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Kawaguchi H, Yoshihara K, Hara KY, Hasunuma T, Ogino C, Kondo A. Metabolome analysis-based design and engineering of a metabolic pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum to match rates of simultaneous utilization of D-glucose and L-arabinose. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:76. [PMID: 29773073 PMCID: PMC5956887 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background l-Arabinose is the second most abundant component of hemicellulose in lignocellulosic biomass, next to d-xylose. However, few microorganisms are capable of utilizing pentoses, and catabolic genes and operons enabling bacterial utilization of pentoses are typically subject to carbon catabolite repression by more-preferred carbon sources, such as d-glucose, leading to a preferential utilization of d-glucose over pentoses. In order to simultaneously utilize both d-glucose and l-arabinose at the same rate, a modified metabolic pathway was rationally designed based on metabolome analysis. Results Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 31831 utilized d-glucose and l-arabinose simultaneously at a low concentration (3.6 g/L each) but preferentially utilized d-glucose over l-arabinose at a high concentration (15 g/L each), although l-arabinose and d-glucose were consumed at comparable rates in the absence of the second carbon source. Metabolome analysis revealed that phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were major bottlenecks for d-glucose and l-arabinose metabolism, respectively. Based on the results of metabolome analysis, a metabolic pathway was engineered by overexpressing pyruvate kinase in combination with deletion of araR, which encodes a repressor of l-arabinose uptake and catabolism. The recombinant strain utilized high concentrations of d-glucose and l-arabinose (15 g/L each) at the same consumption rate. During simultaneous utilization of both carbon sources at high concentrations, intracellular levels of phosphoenolpyruvate declined and acetyl-CoA levels increased significantly as compared with the wild-type strain that preferentially utilized d-glucose. These results suggest that overexpression of pyruvate kinase in the araR deletion strain increased the specific consumption rate of l-arabinose and that citrate synthase activity becomes a new bottleneck in the engineered pathway during the simultaneous utilization of d-glucose and l-arabinose. Conclusions Metabolome analysis identified potential bottlenecks in d-glucose and l-arabinose metabolism and was then applied to the following rational metabolic engineering. Manipulation of only two genes enabled simultaneous utilization of d-glucose and l-arabinose at the same rate in metabolically engineered C. glutamicum. This is the first report of rational metabolic design and engineering for simultaneous hexose and pentose utilization without inactivating the phosphotransferase system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0927-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Turumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Zhang B, Ye BC. Pathway engineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 for 5-aminolevulinic acid production. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:247. [PMID: 29744279 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a non-protein amino acid with a significant potential for cancer treatment and plant stress resistance. Microbial fermentation has gradually replaced the traditional chemical-based method for ALA production, thus increasing the need for high-ALA-producing strains. In this study, we engineered the glutamate producing strain, Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114, for ALA production. To efficiently convert l-glutamate to ALA, hemA and hemL from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were tandemly overexpressed. In addition, ncgl1221 encoding a glutamate transporter was deleted to block glutamate secretion and thus improve ALA production. Furthermore, the intrinsic ribosome-binding site (RBS) of hemB was replaced by a relatively weak RBS to reduce the conversion of ALA to porphyrin. Transcriptional and fermentation data confirmed that inactivation of lysE and putP reduced the conversion of glutamate to arginine and proline, which also contribute to ALA production. The final SA14 strain produced 895 mg/L concentration of ALA after 72 h incubation in a shake flask. This amount was 58-fold higher than that obtained by the parent strain C. glutamicum S9114. The results demonstrate the potential of C. glutamicum S9114 for efficient ALA production and provide new targets for the development of ALA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
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53
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Wang X, Zhang H, Quinn PJ. Production of l-valine from metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4319-4330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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54
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Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for fermentative production of chemicals in biorefinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3915-3937. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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55
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Zhang H, Li Y, Wang C, Wang X. Understanding the high L-valine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum VWB-1 using transcriptomics and proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3632. [PMID: 29483542 PMCID: PMC5827029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward the elucidation of the advanced mechanism of l-valine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum, a highly developed industrial strain VWB-1 was analyzed, employing the combination of transcriptomics and proteomics methods. The transcriptional level of 1155 genes and expression abundance of 96 proteins were changed significantly by the transcriptome and proteome comparison of VWB-1 and ATCC 13869. It was indicated that the key genes involved in the biosynthesis of l-valine, ilvBN, ilvC, ilvD, ilvE were up-regulated in VWB-1, which together made prominent contributions in improving the carbon flow towards l-valine. The l-leucine and l-isoleucine synthesis ability were weakened according to the down-regulation of leuB and ilvA. The up-regulation of the branched chain amino acid transporter genes brnFE promoted the l-valine secretion capability of VWB-1. The NADPH and ATP generation ability of VWB-1 were strengthened through the up-regulation of the genes involved in phosphate pentose pathway and TCA pathway. Pyruvate accumulation was achieved through the weakening of the l-lactate, acetate and l-alanine pathways. The up-regulation of the genes coding for elongation factors and ribosomal proteins were beneficial for l-valine synthesis in C. glutamicum. All information acquired were useful for the genome breeding of better industrial l-valine producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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56
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Impact of the cultivation strategy on resveratrol production from glucose in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol 2018; 265:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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57
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Choi JW, Yim SS, Jeong KJ. Development of a high-copy-number plasmid via adaptive laboratory evolution of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:873-883. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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58
