand into three-dimensional spherical structures recapitulating the intestinal crypt-villus organization. These organoids can be passaged weekly and maintained for years in culture. Moreover, they can be cryopreserved. As intestinal organoids recapitulate many aspects of the epithelial biology and are amenable to most, if not all, current experimental manipulations, they are widely used to study stem cell biology, cell fate determination, gene function, and disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mizutani
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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62
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Abstract
Recent advances in culturing of intestinal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells have led to the development of intestinal organoids. These are self-organizing 3D structures, which recapitulate the characteristics and physiological features of in vivo intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids have allowed the development of novel in vitro models to study various gastrointestinal diseases expanding our understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases and leading to the development of innovative therapies. This article aims to summarize the current usage of intestinal organoids as a model of gastrointestinal diseases and the potential applications of intestinal organoids in infants and children. Intestinal organoids allow the study of intestinal epithelium responses to stress factors. Mimicking intestinal injury such as necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal organoids increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and shows disruption of tight junctions after they are injured by lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia. In cystic fibrosis, intestinal organoids derived from rectal biopsies have provided benefits in genetic studies and development of novel therapeutic gene modulation. Transplantation of intestinal organoids via enema has been shown to rescue damaged colonic epithelium in mice. In addition, tissue-engineered small intestine derived from intestinal organoids have been successfully established providing a potential novel treatment and a new hope for children with short bowel syndrome.
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63
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Sugimoto S, Fujii M, Sato T. Organoid Derivation and Orthotopic Xenotransplantation for Studying Human Intestinal Stem Cell Dynamics. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2171:303-320. [PMID: 32705652 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0747-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells continuously self-renew throughout life to maintain gut homeostasis. With the advent of the organoid culture system, we are now able to indefinitely expand healthy and diseased tissue-derived human intestinal stem cells in vitro and use them for various applications. Nonetheless, investigating the behavior of human intestinal stem cells in vivo still remains challenging. We recently developed an orthotopic xenotransplantation system that realizes in vivo reconstruction of human intestinal epithelial tissue with preserved stem cell hierarchy by engrafting human normal colon organoids onto the mouse colon surface. We also introduced new growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), into the culture condition for human intestinal organoids that significantly increase scalability and transfectability of the organoids. By integrating these recent advances, we organized a tissue-oriented platform encompassing derivation of patient-derived intestinal organoids and their orthotopic xenotransplantation. The research platform based on orthotopic xenotransplantation of human intestinal organoids provides a powerful tool for studying human intestinal stem cell biology in native tissue-relevant contexts as well as for establishing novel disease modeling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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64
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Giobbe GG, Crowley C, Luni C, Campinoti S, Khedr M, Kretzschmar K, De Santis MM, Zambaiti E, Michielin F, Meran L, Hu Q, van Son G, Urbani L, Manfredi A, Giomo M, Eaton S, Cacchiarelli D, Li VSW, Clevers H, Bonfanti P, Elvassore N, De Coppi P. Extracellular matrix hydrogel derived from decellularized tissues enables endodermal organoid culture. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5658. [PMID: 31827102 PMCID: PMC6906306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids have extensive therapeutic potential and are increasingly opening up new avenues within regenerative medicine. However, their clinical application is greatly limited by the lack of effective GMP-compliant systems for organoid expansion in culture. Here, we envisage that the use of extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels derived from decellularized tissues (DT) can provide an environment capable of directing cell growth. These gels possess the biochemical signature of tissue-specific ECM and have the potential for clinical translation. Gels from decellularized porcine small intestine (SI) mucosa/submucosa enable formation and growth of endoderm-derived human organoids, such as gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, and SI. ECM gels can be used as a tool for direct human organoid derivation, for cell growth with a stable transcriptomic signature, and for in vivo organoid delivery. The development of these ECM-derived hydrogels opens up the potential for human organoids to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Crowley
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara Campinoti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Moustafa Khedr
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martina Maria De Santis
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Elisa Zambaiti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Federica Michielin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Laween Meran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Qianjiang Hu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gijs van Son
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luca Urbani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Monica Giomo
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine & Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simon Eaton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center (PMC) for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine & Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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65
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Duleba M, Mahalingam R, Liew AA, Qi Y, Neupane R, Vincent M, Agarwal S, Sylvester FA, Hyams JS, Ho KY, Hou JK, McKeon F, Xian W. Unlimited expansion of intestinal stem cells from a wide range of ages. INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2019; 6:10.15761/IMM.1000375. [PMID: 31463081 PMCID: PMC6713279 DOI: 10.15761/imm.1000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent technical advance in cloning and culturing ground-state intestinal stem cells (ISC) provides us an opportunity of accurate assessment of age-related impact on the function of highly proliferative intestinal stem cells. Our ability of indefinitely and robustly expanding single-stem-cell derived pedigrees in vitro allows us to study intestinal stem cells at the clonal level. Interestingly, comparable number of ISC clones was yielded from 1mm endoscopic biopsy of all donors despite the age. They were passaged in vitro as pedigrees and expanded to 1 billion cells in approximately sixty days without changes in stemness demonstrated by clonogenicity and multipotency. Therefore, our study shows that ISCs from a wide range of ages can be cloned and expanded to unlimited number in vitro with similar efficiency and stability. These patient-derived ISCs harbor intrinsic immortality and are ideal for autologous transplantation, supporting the promise of adult-stem-cell based personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Duleba
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Rajasekaran Mahalingam
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Audrey-Ann Liew
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Yutao Qi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Rahul Neupane
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Matthew Vincent
- Tract Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, USA
| | - Suneal Agarwal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco A Sylvester
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s, Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
| | - Khek Yu Ho
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Wa Xian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School of The University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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66
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Blockade of STAT3 Causes Severe In Vitro and In Vivo Maturation Defects in Intestinal Organoids Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070976. [PMID: 31277507 PMCID: PMC6678857 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (hIOs), which resemble the human intestine structurally and physiologically, have emerged as a new modality for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of the intestine in vitro. We recently developed an in vitro maturation technique for generating functional hIOs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we investigated the function of STAT3 for inducing in vitro maturation of hIOs. This was accompanied by the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, whereas treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of STAT3 suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of intestinal maturation markers. We generated and characterized STAT3 knockout (KO) human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. We found that STAT3 KO does not affect the differentiation of hESCs into hIOs but rather affects the in vitro maturation of hIOs. STAT3 KO hIOs displayed immature morphologies with decreased size and reduced budding in hIOs even after in vitro maturation. STAT3 KO hIOs showed markedly different profiles from hIOs matured in vitro and human small intestine. Additionally, STAT3 KO hIOs failed to maintain upon in vivo transplantation. This study reveals a core signaling pathway consisting of STAT3 controlling the in vitro maturation of hIOs derived from hPSCs.
