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Hou S, Shen H, Shao H. PAMP-induced peptide 1 cooperates with salicylic acid to regulate stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1666657. [PMID: 31526105 PMCID: PMC6804702 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1666657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Various pathogenic species are capable of penetrating plant leaves through stomata on the leaf surface for propagation by absorbing nutrients in plant interiors. Plants have evolved abilities to close stomata to restrict pathogen infections. The model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) closes stomata when FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), a receptor protein localized in the plasma membrane (PM) of stomatal guard cells, detects flagellin, a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) derived from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. It currently remains largely unknown how flagellin-FLS2 signaling initiates stomatal closure. Our previous studies showed that PAMP-INDUCED PEPTIDE1 (PIP1), an Arabidopsis endogenous peptide, activates immune responses through a PM-localized receptor, RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE7 (RLK7). Here, we demonstrate that PIP1-RLK7 act downstream of FLS2 to activate stomatal immunity against the bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato (Pst) DC3118. PIP1 promotes the expression of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. SA contributes to the expression of PIP1 preligand prePIP1 and the PIP1-induced stomatal closure. In contrast, methl jasmonate (MJ) and a pathogen-derived jasmonate mimic coronatine (COR) performs an opposite function of SA. SA also promotes the PIP1-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is required for PIP1-induced stomatal closure. Overall, PIP1 and SA may form a positive feedback loop to regulate ROS-mediated stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hexi Shen
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Shao
- School of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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52
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Rodrigues Oblessuc P, Vaz Bisneta M, Melotto M. Common and unique Arabidopsis proteins involved in stomatal susceptibility to Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas syringae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:fnz197. [PMID: 31529017 PMCID: PMC7962777 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most common pathogens associated with produce outbreaks worldwide; nonetheless, the mechanisms uncovering their interaction with plants are elusive. Previous reports demonstrate that S. enterica ser. Typhimurium (STm), similar to the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, triggers a transient stomatal closure suggesting its ability to overcome this plant defense and colonize the leaf apoplast. In order to discover new molecular players that function in the stomatal reopening by STm and Pst DC3000, we performed an Arabidopsis mutant screening using thermal imaging. Further stomatal bioassay confirmed that the mutant plants exo70h4-3, sce1-3, bbe8, stp1, and lsu2 have smaller stomatal aperture widths than the wild type Col-0 in response to STm 14028s. The mutants bbe8, stp1 and lsu2 have impaired stomatal movement in response to Pst DC3000. These findings indicate that EXO70H4 and SCE1 are involved in bacterial-specific responses, while BBE8, STP1, and LSU2 may be required for stomatal response to a broad range of bacteria. The identification of new molecular components of the guard cell movement induced by bacteria will enable a better understanding of the initial stages of plant colonization and facilitate targeted prevention of leaf contamination with harmful pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Vaz Bisneta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Graduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Jeon BW, Acharya BR, Assmann SM. The Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein β subunit, AGB1, is required for guard cell calcium sensing and calcium-induced calcium release. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:231-244. [PMID: 30882980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) and heterotrimeric G-proteins are universal eukaryotic signaling elements. In plant guard cells, extracellular calcium (Cao ) is as strong a stimulus for stomatal closure as the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that the sole Arabidopsis heterotrimeric Gβ subunit, AGB1, is required for four guard cell Cao responses: induction of stomatal closure; inhibition of stomatal opening; [Ca2+ ]cyt oscillation; and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) production. Stomata in wild-type Arabidopsis (Col) and in mutants of the canonical Gα subunit, GPA1, showed inhibition of stomatal opening and promotion of stomatal closure by Cao . By contrast, stomatal movements of agb1 mutants and agb1/gpa1 double-mutants, as well as those of the agg1agg2 Gγ double-mutant, were insensitive to Cao . These behaviors contrast with ABA-regulated stomatal movements, which involve GPA1 and AGB1/AGG3 dimers, illustrating differential partitioning of G-protein subunits among stimuli with similar ultimate impacts, which may facilitate stimulus-specific encoding. AGB1 knockouts retained reactive oxygen species and NO production, but lost YC3.6-detected [Ca2+ ]cyt oscillations in response to Cao , initiating only a single [Ca2+ ]cyt spike. Experimentally imposed [Ca2+ ]cyt oscillations restored stomatal closure in agb1. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular complementation fluorescence experiments revealed that AGB1 interacts with phospholipase Cs (PLCs), and Cao induced InsP3 production in Col but not in agb1. In sum, G-protein signaling via AGB1/AGG1/AGG2 is essential for Cao -regulation of stomatal apertures, and stomatal movements in response to Cao apparently require Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release that is likely dependent on Gβγ interaction with PLCs leading to InsP3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Wook Jeon
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Biswa R Acharya
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Vï Lz R, Kim SK, Mi J, Mariappan KG, Siodmak A, Al-Babili S, Hirt H. A Chimeric IDD4 Repressor Constitutively Induces Immunity in Arabidopsis via the Modulation of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1536-1555. [PMID: 30989238 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD)/BIRD proteins belong to a highly conserved plant-specific group of transcription factors with dedicated functions in plant physiology and development. Here, we took advantage of the chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T, SRDX) to widen our view on the role of IDD4/IMPERIAL EAGLE and IDD family members in plant immunity. The hypomorphic idd4SRDX lines are compromised in growth and show a robust autoimmune phenotype. Hormonal measurements revealed the concomitant accumulation of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid suggesting that IDDs are involved in regulating the metabolism of these biotic stress hormones. The analysis of immunity-pathways showed enhanced activation of immune MAP kinase-signaling pathways, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and spontaneous programmed cell death. The transcriptome of nonelicited idd4SRDX lines can be aligned to approximately 40% of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in flg22-treated wild-type plants. The pattern of DEGs implies IDDs as pivotal repressors of flg22-dependent gene induction. Infection experiments showed the increased resistance of idd4SRDX lines to Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea implying a function of IDDs in defense adaptation to hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs. Genome-wide IDD4 DNA-binding studies (DAP-SEQ) combined with DEG analysis of idd4SRDX lines identified IDD4-regulated functional gene clusters that contribute to plant growth and development. In summary, we discovered that the expression of idd4SRDX activates a wide range of defense-related traits opening up the possibility to apply idd4SRDX as a powerful tool to stimulate innate immunity in engineered crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Vï Lz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources and Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Kap Kim
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga G Mariappan
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Siodmak
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Universit� Paris-Sud, Universit� Evry, Universit� Paris-Saclay, B�timent 630, Orsay, France
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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55
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Zhang L, Paasch BC, Chen J, Day B, He SY. An important role of l-fucose biosynthesis and protein fucosylation genes in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:981-994. [PMID: 30552820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount coordinated immune responses to defend themselves against pathogens. However, the cellular components required for plant immunity are not fully understood. The jasmonate-mimicking coronatine (COR) toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 functions to overcome plant immunity. We previously isolated eight Arabidopsis (scord) mutants that exhibit increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of PstDC3000. Among them, the scord6 mutant exhibits defects both in stomatal closure response and in restricting bacterial multiplication inside the apoplast. However, the identity of SCORD6 remained elusive. In this study, we aim to identify the SCORD6 gene. We identified SCORD6 via next-generation sequencing and found it to be MURUS1 (MUR1), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-l-fucose. Discovery of SCORD6 as MUR1 led to a series of experiments that revealed a multi-faceted role of l-fucose biosynthesis in stomatal and apoplastic defenses as well as in pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, including glycosylation of pattern-recognition receptors. Furthermore, compromised stomatal and/or apoplastic defenses were observed in mutants of several fucosyltransferases with specific substrates (e.g. O-glycan, N-glycan or the DELLA transcriptional repressors). Collectively, these results uncover a novel and broad role of l-fucose and protein fucosylation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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56
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Ortigosa A, Gimenez‐Ibanez S, Leonhardt N, Solano R. Design of a bacterial speck resistant tomato by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of SlJAZ2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:665-673. [PMID: 30183125 PMCID: PMC6381780 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their different lifestyles, effective defence against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Solving this trade-off is a major challenge for obtaining broad-spectrum resistance in crops and requires uncoupling the antagonism between the jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) defence pathways. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, the causal agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, produces coronatine (COR) that stimulates stomata opening and facilitates bacterial leaf colonization. In Arabidopsis, stomata response to COR requires the COR co-receptor AtJAZ2, and dominant AtJAZ2Δjas repressors resistant to proteasomal degradation prevent stomatal opening by COR. Here, we report the generation of a tomato variety resistant to the bacterial speck disease caused by PtoDC3000 without compromising resistance to necrotrophs. We identified the functional ortholog of AtJAZ2 in tomato, found that preferentially accumulates in stomata and proved that SlJAZ2 is a major co-receptor of COR in stomatal guard cells. SlJAZ2 was edited using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate dominant JAZ2 repressors lacking the C-terminal Jas domain (SlJAZ2Δjas). SlJAZ2Δjas prevented stomatal reopening by COR and provided resistance to PtoDC3000. Water transpiration rate and resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of the tomato gray mold, remained unaltered in Sljaz2Δjas plants. Our results solve the defence trade-off in a crop, by spatially uncoupling the SA-JA hormonal antagonism at the stomata, entry gates of specific microbes such as PtoDC3000. Moreover, our results also constitute a novel CRISPR/Cas-based strategy for crop protection that could be readily implemented in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ortigosa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Selena Gimenez‐Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des PlantesCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA) CadaracheCNRS/CEA/Aix‐Marseille UniversitéSaint‐Paul‐lez‐DuranceFrance
