51
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Yuen CYL, Wang P, Kang BH, Matsumoto K, Christopher DA. A Non-Classical Member of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family, PDI7 of Arabidopsis thaliana, Localizes to the cis-Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1103-1117. [PMID: 28444333 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-C subfamily are chimeric proteins containing the thioredoxin (Trx) domain of PDIs, and the conserved N- and C-terminal Pfam domains of Erv41p/Erv46p-type cargo receptors. They are unique to plants and chromalveolates. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three PDI-C isoforms: PDI7, PDI12 and PDI13. Here we demonstrate that PDI7 is a 65 kDa integral membrane glycoprotein expressed throughout many Arabidopsis tissues. Using a PDI7-specific antibody, we show through immunoelectron microscopy that PDI7 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi membranes in wild-type root tip cells, and was also detected in vesicles. Tomographic modeling of the Golgi revealed that PDI7 was confined to the cis-Golgi, and accumulated primarily at the cis-most cisterna. Shoot apical meristem cells from transgenic plants overexpressing PDI7 exhibited a dramatic increase in anti-PDI7 labeling at the cis-Golgi. When N- or C-terminal fusions between PDI7 and the green fluorescent protein variant, GFP(S65T), were expressed in mesophyll protoplasts, the fusions co-localized with the ER marker, ER-mCherry. However, when GFP(S65T) was positioned internally within PDI7 (PDI7-GFPint), the fusion strongly co-localized with the cis-Golgi marker, mCherry-SYP31, and faintly labeled the ER. In contrast to the Golgi-resident fusion protein (Man49-mCherry), PDI7-GFPint did not redistribute to the ER after brefeldin A treatment. Protease protection experiments indicated that the Trx domain of PDI7 is located within the ER/Golgi lumen. We propose a model where PDI-C isoforms function as cargo receptors for proteins containing exposed cysteine residues, cycling them from the Golgi back to the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen Y L Yuen
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristie Matsumoto
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David A Christopher
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
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52
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Pečenková T, Pleskot R, Žárský V. Subcellular Localization of Arabidopsis Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR1) Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E825. [PMID: 28406455 PMCID: PMC5412409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsisthaliana pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) is an important defense protein, so far it has only been detected in extracellular space and its subcellular sorting and transport remain unexplained. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged full length, as well as a C-terminus truncated version of PR1, we observed that when expressed ectopically in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, PR1 co-localizes only partially with Golgi markers, and much more prominently with the late endosome (LE)/multivesicular body (MVB) FYVE marker. The C-truncated version PR1ΔC predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The same localizations were found for stable Arabidopsis transformants with expression of PR1 and PR1ΔC driven by the native promoter. We conclude that the A. thaliana PR1 (AtPR1) undergoes an unconventional secretion pathway, starting from the C-terminus-dependent sorting from the ER, and utilizing further transportation via phosphatidyl-inositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) positive LE/MVB-like vesicles. The homology model of the PR1 structure shows that the cluster of positively charged amino acid residues (arginines 60, 67, 137, and lysine 135) could indeed interact with negatively charged phospholipids of cellular membranes. It remains to be resolved whether Golgi and LE/MVB localization reflects an alternative sorting or trafficking succession, and what the role of lipid interactions in it will be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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53
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Pečenková T, Pleskot R, Žárský V. Subcellular Localization of Arabidopsis Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR1) Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28406455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms1804082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsisthaliana pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) is an important defense protein, so far it has only been detected in extracellular space and its subcellular sorting and transport remain unexplained. Using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged full length, as well as a C-terminus truncated version of PR1, we observed that when expressed ectopically in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, PR1 co-localizes only partially with Golgi markers, and much more prominently with the late endosome (LE)/multivesicular body (MVB) FYVE marker. The C-truncated version PR1ΔC predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The same localizations were found for stable Arabidopsis transformants with expression of PR1 and PR1ΔC driven by the native promoter. We conclude that the A. thaliana PR1 (AtPR1) undergoes an unconventional secretion pathway, starting from the C-terminus-dependent sorting from the ER, and utilizing further transportation via phosphatidyl-inositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) positive LE/MVB-like vesicles. The homology model of the PR1 structure shows that the cluster of positively charged amino acid residues (arginines 60, 67, 137, and lysine 135) could indeed interact with negatively charged phospholipids of cellular membranes. It remains to be resolved whether Golgi and LE/MVB localization reflects an alternative sorting or trafficking succession, and what the role of lipid interactions in it will be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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54
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Zhang B, Zhang L, Li F, Zhang D, Liu X, Wang H, Xu Z, Chu C, Zhou Y. Control of secondary cell wall patterning involves xylan deacetylation by a GDSL esterase. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17017. [PMID: 28260782 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
O-acetylation, a ubiquitous modification of cell wall polymers, has striking impacts on plant growth and biomass utilization and needs to be tightly controlled. However, the mechanisms that underpin the control of cell wall acetylation remain elusive. Here, we show a rice brittle leaf sheath1 (bs1) mutant, which contains a lesion in a Golgi-localized GDSL esterase that deacetylates the prominent hemicellulose xylan. Cell wall composition, detailed xylan structure characterization and enzyme kinetics and activity assays on acetylated sugars and xylooligosaccharides demonstrate that BS1 is an esterase that cleaves acetyl moieties from the xylan backbone at O-2 and O-3 positions of xylopyranosyl residues. BS1 thus plays an important role in the maintenance of proper acetylation level on the xylan backbone, which is crucial for secondary wall formation and patterning. Our findings outline a mechanism for how plants modulate wall acetylation and endow a plethora of uncharacterized GDSL esterases with surmisable activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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55
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van de Meene AML, Doblin MS, Bacic A. The plant secretory pathway seen through the lens of the cell wall. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:75-94. [PMID: 26993347 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretion in plant cells is often studied by looking at well-characterised, evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins associated with particular endomembrane compartments. Studies using live cell microscopy and fluorescent proteins have illuminated the highly dynamic nature of trafficking, and electron microscopy studies have resolved the ultrastructure of many compartments. Biochemical and molecular analyses have further informed about the function of particular proteins and endomembrane compartments. In plants, there are over 40 cell types, each with highly specialised functions, and hence potential variations in cell biological processes and cell wall structure. As the primary function of secretion in plant cells is for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and apoplastic transport complexes, it follows that utilising our knowledge of cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs) and their polysaccharide products will inform us about secretion. Indeed, this knowledge has led to novel insights into the secretory pathway, including previously unseen post-TGN secretory compartments. Conversely, our knowledge of trafficking routes of secretion will inform us about polarised and localised deposition of cell walls and their constituent polysaccharides/glycoproteins. In this review, we look at what is known about cell wall biosynthesis and the secretory pathway and how the different approaches can be used in a complementary manner to study secretion and provide novel insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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56
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Zhi Y, Taylor MC, Campbell PM, Warden AC, Shrestha P, El Tahchy A, Rolland V, Vanhercke T, Petrie JR, White RG, Chen W, Singh SP, Liu Q. Comparative Lipidomics and Proteomics of Lipid Droplets in the Mesocarp and Seed Tissues of Chinese Tallow ( Triadica sebifera). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1339. [PMID: 28824675 PMCID: PMC5541829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are composed of a monolayer of phospholipids (PLs), surrounding a core of non-polar lipids that consist mostly of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and to a lesser extent diacylglycerols. In this study, lipidome analysis illustrated striking differences in non-polar lipids and PL species between LDs derived from Triadica sebifera seed kernels and mesocarp. In mesocarp LDs, the most abundant species of TAG contained one C18:1 and two C16:0 and fatty acids, while TAGs containing three C18 fatty acids with higher level of unsaturation were dominant in the seed kernel LDs. This reflects the distinct differences in fatty acid composition of mesocarp (palmitate-rich) and seed-derived oil (α-linoleneate-rich) in T. sebifera. Major PLs in seed LDs were found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in contrast to those with relatively shorter carbon chain and lower level of unsaturation in mesocarp LDs. The LD proteome analysis in T. sebifera identified 207 proteins from mesocarp, and 54 proteins from seed kernel, which belong to various functional classes including lipid metabolism, transcription and translation, trafficking and transport, cytoskeleton, chaperones, and signal transduction. Oleosin and lipid droplets associated proteins (LDAP) were found to be the predominant proteins associated with LDs in seed and mesocarp tissues, respectively. We also show that LDs appear to be in close proximity to a number of organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and Golgi apparatus. This comparative study between seed and mesocarp LDs may shed some light on the structure of plant LDs and improve our understanding of their functionality and cellular metabolic networks in oleaginous plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Chen
| | | | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
- Qing Liu
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57
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Saez-Aguayo S, Rautengarten C, Temple H, Sanhueza D, Ejsmentewicz T, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Doñas D, Parra-Rojas JP, Ebert B, Lehner A, Mollet JC, Dupree P, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL, Reyes FC, Orellana A. UUAT1 Is a Golgi-Localized UDP-Uronic Acid Transporter That Modulates the Polysaccharide Composition of Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:129-143. [PMID: 28062750 PMCID: PMC5304346 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is the precursor of many plant cell wall polysaccharides and is required for production of seed mucilage. Following synthesis in the cytosol, it is transported into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, where it is converted to UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA), UDP-arabinose, and UDP-xylose. To identify the Golgi-localized UDP-GlcA transporter, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in genes coding for putative nucleotide sugar transporters for altered seed mucilage, a structure rich in the GalA-containing polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I. As a result, we identified UUAT1, which encodes a Golgi-localized protein that transports UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalA in vitro. The seed coat of uuat1 mutants had less GalA, rhamnose, and xylose in the soluble mucilage, and the distal cell walls had decreased arabinan content. Cell walls of other organs and cells had lower arabinose levels in roots and pollen tubes, but no differences were observed in GalA or xylose contents. Furthermore, the GlcA content of glucuronoxylan in the stem was not affected in the mutant. Interestingly, the degree of homogalacturonan methylation increased in uuat1 These results suggest that this UDP-GlcA transporter plays a key role defining the seed mucilage sugar composition and that its absence produces pleiotropic effects in this component of the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Henry Temple
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Troy Ejsmentewicz
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Sandoval-Ibañez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Doñas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Berit Ebert
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandy University, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandy University, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, EA4358, IRIB, VASI, France
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702
| | - Francisca C Reyes
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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58
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Wang X, Jiang D, Shi J, Yang D. Expression of α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) in rice grain and immunogenicity evaluation of plant-specific glycans. J Biotechnol 2016; 242:111-121. [PMID: 28013072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rice seed is a cost-effective bioreactor for the large-scale production of pharmaceuticals. However, convincing evidence of the immunogenicity of plant-specific glycans is still limited although plant-specific glycans are considered potential allergic antigens. In the present study, we found that the α-1,3-fucose content of the glycoprotein produced from rice seed was much lower than that in leaf, and conversely, a higher β-1,2-xylose content was detected in seed than that in leaf. We detected the α-1,6-fucose content in the glutelin and recombinant human α1-antitrypsin (OsrAAT). The further results in a line containing AAT and FUT8 genes indicated that the α-1,6-fucose content of modified glycosylated recombinant α1-antitrypsin (mgOsrAAT) was 38.4%, while glutelin was only 6.8%. Interestingly, the α-1,3-fucose content of mgOsrAAT was significantly reduced by 59.8% compared with that of OsrAAT. Furthermore, we assessed the immunogenicity of OsrAAT, mgOsrAAT and human α1-antitrypsin (hAAT) using an animal system. The PCA results indicated no significant differences in the IgG, IgM and IgE titers among OsrAAT, mgOsrAAT and hAAT. Further studies revealed that those antibodies were mainly from α-1,3-fucose, but not from β-1,2-xylose, indicating that α-1,3-fucose was the major immunogenic resource. Our results demonstrated that α-1,3-fucose contents in seed proteins was much less than that of leaf, and could not be a plant-specific glycan because it also exists in human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Daiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingni Shi
- Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Gaoxin Avenue, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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59
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Yamashita S, Yamaguchi H, Waki T, Aoki Y, Mizuno M, Yanbe F, Ishii T, Funaki A, Tozawa Y, Miyagi-Inoue Y, Fushihara K, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Identification and reconstitution of the rubber biosynthetic machinery on rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27790974 PMCID: PMC5110245 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed to be a member of the cis-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from Heveabrasiliensis, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed HeveaRPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from Lactucasativa also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19022.001
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makie Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanbe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayuta Funaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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60
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Yamashita S, Yamaguchi H, Waki T, Aoki Y, Mizuno M, Yanbe F, Ishii T, Funaki A, Tozawa Y, Miyagi-Inoue Y, Fushihara K, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Identification and reconstitution of the rubber biosynthetic machinery on rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis. eLife 2016; 5:e19022. [PMID: 27790974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed to be a member of the cis-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from Heveabrasiliensis, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed HeveaRPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from Lactucasativa also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makie Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanbe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayuta Funaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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61
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Ji H, Kim SR, Kim YH, Suh JP, Park HM, Sreenivasulu N, Misra G, Kim SM, Hechanova SL, Kim H, Lee GS, Yoon UH, Kim TH, Lim H, Suh SC, Yang J, An G, Jena KK. Map-based Cloning and Characterization of the BPH18 Gene from Wild Rice Conferring Resistance to Brown Planthopper (BPH) Insect Pest. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34376. [PMID: 27682162 PMCID: PMC5041133 DOI: 10.1038/srep34376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH) is a phloem sap-sucking insect pest of rice which causes severe yield loss. We cloned the BPH18 gene from the BPH-resistant introgression line derived from the wild rice species Oryza australiensis. Map-based cloning and complementation test revealed that the BPH18 encodes CC-NBS-NBS-LRR protein. BPH18 has two NBS domains, unlike the typical NBS-LRR proteins. The BPH18 promoter::GUS transgenic plants exhibited strong GUS expression in the vascular bundles of the leaf sheath, especially in phloem cells where the BPH attacks. The BPH18 proteins were widely localized to the endo-membranes in a cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, and prevacuolar compartments, suggesting that BPH18 may recognize the BPH invasion at endo-membranes in phloem cells. Whole genome sequencing of the near-isogenic lines (NILs), NIL-BPH18 and NIL-BPH26, revealed that BPH18 located at the same locus of BPH26. However, these two genes have remarkable sequence differences and the independent NILs showed differential BPH resistance with different expression patterns of plant defense-related genes, indicating that BPH18 and BPH26 are functionally different alleles. These findings would facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanism of BPH resistance and the identified novel alleles to fast track breeding BPH resistant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonso Ji
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Ryul Kim
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Yul-Ho Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Pil Suh
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Gopal Misra
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Suk-Man Kim
- IRRI-Korea Office, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sherry Lou Hechanova
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hakbum Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ung-Han Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyemin Lim
- Division of Tree Breeding, National Institute of Forest Science Institute, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Suk-Chul Suh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jungil Yang
- Division of Tree Breeding, National Institute of Forest Science Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Division of Tree Breeding, National Institute of Forest Science Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kshirod K Jena
- Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Metro Manila, Philippines
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Kaneko K, Takamatsu T, Inomata T, Oikawa K, Itoh K, Hirose K, Amano M, Nishimura SI, Toyooka K, Matsuoka K, Pozueta-Romero J, Mitsui T. N-Glycomic and Microscopic Subcellular Localization Analyses of NPP1, 2 and 6 Strongly Indicate that trans-Golgi Compartments Participate in the Golgi to Plastid Traffic of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1610-28. [PMID: 27335351 PMCID: PMC4970613 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) are widely distributed N-glycosylated enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of numerous nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. In many plant species, NPPs are encoded by a small multigene family, which in rice are referred to NPP1-NPP6 Although recent investigations showed that N-glycosylated NPP1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi system to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway in rice cells, information on N-glycan composition and subcellular localization of other NPPs is still lacking. Computer-assisted analyses of the amino acid sequences deduced from different Oryza sativa NPP-encoding cDNAs predicted all NPPs to be secretory glycoproteins. Confocal fluorescence microscopy observation of cells expressing NPP2 and NPP6 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that NPP2 and NPP6 are plastidial proteins. Plastid targeting of NPP2-GFP and NPP6-GFP was prevented by brefeldin A and by the expression of ARF1(Q71L), a dominant negative mutant of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 that arrests the ER to Golgi traffic, indicating that NPP2 and NPP6 are transported from the ER-Golgi to the plastidial compartment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted electron microscopy analyses of transgenic rice cells ectopically expressing the trans-Golgi marker sialyltransferase fused with GFP showed the occurrence of contact of Golgi-derived membrane vesicles with cargo and subsequent absorption into plastids. Sensitive and high-throughput glycoblotting/mass spectrometric analyses showed that complex-type and paucimannosidic-type glycans with fucose and xylose residues occupy approximately 80% of total glycans of NPP1, NPP2 and NPP6. The overall data strongly indicate that the trans-Golgi compartments participate in the Golgi to plastid trafficking and targeting mechanism of NPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takeshi Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takuya Inomata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kazuko Hirose
