51
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Torrealba N, Vera R, Fraile B, Martínez-Onsurbe P, Paniagua R, Royuela M. TGF-β/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-kB pathway. Clinicopathological features in prostate cancer. Aging Male 2020; 23:801-811. [PMID: 30973040 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1597840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the male population. The objective of this investigation was to study the relationship of components of transforming growth factor-B (TGF-β)/phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transduction pathway with clinical-pathological markers. By immunohistochemical methods, we determined the expression of several factors [TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor B Receptor I (TGFBRI), TGFBRII, PI3K, AKT-Ser, AKT-Thr, mTOR, p-mTOR, inhibitor kB kinase (IKK), pIKK, inhibitor kB (IkB), pIkB, NF-kBp50, and NF-kBp65]. To know their relationship with established classical markers (Preoperative serum prostate specific antigen, pathological tumor stage, clinical tumor stage, Gleason score, perineural invasion, node involvement, positive surgical margins, biochemical progression, and survival) and their importance in the prognosis of biochemical progression, Spearman test, survival analysis, Log-rang test, Kaplan-Meier curves, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional Hazard regression analyses were performed. Spearman analysis showed that there was at least one correlation between TGF-β, TGFBRI, PI3K, pAKT-Thr, p-mTOR, NF-kBp50, and classical markers. Cox multivariate analysis between the prognostic variables (pathological tumor stage, Gleason score, and node involvement) and inmunohistochemical parameters confirmed TGFBR1 and PI3K as a prognostic and independent marker of biochemical progression in prostate cancer. Our results suggest that TGFBR1 and PI3K could be used as useful biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognoses for biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelia Torrealba
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Vera
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benito Fraile
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Paniagua
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Royuela
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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52
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Frtús A, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Lunova M, Jirsa M, Hof M, Jurkiewicz P, Lozinsky VI, Wolfová L, Petrenko Y, Kubinová Š, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Hepatic Tumor Cell Morphology Plasticity under Physical Constraints in 3D Cultures Driven by YAP-mTOR Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120430. [PMID: 33260691 PMCID: PMC7759829 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies undoubtedly show that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the Hippo–Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) pathways are important mediators of mechanical cues. The crosstalk between these pathways as well as de-regulation of their signaling has been implicated in multiple tumor types, including liver tumors. Additionally, physical cues from 3D microenvironments have been identified to alter gene expression and differentiation of different cell lineages. However, it remains incompletely understood how physical constraints originated in 3D cultures affect cell plasticity and what the key mediators are of such process. In this work, we use collagen scaffolds as a model of a soft 3D microenvironment to alter cellular size and study the mechanotransduction that regulates that process. We show that the YAP-mTOR axis is a downstream effector of 3D cellular culture-driven mechanotransduction. Indeed, we found that cell mechanics, dictated by the physical constraints of 3D collagen scaffolds, profoundly affect cellular proliferation in a YAP–mTOR-mediated manner. Functionally, the YAP–mTOR connection is key to mediate cell plasticity in hepatic tumor cell lines. These findings expand the role of YAP–mTOR-driven mechanotransduction to the control hepatic tumor cellular responses under physical constraints in 3D cultures. We suggest a tentative mechanism, which coordinates signaling rewiring with cytoplasmic restructuring during cell growth in 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frtús
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
| | - Mariia Uzhytchak
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), 14021 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Vladimir I. Lozinsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lucie Wolfová
- Department of Biomaterials and Biophysical Methods, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.W.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Contipro a.s., 56102 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yuriy Petrenko
- Department of Biomaterials and Biophysical Methods, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Šárka Kubinová
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Biophysical Methods, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (O.L.); Tel.: +420-2660-52141 (A.D.); +420-2660-52131 (O.L.)
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.F.); (B.S.); (M.U.); (M.L.); (Š.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (O.L.); Tel.: +420-2660-52141 (A.D.); +420-2660-52131 (O.L.)
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53
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Unraveling the multifaceted nature of the nuclear function of mTOR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118907. [PMID: 33189783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Positioned at the axis between the cell and its environment, mTOR directs a wide range of cellular activity in response to nutrients, growth factors, and stress. Our understanding of the role of mTOR is evolving beyond the spatial confines of the cytosol, and its role in the nucleus becoming ever more apparent. In this review, we will address various studies that explore the role of nuclear mTOR (nmTOR) in specific cellular programs and how these pathways influence one another. To understand the emerging roles of nuclear mTOR, we discuss data and propose plausible mechanisms to offer novel ideas, hypotheses, and future research directions.
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Xia L, Sun J, Xie S, Chi C, Zhu Y, Pan J, Dong B, Huang Y, Xia W, Sha J, Xue W. PRKAR2B-HIF-1α loop promotes aerobic glycolysis and tumour growth in prostate cancer. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12918. [PMID: 33025691 PMCID: PMC7653268 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is profoundly implicated in tumorigenesis and can be exploited to cancer treatment. Cancer cells are known for their propensity to use glucose-dependent glycolytic pathway instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as Warburg effect. The type II beta regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), PRKAR2B, is highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and contributes to tumour growth and metastasis. However, whether PRKAR2B regulates glucose metabolism in prostate cancer remains largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were used to investigate the regulatory role of PRKAR2B in aerobic glycolysis. Real-time qPCR, Western blotting, luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation were employed to determine the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS PRKAR2B was sufficient to enhance the Warburg effect as demonstrated by glucose consumption, lactate production and extracellular acidification rate. Mechanistically, loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies showed that PRKAR2B was critically involved in the tumour growth of prostate cancer. PRKAR2B was able to increase the expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is a key mediator of the Warburg effect. Moreover, we uncovered that HIF-1α is a key transcription factor responsible for inducing PRKAR2B expression in prostate cancer. Importantly, inhibition of glycolysis by the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) or replacement of glucose in the culture medium with galactose (which has a much lower rate than glucose entry into glycolysis) largely compromised PRKAR2B-mediated tumour-promoting effect. Similar phenomenon was noticed by genetic silencing of HIF-1α. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified that PRKAR2B-HIF-1α loop enhances the Warburg effect to enable growth advantage in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Shaowei Xie
- Department of UltrasoundRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chenfei Chi
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinjie Zhu
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiahua Pan
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianjun Sha
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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55
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Uo T, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR. Androgen Receptor Signaling and Metabolic and Cellular Plasticity During Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:580617. [PMID: 33163409 PMCID: PMC7581990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.580617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is associated with re/activation and antagonism of androgen receptor (AR) signaling that drives prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration resistance, respectively. In particular, AR signaling influences the fates of citrate that uniquely characterizes normal and malignant prostatic metabolism (i.e., mitochondrial export and extracellular secretion in normal prostate, mitochondrial retention and oxidation to support oxidative phenotype of primary PCa, and extra-mitochondrial interconversion into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis and epigenetics in the advanced PCa). The emergence of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) involves reactivation of AR signaling, which is then further targeted by androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) and AR-ligand inhibitors (enzalutamide, apalutamide, and daroglutamide). However, based on AR dependency, two distinct metabolic and cellular adaptations contribute to development of resistance to these agents and progression to aggressive and lethal disease, with the tumor ultimately becoming highly glycolytic and with imaging by a tracer of tumor energetics, 18F-fluorodoxyglucose (18F-FDG). Another major resistance mechanism involves a lineage alteration into AR-indifferent carcinoma such a neuroendocrine which is diagnostically characterized by robust 18F-FDG uptake and loss of AR signaling. PCa is also characterized by metabolic alterations such as fatty acid and polyamine metabolism depending on AR signaling. In some cases, AR targeting induces rather than suppresses these alterations in cellular metabolism and energetics, which can be explored as therapeutic targets in lethal CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cynthia C. Sprenger