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Hoffart E, Grenz S, Lange J, Nitschel R, Müller F, Schwentner A, Feith A, Lenfers-Lücker M, Takors R, Blombach B. High Substrate Uptake Rates Empower Vibrio natriegens as Production Host for Industrial Biotechnology. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01614-17. [PMID: 28887417 PMCID: PMC5666143 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01614-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of industrial fermentation processes is essentially limited by the biomass-specific substrate consumption rate (qS ) of the applied microbial production system. Since qS depends on the growth rate (μ), we highlight the potential of the fastest-growing nonpathogenic bacterium, Vibrio natriegens, as a novel candidate for future biotechnological processes. V. natriegens grows rapidly in BHIN complex medium with a μ of up to 4.43 h-1 (doubling time of 9.4 min) as well as in minimal medium supplemented with various industrially relevant substrates. Bioreactor cultivations in minimal medium with glucose showed that V. natriegens possesses an exceptionally high qS under aerobic (3.90 ± 0.08 g g-1 h-1) and anaerobic (7.81 ± 0.71 g g-1 h-1) conditions. Fermentations with resting cells of genetically engineered V. natriegens under anaerobic conditions yielded an overall volumetric productivity of 0.56 ± 0.10 g alanine liter-1 min-1 (i.e., 34 g liter-1 h-1). These inherent properties render V. natriegens a promising new microbial platform for future industrial fermentation processes operating with high productivity.IMPORTANCE Low conversion rates are one major challenge to realizing microbial fermentation processes for the production of commodities operating competitively with existing petrochemical approaches. For this reason, we screened for a novel platform organism possessing characteristics superior to those of traditionally employed microbial systems. We identified the fast-growing V. natriegens, which exhibits a versatile metabolism and shows striking growth and conversion rates, as a solid candidate to reach outstanding productivities. Due to these inherent characteristics, V. natriegens can speed up common laboratory routines, is suitable for already existing production procedures, and forms an excellent foundation for engineering next-generation bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Hoffart
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grenz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Nitschel
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Müller
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwentner
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André Feith
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mira Lenfers-Lücker
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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59
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Zhang B, Yu M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Ye BC. Systematic pathway engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 for L-ornithine production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:158. [PMID: 28938890 PMCID: PMC5610420 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background l-Ornithine is a non-protein amino acid with extensive applications in medicine and the food industry. Currently, l-ornithine production is based on microbial fermentation, and few microbes are used for producing l-ornithine owing to unsatisfactory production titer. Results In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114, a high glutamate-producing strain, was developed for l-ornithine production by pathway engineering. First, argF was deleted to block l-ornithine to citrulline conversion. To improve l-ornithine production, ncgl1221 encoding glutamate transporter, argR encoding arginine repressor, and putP encoding proline transporter were disrupted. This base strain was further engineered by attenuating oxoglutarate dehydrogenase to increase l-ornithine production. Plasmid-based overexpression of argCJBD operon and lysine/arginine transport protein LysE was tested to strengthen l-ornithine synthesis and transportation. This resulted in efficient l-ornithine production at a titer of 18.4 g/L. Conclusion These results demonstrate the potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 for efficient l-ornithine production and provide new targets for strain development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0776-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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60
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Biotechnological production of value-added compounds by ustilaginomycetous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7789-7809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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61
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Joo YC, You SK, Shin SK, Ko YJ, Jung KH, Sim SA, Han SO. Bio-Based Production of Dimethyl Itaconate From Rice Wine Waste-Derived Itaconic Acid. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyou You
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ho Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang A. Sim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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Microbial Production of Amino Acid-Related Compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 159:255-269. [PMID: 27872963 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is the workhorse of the production of proteinogenic amino acids used in food and feed biotechnology. After more than 50 years of safe amino acid production, C. glutamicum has recently also been engineered for the production of amino acid-derived compounds, which find various applications, e.g., as synthons for the chemical industry in several markets including the polymer market. The amino acid-derived compounds such as non-proteinogenic ω-amino acids, α,ω-diamines, and cyclic or hydroxylated amino acids have similar carbon backbones and functional groups as their amino acid precursors. Decarboxylation of amino acids may yield ω-amino acids such as β-alanine, γ-aminobutyrate, and δ-aminovalerate as well as α,ω-diamines such as putrescine and cadaverine. Since transamination is the final step in several amino acid biosynthesis pathways, 2-keto acids as immediate amino acid precursors are also amenable to production using recombinant C. glutamicum strains. Approaches for metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum for production of amino acid-derived compounds will be described, and where applicable, production from alternative carbon sources or use of genome streamline will be referred to. The excellent large-scale fermentation experience with C. glutamicum offers the possibility that these amino acid-derived speciality products may enter large-volume markets.
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63
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Improved fermentative production of the compatible solute ectoine by Corynebacterium glutamicum from glucose and alternative carbon sources. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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64
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Development of a single-cell GlxR-based cAMP biosensor for Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:33-40. [PMID: 28698098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a regulatory role as second messenger in many species. In the industrial model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum, cAMP acts as effector of the global transcriptional regulator GlxR, a homolog of enterobacterial Crp. The cAMP-GlxR complex activates or represses the expression of about 200 target genes. CyaB, a membrane-bound class III adenylate cyclase, synthesizes cAMP from ATP, but another yet unknown cAMP-forming enzyme is likely present in C. glutamicum. Recently, we identified the cAMP phosphodiesterase CpdA, which catalyzes the conversion of cAMP to AMP. As a tool to search for additional cAMP-forming and degrading enzymes, we constructed a plasmid-based cAMP biosensor by fusing the promoter of cg3195, a gene strongly repressed by GlxR, to the eyfp reporter gene. In control experiments, the biosensor showed the predicted responses to increased levels of cAMP or GlxR. The biosensor was able to distinguish between C. glutamicum wild type and mutants with defects in cAMP biosynthesis or degradation. Most importantly, the sensor allowed successful sorting of mixtures of wild type and mutant strains by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), thus meeting the requirements for high-throughput screening of libraries for single mutant cells with an altered cAMP level.