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Maho Amano
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC, UPNA, Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea zenbaki gabe, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
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63
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Suzuki K, Yamaji N, Costa A, Okuma E, Kobayashi NI, Kashiwagi T, Katsuhara M, Wang C, Tanoi K, Murata Y, Schroeder JI, Ma JF, Horie T. OsHKT1;4-mediated Na(+) transport in stems contributes to Na(+) exclusion from leaf blades of rice at the reproductive growth stage upon salt stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:22. [PMID: 26786707 PMCID: PMC4719677 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Na(+) exclusion from leaf blades is one of the key mechanisms for glycophytes to cope with salinity stress. Certain class I transporters of the high-affinity K(+) transporter (HKT) family have been demonstrated to mediate leaf blade-Na(+) exclusion upon salinity stress via Na(+)-selective transport. Multiple HKT1 transporters are known to function in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the ion transport function of OsHKT1;4 and its contribution to the Na(+) exclusion mechanism in rice remain to be elucidated. RESULTS Here, we report results of the functional characterization of the OsHKT1;4 transporter in rice. OsHKT1;4 mediated robust Na(+) transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis oocytes. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsHKT1;4 shows strong Na(+) selectivity among cations tested, including Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+), and NH4 (+), in oocytes. A chimeric protein, EGFP-OsHKT1;4, was found to be functional in oocytes and targeted to the plasma membrane of rice protoplasts. The level of OsHKT1;4 transcripts was prominent in leaf sheaths throughout the growth stages. Unexpectedly however, we demonstrate here accumulation of OsHKT1;4 transcripts in the stem including internode II and peduncle in the reproductive growth stage. Moreover, phenotypic analysis of OsHKT1;4 RNAi plants in the vegetative growth stage revealed no profound influence on the growth and ion accumulation in comparison with WT plants upon salinity stress. However, imposition of salinity stress on the RNAi plants in the reproductive growth stage caused significant Na(+) overaccumulation in aerial organs, in particular, leaf blades and sheaths. In addition, (22)Na(+) tracer experiments using peduncles of RNAi and WT plants suggested xylem Na(+) unloading by OsHKT1;4. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate a newly recognized function of OsHKT1;4 in Na(+) exclusion in stems together with leaf sheaths, thus excluding Na(+) from leaf blades of a japonica rice cultivar in the reproductive growth stage, but the contribution is low when the plants are in the vegetative growth stage.
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Grants
- P42 ES010337 NIEHS NIH HHS
- P42ES010337 NIEHS NIH HHS
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (JP)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology as part of the Joint Research Program implemented at the Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University (JP)
- Public Foundation of Chubu Science and Technology Center (JP)
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca Fondo per gli Investimenti della Ricerca di Base (FIRB) 2010
- National Institutes of Health (US)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Natsuko I Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Kashiwagi
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
| | - Maki Katsuhara
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Cun Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, SanDiego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, SanDiego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan.
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Castilho A, Steinkellner H. Transient Expression of Mammalian Genes in N. benthamiana to Modulate N-Glycosylation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1385:99-113. [PMID: 26614284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3289-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana has shown great success as a platform for the production of recombinant proteins. Here, we describe methods to transiently express high levels of recombinant proteins and simultaneously modulate their glycosylation pattern toward human-like structures. The method aims to generate recombinant proteins with a targeted largely homogeneous glycosylation profile for structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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65
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Allyl Isothiocyanate Inhibits Actin-Dependent Intracellular Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29134-47. [PMID: 26690132 PMCID: PMC4691101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) derives from the biodegradation of the glucosinolate sinigrin and has been associated with growth inhibition in several plants, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms of this feature remain scarcely investigated in plants. In this study, we present evidence of an AITC-induced inhibition of actin-dependent intracellular transport in A. thaliana. A transgenic line of A. thaliana expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged actin filaments was used to show attenuation of actin filament movement by AITC. This appeared gradually in a time- and dose-dependent manner and resulted in actin filaments appearing close to static. Further, we employed four transgenic lines with YFP-fusion proteins labeling the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles and peroxisomes to demonstrate an AITC-induced inhibition of actin-dependent intracellular transport of or, in these structures, consistent with the decline in actin filament movement. Furthermore, the morphologies of actin filaments, ER and vacuoles appeared aberrant following AITC-exposure. However, AITC-treated seedlings of all transgenic lines tested displayed morphologies and intracellular movements similar to that of the corresponding untreated and control-treated plants, following overnight incubation in an AITC-absent environment, indicating that AITC-induced decline in actin-related movements is a reversible process. These findings provide novel insights into the cellular events in plant cells following exposure to AITC, which may further expose clues to the physiological significance of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system.
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66
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Madison SL, Buchanan ML, Glass JD, McClain TF, Park E, Nebenführ A. Class XI Myosins Move Specific Organelles in Pollen Tubes and Are Required for Normal Fertility and Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1946-60. [PMID: 26358416 PMCID: PMC4634091 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth is an essential aspect of plant reproduction because it is the mechanism through which nonmotile sperm cells are delivered to ovules, thus allowing fertilization to occur. A pollen tube is a single cell that only grows at the tip, and this tip growth has been shown to depend on actin filaments. It is generally assumed that myosin-driven movements along these actin filaments are required to sustain the high growth rates of pollen tubes. We tested this conjecture by examining seed set, pollen fitness, and pollen tube growth for knockout mutants of five of the six myosin XI genes expressed in pollen of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Single mutants had little or no reduction in overall fertility, whereas double mutants of highly similar pollen myosins had greater defects in pollen tube growth. In particular, myo11c1 myo11c2 pollen tubes grew more slowly than wild-type pollen tubes, which resulted in reduced fitness compared with the wild type and a drastic reduction in seed set. Golgi stack and peroxisome movements were also significantly reduced, and actin filaments were less organized in myo11c1 myo11c2 pollen tubes. Interestingly, the movement of yellow fluorescent protein-RabA4d-labeled vesicles and their accumulation at pollen tube tips were not affected in the myo11c1 myo11c2 double mutant, demonstrating functional specialization among myosin isoforms. We conclude that class XI myosins are required for organelle motility, actin organization, and optimal growth of pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Madison
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Matthew L Buchanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Jeremiah D Glass
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Tarah F McClain
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
| | - Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
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67
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Jutras PV, D'Aoust MA, Couture MMJ, Vézina LP, Goulet MC, Michaud D, Sainsbury F. Modulating secretory pathway pH by proton channel co-expression can increase recombinant protein stability in plants. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1478-86. [PMID: 25914077 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic expression systems are used for the production of complex secreted proteins. However, recombinant proteins face considerable biochemical challenges along the secretory pathway, including proteolysis and pH variation between organelles. As the use of synthetic biology matures into solutions for protein production, various host-cell engineering approaches are being developed to ameliorate host-cell factors that can limit recombinant protein quality and yield. We report the potential of the influenza M2 ion channel as a novel tool to neutralize the pH in acidic subcellular compartments. Using transient expression in the plant host, Nicotiana benthamiana, we show that ion channel expression can significantly raise pH in the Golgi apparatus and that this can have a strong stabilizing effect on a fusion protein separated by an acid-susceptible linker peptide. We exemplify the utility of this effect in recombinant protein production using influenza hemagglutinin subtypes differentially stable at low pH; the expression of hemagglutinins prone to conformational change in mildly acidic conditions is considerably enhanced by M2 co-expression. The co-expression of a heterologous ion channel to stabilize acid-labile proteins and peptides represents a novel approach to increasing the yield and quality of secreted recombinant proteins in plants and, possibly, in other eukaryotic expression hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Sainsbury
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, Australia.
