51
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Agrawal GK, Bourguignon J, Rolland N, Ephritikhine G, Ferro M, Jaquinod M, Alexiou KG, Chardot T, Chakraborty N, Jolivet P, Doonan JH, Rakwal R. Plant organelle proteomics: collaborating for optimal cell function. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:772-853. [PMID: 21038434 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organelle proteomics describes the study of proteins present in organelle at a particular instance during the whole period of their life cycle in a cell. Organelles are specialized membrane bound structures within a cell that function by interacting with cytosolic and luminal soluble proteins making the protein composition of each organelle dynamic. Depending on organism, the total number of organelles within a cell varies, indicating their evolution with respect to protein number and function. For example, one of the striking differences between plant and animal cells is the plastids in plants. Organelles have their own proteins, and few organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast have their own genome to synthesize proteins for specific function and also require nuclear-encoded proteins. Enormous work has been performed on animal organelle proteomics. However, plant organelle proteomics has seen limited work mainly due to: (i) inter-plant and inter-tissue complexity, (ii) difficulties in isolation of subcellular compartments, and (iii) their enrichment and purity. Despite these concerns, the field of organelle proteomics is growing in plants, such as Arabidopsis, rice and maize. The available data are beginning to help better understand organelles and their distinct and/or overlapping functions in different plant tissues, organs or cell types, and more importantly, how protein components of organelles behave during development and with surrounding environments. Studies on organelles have provided a few good reviews, but none of them are comprehensive. Here, we present a comprehensive review on plant organelle proteomics starting from the significance of organelle in cells, to organelle isolation, to protein identification and to biology and beyond. To put together such a systematic, in-depth review and to translate acquired knowledge in a proper and adequate form, we join minds to provide discussion and viewpoints on the collaborative nature of organelles in cell, their proper function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), P.O. Box 13265, Sanepa, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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52
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Zhang B, Zhou Y. Rice brittleness mutants: a way to open the 'black box' of monocot cell wall biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:136-42. [PMID: 21205179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a model organism for studying the mechanism of cell wall biosynthesis and remolding in Gramineae. Mechanical strength is an important agronomy trait of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants that affects crop lodging and grain yield. As a prominent physical property of cell walls, mechanical strength reflects upon the structure of different wall polymers and how they interact. Studies on the mechanisms that regulate the mechanical strength therefore consequently results in uncovering the genes functioning in cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling. Our group focuses on the study of isolation of brittle culm (bc) mutants and characterization of their corresponding genes. To date, several bc mutants have been reported. The identified genes have covered several pathways of cell wall biosynthesis, revealing many secrets of monocot cell wall biosynthesis. Here, we review the progress achieved in this research field and also highlight the perspectives in expectancy. All of those lend new insights into mechanisms of cell wall formation and are helpful for harnessing the waste rice straws for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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53
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54
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Carpita NC. Update on mechanisms of plant cell wall biosynthesis: how plants make cellulose and other (1->4)-β-D-glycans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:171-84. [PMID: 21051553 PMCID: PMC3075763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA.
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55
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Crowell EF, Gonneau M, Stierhof YD, Höfte H, Vernhettes S. Regulated trafficking of cellulose synthases. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:700-5. [PMID: 20822948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
New findings reveal that proteins involved in cellulose biosynthesis undergo regulated trafficking between intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane. The coordinated secretion and internalization of these proteins involve both the actin and cortical microtubule cytoskeletons. This regulated trafficking allows the dynamic remodeling of cellulose synthase complex (CSC) secretion during cell expansion and differentiation. Several new actors of the cellulose synthesis machinery have been recently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Crowell
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Research Group, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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56
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Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Advances in dissecting endomembrane trafficking with small molecules. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:706-13. [PMID: 20851666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical genomics is relatively new to plant biology in academia; however, the ability of this approach to present novel discoveries is being demonstrated clearly. One particularly suitable application of this approach is plant endomembrane trafficking. The rapid and dynamic nature of vesicular trafficking plus genetic redundancy has hampered effective study of this complex network. The ability of small molecules to act quickly to inhibit or arrest vesicular trafficking should permit the association of specific vesicles, especially endosome compartments, with their cargoes, particularly those destined for the plasma membrane. This approach and the large target space presented by the endomembrane trafficking network require the discovery of many new bioactive molecules. Advances in high-throughput chemical screening in plants are making this a reality. However, successful chemical genomic approaches in plants must be coupled with improvements in automated microscopy, image analysis, and target identification. In addition, the ability to correlate specific molecules with complex phenotypic data will be crucial. The data obtained from these experiments will be composed of a matrix of intracellular markers displaying complex chemically induced phenotypes as well as whole plant and perhaps data generated by genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In this manner, it should be possible to view endomembrane trafficking and its interactions as a systems-based network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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57