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65
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Wang C, Zhou Z, Cai H, Chen Z, Xu H. Redirecting carbon flux through pgi-deficient and heterologous transhydrogenase toward efficient succinate production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1115-1126. [PMID: 28303352 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is particularly known for its potentiality in succinate production. We engineered C. glutamicum for the production of succinate. To enhance C3-C4 carboxylation efficiency, chromosomal integration of the pyruvate carboxylase gene pyc resulted in strain NC-4. To increase intracellular NADH pools, the pntAB gene from Escherichia coli, encoding for transhydrogenase, was chromosomally integrated into NC-4, leading to strain NC-5. Furthermore, we deleted pgi gene in strain NC-5 to redirect carbon flux to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To solve the drastic reduction of PTS-mediated glucose uptake, the ptsG gene from C. glutamicum, encoding for the glucose-specific transporter, was chromosomally integrated into pgi-deficient strain resulted in strain NC-6. In anaerobic batch fermentation, the production of succinate in pntAB-overexpressing strain NC-5 increased by 14% and a product yield of 1.22 mol/mol was obtained. In anaerobic fed-batch process, succinic acid concentration reached 856 mM by NC-6. The yields of succinate from glucose were 1.37 mol/mol accompanied by a very low level of by-products. Activating PPP and transhydrogenase in combination led to a succinate yield of 1.37 mol/mol, suggesting that they exhibited a synergistic effect for improving succinate yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
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Improvement of succinate production by release of end-product inhibition in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2017; 40:157-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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67
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Jeschek M, Bahls MO, Schneider V, Marlière P, Ward TR, Panke S. Biotin-independent strains of Escherichia coli for enhanced streptavidin production. Metab Eng 2017; 40:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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68
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Enhanced Glucose Consumption and Organic Acid Production by Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum Based on Analysis of a pfkB1 Deletion Mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02638-16. [PMID: 27881414 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02638-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of a carbohydrate metabolite pathway, we found interesting phenotypes in a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum deficient in pfkB1, which encodes fructose-1-phosphate kinase. After being aerobically cultivated with fructose as a carbon source, this mutant consumed glucose and produced organic acid, predominantly l-lactate, at a level more than 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type grown with glucose under conditions of oxygen deprivation. This considerably higher fermentation capacity was unique for the combination of pfkB1 deletion and cultivation with fructose. In the metabolome and transcriptome analyses of this strain, marked intracellular accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate and significant upregulation of several genes related to the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, glycolysis, and organic acid synthesis were identified. We then examined strains overexpressing several of the identified genes and demonstrated enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production by these engineered strains, whose values were found to be comparable to those of the model pfkB1 deletion mutant grown with fructose. l-Lactate production by the ppc deletion mutant of the engineered strain was 2,390 mM (i.e., 215 g/liter) after 48 h under oxygen deprivation, which was a 2.7-fold increase over that of the wild-type strain with a deletion of ppc IMPORTANCE: Enhancement of glycolytic flux is important for improving microbiological production of chemicals, but overexpression of glycolytic enzymes has often resulted in little positive effect. That is presumably because the central carbon metabolism is under the complex and strict regulation not only transcriptionally but also posttranscriptionally, for example, by the ATP/ADP ratio. In contrast, we studied a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that showed markedly enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production and, based on the findings, identified several genes whose overexpression was effective in enhancing glycolytic flux under conditions of oxygen deprivation. These results will further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of glycolytic flux and can be widely applied to the improvement of the microbial production of useful chemicals.
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Kaboré AK, Olmos E, Fick M, Blanchard F, Guedon E, Delaunay S. Aerobiosis–anaerobiosis transition has a significant impact on organic acid production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sun Y, Guo W, Wang F, Peng F, Yang Y, Dai X, Liu X, Bai Z. Transcriptome and Multivariable Data Analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum under Different Dissolved Oxygen Conditions in Bioreactors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167156. [PMID: 27907077 PMCID: PMC5132257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important factor in the fermentation process of Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is a widely used aerobic microbe in bio-industry. Herein, we described RNA-seq for C. glutamicum under different DO levels (50%, 30% and 0%) in 5 L bioreactors. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) models were used to analyze the RNA-seq and metabolism data to investigate the global effect of DO on the transcriptional distinction of the substance and energy metabolism of C. glutamicum. The results showed that there were 39 and 236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under the 50% and 0% DO conditions, respectively, compared to the 30% DO condition. Key genes and pathways affected by DO were analyzed, and the result of the MVDA and RNA-seq revealed that different DO levels in the fermenter had large effects on the substance and energy metabolism and cellular redox balance of C. glutamicum. At low DO, the glycolysis pathway was up-regulated, and TCA was shunted by the up-regulation of the glyoxylate pathway and over-production of amino acids, including valine, cysteine and arginine. Due to the lack of electron-acceptor oxygen, 7 genes related to the electron transfer chain were changed, causing changes in the intracellular ATP content at 0% and 30% DO. The metabolic flux was changed to rebalance the cellular redox. This study applied deep sequencing to identify a wealth of genes and pathways that changed under different DO conditions and provided an overall comprehensive view of the metabolism of C. glutamicum. The results provide potential ways to improve the oxygen tolerance of C. glutamicum and to modify the metabolic flux for amino acid production and heterologous protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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71
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Lange J, Takors R, Blombach B. Zero-growth bioprocesses: A challenge for microbial production strains and bioprocess engineering. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:27-35. [PMID: 32624726 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of renewable feedstocks is an established technology in industrial biotechnology. Besides strict aerobic or anaerobic modes of operation, novel innovative and industrially applicable fermentation processes were developed connecting the advantages of aerobic and anaerobic conditions in a combined production approach. As a consequence, rapid aerobic biomass formation to high cell densities and subsequent anaerobic high-yield and zero-growth production is realized. Following this strategy, bioprocesses operating with substantial overall yield and productivity can be obtained. Here, we summarize the current knowledge and achievements in such microbial zero-growth production processes and pinpoint to challenges due to the complex adaptation of the cellular metabolism during the cell's passage from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
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72