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68
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Tarte VN, Seok HY, Woo DH, Le DH, Tran HT, Baik JW, Kang IS, Lee SY, Chung T, Moon YH. Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE gene AtSFT12 is involved in salt and osmotic stress responses and Na(+) accumulation in vacuoles. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1127-38. [PMID: 25689889 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AtSFT12, an Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE protein, is localized to Golgi organelles and is involved in salt and osmotic stress responses via accumulation of Na (+) in vacuoles. To reduce the detrimental effects of environmental stresses, plants have evolved many defense mechanisms. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis Qc-SNARE gene, AtSFT12, involved in salt and osmotic stress responses using an activation-tagging method. Both activation-tagged plants and overexpressing transgenic plants (OXs) of the AtSFT12 gene were tolerant to high concentrations of NaCl, LiCl, and mannitol, whereas loss-of-function mutants were sensitive to NaCl, LiCl, and mannitol. AtSFT12 transcription increased under NaCl, ABA, cold, and mannitol stresses but not MV treatment. GFP-fusion AtSFT12 protein was juxtaposed with Golgi marker, implying that its function is associated with Golgi-mediated transport. Quantitative measurement of Na(+) using induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy revealed that AtSFT12 OXs accumulated significantly more Na(+) than WT plants. In addition, Na(+)-dependent fluorescence analysis of Sodium Green showed comparatively higher Na(+) accumulation in vacuoles of AtSFT12 OX cells than in those of WT plant cells after salt treatments. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtSTF12, a Golgi Qc-SNARE protein, plays an important role in salt and osmotic stress responses and functions in the salt stress response via sequestration of Na(+) in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Tarte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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69
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A cascade of arabinosyltransferases controls shoot meristem size in tomato. Nat Genet 2015; 47:784-92. [PMID: 26005869 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Shoot meristems of plants are composed of stem cells that are continuously replenished through a classical feedback circuit involving the homeobox WUSCHEL (WUS) gene and the CLAVATA (CLV) gene signaling pathway. In CLV signaling, the CLV1 receptor complex is bound by CLV3, a secreted peptide modified with sugars. However, the pathway responsible for modifying CLV3 and its relevance for CLV signaling are unknown. Here we show that tomato inflorescence branching mutants with extra flower and fruit organs due to enlarged meristems are defective in arabinosyltransferase genes. The most extreme mutant is disrupted in a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase and can be rescued with arabinosylated CLV3. Weaker mutants are defective in arabinosyltransferases that extend arabinose chains, indicating that CLV3 must be fully arabinosylated to maintain meristem size. Finally, we show that a mutation in CLV3 increased fruit size during domestication. Our findings uncover a new layer of complexity in the control of plant stem cell proliferation.
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70
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Yoo JY, Ko KS, Seo HK, Park S, Fanata WID, Harmoko R, Ramasamy NK, Thulasinathan T, Mengiste T, Lim JM, Lee SY, Lee KO. Limited Addition of the 6-Arm β1,2-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Residue Facilitates the Formation of the Largest N-Glycan in Plants. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16560-72. [PMID: 26001781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant N-glycan in plants is the paucimannosidic N-glycan with core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues (Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2). Here, we report a mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana that efficiently produces the largest N-glycan in plants. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the addition of the 6-arm β1,2-GlcNAc residue by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII) is less effective than additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues by XylT, FucTA, and FucTB in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, analysis of gnt2 mutant and 35S:GnTII transgenic plants shows that the addition of the 6-arm non-reducing GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor GlcNAcMan3(GlcNAc)2 inhibits additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Our findings indicate that plants limit the rate of the addition of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor as a mechanism to facilitate formation of the prevalent N-glycans with Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)2Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Yoo
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ki Seong Ko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyeong Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Seongha Park
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Wahyu Indra Duwi Fanata
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Rikno Harmoko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ramasamy
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Thulasinathan
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea,
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Reguera M, Bassil E, Tajima H, Wimmer M, Chanoca A, Otegui MS, Paris N, Blumwald E. pH Regulation by NHX-Type Antiporters Is Required for Receptor-Mediated Protein Trafficking to the Vacuole in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1200-17. [PMID: 25829439 PMCID: PMC4558692 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein trafficking requires proper ion and pH homeostasis of the endomembrane system. The NHX-type Na(+)/H(+) antiporters NHX5 and NHX6 localize to the Golgi, trans-Golgi network, and prevacuolar compartments and are required for growth and trafficking to the vacuole. In the nhx5 nhx6 T-DNA insertional knockouts, the precursors of the 2S albumin and 12S globulin storage proteins accumulated and were missorted to the apoplast. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of vesicle clusters containing storage protein precursors and vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs). Isolation and identification of complexes of VSRs with unprocessed 12S globulin by 2D blue-native PAGE/SDS-PAGE indicated that the nhx5 nhx6 knockouts showed compromised receptor-cargo association. In vivo interaction studies using bimolecular fluorescence complementation between VSR2;1, aleurain, and 12S globulin suggested that nhx5 nhx6 knockouts showed a significant reduction of VSR binding to both cargoes. In vivo pH measurements indicated that the lumens of VSR compartments containing aleurain, as well as the trans-Golgi network and prevacuolar compartments, were significantly more acidic in nhx5 nhx6 knockouts. This work demonstrates the importance of NHX5 and NHX6 in maintaining endomembrane luminal pH and supports the notion that proper vacuolar trafficking and proteolytic processing of storage proteins require endomembrane pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Reguera
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Elias Bassil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Monika Wimmer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Division of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chanoca
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nadine Paris
- Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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72
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Lee SS, Park HJ, Jung WY, Lee A, Yoon DH, You YN, Kim HS, Kim BG, Ahn JC, Cho HS. OsCYP21-4, a novel Golgi-resident cyclophilin, increases oxidative stress tolerance in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:797. [PMID: 26483814 PMCID: PMC4589654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OsCYP21-4 is a rice cyclophilin protein that binds to cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant drug. CYP21-4s in Arabidopsis and rice were previously shown to function as mitochondrial cyclophilins, as determined by TargetP analysis. In the current study, we found that OsCYP21-4-GFP localized to the Golgi, rather than mitochondria, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, which was confirmed based on its co-localization with cis Golgi α-ManI-mCherry protein. OsCYP21-4 transcript levels increased in response to treatments with various abiotic stresses and the phytohormone abscisic acid, revealing its stress-responsiveness. CYP21-4 homologs do not possess key peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity/cyclosporine A (CsA) binding residues, and recombinant OsCYP21-4 protein did not convert the synthetic substrate Suc-AAPF-pNA via cis- trans- isomerization in vitro. In addition, transgenic plants overexpressing OsCYP21-4 exhibited increased tolerance to salinity and hydrogen peroxide treatment, along with increased peroxidase activity. These results demonstrate that OsCYP21-4 is a novel Golgi-localized cyclophilin that plays a role in oxidative stress tolerance, possibly by regulating peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang S. Lee
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun J. Park
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Won Y. Jung
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae H. Yoon
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Young N. You
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Beom-Gi Kim
- Molecular Breeding Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of AgricultureJeonju, South Korea
| | - Jun C. Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seonam UniversityNamwon, South Korea
| | - Hye S. Cho
- Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hye S. Cho, Sustainable Bioresource Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
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73
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Subcellular Targeting of Proteins Involved in Modification of Plant N- and O-Glycosylation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1321:249-67. [PMID: 26082228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attractive expression hosts for the production of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. The quality and efficiency of these biopharmaceuticals are very often influenced by the glycosylation profile. Consequently, approaches are needed that enable the production of recombinant glycoproteins with customized and homogenous N- and O-glycan structures. Here, we describe convenient tools that allow targeting and retention of glycan-modifying enzymes in the early secretory pathway of plants. These protocols can be used to fine-tune the subcellular localization of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases in plants and consequently to increase the homogeneity of glycosylation on recombinant glycoproteins.