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Li R, Xiong G, Zhou Y. Membrane trafficking mediated by OsDRP2B is specific for cellulose biosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1483-6. [PMID: 21127404 PMCID: PMC3115262 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that membrane trafficking is highly associated with cell wall metabolism. Factors involved in vesicle delivery, e.g. cytoskeleton and motor proteins, have showed regulatory effects on cell wall structure and components. However, little is known about the involvement of other trafficking components in distribution of cell wall-related compartments. Dynamins are important proteins functioning in membrane tubulation and vesiculation. Recently, we have reported characterization of the rice dynamin-related protein 2B (OsDRP2B). Mutation in OsDRP2B causes a significant reduction in cellulose content. Its association with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and clathrin-coated vesicles and the reduced CESA4 abundance at the bc3 plasma membrane suggest that BC3/OsDRP2B is involved in the transport of essential elements for cellulose synthesis. Here, we provide additional evidence for BC3 subcellular localization via observing OsDRP2B-GFP in living root hairs of transgenic plants. Uronic acid and fractional composition analyses further confirm that the amount of arabinoxylan and other noncellulosic polysaccharides is increased in bc3. However, three putative xylan synthesis genes are down-regulated in mutant plant revealed by real-time PCR analysis. These results imply that compartments delivered by OsDRP2B are specifically responsible for cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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58
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Xiong G, Li R, Qian Q, Song X, Liu X, Yu Y, Zeng D, Wan J, Li J, Zhou Y. The rice dynamin-related protein DRP2B mediates membrane trafficking, and thereby plays a critical role in secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:56-70. [PMID: 20663087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular compartments is an important process that regulates the deposition and metabolism of cell wall polysaccharides. Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs), which function in membrane tubulation and vesiculation are closely associated with cell wall biogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which DRPs participate in cell wall formation are poorly understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of Brittle Culm3 (BC3), a gene encoding OsDRP2B. Consistent with the expression of BC3 in mechanical tissues, the bc3 mutation reduces mechanical strength, which results from decreased cellulose content and altered secondary wall structure. OsDRP2B, one of three members of the DRP2 subfamily in rice (Oryza sativa L.), was identified as an authentic membrane-associated dynamin via in vitro biochemical analyses. Subcellular localization of fluorescence-tagged OsDRP2B and several compartment markers in protoplast cells showed that this protein not only lies at the PM and the clathrin-mediated vesicles, but also is targeted to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). An FM4-64 uptake assay in transgenic plants that express green fluorescent protein-tagged OsDRP2B verified its involvement in an endocytic pathway. BC3 mutation and overexpression altered the abundance of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit 4 (OsCESA4) in the PM and in the endomembrane systems. All of these findings lead us to conclude that OsDRP2B participates in the endocytic pathway, probably as well as in post-Golgi membrane trafficking. Mutation of OsDRP2B disturbs the membrane trafficking that is essential for normal cellulose biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall, thereby leading to inferior mechanical properties in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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59
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Kwok AC, Wong JT. The activity of a wall-bound cellulase is required for and is coupled to cell cycle progression in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1281-98. [PMID: 20407022 PMCID: PMC2879759 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis, but not its degradation, is generally thought to be required for plant cell growth. In this work, we cloned a dinoflagellate cellulase gene, dCel1, whose activities increased significantly in G(2)/M phase, in agreement with the significant drop of cellulose content reported previously. Cellulase inhibitors not only caused a delay in cell cycle progression at both the G(1) and G(2)/M phases in the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii, but also induced a higher level of dCel1p expression. Immunostaining results revealed that dCel1p was mainly localized at the cell wall. Accordingly, the possible role of cellulase activity in cell cycle progression was tested by treating synchronized cells with exogenous dCelp and purified antibody, in experiments analogous to overexpression and knockdown analyses, respectively. Cell cycle advancement was observed in cells treated with exogenous dCel1p, whereas the addition of purified antibody resulted in a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, delaying the G(2)/M phase independently with antimicrotubule inhibitors caused an abrupt and reversible drop in cellulase protein level. Our results provide a conceptual framework for the coordination of cell wall degradation and reconstruction with cell cycle progression in organisms with cell walls. Since cellulase activity has a direct bearing on the cell size, the coupling between cellulase expression and cell cycle progression can also be considered as a feedback mechanism that regulates cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph T.Y. Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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60
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Fujii S, Hayashi T, Mizuno K. Sucrose synthase is an integral component of the cellulose synthesis machinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:294-301. [PMID: 20056592 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthesis in plants is believed to be carried out by the plasma membrane-associated rosette structure which can be observed by electron microscopy. Despite decade-long speculation, it had not been demonstrated whether the rosette is the site of catalytic activity of cellulose synthesis. To determine the relationship between this structure and cellulose synthesis, we successfully isolated detergent-insoluble rosettes from the plasma membrane of bean epicotyls. However, the purified rosettes did not possess cellulose synthesis activity in vitro. Conversely, detergent-soluble granular particles of approximately 9.5-10 nm diameter were also isolated and exhibited UDP-glucose binding activity and possessed beta-1,4-glucan (cellulose) synthesis activity in vitro. The particle, referred to as the catalytic unit of cellulose synthesis, was enriched with a 78 kDa polypeptide which was verified as sucrose synthase like by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting. The catalytic units were able to bind to the rosettes and retained the cellulose synthesis activity in the presence of UDP-glucose or sucrose plus UDP when supplemented with magnesium. The incorporation of the catalytic unit into the rosette structure was confirmed by immunogold labeling with anti-sucrose synthase antibodies under an electron microscope. Our results suggest that the plasma membrane-associated rosette anchors the catalytic unit of cellulose synthesis to form the functional cellulose synthesis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan. f