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Song Y, Li J, Shin HD, Liu L, Du G, Chen J. Biotechnological production of alpha-keto acids: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 219:716-724. [PMID: 27575335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-keto (α-keto) acids are used widely in feeds, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and in chemical synthesis processes. Although most α-keto acids are currently produced by chemical synthesis, their biotechnological production from renewable carbohydrates is a promising new approach. In this mini-review, we first present the different types of α-keto acids as well as their applications; next, we summarize the recent progresses in the biotechnological production of some important α-keto acids; namely, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoisovalerate, α-ketoisocaproate, phenylpyruvate, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyrate, and 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate. Finally, we discuss the future prospects as well as favorable directions for the biotechnological production of keto acids that ultimately would be more environment-friendly and simpler compared with the production by chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Global Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to Vanillin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164955. [PMID: 27760214 PMCID: PMC5070772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable resource for biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Vanillin is one of the major phenolic inhibitors in biomass production using lignocellulose. To assess the response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to vanillin stress, we performed a global transcriptional response analysis. The transcriptional data showed that the vanillin stress not only affected the genes involved in degradation of vanillin, but also differentially regulated several genes related to the stress response, ribosome/translation, protein secretion, and the cell envelope. Moreover, deletion of the sigH or msrA gene in C. glutamicum resulted in a decrease in cell viability under vanillin stress. These insights will promote further engineering of model industrial strains, with enhanced tolerance or degradation ability to vanillin to enable suitable production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.
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74
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Production of 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab Eng 2016; 38:436-445. [PMID: 27746323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pentanol isomers 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol represent commercially interesting alcohols due to their potential application as biofuels. For a sustainable microbial production of these compounds, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered for producing 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol via the Ehrlich pathway from 2-keto-3-methylvalerate and 2-ketoisocaproate, respectively. In addition to an already available 2-ketoisocaproate producer, a 2-keto-3-methylvalerate accumulating C. glutamicum strain was also constructed. For this purpose, we reduced the activity of the branched-chain amino acid transaminase in an available C. glutamicuml-isoleucine producer (K2P55) via a start codon exchange in the ilvE gene enabling accumulation of up to 3.67g/l 2-keto-3-methylvalerate. Subsequently, nine strains expressing different gene combinations for three 2-keto acid decarboxylases and three alcohol dehydrogenases were constructed and characterized. The best strains accumulated 0.37g/l 2-methyl-1-butanol and 2.76g/l 3-methyl-1-butanol in defined medium within 48h under oxygen deprivation conditions, making these strains ideal candidates for additional strain and process optimization.
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75
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A method for simultaneous gene overexpression and inactivation in the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1417-27. [PMID: 27377799 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The gene integration method is an important tool to stably express desirable genes in bacteria. To avoid heavy workload and cost, we constructed a rapid and efficient method for genome modification. This method depended on a mobilizable plasmid, which contains a P tac promoter, an introduced multiple cloning site (iMCS), and rrnBT1T2 terminator. Briefly, the mobilizable plasmid pK18-MBPMT with the P tac-iMCS-rrnBT1T2 cartridge derived from pK18mobsacB was prepared to directly integrate hetero-/homologous DNA into the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome. Like our previous method, this method was based on insertional inactivation and double-crossover homologous recombination, which simultaneously achieved gene overexpression and inactivation in the genome without the use of genetic markers. Compared to the previous method, this protocol omitted the construction of a recombinant expression plasmid and clone of the target gene(s) cassette, which significantly decreased the workload, cost, and operational time. Using this method, the heterologous gene amy and the homologous gene lysC (T311I) were successfully integrated into the C. glutamicum genome at alaT and avtA loci, respectively. Moreover, the operation time of this method was shorter than that of the previous method, especially for repeated integration. This method, which is based on the mobilizable plasmid pK18-MBPMT, thus represents a potentially attractive protocol for the integration of genes in the course of genetic modification of C. glutamicum.
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76
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Light-Controlled Cell Factories: Employing Photocaged Isopropyl-β-d-Thiogalactopyranoside for Light-Mediated Optimization of lac Promoter-Based Gene Expression and (+)-Valencene Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6141-6149. [PMID: 27520809 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01457-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of microbial gene expression resulting in a defined, fast, and homogeneous response is of utmost importance for synthetic bio(techno)logical applications. However, even broadly applied biotechnological workhorses, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum, for which induction of recombinant gene expression commonly relies on the addition of appropriate inducer molecules, perform moderately in this respect. Light offers an alternative to accurately control gene expression, as it allows for simple triggering in a noninvasive fashion with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, optogenetic switches are promising tools to improve the controllability of existing gene expression systems. In this regard, photocaged inducers, whose activities are initially inhibited by light-removable protection groups, represent one of the most valuable photoswitches for microbial gene expression. Here, we report on the evaluation of photocaged isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as a light-responsive control element for the frequently applied tac-based expression module in C. glutamicum In contrast to conventional IPTG, the photocaged inducer mediates a tightly controlled, strong, and homogeneous expression response upon short exposure to UV-A light. To further demonstrate the unique potential of photocaged IPTG for the optimization of production processes in C. glutamicum, the optogenetic switch was finally used to improve biosynthesis of the growth-inhibiting sesquiterpene (+)-valencene, a flavoring agent and aroma compound precursor in food industry. The variation in light intensity as well as the time point of light induction proved crucial for efficient production of this toxic compound. IMPORTANCE Optogenetic tools are light-responsive modules that allow for a simple triggering of cellular functions with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution and in a noninvasive fashion. Specifically, light-controlled gene expression exhibits an enormous potential for various synthetic bio(techno)logical purposes. Before our study, poor inducibility, together with phenotypic heterogeneity, was reported for the IPTG-mediated induction of lac-based gene expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum By applying photocaged IPTG as a synthetic inducer, however, these drawbacks could be almost completely abolished. Especially for increasing numbers of parallelized expression cultures, noninvasive and spatiotemporal light induction qualifies for a precise, homogeneous, and thus higher-order control to fully automatize or optimize future biotechnological applications.