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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Zhong CL, Zhang C, Liu JZ. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1109-1118. [PMID: 30481338 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In animals, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) transduce signals perceived by numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, no canonical GPCRs with guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity are present in plant genomes. Accumulated evidence indicates that, instead of GPCRs, the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) function upstream of G proteins in plants. Regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) functions to convert the GTP-bound Gα to the GDP-bound form through its GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP) activity. Because of the intrinsic differences in the biochemical properties between Arabidopsis and animal Gα, the actions of animal and Arabidopsis RGS1 result in contrasting outcomes in G signaling activation/deactivation. Animal RGSs accelerate the deactivation of the activated G signaling, whereas Arabidopsis RGS1 prevents the activation of G signaling in the resting state. Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis RGS1 triggered by ligand-RLK recognition results in the endocytosis or degradation of RGS1, leading to the separation of RGS1 from Gα and thus the derepression of G signaling. Here, we summarize the involvement of the G proteins in plant immunity, with a special focus on the molecular mechanism of G signaling activation/deactivation regulated by RLKs and RGS1. We also provide a brief perspective on the outstanding questions that need to be addressed to fully understand G signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Li Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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58
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Chiesa MA, Roeschlin RA, Favaro MA, Uviedo F, Campos‐Beneyto L, D’Andrea R, Gadea J, Marano MR. Plant responses underlying nonhost resistance of Citrus limon against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:254-269. [PMID: 30260546 PMCID: PMC6637874 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by citrus canker, a disease caused by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri); thus, new sustainable strategies to manage this disease are needed. Although all Citrus spp. are susceptible to this pathogen, they are resistant to other Xanthomonas species, exhibiting non-host resistance (NHR), for example, to the brassica pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and a gene-for-gene host defence response (HDR) to the canker-causing X. fuscans ssp. aurantifolii (Xfa) strain C. Here, we examine the plant factors associated with the NHR of C. limon to Xcc. We show that Xcc induced asymptomatic type I NHR, allowing the bacterium to survive in a stationary phase in the non-host tissue. In C. limon, this NHR shared some similarities with HDR; both defence responses interfered with biofilm formation, and were associated with callose deposition, induction of the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway and the repression of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. However, greater stomatal closure was seen during NHR than during HDR, together with different patterns of accumulation of reactive oxygen species and phenolic compounds and the expression of secondary metabolites. Overall, these differences, independent of Xcc type III effector proteins, could contribute to the higher protection elicited against canker development. We propose that Xcc may have the potential to steadily activate inducible defence responses. An understanding of these plant responses (and their triggers) may allow the development of a sustained and sustainable resistance to citrus canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Chiesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 590S2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Laboratorio de Fisiología VegetalInstituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR)‐UNR/CONICETParque Villarino S/N, 2125 ZavallaSanta FeArgentina
| | - Roxana A. Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 590S2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias AgropecuariasUniversidad Católica de Santa FeLudueña 612, S3560DYR ReconquistaSanta FeArgentina
| | - María A. Favaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 590S2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralProducción Vegetal, Kreder 2805, 3080 HOF EsperanzaSanta FeArgentina
| | - Facundo Uviedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
| | - Laura Campos‐Beneyto
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politécnica de Valencia‐C.S.I.CIngeniero Fausto Elio, S/N46022ValenciaEspaña
| | - Rodrigo D’Andrea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 590S2002LRKRosarioArgentina
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politécnica de Valencia‐C.S.I.CIngeniero Fausto Elio, S/N46022ValenciaEspaña
| | - María R. Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Ocampo y Esmeralda S/NS2002LRKRosarioArgentina
- Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 590S2002LRKRosarioArgentina
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Li R, Liu C, Zhao R, Wang L, Chen L, Yu W, Zhang S, Sheng J, Shen L. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated SlNPR1 mutagenesis reduces tomato plant drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:38. [PMID: 30669982 PMCID: PMC6341727 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NPR1, nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1, is a master regulator involved in plant defense response to pathogens, and its regulatory mechanism in the defense pathway has been relatively clear. However, information about the function of NPR1 in plant response to abiotic stress is still limited. Tomato is the fourth most economically crop worldwide and also one of the best-characterized model plants employed in genetic studies. Because of the lack of a stable tomato NPR1 (SlNPR1) mutant, little is known about the function of SlNPR1 in tomato response to biotic and abiotic stresses. RESULTS Here we isolated SlNPR1 from tomato 'Ailsa Craig' and generated slnpr1 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Analysis of the cis-acting elements indicated that SlNPR1 might be involved in tomato plant response to drought stress. Expression pattern analysis showed that SlNPR1 was expressed in all plant tissues, and it was strongly induced by drought stress. Thus, we investigated the function of SlNPR1 in tomato-plant drought tolerance. Results showed that slnpr1 mutants exhibited reduced drought tolerance with increased stomatal aperture, higher electrolytic leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and lower activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, compared to wild type (WT) plants. The reduced drought tolerance of slnpr1 mutants was further reflected by the down-regulated expression of drought related key genes, including SlGST, SlDHN, and SlDREB. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data suggest that SlNPR1 is involved in regulating tomato plant drought response. These results aid in further understanding the molecular basis underlying SlNPR1 mediation of tomato drought sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chunxue Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ruirui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Liu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Wenqing Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jiping Sheng
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 China
| | - Lin Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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60
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Enebe MC, Babalola OO. The impact of microbes in the orchestration of plants' resistance to biotic stress: a disease management approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9-25. [PMID: 30315353 PMCID: PMC6311197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The struggle for survival is a natural and a continuous process. Microbes are struggling to survive by depending on plants for their nutrition while plants on the other hand are resisting the attack of microbes in order to survive. This interaction is a tug of war and the knowledge of microbe-plant relationship will enable farmers/agriculturists improve crop health, yield, sustain regular food supply, and minimize the use of agrochemicals such as fungicides and pesticides in the fight against plant pathogens. Although, these chemicals are capable of inhibiting pathogens, they also constitute an environmental hazard. However, certain microbes known as plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) aid in the sensitization and priming of the plant immune defense arsenal for it to conquer invading pathogens. PGPM perform this function by the production of elicitors such as volatile organic compounds, antimicrobials, and/or through competition. These elicitors are capable of inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related genes in plants through induced systemic resistance or acquired systemic resistance channels. This review discusses the current findings on the influence and participation of microbes in plants' resistance to biotic stress and to suggest integrative approach as a better practice in disease management and control for the achievement of sustainable environment, agriculture, and increasing food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Chekwube Enebe
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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Pérez-Llorca M, Muñoz P, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function of Auxin, Salicylic Acid and Melatonin in Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30833953 PMCID: PMC6387956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits are differentiated by the ripening process, in particular by the involvement of ethylene, high respiration rates and the nature of the process, being autocatalytic or not, respectively. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis, metabolism and function of three compounds (auxin, salicylic acid and melatonin) sharing not only a common precursor (chorismate), but also regulatory functions in plants, and therefore in fruits. Aside from describing their biosynthesis in plants, with a particular emphasis on common precursors and points of metabolic diversion, we will discuss recent advances on their role in fruit ripening and the regulation of bioactive compounds accumulation, both in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Llorca
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sergi Munné-Bosch,
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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63
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Different Pathogen Defense Strategies in Arabidopsis: More than Pathogen Recognition. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120252. [PMID: 30544557 PMCID: PMC6315839 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly suffer from simultaneous infection by multiple pathogens, which can be divided into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens, according to their lifestyles. Many studies have contributed to improving our knowledge of how plants can defend against pathogens, involving different layers of defense mechanisms. In this sense, the review discusses: (1) the functions of PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), (2) evidence highlighting the functions of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling pathways downstream of PTI and ETI, and (3) other defense aspects, including many novel small molecules that are involved in defense and phenomena, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and priming. In particular, we mainly focus on SA and (JA)/ET-mediated signaling pathways. Interactions among them, including synergistic effects and antagonistic effects, are intensively explored. This might be critical to understanding dynamic disease regulation.