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
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56
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Tan KN, Avery VM, Carrasco-Pozo C. Metabolic Roles of Androgen Receptor and Tip60 in Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186622. [PMID: 32927797 PMCID: PMC7555377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling is essential for the growth and differentiation of the normal prostate and is the primary target for androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Tat interactive protein 60 kDa (Tip60) is a histone acetyltransferase that is critical for AR activation. It is well known that cancer cells rewire their metabolic pathways in order to sustain aberrant proliferation. Growing evidence demonstrates that the AR and Tip60 modulate key metabolic processes to promote the survival of prostate cancer cells, in addition to their classical roles. AR activation enhances glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as lipid metabolism in prostate cancer. The AR also interacts with other metabolic regulators, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 and mammalian target of rapamycin. Several studies have revealed the roles of Tip60 in determining cell fate indirectly by modulating metabolic regulators, such as c-Myc, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and p53 in various cancer types. Furthermore, Tip60 has been shown to regulate the activity of key enzymes in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis directly through acetylation. Overall, both the AR and Tip60 are master metabolic regulators that mediate cellular energy metabolism in prostate cancer, providing a framework for the development of novel therapeutic targets in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Ni Tan
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Catalina Carrasco-Pozo
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (K.N.T.); (V.M.A.)
- CRC for Cancer Therapeutics, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3735-6034
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57
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Germain L, Lafront C, Beaudette J, Karthik Poluri RT, Weidmann C, Audet-Walsh É. Alternative splicing regulation by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105710. [PMID: 32534106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that drives prostate cancer (PCa) by modulating the expression of thousands of genes to promote proliferation and survival and to reprogram metabolism. However, how AR activation controls alternative splicing is mostly unknown. Our objective was to define its role in the transcriptome-wide regulation of alternative splicing. Three human PCa models-LNCaP, LAPC4, and 22Rv1 cells-were treated with and without androgens, and RNA was purified for deep-sequencing analyses (RNA-seq). Several bioinformatic tools were then used to study alternative splicing. We demonstrate that in the absence of androgens, alternative splicing complexity is similar among AR-positive PCa cells, with 48 % of all transcripts having various levels of alternative splicing. We also describe alternative splicing differences among cell lines, such as specific splicing of AR, REST, TSC2, and CTBP1. Interestingly, AR activation changed the alternative splicing of thousands of genes in all the PCa cell lines tested. Overlap between AR-sensitive alternative splicing events revealed that genes linked to cell metabolism are major targets for this specific modulation. These genes encode metabolic enzymes such as the prostate-specific membrane antigen, encoded by FOLH1, and the malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1). Overall, our study presents a comprehensive analysis of the PCa cell transcriptome and its modulation by AR, revealing a significant enrichment of metabolic genes in this AR-dependent regulation of alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Germain
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada
| | - Camille Lafront
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jolyane Beaudette
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Raghavendra Tejo Karthik Poluri
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Canada; Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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58
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Huang H, Li J, Shen J, Lin L, Wu X, Xiang S, Li Y, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Kaboli PJ, Li M, Li X, Wang W, Wen Q, Xiao Z. Increased ABCC4 Expression Induced by ERRα Leads to Docetaxel Resistance via Efflux of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1474. [PMID: 33014785 PMCID: PMC7493678 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel is a major treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa); however, its resistance compromises clinical effectiveness. Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRα) belongs to an orphan nuclear receptor superfamily and was recently found to be closely involved in cancer. In the present study, we found that ERRα was involved in docetaxel resistance in PCa. Overexpression of ERRα conferred docetaxel resistance in PCa cell lines, and cells with ERRα downregulation were more sensitive to docetaxel. Among the drug resistance-related genes, ABCC4 demonstrated synchronous expression after ERRα manipulation in cells. Moreover, both ERRα and ABCC4 were overexpressed in the docetaxel-resistant cell, which could be reversed by ERRα knockdown. The knockdown of ERRα also reversed the reduced drug accumulation in the docetaxel-resistant cell. We also demonstrated for the first time that ABCC4 was a direct target of ERRα as determined by the CHIP and luciferase assays. Bioinformatics analysis revealed high expression of ERRα and ABCC4 in PCa patients, and a number of potential ERRα/ABCC4 targets were predicted. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a critical role for ERRα in docetaxel resistance by directly targeting ABCC4 and stressed the importance of ERRα as a potential therapeutic target for drug-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbao Huang
- Department of Urology, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Shixin Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Urology, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- Department of Urology, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
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59
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Zhang J, Wu D, He Y, Li L, Liu S, Lu J, Gui H, Wang Y, Tao Y, Wang H, Kaushik D, Rodriguez R, Wang Z. Rapamycin inhibits AR signaling pathway in prostate cancer by interacting with the FK1 domain of FKBP51. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 23:100778. [PMID: 32695889 PMCID: PMC7365970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the androgen receptor signaling pathway in the emasculated environment is the main reason for the occurrence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The immunophilin FKBP51, as a co-chaperone protein, together with Hsp90 help the correct folding of AR. Rapamycin is a known small-molecule inhibitor of FKBP51, but its effect on the FKBP51/AR signaling pathway is not clear. In this study, the interaction mechanism between FKBP51 and rapamycin was investigated using steady-state fluorescence quenching, X-ray crystallization, MTT assay, and qRT-PCR. Steady-state fluorescence quenching assay showed that rapamycin could interact with FKBP51. The crystal of the rapamycin-FKBP51 complex indicated that rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain which is vital for AR activity. The residues involving rapamycin binding are mainly hydrophobic and may overlap with the AR interaction site. Further assays showed that rapamycin could inhibit the androgen-dependent growth of human prostate cancer cells by down-regulating the expression levels of AR activated downstream genes. Taken together, our study demonstrates that rapamycin suppresses AR signaling pathway by interfering with the interaction between AR and FKBP51. The results of this study not only can provide useful information about the interaction mechanism between rapamycin and FKBP51, but also can provide new clues for the treatment of prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain of FKBP51. Rapamycin suppresses the AR signaling pathway by interacting with FKBP51. Rapamycin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells via the AR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yongxing He
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Shanhui Liu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Huiming Gui
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yan Tao
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dharam Kaushik
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
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60
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Sex and Gender Influences on Cancer Immunotherapy Response. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070232. [PMID: 32708265 PMCID: PMC7400663 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer is growing and a wide disparity in the incidence, malignancy and mortality of different types of cancer between each sex has been demonstrated. The sex specificity of cancer appears to be a relevant issue in the management of the disease, and studies investigating the role of sex and gender are becoming extremely urgent. Sex hormones are presumably the leading actors of sex differences in cancer, especially estrogens. They modulate gene expression, alter molecules and generate disparities in effectiveness and side effects of anticancer therapies. Recently immunotherapy aims to improve anticancer treatment strategies reducing off-target effects of chemotherapy and direct cancer cells killing. It is recognized as a fruitful strategy to treat and possible to cure cancer. Immunotherapeutic agents are used to activate or boost the activation of the immune system to fight cancer cells through physiological mechanisms often evaded in the offensive march of the disease. These therapeutic strategies have allowed new successes, but also have serious adverse effects including non-specific inflammation and autoimmunity. Sex and gender issues are of primary importance in this field, due to their recognized role in inflammation, immunity and cancer, and the clarification and understanding of these aspects is a necessary step to increase the responses and to diminish the adverse effects of immunotherapy. This review describes the available knowledge on the role of sex and gender in cancer immunotherapy, and will offer insights to stimulate the attention and practice of clinicians and researchers in a gender perspective of new cancer treatment strategies.