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Biotechnological production of enantiomerically pure d-lactic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9423-9437. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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78
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Xafenias N, Kmezik C, Mapelli V. Cathodes enhance Corynebacterium glutamicum growth with nitrate and promote acetate and formate production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:105-113. [PMID: 27235972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The industrially important Corynebacterium glutamicum can only incompletely reduce nitrate into nitrite which then accumulates and inhibits growth. Herein we report that cathodes can resolve this problem and enhance glucose fermentation and growth by promoting nitrite reduction. Cell growth was inhibited at relatively high potentials but was significant when potentials were more reductive (-1.20V with anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as redox mediator or -1.25V vs. Ag/AgCl). Under these conditions, glucose was consumed up to 6 times faster and acetate was produced at up to 11 times higher yields (up to 1.1mol/mol-glucose). Acetate concentrations are the highest reported so far for C. glutamicum under anaerobic conditions, reaching values up to 5.3±0.3g/L. Herein we also demonstrate for the first time formate production (up to 3.4±0.3g/L) by C. glutamicum under strongly reducing conditions, and we attribute this to a possible mechanism of CO2 bioreduction that was electrochemically triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Xafenias
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Cathleen Kmezik
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden; Faculty of Life Sciences, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38160, Germany
| | - Valeria Mapelli
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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79
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Transcription of Sialic Acid Catabolism Genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum Is Subject to Catabolite Repression and Control by the Transcriptional Repressor NanR. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2204-18. [PMID: 27274030 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00820-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Corynebacterium glutamicum metabolizes sialic acid (Neu5Ac) to fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6P) via the consecutive activity of the sialic acid importer SiaEFGI, N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase (NanA), N-acetylmannosamine kinase (NanK), N-acetylmannosamine-6P epimerase (NanE), N-acetylglucosamine-6P deacetylase (NagA), and glucosamine-6P deaminase (NagB). Within the cluster of the three operons nagAB, nanAKE, and siaEFGI for Neu5Ac utilization a fourth operon is present, which comprises cg2936, encoding a GntR-type transcriptional regulator, here named NanR. Microarray studies and reporter gene assays showed that nagAB, nanAKE, siaEFGI, and nanR are repressed in wild-type (WT) C. glutamicum but highly induced in a ΔnanR C. glutamicum mutant. Purified NanR was found to specifically bind to the nucleotide motifs A[AC]G[CT][AC]TGATGTC[AT][TG]ATGT[AC]TA located within the nagA-nanA and nanR-sialA intergenic regions. Binding of NanR to promoter regions was abolished in the presence of the Neu5Ac metabolism intermediates GlcNAc-6P and N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate (ManNAc-6P). We observed consecutive utilization of glucose and Neu5Ac as well as fructose and Neu5Ac by WT C. glutamicum, whereas the deletion mutant C. glutamicum ΔnanR simultaneously consumed these sugars. Increased reporter gene activities for nagAB, nanAKE, and nanR were observed in cultivations of WT C. glutamicum with Neu5Ac as the sole substrate compared to cultivations when fructose was present. Taken together, our findings show that Neu5Ac metabolism in C. glutamicum is subject to catabolite repression, which involves control by the repressor NanR. IMPORTANCE Neu5Ac utilization is currently regarded as a common trait of both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Interestingly, the nonpathogenic soil bacterium C. glutamicum efficiently utilizes Neu5Ac as a substrate for growth. Expression of genes for Neu5Ac utilization in C. glutamicum is here shown to depend on the transcriptional regulator NanR, which is the first GntR-type regulator of Neu5Ac metabolism not to use Neu5Ac as effector but relies instead on the inducers GlcNAc-6P and ManNAc-6P. The identification of conserved NanR-binding sites in intergenic regions within the operons for Neu5Ac utilization in pathogenic Corynebacterium species indicates that the mechanism for the control of Neu5Ac catabolism in C. glutamicum by NanR as described in this work is probably conserved within this genus.