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Li Z, Tian Y, Xu J, Fu X, Gao J, Wang B, Han H, Wang L, Peng R, Yao Q. A tomato ERF transcription factor, SlERF84, confers enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress but negatively regulates immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:683-695. [PMID: 30146417 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ERF proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that play significant roles in plant defense against various stresses. However, only little information regarding stress-related ERF genes is available in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Sl). In this study, a tomato ERF gene, SlERF84, was cloned and functionally characterized. The nucleus localization of SlERF84-sGFP was confirmed through a transient expression assay. Transactivation assays in yeast demonstrated that SlERF84 functions as a transcriptional activator. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that SlERF84 could be markedly induced by drought, salt and by several phytohormones (ABA, MeJA and ACC). Overexpression of SlERF84 in Arabidopsis endows transgenic plants with ABA hypersensitivity and enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress. Histochemical staining assay showed that SlERF84 renders transgenic plants better ROS-scavenging capability. Pathogen inoculation assay revealed that SlERF84 might negatively modulate plant defense response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Moreover, the transcript levels of pathogenesis-related genes AtPR1 and AtPR3 were compromised in transgenic Arabidopsis, as compared to that in Col-0 plants when inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These results suggest that SlERF84 functions as a stress-responsive transcription factor in differentially modulation of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, and may have applications in the engineering of economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Jianjie Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China.
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, PR China.
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Ku YS, Sintaha M, Cheung MY, Lam HM. Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103206. [PMID: 30336563 PMCID: PMC6214094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants are often bombarded by a combination of abiotic (such as drought, salt, heat or cold) and biotic (necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens) stresses simultaneously. It is critical to understand how the various response pathways to these stresses interact with one another within the plants, and where the points of crosstalk occur which switch the responses from one pathway to another. Calcium sensors are often regarded as the first line of response to external stimuli to trigger downstream signaling. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone regulating stress responses, and it interacts with the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways to channel resources into mitigating the effects of abiotic stresses versus defending against pathogens. The signal transduction in these pathways are often carried out via GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) which comprise of a large group of proteins that are varied in structures and functions. Deciphering the combined actions of these different signaling pathways in plants would greatly enhance the ability of breeders to develop food crops that can thrive in deteriorating environmental conditions under climate change, and that can maintain or even increase crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Mariz Sintaha
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ming-Yan Cheung
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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66
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Prodhan MY, Munemasa S, Nahar MNEN, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Guard Cell Salicylic Acid Signaling Is Integrated into Abscisic Acid Signaling via the Ca 2+/CPK-Dependent Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:441-450. [PMID: 30037808 PMCID: PMC6130018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic hormone salicylic acid (SA) induces stomatal closure. It has been suggested that SA signaling is integrated with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells, but the integration mechanism remains unclear. The Ca2+-independent protein kinase Open Stomata1 (OST1) and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are key for ABA-induced activation of the slow-type anion channel SLAC1 and stomatal closure. Here, we show that SA-induced stomatal closure and SA activation of slow-type anion channel are impaired in the CPK disruption mutant cpk3-2 cpk6-1 but not in the OST1 disruption mutant ost1-3 We also found that the key phosphorylation sites of SLAC1 in ABA signaling, serine-59 and serine-120, also are important for SA signaling. Chemiluminescence-based detection of superoxide anion revealed that SA did not require CPK3 and CPK6 for the induction of reactive oxygen species production. Taken together, our results suggest that SA activates peroxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species signal that is integrated into Ca2+/CPK-dependent ABA signaling branch but not the OST1-dependent signaling branch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yeasin Prodhan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Mst Nur-E-Nazmun Nahar
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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Santamaría-Hernando S, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, Martínez-García PM, Río-Álvarez I, González-Melendi P, Zamorano J, Tapia C, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P, López-Solanilla E. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato exploits light signals to optimize virulence and colonization of leaves. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4261-4280. [PMID: 30058114 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light is pervasive in the leaf environment, creating opportunities for both plants and pathogens to cue into light as a signal to regulate plant-microbe interactions. Light enhances plant defences and regulates opening of stomata, an entry point for foliar bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PsPto). The effect of light perception on gene expression and virulence was investigated in PsPto. Light induced genetic reprogramming in PsPto that entailed significant changes in stress tolerance and virulence. Blue light-mediated up-regulation of type three secretion system genes and red light-mediated down-regulation of coronatine biosynthesis genes. Cells exposed to white light, blue light or darkness before inoculation were more virulent when inoculated at dawn than dusk probably due to an enhanced entry through open stomata. Exposure to red light repressed coronatine biosynthesis genes which could lead to a reduced stomatal re-opening and PsPto entry. Photoreceptor were required for the greater virulence of light-treated and dark-treated PsPto inoculated at dawn as compared to dusk, indicating that these proteins sense the absence of light and contribute to priming of virulence in the dark. These results support a model in which PsPto exploits light changes to maximize survival, entry and virulence on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Santamaría-Hernando
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Rodríguez-Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M Martínez-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Río-Álvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Zamorano
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Tapia
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Palenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia López-Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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68
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Liu Z, Zhao Y, Wang X, Yang M, Guo C, Xiao K. TaNBP1, a guanine nucleotide-binding subunit gene of wheat, is essential in the regulation of N starvation adaptation via modulating N acquisition and ROS homeostasis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:167. [PMID: 30103700 PMCID: PMC6090633 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrate (NO3-) is the major source of nitrogen (N) for higher plants aside from its function in transducing the N signaling. Improving N use efficiency of crops has been an effective strategy for promotion of the sustainable agriculture worldwide. The regulatory pathways associating with N uptake and the corresponding biochemical processes impact largely on plant N starvation tolerance. Thus, exploration of the molecular mechanism underlying nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the gene wealth will pave a way for molecular breeding of N starvation-tolerant crop cultivars. RESULTS In the current study, we characterized the function of TaNBP1, a guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta gene of wheat (T. aestivum), in mediating the plant N starvation response. TaNBP1 protein harbors a conserved W40 domain and the TaNBP1-GFP (green fluorescence protein) signals concentrate at positions of cytoplasm membrane and cytosol. TaNBP1 transcripts are induced in roots and leaves upon N starvation stress and that this upregulated expression is recovered by N recovery treatment. TaNBP1 overexpression confers improved phenotype, enlarged root system architecture (RSA), and increased biomass for plants upon N deprivation relative to the wild type, associating with its role in enhancing N accumulation and improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Nitrate transporter (NRT) gene NtNRT2.2 and antioxidant enzyme genes NtSOD1, NtSOD2, and NtCAT1 are transcriptionally regulated under TaNBP1 and contribute to the improved N acquisition and the increased AE activities of plants. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, TaNBP1 is transcriptional response to N starvation stress. Overexpression of this gene enhances plant N starvation adaptation via improvement of N uptake and cellular ROS homeostasis by modifying transcription of NRT gene NtNRT2.2 and antioxidant enzyme genes NtSOD1, NtSOD2, and NtCAT1, respectively. Our research helps to understand the mechanism underlying plant N starvation response and benefits to genetically engineer crop cultivars with improved NUE under the N-saving cultivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
| | - Yingjia Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
| | - Mengya Yang
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
| | - Chengjin Guo
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, 071001 China
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69