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61
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Sullivan S, Kaiserli E, Tseng TS, Christie JM. Subcellular localization and turnover of Arabidopsis phototropin 1. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:184-6. [PMID: 20173419 PMCID: PMC2884130 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.2.11082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We reported recently that internalization of the plant blue light receptor phototropin 1 (phot1) from the plasma membrane in response to irradiation is reliant on receptor autophosphorylation. Pharmacological interference and co-immunoprecipitation analyses also indicated that light-induced internalization of phot1 involves clathrin-dependent processes. Here, we describe additional pharmacological studies that impact the subcellular localization and trafficking of Arabidopsis phot1. Alterations in the microtububle cytoskeleton led to dramatic differences in phot1 localization and function. Likewise, inhibition of phosphatidic acid (PA) signaling was found to impair phot1 localization and function. However, action of PA inhibition on phot1 function may be attributed to pleiotropic effects on cell growth. While phot1 kinase activation is necessary to stimulate its internalization, autophosphorylation is not required for phot1 turnover in response to prolonged blue light irradiation. The implications of these findings in regard to phot1 localization and function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Plant Science Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
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62
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Nilsson R, Bernfur K, Gustavsson N, Bygdell J, Wingsle G, Larsson C. Proteomics of plasma membranes from poplar trees reveals tissue distribution of transporters, receptors, and proteins in cell wall formation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:368-87. [PMID: 19955078 PMCID: PMC2830847 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900289-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
By exploiting the abundant tissues available from Populus trees, 3-4 m high, we have been able to isolate plasma membranes of high purity from leaves, xylem, and cambium/phloem at a time (4 weeks after bud break) when photosynthesis in the leaves and wood formation in the xylem should have reached a steady state. More than 40% of the 956 proteins identified were found in the plasma membranes of all three tissues and may be classified as "housekeeping" proteins, a typical example being P-type H(+)-ATPases. Among the 213 proteins predicted to be integral membrane proteins, transporters constitute the largest class (41%) followed by receptors (14%) and proteins involved in cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism (8%) and membrane trafficking (8%). ATP-binding cassette transporters (all members of subfamilies B, C, and G) and receptor-like kinases (four subfamilies) were two of the largest protein families found, and the members of these two families showed pronounced tissue distribution. Leaf plasma membranes were characterized by a very high proportion of transporters, constituting almost half of the integral proteins. Proteins involved in cell wall synthesis (such as cellulose and sucrose synthases) and membrane trafficking were most abundant in xylem plasma membranes in agreement with the role of the xylem in wood formation. Twenty-five integral proteins and 83 soluble proteins were exclusively found in xylem plasma membranes, which identifies new candidates associated with cell wall synthesis and wood formation. Among the proteins uniquely found in xylem plasma membranes were most of the enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis, which suggests that they may exist as a complex linked to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nilsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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63
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Arabidopsis cortical microtubules position cellulose synthase delivery to the plasma membrane and interact with cellulose synthase trafficking compartments. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:797-806. [PMID: 19525940 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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64
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Takahashi J, Rudsander UJ, Hedenström M, Banasiak A, Harholt J, Amelot N, Immerzeel P, Ryden P, Endo S, Ibatullin FM, Brumer H, del Campillo E, Master ER, Vibe Scheller H, Sundberg B, Teeri TT, Mellerowicz EJ. KORRIGAN1 and its Aspen Homolog PttCel9A1 Decrease Cellulose Crystallinity in Arabidopsis Stems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1099-115. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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65
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Toyooka K, Goto Y, Asatsuma S, Koizumi M, Mitsui T, Matsuoka K. A mobile secretory vesicle cluster involved in mass transport from the Golgi to the plant cell exterior. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1212-29. [PMID: 19376937 PMCID: PMC2685622 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Secretory proteins and extracellular glycans are transported to the extracellular space during cell growth. These materials are carried in secretory vesicles generated at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Analysis of the mammalian post-Golgi secretory pathway demonstrated the movement of separated secretory vesicles in the cell. Using secretory carrier membrane protein 2 (SCAMP2) as a marker for secretory vesicles and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cell as a model cell, we characterized the transport machinery in plant cells. A combination of analyses, including electron microscopy of quick-frozen cells and four-dimensional analysis of cells expressing fluorescent-tagged SCAMP2, enabled the identification of a clustered structure of secretory vesicles generated from TGN that moves in the cell and eventually fuses with plasma membrane. This structure was termed the secretory vesicle cluster (SVC). The SVC was also found in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) cells and moved to the cell plate in dividing tobacco cells. Thus, the SVC is a motile structure involved in mass transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and cell plate in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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66
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Abstract