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80
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Dhar KS, Wendisch VF, Nampoothiri KM. Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for xylitol production from lignocellulosic pentose sugars. J Biotechnol 2016; 230:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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81
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Shah A, Eikmanns BJ. Transcriptional Regulation of the β-Type Carbonic Anhydrase Gene bca by RamA in Corynebacterium glutamicum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154382. [PMID: 27119954 PMCID: PMC4847777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and maintains the balance of CO2/HCO3- in the intracellular environment, specifically for carboxylation/decarboxylation reactions. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, two putative genes, namely the bca (cg2954) and gca (cg0155) genes, coding for β-type and γ-type carbonic anhydrase, respectively, have been identified. We here analyze the transcriptional organization of these genes. The transcriptional start site (TSS) of the bca gene was shown to be the first nucleotide "A" of its putative translational start codon (ATG) and thus, bca codes for a leaderless transcript. The TSS of the gca gene was identified as an "A" residue located at position -20 relative to the first nucleotide of the annotated translational start codon of the cg0154 gene, which is located immediately upstream of gca. Comparative expression analysis revealed carbon source-dependent regulation of the bca gene, with 1.5- to 2-fold lower promoter activity in cells grown on acetate as compared to glucose as sole carbon source. Based on higher expression of bca in a mutant deficient of the regulator of acetate metabolism RamA as compared to the wild-type of C. glutamicum and based on the binding of His-tagged RamA protein to the bca promoter region, we here present evidence that RamA negatively regulates expression of bca in C. glutamicum. Functional characterization of a gca deletion mutant of C. glutamicum revealed the same growth characteristics of C. glutamicum ∆gca as that of wild-type C. glutamicum and no effect on expression of the bca gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Shah
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernhard J. Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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82
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Xu H, Zhou Z, Wang C, Chen Z, Cai H. Enhanced succinic acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum with increasing the available NADH supply and glucose consumption rate by decreasing H(+)-ATPase activity. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1181-6. [PMID: 27053082 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance succinic acid production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by increasing the supply of NADH and the rate of glucose consumption by decreasing H(+)-ATPase activity. RESULTS A mutant of C. glutamicum NC-3-1 with decreased H(+)-ATPase activity was constructed. This increased the rate of glycolysis and the supply of NADH. Fermentation of C. glutamicum NC-3-1 gave 39 % higher succinic acid production (113 and 81 g/l), a 29 % higher succinic acid yield (0.94 and 0.73 g succinic acid/g glucose) and decreased by-products formation compared to that of C. glutamicum NC-3 in 5 l bioreactor. CONCLUSION The point mutation in C. glutamicum NC-3-1 increased the rate of glycolysis and resulted in higher succinic acid production, higher succinic acid yield and significantly decreased formation of by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Heng Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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83
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Wang Y, Lewis JD, Román-Leshkov Y. Synthesis of Itaconic Acid Ester Analogues via Self-Aldol Condensation of Ethyl Pyruvate Catalyzed by Hafnium BEA Zeolites. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Wang
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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84
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Choo S, Um Y, Han SO, Woo HM. Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to utilize methyl acetate, a potential feedstock derived by carbonylation of methanol with CO. J Biotechnol 2016; 224:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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85
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Lee J, Saddler JN, Um Y, Woo HM. Adaptive evolution and metabolic engineering of a cellobiose- and xylose- negative Corynebacterium glutamicum that co-utilizes cellobiose and xylose. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:20. [PMID: 26801253 PMCID: PMC4722713 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An efficient microbial cell factory requires a microorganism that can utilize a broad range of substrates to economically produce value-added chemicals and fuels. The industrially important bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum has been studied to broaden substrate utilizations for lignocellulose-derived sugars. However, C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 is incapable of PTS-dependent utilization of cellobiose because it has missing genes annotated to β-glucosidases (bG) and cellobiose-specific PTS permease. Results We have engineered and evolved a cellobiose-negative and xylose-negative C. glutamicum that utilizes cellobiose as sole carbon and co-ferments cellobiose and xylose. NGS-genomic and DNA microarray-transcriptomic analysis revealed the multiple genetic mutations for the evolved cellobiose-utilizing strains. As a result, a consortium of mutated transporters and metabolic and auxiliary proteins was responsible for the efficient cellobiose uptake. Evolved and engineered strains expressing an intracellular bG showed a better rate of growth rate on cellobiose as sole carbon source than did other bG-secreting or bG-displaying C. glutamicum strains under aerobic culture. Our strain was also capable of co-fermenting cellobiose and xylose without a biphasic growth, although additional pentose transporter expression did not enhance the xylose uptake rate. We subsequently assessed the strains for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulosic substrates derived from Canadian Ponderosa Pine. Conclusions The combinatorial strategies of metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution enabled to construct C. glutamicum strains that were able to co-ferment cellobiose and xylose. This work could be useful in development of recombinant C. glutamicum strains for efficient lignocellulosic-biomass conversion to produce value-added chemicals and fuels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0420-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungseok Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Min Woo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. .,Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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86
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Tsuge Y, Kawaguchi H, Sasaki K, Kondo A. Engineering cell factories for producing building block chemicals for bio-polymer synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:19. [PMID: 26794242 PMCID: PMC4722748 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are widely used in daily life. Due to increasing environmental concerns related to global warming and the depletion of oil reserves, the development of microbial-based fermentation processes for the production of polymer building block chemicals from renewable resources is desirable to replace current petroleum-based methods. To this end, strains that efficiently produce the target chemicals at high yields and productivity are needed. Recent advances in metabolic engineering have enabled the biosynthesis of polymer compounds at high yield and productivities by governing the carbon flux towards the target chemicals. Using these methods, microbial strains have been engineered to produce monomer chemicals for replacing traditional petroleum-derived aliphatic polymers. These developments also raise the possibility of microbial production of aromatic chemicals for synthesizing high-performance polymers with desirable properties, such as ultraviolet absorbance, high thermal resistance, and mechanical strength. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in metabolic engineering approaches to optimize microbial strains for producing building blocks to synthesize aliphatic and high-performance aromatic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Tsuge