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Wang W, Chen D, Zhang X, Liu D, Cheng Y, Shen F. Role of plant respiratory burst oxidase homologs in stress responses. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:826-839. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1473572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fafu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, PR China
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Rajarammohan S, Pradhan AK, Pental D, Kaur J. Genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis identifies novel genes underlying quantitative disease resistance to Alternaria brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1719-1732. [PMID: 29271603 PMCID: PMC6638106 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is the predominant form of resistance against necrotrophic pathogens. The genes and mechanisms underlying QDR are not well known. In the current study, the Arabidopsis-Alternaria brassicae pathosystem was used to uncover the genetic architecture underlying resistance to A. brassicae in a set of geographically diverse Arabidopsis accessions. Arabidopsis accessions revealed a rich variation in the host responses to the pathogen, varying from complete resistance to high susceptibility. Genome-wide association (GWA) mapping revealed multiple regions to be associated with disease resistance. A subset of genes prioritized on the basis of gene annotations and evidence of transcriptional regulation in other biotic stresses was analysed using a reverse genetics approach employing T-DNA insertion mutants. The mutants of three genes, namely At1g06990 (GDSL-motif lipase), At3g25180 (CYP82G1) and At5g37500 (GORK), displayed an enhanced susceptibility relative to the wild-type. These genes are involved in the development of morphological phenotypes (stomatal aperture) and secondary metabolite synthesis, thus defining some of the diverse facets of quantitative resistance against A. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshay Kumar Pradhan
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi110021India
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop PlantsUniversity of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi110021India
| | - Deepak Pental
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop PlantsUniversity of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi110021India
| | - Jagreet Kaur
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi110021India
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71
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Lovelace AH, Smith A, Kvitko BH. Pattern-Triggered Immunity Alters the Transcriptional Regulation of Virulence-Associated Genes and Induces the Sulfur Starvation Response in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:750-765. [PMID: 29460676 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0008-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) can confer broad defense against diverse microbes and pathogens with disparate lifestyles through the detection of microbial extracellular signatures by surface-exposed pattern recognition receptors. However, unlike recognition of pathogen effectors by cytosolic resistance proteins, PTI is typically not associated with a host-cell programmed cell death response. Although host PTI signaling has been extensively studied, the mechanisms by which it restricts microbial colonization are poorly understood. We sought to gain insight into the mechanisms of PTI action by using bacterial transcriptomics analysis during exposure to PTI. Here, we describe a method for bacterial cell extraction from inoculated leaves that was used to analyze a time course of genome-wide transcriptional responses in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 during early naïve host infection and exposure to pre-induced PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our analysis revealed early transcriptional regulation of important bacterial metabolic processes and host interaction pathways. We observed peak induction of P. syringae virulence genes at 3 h postinoculation and that exposure to PTI was associated with significant reductions in the expression of virulence genes. We also observed the induction of P. syringae sulfur starvation response genes such as sulfate and sulfonate importers only during exposure to PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia H Lovelace
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Amy Smith
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.; and
- 2 The Plant Center, University of Georgia
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72
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Boba A, Kostyn K, Preisner M, Wojtasik W, Szopa J, Kulma A. Expression of heterologous lycopene β-cyclase gene in flax can cause silencing of its endogenous counterpart by changes in gene-body methylation and in ABA homeostasis mechanism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:143-151. [PMID: 29579641 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously we described flax plants with expression of Arabidopsis lycopene β-cyclase (lcb) gene in which decreased expression of the endogenous lcb and increased resistance to fungal pathogen was observed. We suggested that co-suppression was responsible for the change. In this study we investigated the molecular basis of the observed effect in detail. We found that methylation changes in the Lulcb gene body might be responsible for repression of the gene. Treatment with azacitidine (DNA methylation inhibitor) confirmed the results. Moreover, we studied how the manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway increased ABA level in these plants. We suggest that elevated ABA levels may be responsible for the increased resistance of the flax plants to pathogen infection through activation of chitinase (PR gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, 53-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
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73
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Abulfaraj AA, Mariappan K, Bigeard J, Manickam P, Blilou I, Guo X, Al-Babili S, Pflieger D, Hirt H, Rayapuram N. The Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 is a key regulator of stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800046. [PMID: 30456348 PMCID: PMC6238584 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity and defense responses. Atg3bp1 mutant lines show constitutive stomata closure, expression of a number of key defense marker genes, and accumulate salicylic acid. Mammalian Ras-GTPase–activating protein SH3-domain–binding proteins (G3BPs) are a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins that link kinase receptor-mediated signaling to RNA metabolism. Mammalian G3BP1 is a multifunctional protein that functions in viral immunity. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of human G3BP1 negatively regulates plant immunity. Arabidopsis g3bp1 mutants showed enhanced resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Pathogen resistance was mediated in Atg3bp1 mutants by altered stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Atg3bp1 mutants restricted pathogen entry into stomates showing insensitivity to bacterial coronatine–mediated stomatal reopening. AtG3BP1 was identified as a negative regulator of defense responses, which correlated with moderate up-regulation of salicylic acid biosynthesis and signaling without growth penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aala A Abulfaraj
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiruthiga Mariappan
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Prabhu Manickam
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Delphine Pflieger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, BIG-BGE FR3425, Grenoble, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Naganand Rayapuram
- Desert Agriculture Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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74
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Wu L, Huang Z, Li X, Ma L, Gu Q, Wu H, Liu J, Borriss R, Wu Z, Gao X. Stomatal Closure and SA-, JA/ET-Signaling Pathways Are Essential for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 to Restrict Leaf Disease Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 29755447 PMCID: PMC5934478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that induces resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study analyzed the mechanism by which FZB42 restricts leaf disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae in Nicotiana benthamiana. The oomycete foliar pathogen P. nicotianae is able to reopen stomata which had been closed by the plant innate immune response to initiate penetration and infection. Here, we showed that root colonization by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 restricted pathogen-mediated stomatal reopening in N. benthamiana. Abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated pathways mediated FZB42-induced stomatal closure after pathogen infection. Moreover, the defense-related genes PR-1a, LOX, and ERF1, involved in the SA and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling pathways, respectively, were overexpressed, and levels of the hormones SA, JA, and ET increased in the leaves of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42-treated wild type plants. Disruption of one of these three pathways in N. benthamiana plants increased susceptibility to the pathogen. These suggest that SA- and JA/ET-dependent signaling pathways were important in plant defenses against the pathogen. Our data thus explain a biocontrol mechanism of soil rhizobacteria in a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Liumin Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Forestry & Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nord Reet UG, Greifswald, Germany.,Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Institut für Agrar-und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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75
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Chakravarthy S, Worley JN, Montes‐Rodriguez A, Collmer A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 polymutants deploying coronatine and two type III effectors produce quantifiable chlorotic spots from individual bacterial colonies in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:935-947. [PMID: 28677296 PMCID: PMC6637995 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary virulence factors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 include the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) and a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system (T3SS). DC3000 derivatives differentially producing COR, the T3SS machinery and subsets of key effectors were constructed and assayed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Bacteria were inoculated by the dipping of whole plants and assayed for population growth and the production of chlorotic spots on leaves. The strains fell into three classes. Class I strains are T3SS+ but functionally effectorless, grow poorly in planta and produce faint chlorotic spots only if COR+ . Class II strains are T3SS- or, if T3SS+ , also produce effectors AvrPtoB and HopM1. Class II strains grow better than class I strains in planta and, if COR+ , produce robust chlorotic spots. Class III strains are T3SS+ and minimally produce AvrPtoB, HopM1 and three other effectors encoded in the P. syringae conserved effector locus. These strains differ from class II strains in growing better in planta, and produce chlorotic spots without COR if the precursor coronafacic acid is produced. Assays for chlorotic spot formation, in conjunction with pressure infiltration of low-level inoculum and confocal microscopy of fluorescent protein-labelled bacteria, revealed that single bacteria in the apoplast are capable of producing colonies and associated leaf spots in a 1 : 1 : 1 manner. However, COR makes no significant contribution to the bacterial colonization of the apoplast, but, instead, enables a gratuitous, semi-quantitative, surface indicator of bacterial growth, which is determined by the strain's effector composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Chakravarthy