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61
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Liu H, Huang B, Xue S, U KP, Tsang LL, Zhang X, Li G, Jiang X. Functional crosstalk between mTORC1/p70S6K pathway and heterochromatin organization in stress-induced senescence of MSCs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32660632 PMCID: PMC7359252 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cell senescence has been proposed as one of the major drivers of aging, and MSC senescence contributes to aging-related diseases. Activation of mTORC1 pathway and heterochromatin organization have been characterized as two characteristics of senescent cells; however, whether mTORC1 pathway interacts with heterochromatin organization and contributes to MSC senescence remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the interaction between heterochromatin organization and mTORC1/p70S6K pathway in stress-induced MSC senescence. Methods The stress-induced senescence models were established in human umbilical cord-derived MSCs by doxorubicin (Dox) or H2O2. Cellular senescence was evaluated by β-Gal activity, upregulation of cell cycle suppressor genes, and expression of SASP. Activation of heterochromatin organization and mTORC1 pathway was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. A D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced aging model was established in rats to evaluate the crosstalk between heterochromatin and mTORC1 pathway in vivo. Results We found that heterochromatin organization was provoked at the early stage of Dox- or H2O2-induced senescence. Disruption of heterochromatin organization led to robust DNA damage response and exacerbated cellular senescence. Suppression of mTORC1/p70S6K pathway by either rapamycin or p70S6K knockdown promoted heterochromatin organization and ameliorated Dox- or H2O2-induced DNA damage and senescence. In contrast, direct activation of mTORC1 by MHY1485 impaired heterochromatin organization and aggravated stress-induced senescence. Moreover, concomitant activation of mTORC1 pathway and heterochromatin organization was found in D-galactose-induced osteoporosis model in rats. Rapamycin alleviated cellular senescence and promoted heterochromatin organization in BMSCs derived from D-galactose-treated rats. Conclusions Altogether, our study indicates the existence of a complex interplay between the mTORC1/p70S6K pathway and the heterochromatin organization during stress-induced MSC senescence, with important implications for the understanding of aging as well as for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolong Xue
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kin Pong U
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Ling Tsang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China. .,Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Shorning BY, Dass MS, Smalley MJ, Pearson HB. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway and Prostate Cancer: At the Crossroads of AR, MAPK, and WNT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4507. [PMID: 32630372 PMCID: PMC7350257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in prostate cancer that facilitates tumor formation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that the complex crosstalk between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and multiple interacting cell signaling cascades can further promote prostate cancer progression and influence the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to PI3K-AKT-mTOR-targeted therapies being explored in the clinic, as well as standard treatment approaches such as androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the full extent of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network during prostate tumorigenesis, invasive progression and disease recurrence remains to be determined. In this review, we outline the emerging diversity of the genetic alterations that lead to activated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into the interplay between the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and several key interacting oncogenic signaling cascades that can cooperate to facilitate prostate cancer growth and drug-resistance, specifically the androgen receptor (AR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and WNT signaling cascades. Ultimately, deepening our understanding of the broader PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network is crucial to aid patient stratification for PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-directed therapies, and to discover new therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer that improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (B.Y.S.); (M.S.D.); (M.J.S.)