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74
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Manualdi F, Dalessandro G, De Lorenzo G, Piro G. Molecular dissection of Phaseolus vulgaris polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 2 reveals the presence of hold/release domains affecting protein trafficking toward the cell wall. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:660. [PMID: 26379688 PMCID: PMC4550104 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is massively involved in the synthesis, transport and secretion of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying trafficking toward the apoplast are largely unknown. Besides constitutive, the existence of a regulated secretory pathway has been proposed. A polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP2), known to move as soluble cargo and reach the cell wall through a mechanism distinguishable from default, was dissected in its main functional domains (A, B, C, D), and C sub-fragments (C1-10), to identify signals essential for its regulated targeting. The secretion patterns of the fluorescent chimeras obtained by fusing different PGIP2 domains to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were analyzed. PGIP2 N-terminal and leucine-rich repeat domains (B and C, respectively) seem to operate as holding/releasing signals, respectively, during PGIP2 transit through the Golgi. The B domain slows down PGIP2 secretion by transiently interacting with Golgi membranes. Its depletion leads, in fact, to the secretion via default (Sp2-susceptible) of the ACD-GFP chimera faster than PGIP2. Depending on its length (at least the first 5 leucine-rich repeats are required), the C domain modulates B interaction with Golgi membranes allowing the release of chimeras and their extracellular secretion through a Sp2 independent pathway. The addition of the vacuolar sorting determinant Chi to PGIP2 diverts the path of the protein from cell wall to vacuole, suggesting that C domain is a releasing rather than a cell wall sorting signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Manualdi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gabriella Piro, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, via prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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75
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Bourge M, Fort C, Soler MN, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Brown SC. A pulse-chase strategy combining click-EdU and photoconvertible fluorescent reporter: tracking Golgi protein dynamics during the cell cycle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:938-50. [PMID: 25266734 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Imaging or quantifying protein synthesis in cellulo through a well-resolved analysis of the cell cycle (also defining G1 subcompartments) is a methodological challenge. Click chemistry is the method of choice to reveal the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and track proliferating nuclei undergoing DNA synthesis. However, the click reaction quenches fluorescent proteins. Our challenge was to reconcile these two tools. A robust protocol based on a high-resolution cytometric cell cycle analysis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY2 cells expressing fluorescent Golgi markers has been established. This was broadly applicable to tissues, cell clusters, and other eukaryotic material, and compatible with Scale clearing. EdU was then used with the photoconvertible protein sialyl transferase (ST)-Kaede as a Golgi marker in a photoconversion pulse-chase cytometric configuration resolving, in addition, subcompartments of G1. Quantitative restoration of protein fluorescence was achieved by introducing acidic EDTA washes to strip the copper from these proteins which were then imaged at neutral pH. The rate of synthesis of this Golgi membrane marker was low during early G1, but in the second half of G1 (30% of cycle duration) much of the synthesis occurred. Marker synthesis then persisted during S and G2. These insights into Golgi biology are discussed in terms of the cell's ability to adapt exocytosis to cell growth needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Bourge
- Pôle de Biologie Cellulaire, Imagif, Centre de Recherche de Gif (FRC3115), CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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76
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Schoberer J, Liebminger E, Vavra U, Veit C, Castilho A, Dicker M, Maresch D, Altmann F, Hawes C, Botchway SW, Strasser R. The transmembrane domain of N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase I is the key determinant for its Golgi subcompartmentation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:809-22. [PMID: 25230686 PMCID: PMC4282539 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Golgi-resident type-II membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed across the Golgi stack. The intrinsic features of the protein that determine its subcompartment-specific concentration are still largely unknown. Here, we used a series of chimeric proteins to investigate the contribution of the cytoplasmic, transmembrane and stem region of Nicotiana benthamiana N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI) for its cis/medial-Golgi localization and for protein-protein interaction in the Golgi. The individual GnTI protein domains were replaced with those from the well-known trans-Golgi enzyme α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST) and transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using co-localization analysis and N-glycan profiling, we show that the transmembrane domain of GnTI is the major determinant for its cis/medial-Golgi localization. By contrast, the stem region of GnTI contributes predominately to homomeric and heteromeric protein complex formation. Importantly, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, a chimeric GnTI variant with altered sub-Golgi localization was not able to complement the GnTI-dependent glycosylation defect. Our results suggest that sequence-specific features in the transmembrane domain of GnTI account for its steady-state distribution in the cis/medial-Golgi in plants, which is a prerequisite for efficient N-glycan processing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Eva Liebminger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Martina Dicker
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes UniversityHeadington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Research Complex at Harwell, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell-Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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77
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. A set of fluorescent protein-based markers expressed from constitutive and arbuscular mycorrhiza-inducible promoters to label organelles, membranes and cytoskeletal elements in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:1151-63. [PMID: 25329881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula is widely used for analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and nodulation. To complement the genetic and genomic resources that exist for this species, we generated fluorescent protein fusions that label the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, plasma membrane, apoplast, late endosome/multivesicular bodies (MVB), transitory late endosome/ tonoplast, tonoplast, plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes, autophagosomes, plasmodesmata, actin, microtubules, periarbuscular membrane (PAM) and periarbuscular apoplastic space (PAS) and expressed them from the constitutive AtUBQ10 promoter and the AM symbiosis-specific MtBCP1 promoter. All marker constructs showed the expected expression patterns and sub-cellular locations in M. truncatula root cells. As a demonstration of their utility, we used several markers to investigate AM symbiosis where root cells undergo major cellular alterations to accommodate their fungal endosymbiont. We demonstrate that changes in the position and size of the nuclei occur prior to hyphal entry into the cortical cells and do not require DELLA signaling. Changes in the cytoskeleton, tonoplast and plastids also occur in the colonized cells and in contrast to previous studies, we show that stromulated plastids are abundant in cells with developing and mature arbuscules, while lens-shaped plastids occur in cells with degenerating arbuscules. Arbuscule development and secretion of the PAM creates a periarbuscular apoplastic compartment which has been assumed to be continuous with apoplast of the cell. However, fluorescent markers secreted to the periarbuscular apoplast challenge this assumption. This marker resource will facilitate cell biology studies of AM symbiosis, as well as other aspects of legume biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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78
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Ito Y, Uemura T, Nakano A. Formation and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 310:221-87. [PMID: 24725428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800180-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in intracellular trafficking, protein and lipid modification, and polysaccharide synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is well known for its unique stacked structure, which is conserved among most eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms of biogenesis and maintenance of the structure, which are deeply related to ER-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport systems, have long been mysterious. Now having extremely powerful microscopic technologies developed for live-cell imaging, the plant Golgi apparatus provides an ideal system to resolve the question. The plant Golgi apparatus has unique features that are not conserved in other kingdoms, which will also give new insights into the Golgi functions in plant life. In this review, we will summarize the features of the plant Golgi apparatus and transport mechanisms around it, with a focus on recent advances in Golgi biogenesis by live imaging of plants cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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79
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Gookin TE, Assmann SM. Significant reduction of BiFC non-specific assembly facilitates in planta assessment of heterotrimeric G-protein interactors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:553-67. [PMID: 25187041 PMCID: PMC4260091 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein networks and signaling cascades are key mechanisms for intra- and intercellular signal transduction. Identifying the interacting partners of a protein can provide vital clues regarding its physiological role. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay has become a routine tool for in vivo analysis of protein-protein interactions and their subcellular location. Although the BiFC system has improved since its inception, the available options for in planta analysis are still subject to very low signal-to-noise ratios, and a systematic comparison of BiFC confounding background signals has been lacking. Background signals can obscure weak interactions, provide false positives, and decrease confidence in true positives. To overcome these problems, we performed an extensive in planta analysis of published BiFC fragments used in metazoa and plants, and then developed an optimized single vector BiFC system which utilizes monomeric Venus (mVenus) split at residue 210, and contains an integrated mTurquoise2 marker to precisely identify transformed cells in order to distinguish true negatives. Here we provide our streamlined double ORF expression (pDOE) BiFC system, and show that our advance in BiFC methodology functions even with an internally fused mVenus210 fragment. We illustrate the efficacy of the system by providing direct visualization of Arabidopsis MLO1 interacting with a calmodulin-like (CML) protein, and by showing that heterotrimeric G-protein subunits Gα (GPA1) and Gβ (AGB1) interact in plant cells. We further demonstrate that GPA1 and AGB1 each physically interact with PLDα1 in planta, and that mutation of the so-called PLDα1 'DRY' motif abolishes both of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Gookin
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, 16802, USA