In addition to light, water and CO(2), plants require a number of mineral nutrients, in particular the macronutrients nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and potassium. After uptake from the soil by the root system they are either immediately assimilated into organic compounds or distributed within the plant for usage in different tissues. A good understanding of how the transport of macronutrients into and between plant cells is adjusted to different environmental conditions is essential to achieve an increase of nutrient usage efficiency and nutritional value in crops. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of macronutrient transport, taking both a physiological and a mechanistic approach. We first describe how nutrient transport is linked to environmental and internal cues such as nutrient, carbon and water availability via hormonal, metabolic and physical signals. We then present information on the molecular mechanisms for regulation of transport proteins, including voltage gating, auto-inhibition, interaction with other proteins, oligomerization and trafficking. Combining of evidence for different nutrients, signals and regulatory levels creates an opportunity for making new connections within a large body of data, and thus contributes to an integrative understanding of nutrient transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amtmann
- Plant Sciences Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Plant Sciences Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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67
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Robert S, Raikhel NV, Hicks GR. Powerful partners: Arabidopsis and chemical genomics. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2009; 7:e0109. [PMID: 22303245 PMCID: PMC3243329 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical genomics (i.e. genomics scale chemical genetics) approaches capitalize on the ability of low molecular mass molecules to modify biological processes. Such molecules are used to modify the activity of a protein or a pathway in a manner that it is tunable and reversible. Bioactive chemicals resulting from forward or reverse chemical screens can be useful in understanding and dissecting complex biological processes due to the essentially limitless variation in structure and activities inherent in chemical space. A major advantage of this approach as a powerful addition to conventional plant genetics is the fact that chemical genomics can address loss-of-function lethality and redundancy. Furthermore, the ability of chemicals to be added at will and to act quickly can permit the study of processes that are highly dynamic such as endomembrane trafficking. An important aspect of utilizing small molecules effectively is to characterize bioactive chemicals in detail including an understanding of structure-activity relationships and the identification of active and inactive analogs. Bioactive chemicals can be useful as reagents to probe biological pathways directly. However, the identification of cognate targets and their pathways is also informative and can be achieved by screens for genetic resistance or hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana or other organisms from which the results can be translated to plants. In addition, there are approaches utilizing "tagged" chemical libraries that possess reactive moieties permitting the immobilization of active compounds. This opens the possibility for biochemical purification of putative cognate targets. We will review approaches to screen for bioactive chemicals that affect biological processes in Arabidopsis and provide several examples of the power and challenges inherent in this new approach in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Robert
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Current address: VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Ghent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natasha V. Raikhel
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Glenn R. Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology & Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Address correspondence to
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68
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Geisler DA, Sampathkumar A, Mutwil M, Persson S. Laying down the bricks: logistic aspects of cell wall biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:647-52. [PMID: 18818118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall polysaccharides are synthesised at the plasma membrane and in the Golgi apparatus. Current research efforts mainly try to address how these molecules are synthesised or modified. However, it is clear that polysaccharide synthesis in the two compartments needs to be carried out in a coordinated fashion, and that carbohydrates and proteins that are delivered from the Golgi to the cell surface have to undergo a range of modifications. Consequently, there appears to be a need for a fine-tuned system that coalesces signals from the wall, synthesis of carbohydrate-based molecules and vesicle shuttling. Several recent papers have scratched the surface for an initial understanding of these linked processes. For example, the impairment of the proton pumping activity in the trans-Golgi network, which is part of the cell's trafficking system, results in growth defects, changes in Golgi stack morphology and cellulose deficiency. An increased understanding of how cell wall synthesis is coordinated with the secretory machinery may facilitate avenues for modulating cell wall contents and therefore overall plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Geisler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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69
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Zeng W, Keegstra K. AtCSLD2 is an integral Golgi membrane protein with its N-terminus facing the cytosol. PLANTA 2008; 228:823-38. [PMID: 18642024 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like proteins in the D family share high levels of sequence identity with the cellulose synthase proteins and also contain the processive beta-glycosyltransferase motifs conserved among all members of the cellulose synthase superfamily. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that members of the D family function as either cellulose synthases or glycan synthases involved in the formation of matrix polysaccharides. As a prelude to understanding the function of proteins in the D family, we sought to determine where they are located in the cell. A polyclonal antibody against a peptide located at the N-terminus of the Arabidopsis D2 cellulose synthase-like protein was generated and purified. After resolving Golgi vesicles from plasma membranes using endomembrane purification techniques including two-phase partitioning and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, we used antibodies against known proteins and marker enzyme assays to characterize the various membrane preparations. The Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D2 protein was found mostly in a fraction that was enriched with Golgi membranes. In addition, versions of the Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D2 proteins tagged with a green fluorescent protein was observed to co-localize with a DsRed-tagged Golgi marker protein, the rat alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase. Therefore, we postulate that the majority of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D proteins, under our experimental conditions, are likely located at the Golgi membranes. Furthermore, protease digestion of Golgi-rich vesicles revealed almost complete loss of reaction with the antibodies, even without detergent treatment of the Golgi vesicles. Therefore, the N-terminus of the Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D2 protein likely faces the cytosol. Combining this observation with the transmembrane domain predictions, we postulate that the large hydrophilic domain of this protein also faces the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zeng