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67
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Development of Collagen-Based 3D Matrix for Gastrointestinal Tract-Derived Organoid Culture. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8472712. [PMID: 31312220 PMCID: PMC6595382 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8472712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid is a cell organization grown in a three-dimensional (3D) culture system which represents all characteristics of its origin. However, this organ-like structure requires supporting matrix to maintain its characteristics and functions. Matrigel, derived from mouse sarcoma, has often been used as the supporting matrix for organoids, but the result may not be desirable for clinical applications because of the unidentified components from the mouse sarcoma. On the other hand, natural characteristics of collagen emphasize toxic-free friendly niche to both organoid and normal tissue. Hence, this study attempts to develop a new, collagen-based matrix that may substitute Matrigel in organoid culture. Collagen-based matrix was made, using type 1 collagen, Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, and bicarbonate. Then, characteristics of mouse colon organoids were analyzed by morphology and quantitative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, revealing that the mouse colon organoids grown in the collagen-based matrix and in Matrigel had quite similar morphology, specific markers, and proliferative rates. Mouse small intestine–derived organoids, stomach-derived organoids, and human colon–derived organoids were also cultured, all of which were successfully grown in the collagen-based matrix and had similar properties compared to those cultured in Matrigel. Furthermore, possibility of organoid transplantation was observed. When mouse colon organoids were transplanted with collagen matrix into the EDTA-colitis mouse model, colon organoids were successfully engrafted in damaged tissue. For that reason, the use of collagen-based matrix in organoid culture will render organoid cultivation less expensive and clinically applicable.
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68
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Liu L, Guo Y, Zheng J, Lu Y, Shen Y, Huang C, Zeng Y, Wang X. Paneth cell ablation increases the small intestinal injury during acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:473-484. [PMID: 31180547 PMCID: PMC6579996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to investigate the role of Paneth cells in small intestinal injury during acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) using rat models established by injection of dithizone, a metal chelator of zinc with the ability to selectively ablate Paneth cells. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham-operated group, ANP group (3.5% sodium taurocholate solution, 1 ml/kg body weight), dithizone group (100 mg/kg of body weight) and ANP + dithizone group (sodium taurocholate solution was administered 6 h after dithizone injection). Each group was further divided into five subgroups (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h) based on the time period between induction of the model and sample collection. The present results suggested the number of Paneth cells was gradually decreased in the ANP group in a time-dependent manner. Most of the Paneth cells were ablated in the ANP + dithizone group at 6 h, but a subset of Paneth cells recovered after 24–48 h. Compared with the ANP group, combination of dithizone and ANP significantly induced more severe histopathological injuries in the pancreas and distal ileum, with higher Schmidt and Chiu's scores, respectively. Additionally, increased expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-17A were detected in the ileum, causing an increase in intestinal permeability, as assessed by a decrease in the expression level of the intestinal tight junction protein occludin and high plasma levels of diamine oxidase and D-lactate. The increase in intestinal permeability led to the translocation of bacteria to the bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation, as assessed by the increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17A, reducing the survival rates of rats, which was 66.7% and 83.3% in the ANP + dithizone and the ANP group, respectively. The increase in intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress, as assessed by high expression levels of binding-immunoglobulin protein and activating transcription factor 6, may be one mechanism associated with Paneth cells loss and intestinal barrier impairment during ANP. Collectively, the present study suggested that the absence of Paneth cells may be an important factor involved in intestinal injury, promoting the progression of ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- International Medical Care Center, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yuecheng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Junyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yucui Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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69
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Khalil HA, Hong SN, Rouch JD, Scott A, Cho Y, Wang J, Lewis MS, Martin MG, Dunn JCY, Stelzner MG. Intestinal epithelial replacement by transplantation of cultured murine and human cells into the small intestine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216326. [PMID: 31150401 PMCID: PMC6544206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult intestinal epithelial stem cells are a promising resource for treatment of intestinal epithelial disorders that cause intestinal failure and for intestinal tissue engineering. We developed two different animal models to study the implantation of cultured murine and human intestinal epithelial cells in the less differentiated “spheroid” state and the more differentiated “enteroid” state into the denuded small intestine of mice. Engraftment of donor cells could not be achieved while the recipient intestine remained in continuity. However, we were able to demonstrate successful implantation of murine and human epithelial cells when the graft segment was in a bypassed loop of jejunum. Implantation of donor cells occurred in a random fashion in villus and crypt areas. Engraftment was observed in 75% of recipients for murine and 36% of recipients for human cells. Engrafted spheroid cells differentiated into the full complement of intestinal epithelial cells. These findings demonstrate for the first time successful engraftment into the small bowel which is optimized in a bypassed loop surgical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Khalil
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Rouch
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Scott
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yonghoon Cho
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Y. Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias G. Stelzner
- Department of Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CHS 72–215, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, VA Greater Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Guo C, Kong W, Kamimoto K, Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Yang X, Kirita Y, Morris SA. CellTag Indexing: genetic barcode-based sample multiplexing for single-cell genomics. Genome Biol 2019. [PMID: 31072405 DOI: 10.1101/335547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell assays increasingly require special consideration in experimental design, sample multiplexing, batch effect removal, and data interpretation. Here, we describe a lentiviral barcode-based multiplexing approach, CellTag Indexing, which uses predefined genetic barcodes that are heritable, enabling cell populations to be tagged, pooled, and tracked over time in the same experimental replicate. We demonstrate the utility of CellTag Indexing by sequencing transcriptomes using a variety of cell types, including long-term tracking of cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Together, this presents CellTag Indexing as a broadly applicable genetic multiplexing tool that is complementary with existing single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuner Guo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wenjun Kong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guillermo C Rivera-Gonzalez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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71