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80
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Nguema-Ona E, Vicré-Gibouin M, Gotté M, Plancot B, Lerouge P, Bardor M, Driouich A. Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins: aspects of biosynthesis and function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:499. [PMID: 25324850 PMCID: PMC4183102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall O-glycoproteins and N-glycoproteins are two types of glycomolecules whose glycans are structurally complex. They are both assembled and modified within the endomembrane system, i.e., the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, before their transport to their final locations within or outside the cell. In contrast to extensins (EXTs), the O-glycan chains of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly heterogeneous consisting mostly of (i) a short oligo-arabinoside chain of three to four residues, and (ii) a larger β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with β-1,6-linked side chains containing galactose, arabinose and, often, fucose, rhamnose, or glucuronic acid. The fine structure of arabinogalactan chains varies between, and within plant species, and is important for the functional activities of the glycoproteins. With regards to N-glycans, ER-synthesizing events are highly conserved in all eukaryotes studied so far since they are essential for efficient protein folding. In contrast, evolutionary adaptation of N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus has given rise to a variety of organism-specific complex structures. Therefore, plant complex-type N-glycans contain specific glyco-epitopes such as core β,2-xylose, core α1,3-fucose residues, and Lewis(a) substitutions on the terminal position of the antenna. Like O-glycans, N-glycans of proteins are essential for their stability and function. Mutants affected in the glycan metabolic pathways have provided valuable information on the role of N-/O-glycoproteins in the control of growth, morphogenesis and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. With regards to O-glycoproteins, only EXTs and AGPs are considered herein. The biosynthesis of these glycoproteins and functional aspects are presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguema-Ona
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maïté Vicré-Gibouin
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maxime Gotté
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Grand Réseau de Recherche-Végétal, Agronomie, Sol, Innovation, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie Université – Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Plate-Forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute-Normandie, Institut de Recherche et d’Innovation Biomédicale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Normandie UniversitéMont-Saint-Aignan, France
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81
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Gao C, Cai Y, Wang Y, Kang BH, Aniento F, Robinson DG, Jiang L. Retention mechanisms for ER and Golgi membrane proteins. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:508-15. [PMID: 24794130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unless there are mechanisms to selectively retain membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in the Golgi apparatus, they automatically proceed downstream to the plasma or vacuole membranes. Two types of coat protein complex I (COPI)-interacting motifs in the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins seem to facilitate membrane retention in the early secretory pathway of plants: a dilysine (KKXX) motif (which is typical of p24 proteins) for the ER and a KXE/D motif (which occurs in the Arabidopsis endomembrane protein EMP12) for the Golgi apparatus. The KXE/D motif is highly conserved in all eukaryotic EMPs and is additionally present in hundreds of other proteins of unknown subcellular localization and function. This novel signal may represent a new general mechanism for Golgi targeting and the retention of polytopic integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiji Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5E3, Canada
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - David G Robinson
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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82
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De Caroli M, Lenucci MS, Di Sansebastiano GP, Tunno M, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G. Cellular localization and biochemical characterization of a chimeric fluorescent protein fusion of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like A2 inserted into Golgi membrane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:792420. [PMID: 24558328 PMCID: PMC3914377 DOI: 10.1155/2014/792420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes are believed to encode enzymes for the synthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The subfamily of CslA is putatively involved in the biosynthesis of β -mannans. Here we report a study on the cellular localization and the enzyme activity of an Arabidopsis CslA family member, AtCslA2. We show that the fluorescent protein fusion AtCslA2-GFP, transiently expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts, is synthesized in the ER and it accumulates in the Golgi stacks. The chimera is inserted in the Golgi membrane and is functional since membrane preparations obtained by transformed protoplasts carry out the in vitro synthesis of a 14C-mannan starting from GDP-D-[U-14C]mannose as substrate. The enzyme specific activity is increased by approximately 38% in the transformed protoplasts with respect to wild-type. Preliminary tests with proteinase K, biochemical data, and TM domain predictions suggest that the catalytic site of AtCslA2 faces the Golgi lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michela Tunno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Montefusco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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83
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Loos A, Steinkellner H. Plant glyco-biotechnology on the way to synthetic biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:523. [PMID: 25339965 PMCID: PMC4189330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are increasingly being used for the production of recombinant proteins. One reason is that plants are highly amenable to glycan engineering processes and allow the production of therapeutic proteins with increased efficacies due to optimized glycosylation profiles. Removal and insertion of glycosylation reactions by knock-out/knock-down approaches and introduction of glycosylation enzymes have paved the way for the humanization of the plant glycosylation pathway. The insertion of heterologous enzymes at exactly the right stage of the existing glycosylation pathway has turned out to be of utmost importance. To enable such precise targeting chimeric enzymes have been constructed. In this short review we will exemplify the importance of correct targeting of glycosyltransferases, we will give an overview of the targeting mechanism of glycosyltransferases, describe chimeric enzymes used in plant N-glycosylation engineering and illustrate how plant glycoengineering builds on the tools offered by synthetic biology to construct such chimeric enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- *Correspondence: Herta Steinkellner, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria e-mail:
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84
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Kaneko K, Shiraya T, Mitsui T, Nishimura SI. Rapid and high-throughput N-glycomic analysis of plant glycoproteins. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1072:645-653. [PMID: 24136553 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-631-3_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycoprotein is a major element in higher organisms including mammalians and plants. It is widely accepted that variation in cellular N-glycome is related to modulation in dynamic cellular mechanisms such as cell-cell adhesion, cell activation, and malignant alterations in mammalian cells. However, the physiological importance of glycan modification of glycoproteins in plant cells is still a matter of dispute. Therefore, a comprehensive and high-throughput analysis of N-glycome in plant glycoproteins is needed. Here, an application of the glycoblotting-mass spectrometry technique to plant glycoprotein research is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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85
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Stigliano E, Faraco M, Neuhaus JM, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. Two glycosylated vacuolar GFPs are new markers for ER-to-vacuole sorting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:337-43. [PMID: 24184454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar Sorting Determinants (VSDs) have been extensively studied in plants but the mechanisms for the accumulation of storage proteins in somatic tissues are not yet fully understood. In this work we used two mutated versions of well-documented vacuolar fluorescent reporters, a GFP fusion in frame with the C-terminal VSD of tobacco chitinase (GFPChi) and an N-terminal fusion in frame with the sequence-specific VSD of the barley cysteine protease aleurain (AleuGFP). The GFP sequence was mutated to present an N-glycosylation site at the amino-acid position 133. The reporters were transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts and agroinfiltrated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and their distribution was identical to that of the non-glycosylated versions. With the glycosylated GFPs we could highlight a differential ENDO-H sensitivity and therefore differential glycan modifications. This finding suggests two different and independent routes to the vacuole for the two reporters. BFA also had a differential effect on the two markers and further, inhibition of COPII trafficking by a specific dominant-negative mutant (NtSar1h74l) confirmed that GFPChi transport from the ER to the vacuole is not fully dependent on the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Stigliano
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Thematic Center for the Preservation of Mediterranean Plant Biodiversity, via Nazionale 44, 75025 Policoro, MT, Italy
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86
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Kong Y, Zhou G, Abdeen AA, Schafhauser J, Richardson B, Atmodjo MA, Jung J, Wicker L, Mohnen D, Western T, Hahn MG. GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 is involved in the production of Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1203-17. [PMID: 24092888 PMCID: PMC3813644 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The function of a putative galacturonosyltransferase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; At1g02720; GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 [AtGATL5]) was studied using a combination of molecular genetic, chemical, and immunological approaches. AtGATL5 is expressed in all plant tissues, with highest expression levels in siliques 7 DPA. Furthermore, its expression is positively regulated by several transcription factors that are known to regulate seed coat mucilage production. AtGATL5 is localized in both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, in comparison with marker proteins resident to these subcellular compartments. A transfer DNA insertion in the AtGATL5 gene generates seed coat epidermal cell defects both in mucilage synthesis and cell adhesion. Transformation of atgatl5-1 mutants with the wild-type AtGATL5 gene results in the complementation of all morphological phenotypes. Compositional analyses of the mucilage isolated from the atgatl5-1 mutant demonstrated that galacturonic acid and rhamnose contents are decreased significantly in atgatl5-1 compared with wild-type mucilage. No changes in structure were observed between soluble mucilage isolated from wild-type and mutant seeds, except that the molecular weight of the mutant mucilage increased 63% compared with that of the wild type. These data provide evidence that AtGATL5 might function in the regulation of the final size of the mucilage rhamnogalacturonan I.