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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70
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Hofmannová J, Schwarzerová K, Havelková L, Boříková P, Petrášek J, Opatrný Z. A novel, cellulose synthesis inhibitory action of ancymidol impairs plant cell expansion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3963-74. [PMID: 18832186 PMCID: PMC2576644 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The co-ordination of cell wall synthesis with plant cell expansion is an important topic of contemporary plant biology research. In studies of cell wall synthesis pathways, cellulose synthesis inhibitors are broadly used. It is demonstrated here that ancymidol, known as a plant growth retardant primarily affecting gibberellin biosynthesis, is also capable of inhibiting cellulose synthesis. Its ability to inhibit cellulose synthesis is not related to its anti-gibberellin action and possesses some unique features never previously observed when conventional cellulose synthesis inhibitors were used. It is suggested that ancymidol targets the cell wall synthesis pathway at a regulatory step where cell wall synthesis and cell expansion are coupled. The elucidation of the ancymidol target in plant cells could potentially contribute to our understanding of cell wall synthesis and cell expansion control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hofmannová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Havelková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Boříková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Prague 165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Opatrný
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 128 44, Czech Republic
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71
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Bassham DC, Blatt MR. SNAREs: cogs and coordinators in signaling and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1504-15. [PMID: 18678742 PMCID: PMC2492632 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology and Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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72
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Endosidin1 defines a compartment involved in endocytosis of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 and the auxin transporters PIN2 and AUX1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8464-9. [PMID: 18550817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711650105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that proteins are delivered to and recycled from the plasma membrane (PM) via endosomes, the nature of the compartments and pathways responsible for cargo and vesicle sorting and cellular signaling is poorly understood. To define and dissect specific recycling pathways, chemical effectors of proteins involved in vesicle trafficking, especially through endosomes, would be invaluable. Thus, we identified chemicals affecting essential steps in PM/endosome trafficking, using the intensely localized PM transport at the tips of germinating pollen tubes. The basic mechanisms of this localized growth are likely similar to those of non-tip growing cells in seedlings. The compound endosidin 1 (ES1) interfered selectively with endocytosis in seedlings, providing a unique tool to dissect recycling pathways. ES1 treatment induced the rapid agglomeration of the auxin translocators PIN2 and AUX1 and the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 into distinct endomembrane compartments termed "endosidin bodies"; however, the markers PIN1, PIN7, and other PM proteins were unaffected. Endosidin bodies were defined by the syntaxin SYP61 and the V-ATPase subunit VHA-a1, two trans-Golgi network (TGN)/endosomal proteins. Interestingly, brassinosteroid (BR)-induced gene expression was inhibited by ES1 and treated seedlings displayed a brassinolide (BL)-insensitive phenotype similar to a bri1 loss-of-function mutant. No effect was detected in auxin signaling. Thus, PIN2, AUX1, and BRI1 use interactive pathways involving an early SYP61/VHA-a1 endosomal compartment.
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73
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Wightman R, Turner SR. The roles of the cytoskeleton during cellulose deposition at the secondary cell wall. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:794-805. [PMID: 18266917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During secondary cell wall formation, developing xylem vessels deposit cellulose at specific sites on the plasma membrane. Bands of cortical microtubules mark these sites and are believed to somehow orientate the cellulose synthase complexes. We have used live cell imaging on intact roots of Arabidopsis to explore the relationship between the microtubules, actin and the cellulose synthase complex during secondary cell wall formation. The cellulose synthase complexes are seen to form bands beneath sites of secondary wall synthesis. We find that their maintenance at these sites is dependent upon underlying bundles of microtubules which localize the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) to the edges of developing cell wall thickenings. Thick actin cables run along the long axis of the cells. These cables are essential for the rapid trafficking of complex-containing organelles around the cell. The CSCs appear to be delivered directly to sites of secondary cell wall synthesis and it is likely that transverse actin may mark these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wightman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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74
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Salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana requires maturation of N-glycosylated proteins in the Golgi apparatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5933-8. [PMID: 18408158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800237105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in the Golgi apparatus is an essential process in eukaryotic cells. Although the N-glycosylation pathway in the ER has been shown to regulate protein quality control, salt tolerance, and cellulose biosynthesis in plants, no biological roles have been linked functionally to N-glycan modifications that occur in the Golgi apparatus. Herein, we provide evidence that mutants defective in N-glycan maturation, such as complex glycan 1 (cgl1), are more salt-sensitive than wild type. Salt stress caused growth inhibition, aberrant root-tip morphology, and callose accumulation in cgl1, which were also observed in an ER oligosaccharyltransferase mutant, staurosporin and temperature sensitive 3a (stt3a). Unlike stt3a, cgl1 did not cause constitutive activation of the unfolded protein response. Instead, aberrant modification of the plasma membrane glycoprotein KORRIGAN 1/RADIALLY SWOLLEN 2 (KOR1/RSW2) that is necessary for cellulose biosynthesis occurred in cgl1 and stt3a. Genetic analyses identified specific interactions among rsw2, stt3a, and cgl1 mutations, indicating that the function of KOR1/RSW2 protein depends on complex N-glycans. Furthermore, cellulose deficient rsw1-1 and rsw2-1 plants were also salt-sensitive. These results establish that plant protein N-glycosylation functions beyond protein folding in the ER and is necessary for sufficient cell-wall formation under salt stress.