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63
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La Manna F, De Menna M, Patel N, Karkampouna S, De Filippo MR, Klima I, Kloen P, Beimers L, Thalmann GN, Pelger RCM, Jacinto E, Kruithof-de Julio M. Dual-mTOR Inhibitor Rapalink-1 Reduces Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Growth and Alters Tumor Heterogeneity. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1012. [PMID: 32656088 PMCID: PMC7324765 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the leading cause of prostate cancer (PCa) mortality, frequently marking the progression to castration-resistant PCa. Dysregulation of the androgen receptor pathway is a common feature of castration-resistant PCa, frequently appearing in association with mTOR pathway deregulations. Advanced PCa is also characterized by increased tumor heterogeneity and cancer stem cell (CSC) frequency. CSC-targeted therapy is currently being explored in advanced PCa, with the aim of reducing cancer clonal divergence and preventing disease progression. In this study, we compared the molecular pathways enriched in a set of bone metastasis from breast and prostate cancer from snap-frozen tissue. To further model PCa drug resistance mechanisms, we used two patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models of bone-metastatic PCa, BM18, and LAPC9. We developed in vitro organoids assay and ex vivo tumor slice drug assays to investigate the effects of mTOR- and CSC-targeting compounds. We found that both PDXs could be effectively targeted by treatment with the bivalent mTORC1/2 inhibitor Rapalink-1. Exposure of LAPC9 to Rapalink-1 but not to the CSC-targeting drug disulfiram blocked mTORC1/2 signaling, diminished expression of metabolic enzymes involved in glutamine and lipid metabolism and reduced the fraction of CD44+ and ALDEFluorhigh cells, in vitro. Mice treated with Rapalink-1 showed a significantly delayed tumor growth compared to control and cells recovered from the tumors of treated animals showed a marked decrease of CD44 expression. Taken together these results highlight the increased dependence of advanced PCa on the mTOR pathway, supporting the development of a targeted approach for advanced, bone metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico La Manna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta De Menna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosaria De Filippo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irena Klima
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lijkele Beimers
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - George N. Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rob C. M. Pelger
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Laribee RN, Weisman R. Nuclear Functions of TOR: Impact on Transcription and the Epigenome. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E641. [PMID: 32532005 PMCID: PMC7349558 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase is at the core of growth factor- and nutrient-dependent signaling pathways that are well-known for their regulation of metabolism, growth, and proliferation. However, TOR is also involved in the regulation of gene expression, genomic and epigenomic stability. TOR affects nuclear functions indirectly through its activity in the cytoplasm, but also directly through active nuclear TOR pools. The mechanisms by which TOR regulates its nuclear functions are less well-understood compared with its cytoplasmic activities. TOR is an important pharmacological target for several diseases, including cancer, metabolic and neurological disorders. Thus, studies of the nuclear functions of TOR are important for our understanding of basic biological processes, as well as for clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nicholas Laribee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 South Manassas, Cancer Research Building Rm 318, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ronit Weisman
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, University Road 1, Ra’anana 4353701, Israel
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Autophagic Flux Is Regulated by Interplay between p53-mTOR Axis and Bcl-2 Signaling in Hepatic Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041015. [PMID: 32325714 PMCID: PMC7226334 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide-based nanoparticles have been repeatedly shown to affect lysosomal-mediated signaling. Recently, nanoparticles have demonstrated an ability to modulate autophagic flux via lysosome-dependent signaling. However, the precise underlying mechanisms of such modulation as well as the impact of cellular genetic background remain enigmatic. In this study, we investigated how lysosomal-mediated signaling is affected by iron oxide nanoparticle uptake in three distinct hepatic cell lines. We found that nanoparticle-induced lysosomal dysfunction alters sub-cellular localization of pmTOR and p53 proteins. Our data indicate that alterations in the sub-cellular localization of p53 protein induced by nanoparticle greatly affect the autophagic flux. We found that cells with high levels of Bcl-2 are insensitive to autophagy initiated by nanoparticles. Altogether, our data identify lysosomes as a central hub that control nanoparticle-mediated responses in hepatic cells. Our results provide an important fundamental background for the future development of targeted nanoparticle-based therapies.
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66
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Lafront C, Germain L, Weidmann C, Audet-Walsh É. A Systematic Study of the Impact of Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4024. [PMID: 32132580 PMCID: PMC7055213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen signaling pathway has been reported to modulate prostate cancer (PCa) progression through the activity of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Given that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are used to treat breast cancer, ERs have been proposed as attractive therapeutic targets in PCa. However, many inconsistencies regarding the expression of ERs and the efficacy of SERMs for PCa treatment exist, notably due to the use of ERβ antibodies lacking specificity and treatments with high SERM concentrations leading to off-target effects. To end this confusion, our objective was to study the impact of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic ligands in well-studied in vitro PCa models with appropriate controls, dosages, and ER subtype-specific antibodies. When using physiologically relevant concentrations of nine estrogenic/anti-estrogenic compounds, including five SERMs, we observed no significant modulation of PCa cell proliferation. Using RNA-seq and validated antibodies, we demonstrate that these PCa models do not express ERs. In contrast, RNA-seq from PCa samples from patients have detectable expression of ERα. Overall, our study reveals that commonly used PCa models are inappropriate to study ERs and indicate that usage of alternative models is essential to properly assess the roles of the estrogen signaling pathway in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lafront
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lucas Germain
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Department of biochemistry, microbiology and bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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67
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Carroll B. Spatial regulation of mTORC1 signalling: Beyond the Rag GTPases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:103-111. [PMID: 32122730 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic (or mammalian) Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. By integrating mitogenic signals, mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of substrates dictates the balance between anabolic, pro-growth and catabolic, recycling processes in the cell. The discovery that amino acids activate mTORC1 by promoting its translocation to the lysosome was a fundamental advance in the understanding of mTORC1 signalling. It has since become clear that the lysosome-cytoplasm shuttling of mTORC1 represents just one layer of spatial control of this signalling pathway. This review will focus on exploring the subcellular localisation of mTORC1 and its regulators to multiple sites within the cell. We will discuss how these spatially distinct regions such as endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and the endosomal pathway co-operate to transduce nutrient availability to mTORC1, allowing for tight control of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Carroll
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8, United Kingdom.
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68
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Yumimoto K, Nakayama KI. Recent insight into the role of FBXW7 as a tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:1-15. [PMID: 32113998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FBXW7 (also known as Fbw7, Sel10, hCDC4, or hAgo) is a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated member of the F-box protein family in human cancers. FBXW7 functions as the substrate recognition component of an SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It specifically controls the proteasome-mediated degradation of many oncoproteins such as c-MYC, NOTCH, KLF5, cyclin E, c-JUN, and MCL1. In this review, we summarize the molecular and biological features of FBXW7 and its substrates as well as the impact of mutations of FBXW7 on cancer development. We also address the clinical potential of anticancer therapy targeting FBXW7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Giguère V. DNA-PK, Nuclear mTOR, and the Androgen Pathway in Prostate Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:337-347. [PMID: 32209447 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen and its receptor (AR) are major drivers of prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of mortality in aging men. Thus, understanding the numerous mechanisms by which AR can promote the growth and proliferation of PCa cells and enable their escape from hormone-dependent therapies, eventually leading to metastasis and death of the patient, is essential to discover alternative therapeutic approaches. Recently, two structurally related members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) family, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were shown to have a direct role in modulating AR activity on chromatin of PCa cells. In this review, the common features of DNA-PK and mTOR and the similarities in their noncanonical roles as transcription coregulators of the AR are highlighted. An outlook on how these findings could be translated into new approaches to manage and treat PCa is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Ganesan H, Balasubramanian V, Iyer M, Venugopal A, Subramaniam MD, Cho SG, Vellingiri B. mTOR signalling pathway - A root cause for idiopathic autism? BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31186084 PMCID: PMC6675248 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.7.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental monogenic disorder with a strong genetic influence. Idiopathic autism could be defined as a type of autism that does not have a specific causative agent. Among signalling cascades, mTOR signalling pathway plays a pivotal role not only in cell cycle, but also in protein synthesis and regulation of brain homeostasis in ASD patients. The present review highlights, underlying mechanism of mTOR and its role in altered signalling cascades as a triggering factor in the onset of idiopathic autism. Further, this review discusses how distorted mTOR signalling pathway stimulates truncated translation in neuronal cells and leads to downregulation of protein synthesis at dendritic spines of the brain. This review concludes by suggesting downstream regulators such as p70S6K, eIF4B, eIF4E of mTOR signalling pathway as promising therapeutic targets for idiopathic autistic individuals. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(7): 424-433].