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87
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Haro R, Fraile-Escanciano A, González-Melendi P, Rodríguez-Navarro A. The potassium transporters HAK2 and HAK3 localize to endomembranes in Physcomitrella patens. HAK2 is required in some stress conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1441-1454. [PMID: 23825217 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The function of HAK transporters in high-affinity K+ uptake in plants is well established; this study aims to demonstrate that some transporters of the same family play important roles in endomembranes. The PpHAK2-PpHAK4 genes of Physcomitrella patens encode three transporters of high sequence similarity. Quantitative PCR showed that PpHAK2 and PpHAK3 transcripts are expressed at approximately the same level as the PpACT5 gene, while the expression of PpHAK4 seems to be restricted to specific conditions that have not been determined. KHA1 is an endomembrane K+/H+ antiporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the expression of the PpHAK2 cDNA, but not that of PpHAK3, suppressed the defect of a kha1 mutant. Transient expression of the PpHAK2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and PpHAK3-GFP fusion proteins in P. patens protoplasts localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, respectively. To determine the function of PpHAK2 and PpHAK3 in planta, we constructed ΔPphak2 and ΔPphak2 ΔPphak3 plants. ΔPphak2 plants were normal under all of the conditions tested except under K+ starvation or at acidic pH in the presence of acetic acid, whereupon they die. The defect observed under K+ starvation was suppressed by the presence of Na+. We propose that PpHAK2 may encode either a K(+)-H(+) symporter or a K+/H+ antiporter that mediates the transfer of H+ from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to the cytosol. PpHAK2 may be a model of the second function of HAK transporters in plant cells. The disruption of the PpHAK3 gene in ΔPphak2 plants showed no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Haro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Carretera M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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88
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Brandizzi F, Barlowe C. Organization of the ER-Golgi interface for membrane traffic control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:382-92. [PMID: 23698585 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coat protein complex I (COPI) and COPII are required for bidirectional membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. While these core coat machineries and other transport factors are highly conserved across species, high-resolution imaging studies indicate that the organization of the ER-Golgi interface is varied in eukaryotic cells. Regulation of COPII assembly, in some cases to manage distinct cellular cargo, is emerging as one important component in determining this structure. Comparison of the ER-Golgi interface across different systems, particularly mammalian and plant cells, reveals fundamental elements and distinct organization of this interface. A better understanding of how these interfaces are regulated to meet varying cellular secretory demands should provide key insights into the mechanisms that control efficient trafficking of proteins and lipids through the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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89
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Mottaleb SA, Rodríguez-Navarro A, Haro R. Knockouts of Physcomitrella patens CHX1 and CHX2 Transporters Reveal High Complexity of Potassium Homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:1455-68. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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90
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Asai S, Ichikawa T, Nomura H, Kobayashi M, Kamiyoshihara Y, Mori H, Kadota Y, Zipfel C, Jones JDG, Yoshioka H. The variable domain of a plant calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) confers subcellular localization and substrate recognition for NADPH oxidase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14332-14340. [PMID: 23569203 PMCID: PMC3656289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are Ca(2+) sensors that regulate diverse biological processes in plants and apicomplexans. However, how CDPKs discriminate specific substrates in vivo is still largely unknown. Previously, we found that a potato StCDPK5 is dominantly localized to the plasma membrane and activates the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase (RBOH; for respiratory burst oxidase homolog) StRBOHB by direct phosphorylation of the N-terminal region. Here, we report the contribution of the StCDPK5 N-terminal variable (V) domain to activation of StRBOHB in vivo using heterologous expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutations of N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation sites in the V domain eliminated the predominantly plasma membrane localization and the capacity of StCDPK5 to activate StRBOHB in vivo. A tomato SlCDPK2, which also contains myristoylation and palmitoylation sites in its N terminus, phosphorylated StRBOHB in vitro but not in vivo. Functional domains responsible for activation and phosphorylation of StRBOHB were identified by swapping regions for each domain between StCDPK5 and SlCDPK2. The substitution of the V domain of StCDPK5 with that of SlCDPK2 abolished the activation and phosphorylation abilities of StRBOHB in vivo and relocalized the chimeric CDPK to the trans-Golgi network, as observed for SlCDPK2. Conversely, SlCDPK2 substituted with the V domain of StCDPK5 localized to the plasma membrane and activated StRBOHB. These results suggest that the V domains confer substrate specificity in vivo by dictating proper subcellular localization of CDPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Asai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsushi Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hironari Nomura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michie Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamiyoshihara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0690
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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91
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Schoberer J, Liebminger E, Botchway SW, Strasser R, Hawes C. Time-resolved fluorescence imaging reveals differential interactions of N-glycan processing enzymes across the Golgi stack in planta. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1737-54. [PMID: 23400704 PMCID: PMC3613452 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.210757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
N-Glycan processing is one of the most important cellular protein modifications in plants and as such is essential for plant development and defense mechanisms. The accuracy of Golgi-located processing steps is governed by the strict intra-Golgi localization of sequentially acting glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Their differential distribution goes hand in hand with the compartmentalization of the Golgi stack into cis-, medial-, and trans-cisternae, which separate early from late processing steps. The mechanisms that direct differential enzyme concentration are still unknown, but the formation of multienzyme complexes is considered a feasible Golgi protein localization strategy. In this study, we used two-photon excitation-Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to determine the interaction of N-glycan processing enzymes with differential intra-Golgi locations. Following the coexpression of fluorescent protein-tagged amino-terminal Golgi-targeting sequences (cytoplasmic-transmembrane-stem [CTS] region) of enzyme pairs in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), we observed that all tested cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes, namely Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Golgi α-mannosidase I, Nicotiana tabacum β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, Arabidopsis Golgi α-mannosidase II (GMII), and Arabidopsis β1,2-xylosyltransferase, form homodimers and heterodimers, whereas among the late-acting enzymes Arabidopsis β1,3-galactosyltransferase1 (GALT1), Arabidopsis α1,4-fucosyltransferase, and Rattus norvegicus α2,6-sialyltransferase (a nonplant Golgi marker), only GALT1 and medial-Golgi GMII were found to form a heterodimer. Furthermore, the efficiency of energy transfer indicating the formation of interactions decreased considerably in a cis-to-trans fashion. The comparative fluorescence lifetime imaging of several full-length cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes and their respective catalytic domain-deleted CTS clones further suggested that the formation of protein-protein interactions can occur through their amino-terminal CTS region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Liebminger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria (J.S., E.L., R.S.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (J.S., C.H.); and
- Research Complex at Harwell, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell-Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom (S.W.B.)
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria (J.S., E.L., R.S.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (J.S., C.H.); and
- Research Complex at Harwell, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell-Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom (S.W.B.)
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria (J.S., E.L., R.S.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (J.S., C.H.); and
- Research Complex at Harwell, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell-Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom (S.W.B.)
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria (J.S., E.L., R.S.)
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (J.S., C.H.); and
- Research Complex at Harwell, Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell-Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom (S.W.B.)