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
University of Maryland and Food and Drug Administration Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMD 20742USA
| | - Jay N. Worley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Section of Biotechnology Regulatory ServicesRiverdaleMD 20737USA
| | - Adriana Montes‐Rodriguez
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
Department of Cell BiologyFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NurembergBavariaGermany
| | - Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
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76
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Liang X, Ma M, Zhou Z, Wang J, Yang X, Rao S, Bi G, Li L, Zhang X, Chai J, Chen S, Zhou JM. Ligand-triggered de-repression of Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G proteins coupled to immune receptor kinases. Cell Res 2018; 28:529-543. [PMID: 29545645 PMCID: PMC5951851 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G proteins regulate diverse processes by coupling to single-transmembrane receptors. One such receptor is the FLS2 receptor kinase, which perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate immunity through a class of cytoplasmic kinases called BIK1/PBLs. Unlike animal and fungal heterotrimeric G proteins that are activated by a ligand-induced guanine nucleotide exchange activity of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plant heterotrimeric G proteins are self-activating. How plant receptors regulate heterotrimeric G proteins in response to external ligands remains unknown. Here we show that RGS1, a GTPase accelerating protein, maintains Arabidopsis G proteins in an inactive state in complex with FLS2. Activation of FLS2 by flg22 induces a BIK1/PBL-mediated phosphorylation of RGS1 at Ser428 and Ser431 and that promotes RGS1 dissociation from the FLS2-G protein complex. This relieves G proteins from the RGS1-mediated repression and enables positive regulation of immune signaling. We additionally show that RGS1 is similarly regulated by multiple immune receptors. Our results uncover ligand-induced de-repression as a mechanism for G protein signaling in plants that is distinct from previously reported mechanism underlying the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Yang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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77
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D'Ambrosio JM, Couto D, Fabro G, Scuffi D, Lamattina L, Munnik T, Andersson MX, Álvarez ME, Zipfel C, Laxalt AM. Phospholipase C2 Affects MAMP-Triggered Immunity by Modulating ROS Production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:970-981. [PMID: 28827453 PMCID: PMC5619888 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) is one of the earliest responses triggered by the recognition of several microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) in plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PI-PLC gene family is composed of nine members. Previous studies suggested a role for PLC2 in MAMP-triggered immunity, as it is rapidly phosphorylated in vivo upon treatment with the bacterial MAMP flg22. Here, we analyzed the role of PLC2 in plant immunity using an artificial microRNA to silence PLC2 expression in Arabidopsis. We found that PLC2-silenced plants are more susceptible to the type III secretion system-deficient bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 hrcC- and to the nonadapted pea (Pisum sativum) powdery mildew Erysiphe pisi However, PLC2-silenced plants display normal susceptibility to virulent (Pst DC3000) and avirulent (Pst DC3000 AvrRPM1) P. syringae strains, conserving typical hypersensitive response features. In response to flg22, PLC2-silenced plants maintain wild-type mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and PHI1, WRKY33, and FRK1 immune marker gene expression but have reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent responses such as callose deposition and stomatal closure. Accordingly, the generation of ROS upon flg22 treatment is compromised in the PLC2-defficient plants, suggesting an effect of PLC2 in a branch of MAMP-triggered immunity and nonhost resistance that involves early ROS-regulated processes. Consistently, PLC2 associates with the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, suggesting its potential regulation by PLC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martín D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Couto
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, UNC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - María E Álvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, UNC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas IIB-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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78
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Palmer IA, Shang Z, Fu ZQ. Salicylic acid-mediated plant defense: Recent developments, missing links, and future outlook. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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79
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Panchal S, Melotto M. Stomate-based defense and environmental cues. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1362517. [PMID: 28816601 PMCID: PMC5640185 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1362517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants. For instance, many bacterial disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. A critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds or natural openings, such as stomata. Bacterium-triggered stomatal closure is an integral part of the plant immune response to reduce pathogen invasion. Recently, we found that high humidity compromises stomatal defense, which is accompanied by regulation of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways in guard cells. Periods of darkness, when most stomata are closed, are effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves. However, coronatine produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 cells can open dark-closed stomata facilitating infection. Thus, a well-known disease-promoting environmental condition (high humidity) acts in part by suppressing stomatal defense, whereas an anti-stomatal defense factor such as coronatine, may provide epidemiological advantages to ensure bacterial infection when environmental conditions (darkness and insufficient humidity) favor stomatal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Panchal
- Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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80
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Kaundal A, Ramu VS, Oh S, Lee S, Pant B, Lee HK, Rojas CM, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE4 Degrades 14-3-3 and the RIN4 Complex to Regulate Stomatal Aperture with Implications on Nonhost Disease Resistance and Drought Tolerance. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2233-2248. [PMID: 28855332 PMCID: PMC5635975 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have complex and adaptive innate immune responses against pathogen infections. Stomata are key entry points for many plant pathogens. Both pathogens and plants regulate stomatal aperture for pathogen entry and defense, respectively. Not all plant proteins involved in stomatal aperture regulation have been identified. Here, we report GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE4 (GCN4), an AAA+-ATPase family protein, as one of the key proteins regulating stomatal aperture during biotic and abiotic stress. Silencing of GCN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana compromises host and nonhost disease resistance due to open stomata during pathogen infection. AtGCN4 overexpression plants have reduced H+-ATPase activity, stomata that are less responsive to pathogen virulence factors such as coronatine (phytotoxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae) or fusicoccin (a fungal toxin produced by the fungus Fusicoccum amygdali), reduced pathogen entry, and enhanced drought tolerance. This study also demonstrates that AtGCN4 interacts with RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins and suggests that GCN4 degrades RIN4 and 14-3-3 proteins via a proteasome-mediated pathway and thereby reduces the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase complex, thus reducing proton pump activity to close stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Bikram Pant
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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81
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Dynamic G protein alpha signaling in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 516:1039-1045. [PMID: 28698136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins composed of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits are evolutionarily conserved signaling modules involved in diverse biological processes in plants and animals. The role and action of Gα remain largely enigmatic in plant innate immunity. We have recently demonstrated that Arabidopsis Gα (GPA1) is a key component of a new immune signaling pathway activated by bacteria-secreted proteases. Here we show that GPA1 is also involved in the signaling network of Arabidopsis in response to the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22. Specifically, GPA1 plays a pivotal role in an immune pathway involving the flg22 receptor FLS2, co-receptor BAK1, Regulator of G Signaling 1 (RGS1), and Arabidopsis Gβ (AGB1), in which flg22 elicits GPA1/AGB1 dissociation from the FLS2/BAK1/RGS1 receptor complex. Consequently, we observed flg22-induced degradation of FLS2, BAK1 and RGS1 but not GPA1 or AGB1. We also found that GPA1 constitutively interacts with the NADPH oxidase RbohD to potentiate flg22-induced ROS burst independently of the central cytoplasmic kinase BIK1. Taken together, our work sheds multiple novel insights into the functions and regulatory mechanisms of GPA1 in Arabidopsis innate immunity.