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Ganesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesh Balasubramanian
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anila Venugopal
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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McGuirk S, Audet-Delage Y, St-Pierre J. Metabolic Fitness and Plasticity in Cancer Progression. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:49-61. [PMID: 31952781 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have enhanced metabolic needs due to their rapid proliferation. Moreover, throughout their progression from tumor precursors to metastases, cancer cells face challenging physiological conditions, including hypoxia, low nutrient availability, and exposure to therapeutic drugs. The ability of cancer cells to tailor their metabolic activities to support their energy demand and biosynthetic needs throughout disease progression is key for their survival. Here, we review the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells, from primary tumors to therapy resistant cancers, and the mechanisms underpinning their metabolic plasticity. We also discuss the metabolic coupling that can develop between tumors and the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we consider potential metabolic interventions that could be used in combination with standard therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn McGuirk
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yannick Audet-Delage
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Abstract
Environmental enrichment is known to be beneficial for cognitive improvement. In many animal models of neurological disorders and brain injury, EE has also demonstrated neuroprotective benefits in neurodegenerative diseases and in improving recovery after stroke or traumatic brain injury. The exact underlying mechanism for these phenomena has been unclear. Recent findings have now indicated that neuronal activity elicited by environmental enrichment induces Ca2+ influx in dorsal root ganglion neurons results in lasting enhancement of CREB-binding protein-mediated histone acetylation. This, in turn, increases the expression of pro-regeneration genes and promotes axonal regeneration. This mechanism associated with neuronal activity elicited by environmental enrichment-mediated pathway is one of several epigenetic mechanisms which modulate axon regeneration upon injury that has recently come to light. The other prominent mechanisms, albeit not yet directly associated with environmental enrichment, include DNA methylation/demethylation and N6-methyladenosine modification of transcripts. In this brief review, I highlight recent work that has shed light on the epigenetic basis of environmental enrichment-based axon regeneration, and discuss the mechanism and pathways involved. I further speculate on the implications of the findings, in conjunction with the other epigenetic mechanisms, that could be harness to promote axon regeneration upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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73
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Lee YG, Nam Y, Shin KJ, Yoon S, Park WS, Joung JY, Seo JK, Jang J, Lee S, Nam D, Caino MC, Suh PG, Chan Chae Y. Androgen-induced expression of DRP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 471:72-87. [PMID: 31838085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a central role in metabolic reprogramming for prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression. Mitochondria are metabolic powerhouses of the cell and support several hallmarks of cancer. However, the molecular links between AR signaling and the mitochondria that support the metabolic demands of PCa cells are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate increased levels of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a mitochondrial fission mediator, in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant AR-driven PCa. AR signaling upregulates DRP1 to form the VDAC-MPC2 complex, increases pyruvate transport into mitochondria, and supports mitochondrial metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation and lipogenesis. DRP1 inhibition activates the cellular metabolic stress response, which involves AMPK phosphorylation, induction of autophagy, and the ER unfolded protein response, and attenuates androgen-induced proliferation. Additionally, DRP1 expression facilitates PCa cell survival under diverse metabolic stress conditions, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. Moreover, we found that increased DRP1 expression was indicative of poor prognosis in patients with castration-resistant PCa. Collectively, our findings link androgen signaling-mediated mitochondrial dynamics to metabolic reprogramming; moreover, they have important implications for understanding PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Seo Park
- Department of Pathology, Prostate Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Joung
- Department of Urology, Prostate Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facility, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dougu Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - M Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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74
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Mah CY, Nassar ZD, Swinnen JV, Butler LM. Lipogenic effects of androgen signaling in normal and malignant prostate. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:258-270. [PMID: 32742926 PMCID: PMC7385522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an androgen-dependent cancer with unique metabolic features compared to many other solid tumors, and typically does not exhibit the “Warburg effect”. During malignant transformation, an early metabolic switch diverts the dependence of normal prostate cells on aerobic glycolysis for the synthesis of and secretion of citrate towards a more energetically favorable metabolic phenotype, whereby citrate is actively oxidised for energy and biosynthetic processes (i.e. de novo lipogenesis). It is now clear that lipid metabolism is one of the key androgen-regulated processes in prostate cells and alterations in lipid metabolism are a hallmark of prostate cancer, whereby increased de novo lipogenesis accompanied by overexpression of lipid metabolic genes are characteristic of primary and advanced disease. Despite recent advances in our understanding of altered lipid metabolism in prostate tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the intermediary metabolism of the normal prostate and its relationship to androgen signaling remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the fundamental metabolic relationships that are distinctive in normal versus malignant prostate tissues, and the role of androgens in the regulation of lipid metabolism at different stages of prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Mah
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- KU Leuven- University of Leuven, LKI- Leuven Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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75
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Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Marín-Hernández Á, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Pacheco-Velázquez SC, Belmont-Díaz JA, Robledo-Cadena DX, Vargas-Navarro JL, Corona de la Peña NA, Saavedra E, Moreno-Sánchez R. Transcriptional Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101225. [PMID: 31600993 PMCID: PMC6830338 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development, growth, and metastasis are highly regulated by several transcription regulators (TRs), namely transcription factors, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and protein kinases. Although TR roles in these events have been well characterized, their functions in regulating other important cancer cell processes, such as metabolism, have not been systematically examined. In this review, we describe, analyze, and strive to reconstruct the regulatory networks of several TRs acting in the energy metabolism pathways, glycolysis (and its main branching reactions), and oxidative phosphorylation of nonmetastatic and metastatic cancer cells. Moreover, we propose which possible gene targets might allow these TRs to facilitate the modulation of each energy metabolism pathway, depending on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norma Angélica Corona de la Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Hospital General Regional Carlos McGregor-Sánchez, México CP 03100, Mexico.
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México 14080, Mexico.