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Guo C, Kong W, Kamimoto K, Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Yang X, Kirita Y, Morris SA. CellTag Indexing: genetic barcode-based sample multiplexing for single-cell genomics. Genome Biol 2019; 20:90. [PMID: 31072405 PMCID: PMC6509836 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell assays increasingly require special consideration in experimental design, sample multiplexing, batch effect removal, and data interpretation. Here, we describe a lentiviral barcode-based multiplexing approach, CellTag Indexing, which uses predefined genetic barcodes that are heritable, enabling cell populations to be tagged, pooled, and tracked over time in the same experimental replicate. We demonstrate the utility of CellTag Indexing by sequencing transcriptomes using a variety of cell types, including long-term tracking of cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Together, this presents CellTag Indexing as a broadly applicable genetic multiplexing tool that is complementary with existing single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuner Guo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Wenjun Kong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guillermo C Rivera-Gonzalez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Xia X, Li F, He J, Aji R, Gao D. Organoid technology in cancer precision medicine. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:20-27. [PMID: 31078736 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organoid technology has been remarkably improved over the last decade. Various organoids have been derived from different types of tissues and recapitulate their organ-specific gene expression signatures, particular tissue spatial structures and functions of their original tissue. The patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been used to elucidate crucial scientific questions, including the relationships between genetic/epigenetic alterations and drug responses, cell plasticity during disease progressions, and mechanisms of drug resistances. With the great expectations, PDOs will be widely used to facilitate the personalized medical decisions, which have the potential to profoundly improve patient outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the developmental details, current achievements, applications and challenges of organoid technology in precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Rebiguli Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Chandra L, Borcherding DC, Kingsbury D, Atherly T, Ambrosini YM, Bourgois-Mochel A, Yuan W, Kimber M, Qi Y, Wang Q, Wannemuehler M, Ellinwood NM, Snella E, Martin M, Skala M, Meyerholz D, Estes M, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Jergens AE, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Derivation of adult canine intestinal organoids for translational research in gastroenterology. BMC Biol 2019; 17:33. [PMID: 30975131 PMCID: PMC6460554 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large animal models, such as the dog, are increasingly being used for studying diseases including gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Dogs share similar environmental, genomic, anatomical, and intestinal physiologic features with humans. To bridge the gap between commonly used animal models, such as rodents, and humans, and expand the translational potential of the dog model, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) canine GI organoid (enteroid and colonoid) system. Organoids have recently gained interest in translational research as this model system better recapitulates the physiological and molecular features of the tissue environment in comparison with two-dimensional cultures. Results Organoids were derived from tissue of more than 40 healthy dogs and dogs with GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal carcinomas. Adult intestinal stem cells (ISC) were isolated from whole jejunal tissue as well as endoscopically obtained duodenal, ileal, and colonic biopsy samples using an optimized culture protocol. Intestinal organoids were comprehensively characterized using histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy, to determine the extent to which they recapitulated the in vivo tissue characteristics. Physiological relevance of the enteroid system was defined using functional assays such as optical metabolic imaging (OMI), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function assay, and Exosome-Like Vesicles (EV) uptake assay, as a basis for wider applications of this technology in basic, preclinical and translational GI research. We have furthermore created a collection of cryopreserved organoids to facilitate future research. Conclusions We establish the canine GI organoid systems as a model to study naturally occurring intestinal diseases in dogs and humans, and that can be used for toxicology studies, for analysis of host-pathogen interactions, and for other translational applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0652-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrance Chandra
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Dawn Kingsbury
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Todd Atherly
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Wang Yuan
- Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael Kimber
- Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yijun Qi
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qun Wang
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael Wannemuehler
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Skala
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Meyerholz
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
| | - Mary Estes
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Karin Allenspach
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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74
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Intestinal Organoids as a Novel Complementary Model to Dissect Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8010645. [PMID: 31015842 PMCID: PMC6444246 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8010645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include colitis ulcerosa and Crohn's disease, besides the rare microscopic colitis. Both diseases show a long-lasting, relapsing-remitting, or even chronic active course with tremendous impact on quality of life. IBDs frequently cause disability, surgical interventions, and high costs; as in other autoimmune diseases, their prevalent occurrence at an early phase of life raises the burden on health care systems. Unfortunately, our understanding of the pathogenesis is still incomplete and treatment therefore largely focuses on suppressing the resulting excessive inflammation. One obstacle for deciphering the causative processes is the scarcity of models that parallel the development of the disease, since intestinal inflammation is mostly induced artificially; moreover, the intestinal epithelium, which strongly contributes to IBD pathogenesis, is difficult to assess. Recently, the development of intestinal epithelial organoids has overcome many of those problems. Here, we give an overview on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IBDs with reference to the limitations of previous well-established experimental models. We highlight the advantages and detriments of recent organoid-based experimental setups within the IBD field and suggest possible future applications.