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75
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Brüx A, Liu TY, Krebs M, Stierhof YD, Lohmann JU, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Schumacher K. Reduced V-ATPase activity in the trans-Golgi network causes oxylipin-dependent hypocotyl growth Inhibition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1088-100. [PMID: 18441211 PMCID: PMC2390726 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell expansion allows plants to adapt their morphogenesis to prevailing environmental conditions. Cell expansion is driven by turgor pressure created by osmotic water uptake and is restricted by the extensibility of the cell wall, which in turn is regulated by the synthesis, incorporation, and cross-linking of new cell wall components. The vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) could provide a way to coordinately regulate turgor pressure and cell wall synthesis, as it energizes the secondary active transport of solutes across the tonoplast and also has an important function in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which affects synthesis and trafficking of cell wall components. We have previously shown that det3, a mutant with reduced V-ATPase activity, has a severe defect in cell expansion. However, it was not clear if this is caused by a defect in turgor pressure or in cell wall synthesis. Here, we show that inhibition of the tonoplast-localized V-ATPase subunit isoform VHA-a3 does not impair cell expansion. By contrast, inhibition of the TGN-localized isoform VHA-a1 is sufficient to restrict cell expansion. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the reduced hypocotyl cell expansion in det3 is conditional and due to active, hormone-mediated growth inhibition caused by a cell wall defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Brüx
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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76
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Xu JD, Zhang QF, Zhang T, Zhang HY, Xu PZ, Wang XD, Wu XJ. Phenotypic characterization, genetic analysis and gene-mapping for a brittle mutant in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:319-328. [PMID: 18713364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant mechanical strength is an important agronomic trait of rice. An ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced rice mutant, fragile plant 2 (fp2), showed morphological changes and reduced mechanical strength. Genetic analysis indicated that the brittle of fp2 was controlled by a recessive gene. The fp2 gene was mapped on chromosome 10. Anatomical analyses showed that the fp2 mutation caused the reduction of cell length and cell wall thickness, increasing of cell width, and the alteration of cell wall structure as well as the vessel elements. The consequence was a global alteration in plant morphology. Chemical analyses indicated that the contents of cellulose and lignin decreased, and hemicelluloses and silicon increased in fp2. These results were different from the other mutants reported in rice. Thus, fp2 might affect the deposition and patterning of microfibrils, the biosynthesis and deposition of cell wall components, which influences the formation of primary and secondary cell walls, the thickness of cell walls, cell elongation and expansion, plant morphology and plant strength in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Di Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
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77
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Natera SHA, Ford KL, Cassin AM, Patterson JH, Newbigin EJ, Bacic A. Analysis of the Oryza sativa Plasma Membrane Proteome Using Combined Protein and Peptide Fractionation Approaches in Conjunction with Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1159-87. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siria H. A. Natera
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina L. Ford
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Cassin
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John H. Patterson
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Edward J. Newbigin
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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78
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Abstract
The plant cell wall is central to plant development. Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, and is the world's most abundant biopolymer. Cellulose contains apparently simple linear chains of glucose residues, but these chains aggregate to form immensely strong microfibrils. It is the physical properties of these microfibrils that, when laid down in an organized manner, are responsible for both oriented cell elongation during plant growth and the strength required to maintain an upright growth habit. Despite the importance of cellulose, only recently have we started to unravel details of its synthesis. Mutational analysis has allowed us to identify some of the proteins involved in its synthesis at the plasma membrane, and to define a set of cellulose synthase enzymes essential for cellulose synthesis. These proteins are organized into a very large plasma membrane-localized protein complex. The way in which this protein complex is regulated and directed is central in depositing cellulose microfibrils in the wall in the correct orientation, which is essential for directional cell growth. Recent developments have given us clues as to how cellulose synthesis and deposition is regulated, an understanding of which is essential if we are to manipulate cell wall composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G Taylor
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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79
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Collings DA, Gebbie LK, Howles PA, Hurley UA, Birch RJ, Cork AH, Hocart CH, Arioli T, Williamson RE. Arabidopsis dynamin-like protein DRP1A: a null mutant with widespread defects in endocytosis, cellulose synthesis, cytokinesis, and cell expansion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:361-76. [PMID: 18256049 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin-related proteins are large GTPases that deform and cause fission of membranes. The DRP1 family of Arabidopsis thaliana has five members of which DRP1A, DRP1C, and DRP1E are widely expressed. Likely functions of DRP1A were identified by studying rsw9, a null mutant of the Columbia ecotype that grows continuously but with altered morphology. Mutant roots and hypocotyls are short and swollen, features plausibly originating in their cellulose-deficient walls. The reduction in cellulose is specific since non-cellulosic polysaccharides in rsw9 have more arabinose, xylose, and galactose than those in wild type. Cell plates in rsw9 roots lack DRP1A but still retain DRP1E. Abnormally placed and often incomplete cell walls are preceded by abnormally curved cell plates. Notwithstanding these division abnormalities, roots and stems add new cells at wild-type rates and organ elongation slows because rsw9 cells do not grow as long as wild-type cells. Absence of DRP1A reduces endocytotic uptake of FM4-64 into the cytoplasm of root cells and the hypersensitivity of elongation and radial swelling in rsw9 to the trafficking inhibitor monensin suggests that impaired endocytosis may contribute to the development of shorter fatter roots, probably by reducing cellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Collings
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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80
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Lycett G. The role of Rab GTPases in cell wall metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:4061-74. [PMID: 18945942 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and modification of the cell wall must involve the production of new cell wall polymers and enzymes. Their targeted secretion to the apoplast is one of many potential control points. Since Rab GTPases have been strongly implicated in the regulation of vesicle trafficking, a review of their involvement in cell wall metabolism should throw light on this possibility. Cell wall polymer biosynthesis occurs mainly in the Golgi apparatus, except for cellulose and callose, which are made at the plasma membrane by an enzyme complex that cycles through the endomembrane system and which may be regulated by this cycling. Several systems, including the growth of root hairs and pollen tubes, cell wall softening in fruit, and the development of root nodules, are now being dissected. In these systems, secretion of wall polymers and modifying enzymes has been documented, and Rab GTPases are highly expressed. Reverse genetic experiments have been used to interfere with these GTPases and this is revealing their importance in regulation of trafficking to the wall. The role of the RabA (or Rab11) GTPases is particularly exciting in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grantley Lycett