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76
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Poluri RTK, Beauparlant CJ, Droit A, Audet-Walsh É. RNA sequencing data of human prostate cancer cells treated with androgens. Data Brief 2019; 25:104372. [PMID: 31485472 PMCID: PMC6715830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent cancer in North American men and PCa cells rely on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. To understand the effect of AR in cancer cells, we have treated LNCaP and LAPC4 cells, two immortalized human PCa cells in vitro, with the synthetic androgen R1881 and then performed RNA-seq analyses. High quality sequencing data have been analyzed using our bioinformatic pipeline which consists of FastQC for quality controls, Trimmomatic for trimming, and Kallisto for pseudoalignment to the transcriptome. Differentially expressed genes were identified using DESeq2 after adjustment for false-discovery rate (FDR q values < 0.05) and Relative Log Expression (RLE) normalization. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was also performed to identify biological pathways significantly modulated by androgens. GSEA analyses identified the androgen signaling pathway, as well as several metabolic pathways, as significantly enriched following androgen stimulation. These analyses highlight the most significant metabolic pathways up-regulated following AR activation. Raw and processed RNA-seq data were deposited and made publicly available on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; GSE128749). These data have been incorporated in a recent article describing the functions of AR as a master regulator of PCa cell metabolism. For more details about interpretation of these results, please refer to “Functional genomics studies reveal the androgen receptor as a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism in prostate cancer” by Gonthier et al. (doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Tejo Karthik Poluri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Joly Beauparlant
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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77
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Kim EJ, Park MK, Kang GJ, Byun HJ, Kim HJ, Yu L, Kim B, Chae HS, Chin YW, Shim JG, Lee H, Lee CH. YDJC Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Escaping from Interaction with CDC16 through Ubiquitination of PP2A. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:3542537. [PMID: 31485224 PMCID: PMC6702825 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3542537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number 1 cause of cancer-related casualties in the world. Appropriate diagnostic markers and novel targets for lung cancer are needed. Chitooligosaccharide deacetylase homolog (YDJC) catalyzes the deacetylation of acetylated carbohydrates; however, the role of YDJC in lung cancer progression has yet to be studied. A549 lung cancer orthotopic mouse model was used for mice experiments. We found that YDJC overexpression contributes to lung cancer progression in an orthotopic mouse model. Long-term treatment (48 h) induces YDJC expression in sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Gene silencing of YDJC (siYDJC) reduced N-cadherin expression and increased E-cadherin expression in SPC-induced EMT. Overexpression of YDJC reverses them but overexpression of the deacetylase deficient mutant YDJCD13A could not. Interestingly, overexpression of CDC16, a YDJC binding partner, suppressed EMT. ERK2 is activated in siCDC16-induced EMT. YDJC overexpression reduces expression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), whereas CDC16 overexpression induces PP2A expression. YDJC overexpression induced ubiquitination of PP2A but YDJCD13A could not. CDC16 overexpression increased the ubiquitination of YDJC. These results suggest that YDJC contributes to the progression of lung cancer via enhancing EMT by inducing the ubiquitination of PP2A. Therefore, YDJC might be a new target for antitumor therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeoung-Jin Kang
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Byun
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Yu
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Chae
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gal Shim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Goyang, 04620, Republic of Korea
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78
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Gonthier K, Poluri RTK, Audet-Walsh É. Functional genomic studies reveal the androgen receptor as a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105367. [PMID: 31051242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex-steroid hormones have been investigated for decades for their oncogenic properties in hormone-dependent cancers. The increasing body of knowledge on the biological actions of androgens in prostate cancer has led to the development of several targeted therapies that still represent the standard of care for cancer patients to this day. In the prostate, androgens promote cellular differentiation and proper tissue development. These hormones also promote the aberrant proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Over the past few years, sequencing technologies for functional genomic analyses have rapidly expanded, revealing novel functions of sex-steroid hormone receptors other than their classic roles. In this article, we will focus on transcriptomic- and genomic-based evidence that demonstrates the importance of the androgen receptor signaling in the regulation of prostate cancer cell metabolism. This is significant because the reprogramming of cell metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. In fact, it is clear now that the androgen receptor contributes to the reprogramming of specific cellular metabolic pathways that promote tumor growth and disease progression, including aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, fatty acid ß-oxidation, and de novo lipid synthesis. Overall, beyond regulating development, differentiation, and proliferation, the androgen receptor is also a master regulator of cellular energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gonthier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer - Université Laval, Canada
| | - Raghavendra Tejo Karthik Poluri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer - Université Laval, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Axe Endocrinologie - Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer - Université Laval, Canada.
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79
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Iarovaia OV, Minina EP, Sheval EV, Onichtchouk D, Dokudovskaya S, Razin SV, Vassetzky YS. Nucleolus: A Central Hub for Nuclear Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:647-659. [PMID: 31176528 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest and most studied nuclear body, but its role in nuclear function is far from being comprehensively understood. Much work on the nucleolus has focused on its role in regulating RNA polymerase I (RNA Pol I) transcription and ribosome biogenesis; however, emerging evidence points to the nucleolus as an organizing hub for many nuclear functions, accomplished via the shuttling of proteins and nucleic acids between the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Here, we discuss the cellular mechanisms affected by shuttling of nucleolar components, including the 3D organization of the genome, stress response, DNA repair and recombination, transcription regulation, telomere maintenance, and other essential cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Iarovaia
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Elizaveta P Minina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805 Villejuif, France; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Onichtchouk
- Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Biology I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805 Villejuif, France; UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805 Villejuif, France; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805 Villejuif, France; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; UMR8126, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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80
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Gonthier K, Poluri RTK, Weidmann C, Tadros M, Audet-Walsh É. Reprogramming of Isocitrate Dehydrogenases Expression and Activity by the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1699-1709. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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81
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Elshan NGRD, Rettig MB, Jung ME. Molecules targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis beyond the AR-Ligand binding domain. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:910-960. [PMID: 30565725 PMCID: PMC6608750 DOI: 10.1002/med.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) and the physiological pathways it regulates are central to the initiation and progression of PCa. As a member of the nuclear steroid receptor family, it is a transcription factor with three distinct functional domains (ligand-binding domain [LBD], DNA-binding domain [DBD], and transactivation domain [TAD]) in its structure. All clinically approved drugs for PCa ultimately target the AR-LBD. Clinically active drugs that target the DBD and TAD have not yet been developed due to multiple factors. Despite these limitations, the last several years have seen a rise in the discovery of molecules that could successfully target these domains. This review aims to present and comprehensively discuss such molecules that affect AR signaling through direct or indirect interactions with the AR-TAD or the DBD. The compounds discussed here include hairpin polyamides, niclosamide, marine sponge-derived small molecules (eg, EPI compounds), mahanine, VPC compounds, JN compounds, and bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors. We highlight the significant in vitro and in vivo data found for each compound and the apparent limitations and/or potential for further development of these agents as PCa therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- . Division of Hematology/Oncology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System West LA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- . Departments of Medicine and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- . Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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82
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Savir-Baruch B, Tade F, Henry E, Goldberg A, Petra L, Gabriel M, Wagner RH. Emerging Role of Fluciclovine and Other Next Generation PET Imaging Agents in Prostate Cancer Management. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-019-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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83