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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87
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Wang J, Lin M, Xu M, Yang ST. Anaerobic Fermentation for Production of Carboxylic Acids as Bulk Chemicals from Renewable Biomass. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 156:323-361. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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88
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Choi JW, Yim SS, Kim MJ, Jeong KJ. Enhanced production of recombinant proteins with Corynebacterium glutamicum by deletion of insertion sequences (IS elements). Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:207. [PMID: 26715464 PMCID: PMC4696348 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most bacteria, various jumping genetic elements including insertion sequences elements (IS elements) cause a variety of genetic rearrangements resulting in harmful effects such as genome and recombinant plasmid instability. The genetic stability of a plasmid in a host is critical for high-level production of recombinant proteins, and in this regard, the development of an IS element-free strain could be a useful strategy for the enhanced production of recombinant proteins. Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is a workhorse in the industrial-scale production of various biomolecules including recombinant proteins, also has several IS elements, and it is necessary to identify the critical IS elements and to develop IS element deleted strain. RESULTS From the cultivation of C. glutamicum harboring a plasmid for green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene expression, non-fluorescent clones were isolated by FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting). All the isolated clones had insertions of IS elements in the GFP coding region, and two major IS elements (ISCg1 and ISCg2 families) were identified. By co-cultivating cells harboring either the isolated IS element-inserted plasmid or intact plasmid, it was clearly confirmed that cells harboring the IS element-inserted plasmids became dominant during the cultivation due to their growth advantage over cells containing intact plasmids, which can cause a significant reduction in recombinant protein production during cultivation. To minimize the harmful effects of IS elements on the expression of heterologous genes in C. glutamicum, two IS element free C. glutamicum strains were developed in which each major IS element was deleted, and enhanced productivity in the engineered C. glutamicum strain was successfully demonstrated with three models: GFP, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly indicate that the hopping of IS elements could be detrimental to the production of recombinant proteins in C. glutamicum, emphasizing the importance of developing IS element free host strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus program), KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Sun Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus program), KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus program), KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK Plus program), KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehakro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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89
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Top value platform chemicals: bio-based production of organic acids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Metabolic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce triacylglycerols. Metab Eng 2015; 33:86-97. [PMID: 26645801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce triacylglycerols (TAGs) by completing and constraining a de novo TAG biosynthesis pathway. First, the plasmid pZ8_TAG4 was constructed which allows the heterologous expression of four genes: three (atf1 and atf2, encoding the diacylglycerol acyltransferase; pgpB, encoding the phosphatidic acid phosphatase) to complete the TAG biosynthesis pathway, and one gene (tadA) for lipid body assembly. Second, we applied four metabolic strategies to increase TAGs accumulation: (i) boosting precursor supply by heterologous expression of tesA (encoding thioesterase to form free fatty acid to reduce the feedback inhibition by acyl-ACP) and fadD (encoding acyl-CoA synthetase to enhance acyl-CoA supply), (ii) reduction of TAG degradation and precursor consumption by deleting four cellular lipases (cg0109, cg0110, cg1676 and cg1320) and the diacylglycerol kinase (cg2849), (iii) enhancement of fatty acid biosynthesis by deletion of fasR (cg2737, TetR-type transcriptional regulator of genes for the fatty acid biosynthesis), and (iv) elimination of the observed by-product formation of organic acids by blocking the acetic acid (pqo) and lactic acid production (ldh) pathways. The final strain (CgTesRtcEfasEbp/pZ8_TAG4) achieved a 7.5% yield of total fatty acids (2.38 ± 0.05 g/L intracellular fatty acids and 0.64 ± 0.09 g/L extracellular fatty acids) from 4% glucose in shake flasks after process optimization. This corresponds to maximum intracellular fatty acids content of 17.8 ± 0.5% of the dry cell.
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91
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Toyoda K, Inui M. Regulons of global transcription factors in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:45-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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92
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Kappelmann J, Wiechert W, Noack S. Cutting the Gordian Knot: Identifiability of anaplerotic reactions in Corynebacterium glutamicum by means of (13) C-metabolic flux analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:661-74. [PMID: 26375179 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum is the major workhorse for the microbial production of several amino and organic acids. As long as these derive from tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, the activity of anaplerotic reactions is pivotal for a high biosynthetic yield. To determine single anaplerotic activities (13) C-Metabolic Flux Analysis ((13) C-MFA) has been extensively used for C. glutamicum, however with different network topologies, inconsistent or poorly determined anaplerotic reaction rates. Therefore, in this study we set out to investigate whether a focused isotopomer model of the anaplerotic node can at all admit a unique solution for all fluxes. By analyzing different scenarios of active anaplerotic reactions, we show in full generality that for C. glutamicum only certain anaplerotic deletion mutants allow to uniquely determine the anaplerotic fluxes from (13) C-isotopomer data. We stress that the result of this analysis for different assumptions on active enzymes is directly transferable to other compartment-free organisms. Our results demonstrate that there exist biologically relevant metabolic network topologies for which the flux distribution cannot be inferred by classical (13) C-MFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Kappelmann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1:Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1:Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1:Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany.