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Near Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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81
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Müller J, Mettbach U, Menzel D, Samaj J. Molecular dissection of endosomal compartments in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:293-304. [PMID: 17911648 PMCID: PMC2048727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Müller
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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82
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Sutter JU, Sieben C, Hartel A, Eisenach C, Thiel G, Blatt MR. Abscisic Acid Triggers the Endocytosis of the Arabidopsis KAT1 K+ Channel and Its Recycling to the Plasma Membrane. Curr Biol 2007; 17:1396-402. [PMID: 17683934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane vesicle traffic to and from the plasma membrane is essential for cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. In plants, constitutive traffic to and from the plasma membrane has been implicated in maintaining the population of integral plasma-membrane proteins and its adjustment to a variety of hormonal and environmental stimuli. However, direct evidence for evoked and selective traffic has been lacking. Here, we report that the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), which controls ion transport and transpiration in plants under water stress, triggers the selective endocytosis of the KAT1 K+ channel protein in epidermal and guard cells. Endocytosis of the K+ channel from the plasma membrane initiates in concert with changes in K+ channel activities evoked by ABA and leads to sequestration of the K+ channel within an endosomal membrane pool that recycles back to the plasma membrane over a period of hours. Selective K+ channel endocytosis, sequestration, and recycling demonstrates a tight and dynamic control of the population of K+ channels at the plasma membrane as part of a key plant signaling and response mechanism, and the observations point to a role for channel traffic in adaptive changes in the capacity for osmotic solute flux of stomatal guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Sutter
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, IBLS - Plant Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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83
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Emons AMC, Höfte H, Mulder BM. Microtubules and cellulose microfibrils: how intimate is their relationship? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:279-81. [PMID: 17591457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent visualization of the motion of fluorescently labeled cellulose synthase complexes by Alexander Paredez and colleagues heralds the start of a new era in the science of the plant cell wall. Upon drug-induced complete depolymerization, the movement of the complexes does not become disordered but instead establishes an apparently self-organized novel pattern. The ability to label complexes in vivo has provided us with the ideal tool for tackling the intriguing question of the underlying default mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mie C Emons
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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84
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Mouille G, Ralet MC, Cavelier C, Eland C, Effroy D, Hématy K, McCartney L, Truong HN, Gaudon V, Thibault JF, Marchant A, Höfte H. Homogalacturonan synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana requires a Golgi-localized protein with a putative methyltransferase domain. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:605-14. [PMID: 17425712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are a family of complex cell-wall polysaccharides, the biosynthesis of which remains poorly understood. We identified dwarf mutants with reduced cell adhesion at a novel locus, QUASIMODO2 (QUA2). qua2-1 showed a 50% reduction in homogalacturonan (HG) content compared with the wild type, without affecting other cell-wall polysaccharides. The remaining HG in qua2-1 showed an unaltered degree of methylesterification. Positional cloning and GFP fusions showed that QUA2, consistent with a role in HG synthesis, encodes a Golgi-localized protein. In contrast to QUA1, another Golgi-localized protein required for HG-synthesis, QUA2 does not show sequence similarity to glycosyltransferases, but instead contains a putative methyltransferase (MT) domain. The Arabidopsis genome encodes 29 QUA2-related proteins. Interestingly, the transcript profiles of QUA1 and QUA2 are correlated and other pairs of QUA1 and QUA2 homologues with correlated transcript profiles can be identified. Together, the results lead to the hypothesis that QUA2 is a pectin MT, and that polymerization and methylation of homogalacturonan are interdependent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Mouille
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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85
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Urbanowicz BR, Catalá C, Irwin D, Wilson DB, Ripoll DR, Rose JKC. A Tomato Endo-β-1,4-glucanase, SlCel9C1, Represents a Distinct Subclass with a New Family of Carbohydrate Binding Modules (CBM49). J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12066-74. [PMID: 17322304 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical structural feature of many microbial endo-beta-1,4-glucanases (EGases, or cellulases) is a carbohydrate binding module (CBM), which is required for effective crystalline cellulose degradation. However, CBMs are absent from plant EGases that have been biochemically characterized to date, and accordingly, plant EGases are not generally thought to have the capacity to degrade crystalline cellulose. We report the biochemical characterization of a tomato EGase, Solanum lycopersicum Cel8 (SlCel9C1), with a distinct C-terminal noncatalytic module that represents a previously uncharacterized family of CBMs. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that this module indeed binds to crystalline cellulose and can similarly bind as part of a recombinant chimeric fusion protein containing an EGase catalytic domain from the bacterium Thermobifida fusca. Site-directed mutagenesis studies show that tryptophans 559 and 573 play a role in crystalline cellulose binding. The SlCel9C1 CBM, which represents a new CBM family (CBM49), is a defining feature of a new structural subclass (Class C) of plant EGases, with members present throughout the plant kingdom. In addition, the SlCel9C1 catalytic domain was shown to hydrolyze artificial cellulosic polymers, cellulose oligosaccharides, and a variety of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell Theory Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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86
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Festucci-Buselli RA, Otoni WC, Joshi CP. Structure, organization, and functions of cellulose synthase complexes in higher plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Annually, plants produce about 180 billion tons of cellulose making it the largest reservoir of organic carbon on Earth. Cellulose is a linear homopolymer of beta(1-4)-linked glucose residues. The coordinated synthesis of glucose chains is orchestrated by specific plasma membrane-bound cellulose synthase complexes (CelS). The CelS is postulated to be composed of approximately 36 cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits. The CelS synthesizes 36 glucose chains in close proximity before they are further organized into microfibrils that are further associated with other cell wall polymers. The 36 glucose chains in a microfibril are stabilized by intra- and inter-hydrogen bonding which confer great stability on microfibrils. Several elementary microfibrils come together to form macrofibrils. Many CESA isoforms appear to be involved in the cellulose biosynthetic process and at least three types of CESA isoforms appear to be necessary for the functional organization of CelS in higher plants.