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Lamm N, Rogers S, Cesare AJ. The mTOR pathway: Implications for DNA replication. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 147:17-25. [PMID: 30991055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication plays a central role in genome health. Deleterious alteration of replication dynamics, or "replication stress", is a key driver of genome instability and oncogenesis. The replication stress response is regulated by the ATR kinase, which functions to mitigate replication abnormalities through coordinated efforts that arrest the cell cycle and repair damaged replication forks. mTOR kinase regulates signaling networks that control cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental cues and cell stress. In this review, we discuss interconnectivity between the ATR and mTOR pathways, and provide putative mechanisms for mTOR engagement in DNA replication and the replication stress response. Finally, we describe how connectivity between mTOR and replication stress may be exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Lamm
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
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84
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Uchenunu O, Pollak M, Topisirovic I, Hulea L. Oncogenic kinases and perturbations in protein synthesis machinery and energetics in neoplasia. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R83-R103. [PMID: 30072418 PMCID: PMC6347283 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding that metabolic perturbations and dysregulated protein synthesis are salient features of cancer, the mechanism underlying coordination of cellular energy balance with mRNA translation (which is the most energy consuming process in the cell) is poorly understood. In this review, we focus on recently emerging insights in the molecular underpinnings of the cross-talk between oncogenic kinases, translational apparatus and cellular energy metabolism. In particular, we focus on the central signaling nodes that regulate these processes (e.g. the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin MTOR) and the potential implications of these findings on improving the anti-neoplastic efficacy of oncogenic kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oro Uchenunu
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Hulea:
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85
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Lin C, Salzillo TC, Bader DA, Wilkenfeld SR, Awad D, Pulliam TL, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Titus M, McGuire SE, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE. Prostate Cancer Energetics and Biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:185-237. [PMID: 31900911 PMCID: PMC8096614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers must alter their metabolism to satisfy the increased demand for energy and to produce building blocks that are required to create a rapidly growing tumor. Further, for cancer cells to thrive, they must also adapt to an often changing tumor microenvironment, which can present new metabolic challenges (ex. hypoxia) that are unfavorable for most other cells. As such, altered metabolism is now considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Like many other malignancies, the metabolism of prostate cancer is considerably different compared to matched benign tissue. However, prostate cancers exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics that set them apart from many other tumor types. In this chapter, we will describe the known alterations in prostate cancer metabolism that occur during initial tumorigenesis and throughout disease progression. In addition, we will highlight upstream regulators that control these metabolic changes. Finally, we will discuss how this new knowledge is being leveraged to improve patient care through the development of novel biomarkers and metabolically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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86
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Laribee RN. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation by the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Pathway. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4874-4890. [PMID: 30359581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient availability impacts health such that nutrient excess states can dysregulate epigenetic and transcriptional pathways to cause many diseases. Increasing evidence implicates aberrant regulation of nutrient signaling cascades as one means of communicating nutrient information to the epigenetic and transcriptional regulatory machinery. One such signaling cascade, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), is conserved from yeast to man, and it is deregulated in diverse disease states. The catalytic subunit of the mTORC1 kinase complex (Tor1 or Tor2 in budding yeast and mTor in mammals) phosphorylates several downstream effectors regulating transcriptional and translational responses controlling growth and proliferation. Delineating mechanisms of cytoplasmic nutrient mTORC1 activation continues to be a major research focus. However, Tor kinases not only localize to the cytoplasm but also are found in the nucleus where they selectively bind and regulate genes controlling cellular metabolism and anabolism. The nuclear mTORC1 functions are now beginning to be defined, and they suggest that mTORC1 has a critical role in regulating the complex transcriptional activities required for ribosomal biogenesis. The mTORC1 pathway also interacts with epigenetic regulators required for modifying chromatin structure and function to control gene expression. Because altered nutrient states exert both individual and transgenerational phenotypic changes, mTORC1 signaling to chromatin effectors may have a significant role in mediating the effects of diet and nutrients on the epigenome. This article will discuss the recent inroads into the function of nuclear mTORC1 and its role in epigenetic and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicholas Laribee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 South Manassas, Cancer Research Building Rm 318, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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87
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Reshef YA, Finucane HK, Kelley DR, Gusev A, Kotliar D, Ulirsch JC, Hormozdiari F, Nasser J, O'Connor L, van de Geijn B, Loh PR, Grossman SR, Bhatia G, Gazal S, Palamara PF, Pinello L, Patterson N, Adams RP, Price AL. Detecting genome-wide directional effects of transcription factor binding on polygenic disease risk. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1483-1493. [PMID: 30177862 PMCID: PMC6202062 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological interpretation of genome-wide association study data frequently involves assessing whether SNPs linked to a biological process, for example, binding of a transcription factor, show unsigned enrichment for disease signal. However, signed annotations quantifying whether each SNP allele promotes or hinders the biological process can enable stronger statements about disease mechanism. We introduce a method, signed linkage disequilibrium profile regression, for detecting genome-wide directional effects of signed functional annotations on disease risk. We validate the method via simulations and application to molecular quantitative trait loci in blood, recovering known transcriptional regulators. We apply the method to expression quantitative trait loci in 48 Genotype-Tissue Expression tissues, identifying 651 transcription factor-tissue associations including 30 with robust evidence of tissue specificity. We apply the method to 46 diseases and complex traits (average n = 290 K), identifying 77 annotation-trait associations representing 12 independent transcription factor-trait associations, and characterize the underlying transcriptional programs using gene-set enrichment analyses. Our results implicate new causal disease genes and new disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir A Reshef
- Department of Computer Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard/MIT MD/PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - David R Kelley
- California Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dylan Kotliar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farhad Hormozdiari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Nasser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke O'Connor
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryce van de Geijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon R Grossman
- Harvard/MIT MD/PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luca Pinello
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ryan P Adams
- Google Brain, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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88
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Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Identify Aggressive Prostate Cancer at the Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Level. J Urol 2018; 200:1241-1249. [PMID: 30563651 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer with limited data on prognostic use. We sought to determine whether multiparametric magnetic resonance could predict aggressive prostate cancer features. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the records of 206 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2013 and 2017. All patients had available RNA expression data on the final pathology specimen obtained from a location corresponding to a lesion location on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. The association between the PIRADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) score and adverse pathology features were analyzed. We also performed differential transcriptomic analysis between the PIRADS groups. Factors associated with adverse pathology were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Lesion size (p = 0.03), PIRADS score (p = 0.02) and extraprostatic extension (p = 0.01) associated significantly with the Decipher® score. Multivariable analysis showed that the PIRADS score (referent PIRADS 3, OR 8.1, 95% CI 1.2-57.5, p = 0.04), the Gleason Grade Group (referent 3, OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5-21.1, p = 0.01) and prostate specific antigen (OR 1.103, 95% CI 1.011-1.203) were risk factors for adverse pathology findings. The difference between PIRADS 4 and 5 did not reach significance (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.8-4.5, p = 0.12). However, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, WNT-β and E2F signaling pathways were more active in PIRADS 5 than in PIRADS 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS The PIRADS score is associated with adverse pathology results, increased metastatic risk and differential genomic pathway activation.