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75
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Fujii M, Clevers H, Sato T. Modeling Human Digestive Diseases With CRISPR-Cas9-Modified Organoids. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:562-576. [PMID: 30476497 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the stem cell niche have allowed researchers to cultivate adult tissue stem cells as organoids that display structural and phenotypic features of healthy and diseased epithelial tissues. Organoids derived from patients' tissues are used as models of disease and to test drugs. CRISPR-Cas9 technology can be used to genetically engineer organoids for studies of monogenic diseases and cancer. We review the derivation of organoids from human gastrointestinal tissues and how CRISPR-Cas9 technology can be used to study these organoids. We discuss burgeoning technologies that are broadening our understanding of diseases of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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76
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Intestinal Epithelial Organoids as Tools to Study Epigenetics in Gut Health and Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7242415. [PMID: 30809264 PMCID: PMC6369455 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7242415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium forms the inner layer of the human intestine and serves a wide range of diverse functions. Its constant exposure to a vast amount of complex microbiota highlights the critical interface that this single-cell layer forms between the host and our environment. Importantly, the well-documented contribution of environmental factors towards the functional development of the human intestinal epithelium directly implies epigenetic mechanisms in orchestrating this complex interplay. The development of intestinal epithelial organoid culture systems that can be generated from human tissue provides researchers with unpresented opportunities to study functional aspects of human intestinal epithelial pathophysiology. In this brief review, we summarise existing evidence for the role of epigenetics in regulating intestinal epithelial cell function and highlight the great potential for human gut organoids as translational research tools to investigate these mechanisms in vitro.
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78
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium withstands continuous mechanical, chemical and biological insults despite its single-layered, simple epithelial structure. The crypt-villus tissue architecture in combination with rapid cell turnover enables the intestine to act both as a barrier and as the primary site of nutrient uptake. Constant tissue replenishment is fuelled by continuously dividing stem cells that reside at the bottom of crypts. These cells are nurtured and protected by specialized epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and together constitute the intestinal stem cell niche. Intestinal stem cells and early progenitor cells compete for limited niche space and, therefore, the ability to retain or regain stemness. Those cells unable to do so differentiate to one of six different mature cell types and move upwards towards the villus, where they are shed into the intestinal lumen after 3-5 days. In this Review, we discuss the signals, cell types and mechanisms that control homeostasis and regeneration in the intestinal epithelium. We investigate how the niche protects and instructs intestinal stem cells, which processes drive differentiation of mature cells and how imbalance in key signalling pathways can cause human disease.
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79
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Kraiczy J, Nayak KM, Howell KJ, Ross A, Forbester J, Salvestrini C, Mustata R, Perkins S, Andersson-Rolf A, Leenen E, Liebert A, Vallier L, Rosenstiel PC, Stegle O, Dougan G, Heuschkel R, Koo BK, Zilbauer M. DNA methylation defines regional identity of human intestinal epithelial organoids and undergoes dynamic changes during development. Gut 2019; 68:49-61. [PMID: 29141958 PMCID: PMC6839835 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) are increasingly being recognised as a highly promising translational research tool. However, our understanding of their epigenetic molecular characteristics and behaviour in culture remains limited. DESIGN We performed genome-wide DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiling of human IEOs derived from paediatric/adult and fetal small and large bowel as well as matching purified human gut epithelium. Furthermore, organoids were subjected to in vitro differentiation and genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. RESULTS We discovered stable epigenetic signatures which define regional differences in gut epithelial function, including induction of segment-specific genes during cellular differentiation. Established DNA methylation profiles were independent of cellular environment since organoids retained their regional DNA methylation over prolonged culture periods. In contrast to paediatric and adult organoids, fetal gut-derived organoids showed distinct dynamic changes of DNA methylation and gene expression in culture, indicative of an in vitro maturation. By applying CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to fetal organoids, we demonstrate that this process is partly regulated by TET1, an enzyme involved in the DNA demethylation process. Lastly, generating IEOs from a child diagnosed with gastric heterotopia revealed persistent and distinct disease-associated DNA methylation differences, highlighting the use of organoids as disease-specific research models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates striking similarities of epigenetic signatures in mucosa-derived IEOs with matching primary epithelium. Moreover, these results suggest that intestinal stem cell-intrinsic DNA methylation patterns establish and maintain regional gut specification and are involved in early epithelial development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraiczy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Komal M Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate J Howell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Ross
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,Anne McLaren Laboratory & Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Salvestrini
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roxana Mustata
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally Perkins
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Leenen
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anke Liebert
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory & Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip C Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Heuschkel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge, UK,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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80
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Nakamura T. Recent progress in organoid culture to model intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Int Immunol 2018; 31:13-21. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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82
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Moorefield EC, Blue RE, Quinney NL, Gentzsch M, Ding S. Generation of renewable mouse intestinal epithelial cell monolayers and organoids for functional analyses. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:15. [PMID: 30111276 PMCID: PMC6094565 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conditional reprogramming has enabled the development of long-lived, normal epithelial cell lines from mice and humans by in vitro culture with ROCK inhibitor on a feeder layer. We applied this technology to mouse small intestine to create 2D mouse intestinal epithelial monolayers (IEC monolayers) from genetic mouse models for functional analysis. Results IEC monolayers form epithelial colonies that proliferate on a feeder cell layer and are able to maintain their genotype over long-term passage. IEC monolayers form 3D spheroids in matrigel culture and monolayers on transwell inserts making them useful for functional analyses. IEC monolayers derived from the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mouse model CFTR ∆F508 fail to respond to CFTR activator forskolin in 3D matrigel culture as measured by spheroid swelling and transwell monolayer culture via Ussing chamber electrophysiology. Tumor IEC monolayers generated from the ApcMin/+ mouse intestinal cancer model grow more quickly than wild-type (WT) IEC monolayers both on feeders and as spheroids in matrigel culture. Conclusions These results indicate that generation of IEC monolayers is a useful model system for growing large numbers of genotype-specific mouse intestinal epithelial cells that may be used in functional studies to examine molecular mechanisms of disease and to identify and assess novel therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Moorefield
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6340C MBRB, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7545, USA
| | - R Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6340C MBRB, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7545, USA
| | - Nancy L Quinney
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martina Gentzsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6340C MBRB, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7545, USA.,Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, 6340C MBRB, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7545, USA.