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92
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Traverso JA, Micalella C, Martinez A, Brown SC, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Roles of N-terminal fatty acid acylations in membrane compartment partitioning: Arabidopsis h-type thioredoxins as a case study. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1056-77. [PMID: 23543785 PMCID: PMC3634677 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal fatty acylations (N-myristoylation [MYR] and S-palmitoylation [PAL]) are crucial modifications affecting 2 to 4% of eukaryotic proteins. The role of these modifications is to target proteins to membranes. Predictive tools have revealed unexpected targets of these acylations in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants. However, little is known about how N-terminal lipidation governs membrane compartmentalization of proteins in plants. We show here that h-type thioredoxins (h-TRXs) cluster in four evolutionary subgroups displaying strictly conserved N-terminal modifications. It was predicted that one subgroup undergoes only MYR and another undergoes both MYR and PAL. We used plant TRXs as a model protein family to explore the effect of MYR alone or MYR and PAL in the same family of proteins. We used a high-throughput biochemical strategy to assess MYR of specific TRXs. Moreover, various TRX-green fluorescent protein fusions revealed that MYR localized protein to the endomembrane system and that partitioning between this membrane compartment and the cytosol correlated with the catalytic efficiency of the N-myristoyltransferase acting at the N terminus of the TRXs. Generalization of these results was obtained using several randomly selected Arabidopsis proteins displaying a MYR site only. Finally, we demonstrated that a palmitoylatable Cys residue flanking the MYR site is crucial to localize proteins to micropatching zones of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Traverso
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C/ Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, Spain
| | - Chiara Micalella
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Aude Martinez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Spencer C. Brown
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaître
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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93
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Parsons HT, Drakakaki G, Heazlewood JL. Proteomic dissection of the Arabidopsis Golgi and trans-Golgi network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 3:298. [PMID: 23316206 PMCID: PMC3539648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network are major endomembrane trafficking hubs within the plant cell and are involved in a diverse and vital series of functions to maintain plant growth and development. Recently, a series of disparate technical approaches have been used to isolate and characterize components of these complex organelles by mass spectrometry in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, these studies have increased the number of Golgi and vesicular localized proteins identified by mass spectrometry to nearly 500 proteins. We have sought to provide a brief overview of these technical approaches and bring the datasets together to examine how they can reveal insights into the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet T. Parsons
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
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94
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Oikawa A, Lund CH, Sakuragi Y, Scheller HV. Golgi-localized enzyme complexes for plant cell wall biosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:49-58. [PMID: 22925628 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall mostly comprises complex glycans, which are synthesized by numerous enzymes located in the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. Protein-protein interactions have been shown to constitute an important organizing principle for glycan biosynthetic enzymes in mammals and yeast. Recent genetic and biochemical data also indicate that such interactions could be common in plant cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we examine the new findings in protein-protein interactions among plant cell wall biosynthetic enzymes and discuss the possibilities for enzyme complexes in the Golgi apparatus. These new insights in the field may contribute to novel strategies for molecular engineering of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Oikawa
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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95
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Sattarzadeh A, Schmelzer E, Hanson MR. Arabidopsis myosin XI sub-domains homologous to the yeast myo2p organelle inheritance sub-domain target subcellular structures in plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:407. [PMID: 24187546 PMCID: PMC3807578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Myosin XI motor proteins transport plant organelles on the actin cytoskeleton. The Arabidopsis gene family that encodes myosin XI has 13 members, 12 of which have sub-domains within the tail region that are homologous to well-characterized cargo-binding domains in the yeast myosin V myo2p. Little is presently known about the cargo-binding domains of plant myosin XIs. Prior experiments in which most or all of the tail regions of myosin XIs have been fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and transiently expressed have often not resulted in fluorescent labeling of plant organelles. We identified 42 amino-acid regions within 12 Arabidopsis myosin XIs that are homologous to the yeast myo2p tail region known to be essential for vacuole and mitochondrial inheritance. A YFP fusion of the yeast region expressed in plants did not label tonoplasts or mitochondria. We investigated whether the homologous Arabidopsis regions, termed by us the "PAL" sub-domain, could associate with subcellular structures following transient expression of fusions with YFP in Nicotiana benthamiana. Seven YFP::PAL sub-domain fusions decorated Golgi and six were localized to mitochondria. In general, the myosin XI PAL sub-domains labeled organelles whose motility had previously been observed to be affected by mutagenesis or dominant negative assays with the respective myosins. Simultaneous transient expression of the PAL sub-domains of myosin XI-H, XI-I, and XI-K resulted in inhibition of movement of mitochondria and Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirali Sattarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
- Central Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Elmon Schmelzer
- Central Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Elmon Schmelzer, Central Microscopy Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany e-mail:
| | - Maureen R. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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96
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Liebminger E, Grass J, Jez J, Neumann L, Altmann F, Strasser R. Myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 from Arabidopsis thaliana contain exclusively oligomannosidic N-glycans. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:24-30. [PMID: 23009876 PMCID: PMC3494833 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In all eukaryotes N-glycosylation is the most prevalent protein modification of secretory and membrane proteins. Although the N-glycosylation capacity and the individual steps of the N-glycan processing pathway have been well studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, little attention has been paid to the characterization of the glycosylation status of individual proteins. We report here the structural analysis of all N-glycans present on the endogenous thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases) TGG1 and TGG2 from A. thaliana. All nine glycosylation sites of TGG1 and all four glycosylation sites of TGG2 are occupied by oligomannosidic structures with Man₅GlcNAc₂ as the major glycoform. Analysis of the oligomannosidic isomers from wild-type plants and mannose trimming deficient mutants by liquid chromatography with porous graphitic carbon and mass spectrometry revealed that the N-glycans from both myrosinases are processed by Golgi-located α-mannosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liebminger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josephine Grass
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Jez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 47654 6705; fax: +43 1 47654 6392.
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97
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Batistic O. Genomics and localization of the Arabidopsis DHHC-cysteine-rich domain S-acyltransferase protein family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1597-612. [PMID: 22968831 PMCID: PMC3490592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.203968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification of cysteine residues, referred to as S-palmitoylation or S-acylation, is an important secondary and reversible modification that regulates membrane association, trafficking, and function of target proteins. This enzymatic reaction is mediated by protein S-acyl transferases (PATs). Here, the phylogeny, genomic organization, protein topology, expression, and localization pattern of the 24 PAT family members from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is described. Most PATs are expressed at ubiquitous levels and tissues throughout the development, while few genes are expressed especially during flower development preferentially in pollen and stamen. The proteins display large sequence and structural variations but exhibit a common protein topology that is preserved in PATs from various organisms. Arabidopsis PAT proteins display a complex targeting pattern and were detected at the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endosomal compartments, and the vacuolar membrane. However, most proteins were targeted to the plasma membrane. This large concentration of plant PAT activity to the plasma membrane suggests that the plant cellular S-acylation machinery is functionally different compared with that of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Batistic
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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98
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Rivera-Serrano EE, Rodriguez-Welsh MF, Hicks GR, Rojas-Pierce M. A small molecule inhibitor partitions two distinct pathways for trafficking of tonoplast intrinsic proteins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44735. [PMID: 22957103 PMCID: PMC3434187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) facilitate the membrane transport of water and other small molecules across the plant vacuolar membrane, and members of this family are expressed in specific developmental stages and tissue types. Delivery of TIP proteins to the tonoplast is thought to occur by vesicle–mediated traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuole, and at least two pathways have been proposed, one that is Golgi-dependent and another that is Golgi-independent. However, the mechanisms for trafficking of vacuolar membrane proteins to the tonoplast remain poorly understood. Here we describe a chemical genetic approach to unravel the mechanisms of TIP protein targeting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis seedlings. We show that members of the TIP family are targeted to the vacuole via at least two distinct pathways, and we characterize the bioactivity of a novel inhibitor that can differentiate between them. We demonstrate that, unlike for TIP1;1, trafficking of markers for TIP3;1 and TIP2;1 is insensitive to Brefeldin A in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Using a chemical inhibitor that may target this BFA-insensitive pathway for membrane proteins, we show that inhibition of this pathway results in impaired root hair growth and enhanced vacuolar targeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 in the dark. Our results indicate that the vacuolar targeting of PIN2 and the BFA-insensitive pathway for tonoplast proteins may be mediated in part by common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain E. Rivera-Serrano
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Rodriguez-Welsh
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Glenn R. Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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99
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Ito Y, Uemura T, Shoda K, Fujimoto M, Ueda T, Nakano A. cis-Golgi proteins accumulate near the ER exit sites and act as the scaffold for Golgi regeneration after brefeldin A treatment in tobacco BY-2 cells. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3203-14. [PMID: 22740633 PMCID: PMC3418314 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-01-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus forms stacks of cisternae in many eukaryotic cells. However, little is known about how such a stacked structure is formed and maintained. To address this question, plant cells provide a system suitable for live-imaging approaches because individual Golgi stacks are well separated in the cytoplasm. We established tobacco BY-2 cell lines expressing multiple Golgi markers tagged by different fluorescent proteins and observed their responses to brefeldin A (BFA) treatment and BFA removal. BFA treatment disrupted cis, medial, and trans cisternae but caused distinct relocalization patterns depending on the proteins examined. Medial- and trans-Golgi proteins, as well as one cis-Golgi protein, were absorbed into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but two other cis-Golgi proteins formed small punctate structures. After BFA removal, these puncta coalesced first, and then the Golgi stacks regenerated from them in the cis-to-trans order. We suggest that these structures have a property similar to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and function as the scaffold of Golgi regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Keiko Shoda
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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100
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Luo B, Nakata PA. A set of GFP organelle marker lines for intracellular localization studies in Medicago truncatula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 188-189:19-24. [PMID: 22525240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genomics advances in the model legume, Medicago truncatula, have led to an increase in the number of identified genes encoding proteins with unknown biological function. Determining the intracellular location of uncharacterized proteins often aids in the elucidation of biological function. To expedite such localization studies, we have generated a set of intracellular organelle green fluorescence protein (GFP) marker lines in M. truncatula. In addition to fluorescent detection, this set of organelle marker lines can also be used in immunohistochemical and cellular fractionation detection assays. Moreover, this set of marker lines is compatible with both transient and stable expression systems. Thus, this marker set should prove to be a useful resource for the M. truncatula research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA
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