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82
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Melotto M, Zhang L, Oblessuc PR, He SY. Stomatal Defense a Decade Later. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:561-571. [PMID: 28341769 PMCID: PMC5462020 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A decade has passed since the discovery of stomatal defense, and the field has expanded considerably with significant understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.M., P.R.O.);
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.);
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.); and
- Plant Resilience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.Y.H.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.M., P.R.O.)
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.); and
- Plant Resilience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.Y.H.)
| | - Paula R Oblessuc
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.M., P.R.O.)
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.)
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.); and
- Plant Resilience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.Y.H.)
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (M.M., P.R.O.);
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.);
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (L.Z., S.Y.H.); and
- Plant Resilience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.Y.H.)
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83
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Singh R, Parihar P, Singh S, Mishra RK, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Reactive oxygen species signaling and stomatal movement: Current updates and future perspectives. Redox Biol 2017; 11:213-218. [PMID: 28012436 PMCID: PMC5192041 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of aerobic metabolism were initially studied in context to their damaging effect but recent decades witnessed significant advancements in understanding the role of ROS as signaling molecules. Contrary to earlier views, it is becoming evident that ROS production is not necessarily a symptom of cellular dysfunction but it might represent a necessary signal in adjusting the cellular machinery according to the altered conditions. Stomatal movement is controlled by multifaceted signaling network in response to endogenous and environmental signals. Furthermore, the stomatal aperture is regulated by a coordinated action of signaling proteins, ROS-generating enzymes, and downstream executors like transporters, ion pumps, plasma membrane channels, which control the turgor pressure of the guard cell. The earliest hallmarks of stomatal closure are ROS accumulation in the apoplast and chloroplasts and thereafter, there is a successive increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ level which rules the multiple kinases activity that in turn regulates the activity of ROS-generating enzymes and various ion channels. In addition, ROS also regulate the action of multiple proteins directly by oxidative post translational modifications to adjust guard cell signaling. Notwithstanding, an active progress has been made with ROS signaling mechanism but the regulatory action for ROS signaling processes in stomatal movement is still fragmentary. Therefore, keeping in view the above facts, in this mini review the basic concepts and role of ROS signaling in the stomatal movement have been presented comprehensively along with recent highlights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Mishra
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya 497335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
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84
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Use of RNA-seq data to identify and validate RT-qPCR reference genes for studying the tomato-Pseudomonas pathosystem. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44905. [PMID: 28317896 PMCID: PMC5357963 DOI: 10.1038/srep44905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The agronomical relevant tomato-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato pathosystem is widely used to explore and understand the underlying mechanisms of the plant immune response. Transcript abundance estimation, mainly through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), is a common approach employed to investigate the possible role of a candidate gene in certain biological process under study. The accuracy of this technique relies heavily on the selection of adequate reference genes. Initially, genes derived from other techniques (such as Northern blots) were used as reference genes in RT-qPCR experiments, but recent studies in different systems suggest that many of these genes are not stably expressed. The development of high throughput transcriptomic techniques, such as RNA-seq, provides an opportunity for the identification of transcriptionally stable genes that can be adopted as novel and robust reference genes. Here we take advantage of a large set of RNA-seq data originating from tomato leaves infiltrated with different immunity inducers and bacterial strains. We assessed and validated 9 genes that are much more stable than two traditional reference genes. Specifically, ARD2 and VIN3 were the most stably expressed genes and consequently we propose they be adopted for RT-qPCR experiments involving this pathosystem.
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85
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Arnaud D, Lee S, Takebayashi Y, Choi D, Choi J, Sakakibara H, Hwang I. Cytokinin-Mediated Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis Modulates Stomatal Immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:543-559. [PMID: 28254779 PMCID: PMC5385949 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play an important role in preinvasive defense responses by limiting pathogen entry into leaves. Although the stress hormones salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to regulate stomatal immunity, the role of growth promoting hormones is far from understood. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinins (CKs) function in stomatal defense responses. The cytokinin receptor HISTIDINE KINASE3 (AHK3) and RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (ARR2) promote stomatal closure triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato bacteria. Importantly, the cytokinin trans-zeatin induces stomatal closure and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells through AHK3 and ARR2 in an SA-dependent and ABA-independent manner. Using pharmacological and reverse genetics approaches, we found that CK-mediated stomatal responses involve the apoplastic peroxidases PRX4, PRX33, PRX34, and PRX71, but not the NADPH oxidases RBOHD and RBOHF. Moreover, ARR2 directly activates the expression of PRX33 and PRX34, which are required for SA- and PAMP-triggered ROS production. Thus, the CK signaling pathway regulates ROS homeostasis in guard cells, which leads to enhanced stomatal immunity and plant resistance to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arnaud
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daeseok Choi
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jaemyung Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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86
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Zhang L, Zhang F, Melotto M, Yao J, He SY. Jasmonate signaling and manipulation by pathogens and insects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1371-1385. [PMID: 28069779 PMCID: PMC6075518 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize jasmonates (JAs) in response to developmental cues or environmental stresses, in order to coordinate plant growth, development or defense against pathogens and herbivores. Perception of pathogen or herbivore attack promotes synthesis of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which binds to the COI1-JAZ receptor, triggering the degradation of JAZ repressors and induction of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant defense. Interestingly, some virulent pathogens have evolved various strategies to manipulate JA signaling to facilitate their exploitation of plant hosts. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the enigmatic switch between transcriptional repression and hormone-dependent transcriptional activation of JA signaling. We also discuss various strategies used by pathogens and insects to manipulate JA signaling and how interfering with this could be used as a novel means of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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87
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Su J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Sun T, Liu Y, Lukowitz W, Xu J, Zhang S. Regulation of Stomatal Immunity by Interdependent Functions of a Pathogen-Responsive MPK3/MPK6 Cascade and Abscisic Acid. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:526-542. [PMID: 28254778 PMCID: PMC5385948 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is one of the earliest responses after plants sense an invading pathogen. Here, we show that MPK3 and MPK6, two Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-responsive MAPKs, and their upstream MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK5, are essential to both stomatal and apoplastic immunity. Loss of function of MPK3 and MPK6, or their upstream MKK4 and MKK5, abolishes pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern- and pathogen-induced stomatal closure. Gain-of-function activation of MPK3/MPK6 induces stomatal closure independently of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling. In contrast, exogenously applied organic acids such as malate or citrate are able to reverse the stomatal closure induced by MPK3/MPK6 activation. Gene expression analysis and in situ enzyme activity staining revealed that malate metabolism increases in guard cells after activation of MPK3/MPK6 or inoculation of pathogen. In addition, pathogen-induced malate metabolism requires functional MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6. We propose that the pathogen-responsive MPK3/MPK6 cascade and ABA are two essential signaling pathways that control, respectively, the organic acid metabolism and ion channels, two main branches of osmotic regulation in guard cells that function interdependently to control stomatal opening/closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | | | - Tiefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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88