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83
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Miura S, Suzuki A. Brief summary of the current protocols for generating intestinal organoids. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:387-392. [PMID: 30039581 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has fundamental functions for the maintenance of homeostasis, including food digestion and nutrient/water absorption. Although the lumen of the intestine is always exposed to pathogens, intestinal epithelial cells form monolayer sheets that act as an epithelial barrier to prevent the invasion of pathogens. Thus, disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier causes inflammatory bowel diseases. To investigate the details of these intractable intestinal diseases, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. However, it is difficult to maintain and propagate intestinal epithelial cells in culture. Recently, intestinal organoid culture systems have been established, in which differentiated intestinal epithelial lineage cells can be continuously produced from intestinal stem cells and form epithelial organoids with crypt-like structures in long-term culture. Moreover, intestinal epithelial organoids can be generated not only from intestinal tissue-derived cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, but also by inducing direct conversion of nonintestinal somatic cells into intestinal epithelial cells. These intestinal organoids can be used in basic studies for understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal development and diseases and will be applied in future transplantation therapy and drug discovery to treat intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Miura
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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84
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Hynds RE, Bonfanti P, Janes SM. Regenerating human epithelia with cultured stem cells: feeder cells, organoids and beyond. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:139-150. [PMID: 29288165 PMCID: PMC5801505 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years ago, Howard Green's laboratory developed a method for long-term expansion of primary human epidermal keratinocytes by co-culture with 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This was a breakthrough for in vitro cultivation of cells from human skin and later for other epithelia: it led to the first stem cell therapy using cultured cells and has vastly increased our understanding of epithelial stem cell biology. In recent years, new methods to expand epithelial cells as three-dimensional organoids have provided novel means to investigate the functions of these cells in health and disease. Here, we outline the history of stratified epithelial stem cell culture and the application of cultured epithelial cells in clinical therapies. We further discuss the derivation of organoids from other types of epithelia and the challenges that remain for the translation of novel stem cell therapies toward clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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85
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Suzuki K, Murano T, Shimizu H, Ito G, Nakata T, Fujii S, Ishibashi F, Kawamoto A, Anzai S, Kuno R, Kuwabara K, Takahashi J, Hama M, Nagata S, Hiraguri Y, Takenaka K, Yui S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Ohtsuka K, Watanabe M, Okamoto R. Single cell analysis of Crohn's disease patient-derived small intestinal organoids reveals disease activity-dependent modification of stem cell properties. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1035-1047. [PMID: 29374777 PMCID: PMC6132922 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-018-1437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play indispensable roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, and also in the regeneration of the damaged intestinal epithelia. However, whether the inflammatory environment of Crohn's disease (CD) affects properties of resident small intestinal stem cells remain uncertain. METHODS CD patient-derived small intestinal organoids were established from enteroscopic biopsy specimens taken from active lesions (aCD-SIO), or from mucosa under remission (rCD-SIO). Expression of ISC-marker genes in those organoids was examined by immunohistochemistry, and also by microfluid-based single-cell multiplex gene expression analysis. The ISC-specific function of organoid cells was evaluated using a single-cell organoid reformation assay. RESULTS ISC-marker genes, OLFM4 and SLC12A2, were expressed by an increased number of small intestinal epithelial cells in the active lesion of CD. aCD-SIOs, rCD-SIOs or those of non-IBD controls (NI-SIOs) were successfully established from 9 patients. Immunohistochemistry showed a comparable level of OLFM4 and SLC12A2 expression in all organoids. Single-cell gene expression data of 12 ISC-markers were acquired from a total of 1215 cells. t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis identified clusters of candidate ISCs, and also revealed a distinct expression pattern of SMOC2 and LGR5 in ISC-cluster classified cells derived from aCD-SIOs. Single-cell organoid reformation assays showed significantly higher reformation efficiency by the cells of the aCD-SIOs compared with that of cells from NI-SIOs. CONCLUSIONS aCD-SIOs harbor ISCs with modified marker expression profiles, and also with high organoid reformation ability. Results suggest modification of small intestinal stem cell properties by unidentified factors in the inflammatory environment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Murano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Go Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toru Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ishibashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Konomi Kuwabara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Minami Hama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kento Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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86
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Sugimoto S, Ohta Y, Fujii M, Matano M, Shimokawa M, Nanki K, Date S, Nishikori S, Nakazato Y, Nakamura T, Kanai T, Sato T. Reconstruction of the Human Colon Epithelium In Vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 22:171-176.e5. [PMID: 29290616 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic lineage tracing has revealed that Lgr5+ murine colon stem cells (CoSCs) rapidly proliferate at the crypt bottom. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of human CoSCs in vivo have remained experimentally intractable. Here we established an orthotopic xenograft system for normal human colon organoids, enabling stable reconstruction of the human colon epithelium in vivo. Xenografted organoids were prone to displacement by the remaining murine crypts, and this could be overcome by complete removal of the mouse epithelium. Xenografted organoids formed crypt structures distinctively different from surrounding mouse crypts, reflecting their human origin. Lineage tracing using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer an LGR5-CreER knockin allele demonstrated self-renewal and multipotency of LGR5+ CoSCs. In contrast to the rapidly cycling properties of mouse Lgr5+ CoSCs, human LGR5+ CoSCs were slow-cycling in vivo. This organoid-based orthotopic xenograft model enables investigation of the functional behaviors of human CoSCs in vivo, with potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nanki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shoichi Date
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishikori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakazato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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87