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89
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Poluri RTK, Audet-Walsh É. Genomic Deletion at 10q23 in Prostate Cancer: More Than PTEN Loss? Front Oncol 2018; 8:246. [PMID: 30009155 PMCID: PMC6033966 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene encodes for the phosphatase and tensin homolog; it is a tumor suppressor gene that is among the most frequently inactivated genes throughout the human cancer spectrum. The most recent sequencing approaches have allowed the identification of PTEN genomic alterations, including deletion, mutation, or rearrangement in about 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) cases. It appears that mechanisms leading to PTEN inactivation are cancer-specific, comprising gene mutations, small insertions/deletions, copy number alterations (CNAs), promoter hypermethylation, and RNA interference. The examination of publicly available results from deep-sequencing studies of various cancers showed that PCa appears to be the only cancer in which PTEN is lost mostly through CNA. Instead of inactivating mutations, which are seen in other cancers, deletion of the 10q23 locus is the most common form of PTEN inactivation in PCa. By investigating the minimal deleted region at 10q23, several other genes appear to be lost simultaneously with PTEN. Expression data indicate that, like PTEN, these genes are also downregulated upon loss of 10q23. These analyses raise the possibility that 10q23 is lost upon selective pressure not only to inactivate PTEN but also to impair the expression of surrounding genes. As such, several genes from this deleted region, which represents about 500 kb, may also act as tumor suppressors in PCa, requiring further studies on their respective functions in that context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Tejo Karthik Poluri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Axe Endocrinologie – Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Axe Endocrinologie – Néphrologie du Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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90
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Ma Y, Vassetzky Y, Dokudovskaya S. mTORC1 pathway in DNA damage response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1293-1311. [PMID: 29936127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved various mechanisms to control their metabolism and response to various stresses, allowing them to survive and grow in different environments. In eukaryotes, the highly conserved mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cellular metabolism, proliferation and survival. A growing body of evidence indicates that mTOR signaling is closely related to another cellular protection mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR). Many factors important for the DDR are also involved in the mTOR pathway. In this review, we discuss how these two pathways communicate to ensure an efficient protection of the cell against metabolic and genotoxic stresses. We also describe how anticancer therapies benefit from simultaneous targeting of the DDR and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Ma
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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91
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Audet-Walsh É, Vernier M, Yee T, Laflamme C, Li S, Chen Y, Giguère V. SREBF1 Activity Is Regulated by an AR/mTOR Nuclear Axis in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1396-1405. [PMID: 29784665 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is an important feature of prostate cancer, including altered lipid metabolism. Recently, it was observed that the nuclear fraction of mTOR is essential for the androgen-mediated metabolic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells. Herein, it is demonstrated that the androgen receptor (AR) and mTOR bind to regulatory regions of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) to control its expression, whereas dual activation of these signaling pathways also promotes SREBF1 cleavage and its translocation to the nucleus. Consequently, SREBF1 recruitment to regulatory regions of its target genes is induced upon treatment with the synthetic androgen R1881, an effect abrogated upon inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. In turn, pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of SREBF1 activity impairs the androgen-mediated induction of the key lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1). Consistent with these observations, the expression of the SREBF1, FASN, and SCD1 genes is significantly correlated in human prostate cancer tumor clinical specimens. Functionally, blockade of SREBF1 activity reduces the androgen-driven lipid accumulation. Interestingly, decreased triglyceride accumulation observed upon SREBF1 inhibition is paralleled by an increase in mitochondrial respiration, indicating a potential rewiring of citrate metabolism in prostate cancer cells. Altogether, these data define an AR/mTOR nuclear axis, in the context of prostate cancer, as a novel pathway regulating SREBF1 activity and citrate metabolism.Implications: The finding that an AR/mTOR complex promotes SREBF1 expression and activity enhances our understanding of the metabolic adaptation necessary for prostate cancer cell growth and suggests novel therapeutic approaches to target metabolic vulnerabilities in tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 16(9); 1396-405. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Vernier
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tracey Yee
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chloé Laflamme
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Susan Li
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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92
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Awad D, Pulliam TL, Lin C, Wilkenfeld SR, Frigo DE. Delineation of the androgen-regulated signaling pathways in prostate cancer facilitates the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:1-11. [PMID: 29609138 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is initially effective for the treatment of progressive prostate cancer, it inevitably fails due to the onset of diverse resistance mechanisms that restore androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Thus, AR remains a desired therapeutic target even in the relapsed stages of the disease. Given the difficulties in stopping all AR reactivation mechanisms, we propose that the identification of the driver signaling events downstream of the receptor offer viable, alternative therapeutic targets. Here, we summarize recently described, AR-regulated processes that have been demonstrated to promote prostate cancer. By highlighting these signaling events and describing some of the ongoing efforts to pharmacologically modulate these pathways, our goal is to advocate potential new therapeutic targets that would represent an alternative approach for blocking AR actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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93
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Giguère V. Canonical signaling and nuclear activity of mTOR-a teamwork effort to regulate metabolism and cell growth. FEBS J 2018; 285:1572-1588. [PMID: 29337437 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase that regulates almost all functions related to cell growth and metabolism in response to extra- and intracellular stimuli, such as availability of nutrients, the presence of growth factors, or the energy status of the cell. As part of two distinct protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, the kinase has been shown to influence cell growth and proliferation by controlling ribosome biogenesis, mRNA translation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, protein degradation, autophagy as well as microtubule and actin dynamics. In addition to these well-characterized functions, mTOR can also influence gene transcription. While most studies focused on investigating how canonical mTOR signaling regulates the activity of transcription factors outside the nucleus, recent findings point to a more direct role for mTOR as a transcription factor operating on chromatin in the nucleus. In particular, recent genome-wide identification of mTOR targets on chromatin reveals that its activities in the nucleus and cytoplasm are functionally and biologically linked, thus uncovering a novel paradigm in mTOR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giguère
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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94
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Leibovitch M, Topisirovic I. Dysregulation of mRNA translation and energy metabolism in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 67:30-39. [PMID: 29150352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated mRNA translation and aberrant energy metabolism are frequent in cancer. Considering that mRNA translation is an energy demanding process, cancer cells must produce sufficient ATP to meet energy demand of hyperactive translational machinery. In recent years, the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) emerged as a central regulatory node which coordinates energy consumption by the translation apparatus and ATP production in mitochondria. Aberrant mTOR signaling underpins the vast majority of cancers whereby increased mTOR activity is thought to be a major determinant of both malignant translatomes and metabolomes. Nonetheless, the role of mTOR and other related signaling nodes (e.g. AMPK) in orchestrating protein synthesis and cancer energetics is only recently being unraveled. In this review, we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the molecular underpinnings of coordination of translational and metabolic programs of cancer cells, and potential strategies to translate these findings into clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Leibovitch
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
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