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Boter M, Ortigosa A, García-Casado G, Chini A, Lewsey MG, Ecker JR, Ntoukakis V, Solano R. JAZ2 controls stomata dynamics during bacterial invasion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1378-1392. [PMID: 28005270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coronatine (COR) facilitates entry of bacteria into the plant apoplast by stimulating stomata opening. COR-induced signaling events at stomata remain unclear. We found that the COR and jasmonate isoleucine (JA-Ile) co-receptor JAZ2 is constitutively expressed in guard cells and modulates stomatal dynamics during bacterial invasion We analyzed tissue expression patterns of AtJAZ genes and measured stomata opening and pathogen resistance in loss- and gain-of-function mutants. Arabidopsis jaz2 mutants are partially impaired in pathogen-induced stomatal closing and more susceptible to Pseudomonas. Gain-of-function mutations in JAZ2 prevent stomatal reopening by COR and are highly resistant to bacterial penetration. The JAZ2 targets MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 directly regulate the expression of ANAC19, ANAC55 and ANAC72 to modulate stomata aperture. Due to the antagonistic interactions between the salicylic acid (SA) and JA defense pathways, efforts to increase resistance to biotrophs result in enhanced susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Remarkably, dominant jaz2Δjas mutants are resistant to Pseudomonas syringae but retain unaltered resistance against necrotrophs. Our results demonstrate the existence of a COI1-JAZ2-MYC2,3,4-ANAC19,55,72 module responsible for the regulation of stomatal aperture that is hijacked by bacterial COR to promote infection. They also provide novel strategies for crop protection against biotrophs without compromising resistance to necrotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Boter
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Andrés Ortigosa
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Gloria García-Casado
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Andrea Chini
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, 28049, Spain
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89
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Lee DS, Kim YC, Kwon SJ, Ryu CM, Park OK. The Arabidopsis Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase CRK36 Regulates Immunity through Interaction with the Cytoplasmic Kinase BIK1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1856. [PMID: 29163585 PMCID: PMC5663720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases are important signaling components that regulate a variety of cellular processes. In this study, an Arabidopsis cDNA microarray analysis led to the identification of the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase CRK36 responsive to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola. To determine the function of CRK36 in plant immunity, T-DNA-insertion knockdown (crk36) and overexpressing (CRK36OE) plants were prepared. CRK36OE plants exhibited increased hypersensitive cell death and ROS burst in response to avirulent pathogens. Treatment with a typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern, flg22, markedly induced pattern-triggered immune responses, notably stomatal defense, in CRK36OE plants. The immune responses were weakened in crk36 plants. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed the in vivo association of CRK36, FLS2, and BIK1. CRK36 enhanced flg22-triggered BIK1 phosphorylation, which showed defects with Cys mutations in the DUF26 motifs of CRK36. Disruption of BIK1 and RbohD/RbohF genes further impaired CRK36-mediated stomatal defense. We propose that CRK36, together with BIK1 and NADPH oxidases, may form a positive activation loop that enhances ROS burst and leads to the promotion of stomatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Cheon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Jae Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ohkmae K. Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ohkmae K. Park
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90
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Wu S, Zhao B. Using Clear Nail Polish to Make Arabidopsis Epidermal Impressions for Measuring the Change of Stomatal Aperture Size in Immune Response. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:243-248. [PMID: 28220430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomata are an essential route for bacterial pathogens to entry inside host tissue and cause diseases. As an important defense mechanism, plant stomata can actively restrict bacterial invasion by dynamically regulating the opening, closing, and reopening of stomatal guard cells. Therefore, accurately measuring the stomatal aperture size during the bacterial pathogenesis is an important approach to study the stomata related immunity. Several methods have been developed for stomatal aperture measurement. Here, we described a detailed protocol of using clear nail polish to make Arabidopsis epidermal impressions for investigate the change of stomatal aperture size in plant immune response. The application of this approach can instantly fix the status of stomatal guard cells, and provides clear, stable, and almost permanent slides of epidermal impressions for measurement of stomatal aperture size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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91
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Toum L, Torres PS, Gallego SM, Benavídes MP, Vojnov AA, Gudesblat GE. Coronatine Inhibits Stomatal Closure through Guard Cell-Specific Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1851. [PMID: 28018388 PMCID: PMC5155495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by MAMPs and by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigated the possible effect of coronatine on their production. We found that coronatine inhibits NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production induced by ABA, and by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. This toxin also inhibited NADPH oxidase-dependent stomatal closure induced by darkness, however, it failed to prevent stomatal closure by exogenously applied H2O2 or by salicylic acid, which induces ROS production through peroxidases. Contrary to what was observed on stomata, coronatine did not affect the oxidative burst induced by flg22 in leaf disks. Additionally, we observed that in NADPH oxidase mutants atrbohd and atrbohd/f, as well as in guard cell ABA responsive but flg22 insensitive mutants mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, the inhibition of ABA stomatal responses by both coronatine and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium was markedly reduced. Interestingly, coronatine still impaired ABA-induced ROS synthesis in mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, suggesting a possible feedback regulation of ROS on other guard cell ABA signaling elements in these mutants. Altogether our results show that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS synthesis in guard cells plays an important role during endophytic colonization by Pst through stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Toum
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo S. Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana M. Gallego
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P. Benavídes
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E. Gudesblat
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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92
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Yamada K, Saijo Y, Nakagami H, Takano Y. Regulation of sugar transporter activity for antibacterial defense in
Arabidopsis. Science 2016; 354:1427-1430. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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93
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Panchal S, Chitrakar R, Thompson BK, Obulareddy N, Roy D, Hambright WS, Melotto M. Regulation of Stomatal Defense by Air Relative Humidity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2021-2032. [PMID: 27702841 PMCID: PMC5100797 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has long been observed that environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants and animals. For instance, many bacterial plant disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. A critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds and natural openings, such as stomata, which are adjustable microscopic pores in the epidermal tissue. Several studies have shown that stomatal closure is an integral part of the plant immune response to reduce pathogen invasion. In this study, we found that high humidity can effectively compromise Pseudomonas syringae-triggered stomatal closure in both Phaseolus vulgaris and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is accompanied by early up-regulation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and simultaneous down-regulation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway in guard cells. Furthermore, SA-dependent response, but not JA-dependent response, is faster in guard cells than in whole leaves, suggesting that the SA signaling in guard cells may be independent from other cell types. Thus, we conclude that high humidity, a well-known disease-promoting environmental condition, acts in part by suppressing stomatal defense and is linked to hormone signaling in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Panchal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Reejana Chitrakar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Blaine K Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Nisita Obulareddy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Debanjana Roy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - W Sealy Hambright
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (S.P., R.C., B.K.T., N.O., W.S.H.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (D.R., M.M.)