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Akiyama S, Mochizuki W, Nibe Y, Matsumoto Y, Sakamoto K, Oshima S, Watanabe M, Nakamura T. CCN3 Expression Marks a Sulfomucin-nonproducing Unique Subset of Colonic Goblet Cells in Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:159-168. [PMID: 29343879 PMCID: PMC5765216 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal goblet cells are characterized by their unique morphology and specialized function to secrete mucins. Although it is known that they are a heterogeneous population of cells, there have been few studies that relate the expression of a particular gene with functionally distinct subpopulations of intestinal goblet cells. Here we show that CCN3, a gene encoding a member of the CCN family proteins, is induced by inhibition of Notch signaling in colonic epithelial cells and expressed in goblet cells in mice. We demonstrate that CCN3 expression is confined to a subpopulation of goblet cells in the lower crypt of the proximal and middle colon. In addition, CCN3+ cells in the colon correlate well with the cells that are positive for alcian blue (AB) staining but negative for high-iron diamine (HID) staining in histology. We also show that CCN3+ cells, which are absent in the normal distal colon, transiently and ectopically emerge in regenerating crypts during the repair phase of DSS-induced colitis model. Our study thus suggests that CCN3 labels a unique subpopulation of sulfomucin-nonproducing colonic goblet cells that function in both normal and diseased colonic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Wakana Mochizuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yoichi Nibe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Yuka Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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88
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Nam MO, Hahn S, Jee JH, Hwang TS, Yoon H, Lee DH, Kwon MS, Yoo J. Effects of a small molecule R-spondin-1 substitute RS-246204 on a mouse intestinal organoid culture. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6356-6368. [PMID: 29464078 PMCID: PMC5814218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids, a multi-cellular and organ-like structure cultured in vitro, can be used in a variety of fields such as disease modeling, drug discovery, or cell therapy development. When organoids derived from Lgr5 stem cells are cultured ex vivo, recombinant R-spondin-1 protein should be added at a high concentration for the initiation and maintenance of the organoids. Because the addition of large amounts of R-spondin-1 greatly increases the cost of organoids, the organoids grown with R-spondin-1 are not practical for large-scale drug screening and for the development of therapeutic agents. In this study, we tried to find a R-spondin-1 substitute compound that is able initiate small intestinal organoids without the use of the R-spondin-1 protein; thus, using organoid media that each included one compound from among an 8,364 compound library instead of R-spondin-1, we observed whether organoids were established from the crypts of the small intestine. As a result, we found one compound that could promote the initial formation and growth of enteroids in the medium without R-spondin-1 and named it RS-246204. The enteroids grown with RS-246204 had a similar differentiation capacity as well as self-renewal capacity as the enteroids grown with R-spondin-1. Furthermore, the RS-246204-derived enteroids could successfully produce the forskolin induced swelling and the organoid based epithelial to mesenchymal transition model. This compound could be used for developing a cost-efficient culturing method for intestinal organoids as well as for exploring Lgr5 signaling, intestinal stem cell physiology and therapeutics for GI tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Ok Nam
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Soojung Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Jee
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Hwang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Ho Yoon
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, South Korea
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89
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Dzama MM, Nigmatullina L, Sayols S, Kreim N, Soshnikova N. Distinct populations of embryonic epithelial progenitors generate Lgr5 + intestinal stem cells. Dev Biol 2017; 432:258-264. [PMID: 29037931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are transcriptionally heterogeneous. As the mechanisms governing their developmental specification are still poorly understood, whether this heterogeneity reflects an early determination of distinct cellular sub-types with potentially distinct physiological functions remains an open question. We investigate the cellular heterogeneity within the mouse embryonic midgut epithelium at the molecular and functional levels. Cell fate mapping analysis revealed that multiple early embryonic epithelial progenitors give rise to Lgr5+ ISCs. The origin of the molecularly distinct early precursors along the anterior-posterior axis defines the transcriptional signature of embryonic Lgr5+ ISC progenitors. We further show that the early epithelial progenitors have different capacity to generate Lgr5+ ISC progenitors and Axin2+ early precursors display the highest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergi Sayols
- Institute of Molecular Biology, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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90
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Holmberg FE, Seidelin JB, Yin X, Mead BE, Tong Z, Li Y, Karp JM, Nielsen OH. Culturing human intestinal stem cells for regenerative applications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:558-570. [PMID: 28283650 PMCID: PMC5412884 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally; in the industrialized world up to 0.5% of the population are affected and around 4.2 million individuals suffer from IBD in Europe and North America combined. Successful engraftment in experimental colitis models suggests that intestinal stem cell transplantation could constitute a novel treatment strategy to re-establish mucosal barrier function in patients with severe disease. Intestinal stem cells can be grown in vitro in organoid structures, though only a fraction of the cells contained are stem cells with regenerative capabilities. Hence, techniques to enrich stem cell populations are being pursued through the development of multiple two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture protocols, as well as co-culture techniques and multiple growth medium compositions. Moreover, research in support matrices allowing for efficient clinical application is in progress. In vitro culture is accomplished by modulating the signaling pathways fundamental for the stem cell niche with a suitable culture matrix to provide additional contact-dependent stimuli and structural support. The aim of this review was to discuss medium compositions and support matrices for optimal intestinal stem cell culture, as well as potential modifications to advance clinical use in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eo Holmberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Xiaolei Yin
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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91
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A Refined Culture System for Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Epithelial Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:314-328. [PMID: 29233552 PMCID: PMC5768885 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut epithelial organoids are routinely used to investigate intestinal biology; however, current culture methods are not amenable to genetic manipulation, and it is difficult to generate sufficient numbers for high-throughput studies. Here, we present an improved culture system of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived intestinal organoids involving four methodological advances. (1) We adopted a lentiviral vector to readily establish and optimize conditioned medium for human intestinal organoid culture. (2) We obtained intestinal organoids from human iPSCs more efficiently by supplementing WNT3A and fibroblast growth factor 2 to induce differentiation into definitive endoderm. (3) Using 2D culture, followed by re-establishment of organoids, we achieved an efficient transduction of exogenous genes in organoids. (4) We investigated suspension organoid culture without scaffolds for easier harvesting and assays. These techniques enable us to develop, maintain, and expand intestinal organoids readily and quickly at low cost, facilitating high-throughput screening of pathogenic factors and candidate treatments for gastrointestinal diseases.