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87
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Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils play essential roles in the organization of plant cell walls, thereby allowing a growth habit based on turgor. The fibrils are made by 30 nm diameter plasma membrane complexes composed of approximately 36 subunits representing at least three types of related CESA proteins. The complexes assemble in the Golgi, where they are inactive, and move to the plasma membrane, where they become activated. The complexes move through the plasma membrane during cellulose synthesis in directions that coincide with the orientation of microtubules. Recent, simultaneous, live-cell imaging of cellulose synthase and microtubules indicates that the microtubules exert a direct influence on the orientation of cellulose deposition. Genetic studies in Arabidopsis have identified a number of genes that contribute to the overall process of cellulose synthesis, but the role of these proteins is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, and Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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88
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Lerouxel O, Cavalier DM, Liepman AH, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides - a complex process. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:621-30. [PMID: 17011813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, a major component of plant cell walls, is made by dynamic complexes that move within the plasma membrane while depositing cellulose directly into the wall. On the other hand, matrix polysaccharides are made in the Golgi and delivered to the wall via secretory vesicles. Several Golgi proteins that are involved in glucomannan and xyloglucan biosynthesis have been identified, including some glycan synthases that show sequence similarity to the cellulose synthase proteins and several glycosytransferases that add sidechains to the polysaccharide backbones. Recent progress in identifying the proteins needed for polysaccharide biosynthesis should lead to an improved understanding of the molecular details of these complex processes, and eventually to an ability to manipulate them in an effort to generate plants that have improved properties for human uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lerouxel
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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89
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Paradez A, Wright A, Ehrhardt DW. Microtubule cortical array organization and plant cell morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:571-8. [PMID: 17010658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell cortical microtubule arrays attain a high degree of order without the benefit of an organizing center such as a centrosome. New assays for molecular behaviors in living cells and gene discovery are yielding insight into the mechanisms by which acentrosomal microtubule arrays are created and organized, and how microtubule organization functions to modify cell form by regulating cellulose deposition. Surprising and potentially important behaviors of cortical microtubules include nucleation from the walls of established microtubules, and treadmilling-driven motility leading to polymer interaction, reorientation, and microtubule bundling. These behaviors suggest activities that can act to increase or decrease the local level of order in the array. The SPIRAL1 (SPR1) and SPR2 microtubule-localized proteins and the radial swollen 6 (rsw-6) locus are examples of new molecules and genes that affect both microtubule array organization and cell growth pattern. Functional tagging of cellulose synthase has now allowed the dynamic relationship between cortical microtubules and the cell-wall-synthesizing machinery to be visualized, providing direct evidence that cortical microtubules can organize cellulose synthase complexes and guide their movement through the plasma membrane as they create the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Paradez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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90
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Johansen JN, Vernhettes S, Höfte H. The ins and outs of plant cell walls. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:616-20. [PMID: 17011814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
New findings reveal that many membrane proteins undergo regulated trafficking between intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane. This also appears to be a common regulatory mechanism in the control of cell wall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Nergaard Johansen
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Rte de Saint Cyr, Versailles, 78026 cedex, France
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91
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Paredez AR, Somerville CR, Ehrhardt DW. Visualization of Cellulose Synthase Demonstrates Functional Association with Microtubules. Science 2006; 312:1491-5. [PMID: 16627697 DOI: 10.1126/science.1126551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a functional yellow fluorescent protein fusion to cellulose synthase (CESA) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants allowed the process of cellulose deposition to be visualized in living cells. Spinning disk confocal microscopy revealed that CESA complexes in the plasma membrane moved at constant rates in linear tracks that were aligned and were coincident with cortical microtubules. Within each observed linear track, complex movement was bidirectional. Inhibition of microtubule polymerization changed the fine-scale distribution and pattern of moving CESA complexes in the membrane, indicating a relatively direct mechanism for guidance of cellulose deposition by the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Paredez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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92
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Boutté Y, Crosnier MT, Carraro N, Traas J, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B. The plasma membrane recycling pathway and cell polarity in plants: studies on PIN proteins. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:1255-65. [PMID: 16522683 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are plasma-membrane-associated facilitators of auxin transport. They are often targeted to one side of the cell only through subcellular mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we have studied the potential roles of the cytoskeleton and endomembrane system in the localisation of PIN proteins. Immunocytochemistry and image analysis on root cells from Arabidopsis thaliana and maize showed that 10-30% of the intracellular PIN proteins mapped to the Golgi network, but never to prevacuolar compartments. The remaining 70-90% were associated with yet to be identified structures. The maintenance of PIN proteins at the plasma membrane depends on a BFA-sensitive machinery, but not on microtubules and actin filaments.
The polar localisation of PIN proteins at the plasmamembrane was not reflected by any asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic organelles. In addition, PIN proteins were inserted in a symmetrical manner at both sides of the cell plate during cytokinesis. Together, the data indicate that the localisation of PIN proteins is a postmitotic event, which depends on local characteristics of the plasma membrane and its direct environment. In this context, we present evidence that microtubule arrays might define essential positional information for PIN localisation. This information seems to require the presence of an intact cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Dynamique de la Compartimentation Cellulaire, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR2355, 9 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
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