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94
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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95
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Pfeilmeier S, Caly DL, Malone JG. Bacterial pathogenesis of plants: future challenges from a microbial perspective: Challenges in Bacterial Molecular Plant Pathology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1298-313. [PMID: 27170435 PMCID: PMC6638335 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant infection is a complicated process. On encountering a plant, pathogenic microorganisms must first adapt to life on the epiphytic surface, and survive long enough to initiate an infection. Responsiveness to the environment is critical throughout infection, with intracellular and community-level signal transduction pathways integrating environmental signals and triggering appropriate responses in the bacterial population. Ultimately, phytopathogens must migrate from the epiphytic surface into the plant tissue using motility and chemotaxis pathways. This migration is coupled with overcoming the physical and chemical barriers to entry into the plant apoplast. Once inside the plant, bacteria use an array of secretion systems to release phytotoxins and protein effectors that fulfil diverse pathogenic functions (Fig. ) (Melotto and Kunkel, ; Phan Tran et al., ). As our understanding of the pathways and mechanisms underpinning plant pathogenicity increases, a number of central research challenges are emerging that will profoundly shape the direction of research in the future. We need to understand the bacterial phenotypes that promote epiphytic survival and surface adaptation in pathogenic bacteria. How do these pathways function in the context of the plant-associated microbiome, and what impact does this complex microbial community have on the onset and severity of plant infections? The huge importance of bacterial signal transduction to every stage of plant infection is becoming increasingly clear. However, there is a great deal to learn about how these signalling pathways function in phytopathogenic bacteria, and the contribution they make to various aspects of plant pathogenicity. We are increasingly able to explore the structural and functional diversity of small-molecule natural products from plant pathogens. We need to acquire a much better understanding of the production, deployment, functional redundancy and physiological roles of these molecules. Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are important and well-studied contributors to bacterial disease. Several key unanswered questions will shape future investigations of these systems. We need to define the mechanism of hierarchical and temporal control of effector secretion. For successful infection, effectors need to interact with host components to exert their function. Advanced biochemical, proteomic and cell biological techniques will enable us to study the function of effectors inside the host cell in more detail and on a broader scale. Population genomics analyses provide insight into evolutionary adaptation processes of phytopathogens. The determination of the diversity and distribution of type III effectors (T3Es) and other virulence genes within and across pathogenic species, pathovars and strains will allow us to understand how pathogens adapt to specific hosts, the evolutionary pathways available to them, and the possible future directions of the evolutionary arms race between effectors and molecular plant targets. Although pathogenic bacteria employ a host of different virulence and proliferation strategies, as a result of the space constraints, this review focuses mainly on the hemibiotrophic pathogens. We discuss the process of plant infection from the perspective of these important phytopathogens, and highlight new approaches to address the outstanding challenges in this important and fast-moving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Delphine L Caly
- Université de Lille, EA 7394, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Jacob G Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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96
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Allu AD, Brotman Y, Xue GP, Balazadeh S. Transcription factor ANAC032 modulates JA/SA signalling in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1578-1589. [PMID: 27632992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to pathogens, including host transcriptional reprogramming, require partially antagonistic signalling pathways dependent on the phytohormones salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids. However, upstream factors modulating the interplay of these pathways are not well characterized. Here, we identify the transcription factor ANAC032 from Arabidopsis thaliana as one such regulator in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). ANAC032 directly represses MYC2 activation upon Pst attack, resulting in blockage of coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening which restricts entry of bacteria into plant tissue. Furthermore, ANAC032 activates SA signalling by repressing NIMIN1, a key negative regulator of SA-dependent defence. Finally, ANAC032 reduces expression of JA-responsive genes, including PDF1.2A Thus, ANAC032 enhances resistance to Pst by generating an orchestrated transcriptional output towards key SA- and JA-signalling genes coordinated through direct binding of ANAC032 to the MYC2, NIMIN1 and PDF1.2A promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Devi Allu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany .,Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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97
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Bianco MI, Toum L, Yaryura PM, Mielnichuk N, Gudesblat GE, Roeschlin R, Marano MR, Ielpi L, Vojnov AA. Xanthan Pyruvilation Is Essential for the Virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:688-699. [PMID: 27464764 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-16-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthan, the main exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesized by Xanthomonas spp., contributes to bacterial stress tolerance and enhances attachment to plant surfaces by helping in biofilm formation. Therefore, xanthan is essential for successful colonization and growth in planta and has also been proposed to be involved in the promotion of pathogenesis by calcium ion chelation and, hence, in the suppression of the plant defense responses in which this cation acts as a signal. The aim of this work was to study the relationship between xanthan structure and its role as a virulence factor. We analyzed four Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris mutants that synthesize structural variants of xanthan. We found that the lack of acetyl groups that decorate the internal mannose residues, ketal-pyruvate groups, and external mannose residues affects bacterial adhesion and biofilm architecture. In addition, the mutants that synthesized EPS without pyruvilation or without the external mannose residues did not develop disease symptoms in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also observed that the presence of the external mannose residues and, hence, pyruvilation is required for xanthan to suppress callose deposition as well as to interfere with stomatal defense. In conclusion, pyruvilation of xanthan seems to be essential for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Bianco
- 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laila Toum
- 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Marcelo Yaryura
- 2 Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia (CIT Villa María), CONICET-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María. Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555, (5900), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Mielnichuk
- 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Eduardo Gudesblat
- 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 3 Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires (C1428EGA), Argentina
| | - Roxana Roeschlin
- 4 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-CONICET, Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, (S2000FHN) Rosario, Argentina; and
| | - María Rosa Marano
- 4 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-CONICET, Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/n, (S2000FHN) Rosario, Argentina; and
| | - Luis Ielpi
- 5 Laboratorio de Genética Bacteriana, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435 (C1405BWE), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián A Vojnov
- 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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98
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Toruño TY, Stergiopoulos I, Coaker G. Plant-Pathogen Effectors: Cellular Probes Interfering with Plant Defenses in Spatial and Temporal Manners. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:419-41. [PMID: 27359369 PMCID: PMC5283857 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess large arsenals of immune receptors capable of recognizing all pathogen classes. To cause disease, pathogenic organisms must be able to overcome physical barriers, suppress or evade immune perception, and derive nutrients from host tissues. Consequently, to facilitate some of these processes, pathogens secrete effector proteins that promote colonization. This review covers recent advances in the field of effector biology, focusing on conserved cellular processes targeted by effectors from diverse pathogens. The ability of effectors to facilitate pathogen entry into the host interior, suppress plant immune perception, and alter host physiology for pathogen benefit is discussed. Pathogens also deploy effectors in a spatial and temporal manner, depending on infection stage. Recent advances have also enhanced our understanding of effectors acting in specific plant organs and tissues. Effectors are excellent cellular probes that facilitate insight into biological processes as well as key points of vulnerability in plant immune signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Y Toruño
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; , ,
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; , ,
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99
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Hieno A, Naznin HA, Hyakumachi M, Higuchi-Takeuchi M, Matsui M, Yamamoto YY. Possible Involvement of MYB44-Mediated Stomatal Regulation in Systemic Resistance Induced by Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 in Arabidopsis. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:154-9. [PMID: 27301421 PMCID: PMC4912150 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant growth-promoting fungus (PGPF), Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 (GP17-2), induces systemic resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The molecular mechanisms underlying induced systemic resistance (ISR) by GP17-2 were investigated in the present study. Microscopic observations revealed that stomatal reopening by Pst was restricted by elicitation with the culture filtrate (CF) from GP17-2. A gene expression analysis of MYB44, which enhances abscisic acid signaling and consequently closes stomata, revealed that the gene was activated by CF. CF-elicited myb44 mutant plants failed to restrict stomatal reopening and showed lower resistance to Pst than wild-type plants. These results indicate that stomatal resistance by GP17-2 is mediated by the gene activation of MYB44. We herein revealed that the MYB44-mediated prevention of penetration through the stomata is one of the components responsible for GP17-2-elicited ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hieno
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
| | - Hushna Ara Naznin
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
| | - Mitsuro Hyakumachi
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
- JST ALCAJapan
| | | | - Minami Matsui
- RIKEN CSRSSuehiro-cho 1–7–22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230–0045Japan
- JST ALCAJapan
| | - Yoshiharu Y. Yamamoto
- The Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
- Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu UniversityYanagido 1–1, Gifu 501–1193Japan
- RIKEN CSRSSuehiro-cho 1–7–22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 230–0045Japan
- JST ALCAJapan
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100
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Shigenaga AM, Argueso CT. No hormone to rule them all: Interactions of plant hormones during the responses of plants to pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:174-189. [PMID: 27312082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant hormones are essential regulators of plant growth and immunity. In the last few decades, a vast amount of information has been obtained detailing the role of different plant hormones in immunity, and how they work together to ultimately shape the outcomes of plant pathogen interactions. Here we provide an overview on the roles of the main classes of plant hormones in the regulation of plant immunity, highlighting their metabolic and signaling pathways and how plants and pathogens utilize these pathways to activate or suppress defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Shigenaga
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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