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92
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Noben M, Vanhove W, Arnauts K, Santo Ramalho A, Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Verfaillie C, Ferrante M. Human intestinal epithelium in a dish: Current models for research into gastrointestinal pathophysiology. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:1073-1081. [PMID: 29238585 PMCID: PMC5721984 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617722903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the exact pathogenesis of chronic gastrointestinal diseases remains difficult due to the complex in vivo environment. In this review we give an overview of the available epithelial cell culture systems developed to investigate pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases. Traditionally used two-dimensional (2D) immortalised (tumour) cell lines survive long-term, but are not genetically stable nor represent any human in particular. In contrast, primary cultures are patient unique, but short-lived. Three-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures resemble the crypt-villus domain and contain all cell lineages, are long-lived and genetically stable. Unfortunately, manipulation of the 3D organoid system is more challenging. Combining the 3D and 2D technologies may overcome limitations and offer the formation of monolayers on permeable membranes or flow-chambers. Determining the right model to use will depend on the pathology of interest and the focus of the research, defining which cell types need to be included in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Noben
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration,
Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wiebe Vanhove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaline Arnauts
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration,
Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anabela Santo Ramalho
- Department of Development and Regeneration,
Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration,
Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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93
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Activation of Erk in ileal epithelial cells engaged in ischemic-injury repair. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16469. [PMID: 29184109 PMCID: PMC5705649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells function as a barrier to protect our body from various agents; therefore, any damage to these cells must be immediately repaired. Several in vivo and vitro studies have shown the involvement of Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) in the regeneration process; however, the spatial regulation of Erk related to tissue morphology has not been well documented. Using two-photon microscopy and mice carrying a Förster resonance energy transfer-based biosensor, we here monitored the Erk activity in the ileal epithelial cells of living mice. Forty-eight h after ischemia-induced injury, epithelial cells were observed as a monolayer covering the injured area. The Erk activity in these cells was higher than that in the epithelial cells at the surrounding crypts, and treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cancelled the higher Erk activity. The resealing epithelial cells were not in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and Yap (Yes-associated protein) was localized to the nucleus. Immunostaining of intestinal ulcers from patients revealed ERK phosphorylation and nucleus localization of YAP without Ki-67 staining in the resealing epithelial cells. These findings led us to propose that the YAP-EGFR-ERK axis is involved in migration, but not in proliferation, of the resealing epithelial cells.
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94
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Brown JW, Mills JC. Implantable synthetic organoid matrices for intestinal regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1307-1308. [PMID: 29087385 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are a powerful tool to study both physiological and disease processes. A completely synthetic matrix assembled from exchangeable modular parts has been developed and not only supports proliferation of human intestinal organoids derived from pluripotent embryonic stem cells, but also augments subsequent ad vivo implantation into injured murine colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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95
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Advancing Intestinal Organoid Technology Toward Regenerative Medicine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:51-60. [PMID: 29204508 PMCID: PMC5704126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of technologies to culture intestinal epithelial cells in vitro as various forms of intestinal organoids, there is growing interest in using such cultured intestinal cells as a source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. One such approach would be to combine the organoid technology with methodologies to engineer the culture environment, particularly the three-dimensional scaffold materials, to generate intestines that exquisitely recapitulate their original structures and functions. Another approach to use organoids for regenerative medicine would be to urge them to mature into functional intestines by implanting them into hosts. This process includes the tissue-engineered small intestine that uses synthetic scaffolds for tissue regeneration and direct organoid transplantation that takes advantage of submucosal tissues in the native intestines as a scaffold. Further study in these subfields could lead to the development of therapeutic options to use different types of organoids with various cell types in regenerative medicine for intestinal diseases in humans.
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96
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Tong Z, Martyn K, Yang A, Yin X, Mead BE, Joshi N, Sherman NE, Langer RS, Karp JM. Towards a defined ECM and small molecule based monolayer culture system for the expansion of mouse and human intestinal stem cells. Biomaterials 2017; 154:60-73. [PMID: 29120819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Current ISC culture systems face significant challenges such as animal-derived or undefined matrix compositions, batch-to-batch variability (e.g. Matrigel-based organoid culture), and complexity of assaying cell aggregates such as organoids which renders the research and clinical translation of ISCs challenging. Here, through screening for suitable ECM components, we report a defined, collagen based monolayer culture system that supports the growth of mouse and human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) enriched for an Lgr5+ population comparable or higher to the levels found in a standard Matrigel-based organoid culture. The system, referred to as the Bolstering Lgr5 Transformational (BLT) Sandwich culture, comprises a collagen IV-coated porous substrate and a collagen I gel overlay which sandwich an IEC monolayer in between. The distinct collagen cues synergistically regulate IEC attachment, proliferation, and Lgr5 expression through maximizing the engagement of distinct cell surface adhesion receptors (i.e. integrin α2β1, integrin β4) and cell polarity. Further, we apply our BLT Sandwich system to identify that the addition of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor inhibitor (LDN-193189) improves the expansion of Lgr5-GFP+ cells from mouse small intestinal crypts by nearly 2.5-fold. Notably, the BLT Sandwich culture is capable of expanding human-derived IECs with higher LGR5 mRNA levels than conventional Matrigel culture, providing superior expansion of human LGR5+ ISCs. Considering the key roles Lgr5+ ISCs play in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and regeneration, we envision that our BLT Sandwich culture system holds great potential for understanding and manipulating ISC biology in vitro (e.g. for modeling ISC-mediated gut diseases) or for expanding a large number of ISCs for clinical utility (e.g. for stem cell therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Tong
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Keir Martyn
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Andy Yang
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Xiaolei Yin
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, United States
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, United States; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, United States
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Nicholas E Sherman
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States
| | - Robert S Langer
- Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT, United States; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, United States; Harvard - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, United States.
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97
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Lou YR, Leung AW. Next generation organoids for biomedical research and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:132-149. [PMID: 29056474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro cultures of miniature fetal or adult organ-like structures. Their potentials for use in tissue and organ replacement, disease modeling, toxicology studies, and drug discovery are tremendous. Currently, major challenges facing human organoid technology include (i) improving the range of cellular heterogeneity for a particular organoid system, (ii) mimicking the native micro- and matrix-environment encountered by cells within organoids, and (iii) developing robust protocols for the in vitro maturation of organoids that remain mostly fetal-like in cultures. To tackle these challenges, we advocate the principle of reverse engineering that replicates the inner workings of in vivo systems with the goal of achieving functionality and maturation of the resulting organoid structures with the input of minimal intrinsic (cellular) and environmental (matrix and niche) constituents. Here, we present an overview of organoid technology development in several systems that employ cell materials derived from fetal and adult tissues and pluripotent stem cell cultures. We focus on key studies that exploit the self-organizing property of embryonic progenitors and the role of designer matrices and cell-free scaffolds in assisting organoid formation. We further explore the relationship between adult stem cells, niche factors, and other current developments that aim to enhance robust organoid maturation. From these works, we propose a standardized pipeline for the development of future protocols that would help generate more physiologically relevant human organoids for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Lou
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Alan W Leung
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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98
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Stem cells and genome editing: approaches to tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:165-178. [PMID: 29192237 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the basis of regeneration of each tissue and organ, and incorporating this knowledge into clinical treatments for degenerative tissues and organs in patients, are major goals for researchers in regenerative biology. Here we provide an overview of current work, from high-regeneration animal models, to stem cell-based culture models, transplantation technologies, large-animal chimeric models, and programmable nuclease-based genome-editing technologies. Three-dimensional culture generating organoids, which represents intact tissue/organ identity including cell fate and morphology are getting more general approaches in the fields by taking advantage of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. The organoid culture system potentially has profound impact on the field of regenerative medicine. We also emphasize that the large animal model, in particular pig model would be a hope to manufacture humanized organs in in vivo empty (vacant) niche, which now potentially allows not only appropriate cell fate identity but nearly the same property as human organs in size. Therefore, integrative and collaborative researches across different fields might be critical to the aims needed in clinical trial.
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99
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Miura S, Suzuki A. Generation of Mouse and Human Organoid-Forming Intestinal Progenitor Cells by Direct Lineage Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:456-471.e5. [PMID: 28943029 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids hold great promise as a valuable tool for studying and treating intestinal diseases. The currently available sources of human intestinal organoids, tissue fragments or pluripotent stem cells, involve invasive procedures or complex differentiation protocols, respectively. Here, we show that a set of four transcription factors, Hnf4α, Foxa3, Gata6, and Cdx2, can directly reprogram mouse fibroblasts to acquire the identity of fetal intestine-derived progenitor cells (FIPCs). These induced FIPCs (iFIPCs) form spherical organoids that develop into adult-type budding organoids containing cells with intestinal stem cell properties. The resulting stem cells produce all intestinal epithelial cell lineages and undergo self-renewing cell divisions. After transplantation, the induced spherical and budding organoids can reconstitute colonic and intestinal epithelia, respectively. The same combination of four defined transcription factors can also induce human iFIPCs. This alternative approach for producing intestinal organoids may well facilitate application for disease analysis and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Miura
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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100
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Kretzschmar K, Clevers H. Organoids: Modeling Development and the Stem Cell Niche in a Dish. Dev Cell 2017; 38:590-600. [PMID: 27676432 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional in-vitro-grown cell clusters with near-native microanatomy that arise from self-organizing mammalian pluripotent or adult stem cells. Although monolayer stem cell cultures were established more than 40 years ago, organoid technology has recently emerged as an essential tool for both fundamental and biomedical research. For developmental biologists, organoids provide powerful means for ex vivo modeling of tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis. Here we discuss how organoid cultures of the intestine and other tissues have been established and how they are utilized as an in vitro model system for stem cell research and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Centre, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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