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93
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Han G, Hu X, Wang X. Co-production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and L-isoleucine in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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94
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Mei J, Xu N, Ye C, Liu L, Wu J. Reconstruction and analysis of a genome-scale metabolic network of Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114. Gene 2015; 575:615-22. [PMID: 26392034 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114 is commonly used for industrial glutamate production. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and metabolic characteristics of C. glutamicum is important for developing its potential for industrial production. A genome-scale metabolic model, iJM658, was reconstructed based on genome annotation and literature mining. The model consists of 658 genes, 984 metabolites and 1065 reactions. The model quantitatively predicted C. glutamicum growth on different carbon and nitrogen sources and determined 129 genes to be essential for cell growth. The iJM658 model predicted that C. glutamicum had two glutamate biosynthesis pathways and lacked eight key genes in biotin synthesis. Robustness analysis indicated a relative low oxygen level (1.21mmol/gDW/h) would improve glutamate production rate. Potential metabolic engineering targets for improving γ-aminobutyrate and isoleucine production rate were predicted by in silico deletion or overexpression of some genes. The iJM658 model is a useful tool for understanding and optimizing the metabolism of C. glutamicum and a valuable resource for future metabolic and physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Single-Domain Peptidyl-Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase FkpA from Corynebacterium glutamicum Improves the Biomass Yield at Increased Growth Temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7839-50. [PMID: 26341203 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02113-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) catalyze the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues and were found to be involved in several biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and protein secretion. Representative enzymes were found in almost all sequenced genomes, including Corynebacterium glutamicum, a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive and industrial workhorse for the production of amino acids. In C. glutamicum, a predicted single-domain FK-506 (tacrolimus) binding protein (FKBP)-type PPIase (FkpA) is encoded directly downstream of gltA, which encodes citrate synthase (CS). This gene cluster is also present in other Actinobacteria. Here we carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the function and influence of predicted FkpA in C. glutamicum. In vitro, FkpA indeed shows typical PPIase activity with artificial substrates and is inhibited by FK-506. Furthermore, FkpA delays the aggregation of CS, which is also inhibited by FK-506. Surprisingly, FkpA has a positive effect on the activity and temperature range of CS in vitro. Deletion of fkpA causes a 50% reduced biomass yield compared to that of the wild type when grown at 37°C, whereas there is only a 10% reduced biomass yield at the optimal growth temperature of 30°C accompanied by accumulation of 7 mM l-glutamate and 22 mM 2-oxoglutarate. Thus, FkpA may be exploited for improved product formation in biotechnical processes. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 69 genes which exhibit ≥2-fold mRNA level changes in C. glutamicum ΔfkpA, giving insight into the transcriptional response upon mild heat stress when FkpA is absent.
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96
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Kaboré AK, Olmos E, Blanchard F, Fick M, Delaunay S, Guedon E. Impact of gas–liquid mass transfer on organic acids production by Corynebacterium glutamicum in unbaffled shake flasks. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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97
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Anaerobic growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum via mixed-acid fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7496-508. [PMID: 26276118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02413-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a model organism in microbial biotechnology, is known to metabolize glucose under oxygen-deprived conditions to l-lactate, succinate, and acetate without significant growth. This property is exploited for efficient production of lactate and succinate. Our detailed analysis revealed that marginal growth takes place under anaerobic conditions with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or ribose as a carbon and energy source but not with gluconate, pyruvate, lactate, propionate, or acetate. Supplementation of glucose minimal medium with tryptone strongly enhanced growth up to a final optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 12, whereas tryptone alone did not allow growth. Amino acids with a high ATP demand for biosynthesis and amino acids of the glutamate family were particularly important for growth stimulation, indicating ATP limitation and a restricted carbon flux into the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle toward 2-oxoglutarate. Anaerobic cultivation in a bioreactor with constant nitrogen flushing disclosed that CO2 is required to achieve maximal growth and that the pH tolerance is reduced compared to that under aerobic conditions, reflecting a decreased capability for pH homeostasis. Continued growth under anaerobic conditions indicated the absence of an oxygen-requiring reaction that is essential for biomass formation. The results provide an improved understanding of the physiology of C. glutamicum under anaerobic conditions.
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98
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Blombach B, Takors R. CO2 - Intrinsic Product, Essential Substrate, and Regulatory Trigger of Microbial and Mammalian Production Processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:108. [PMID: 26284242 PMCID: PMC4522908 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide formation mirrors the final carbon oxidation steps of aerobic metabolism in microbial and mammalian cells. As a consequence, CO2/HCO3− dissociation equilibria arise in fermenters by the growing culture. Anaplerotic reactions make use of the abundant CO2/HCO3− levels for refueling citric acid cycle demands and for enabling oxaloacetate-derived products. At the same time, CO2 is released manifold in metabolic reactions via decarboxylation activity. The levels of extracellular CO2/HCO3− depend on cellular activities and physical constraints such as hydrostatic pressures, aeration, and the efficiency of mixing in large-scale bioreactors. Besides, local CO2/HCO3− levels might also act as metabolic inhibitors or transcriptional effectors triggering regulatory events inside the cells. This review gives an overview about fundamental physicochemical properties of CO2/HCO3− in microbial and mammalian cultures effecting cellular physiology, production processes, metabolic activity, and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Blombach
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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99
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Heider SAE, Wendisch VF. Engineering microbial cell factories: Metabolic engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumwith a focus on non-natural products. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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100
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Sawada K, Wada M, Hagiwara T, Zen-In S, Imai K, Yokota A. Effect of pyruvate kinase gene deletion on the physiology of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 under biotin-sufficient non-glutamate-producing conditions: Enhanced biomass production. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:67-75. [PMID: 34150510 PMCID: PMC8193254 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of pyruvate kinase gene (pyk) deletion on the physiology of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 was investigated under biotin-sufficient, non-glutamate-producing conditions. In a complex medium containing 100 g/L glucose, a defined pyk deletion mutant, strain D1, exhibited 35% enhancement in glucose consumption rate, 37% increased growth and a 57% reduction in respiration rate compared to the wild-type parent. Significant upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase and downregulation of PEP carboxykinase activities were observed in the D1 mutant, which may have prevented over-accumulation of PEP caused by the pyk deletion. Moreover, we found a dramatic 63% reduction in the activity of malate:quinone oxidoreductase (MQO) in the D1 mutant. MQO, a TCA cycle enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate (OAA), constitutes a major primary gate to the respiratory chain in C. glutamicum, thus explaining the reduced respiration rate in the mutant. Additionally, pyruvate carboxylase gene expression was downregulated in the mutant. These changes seemed to prevent OAA over-accumulation caused by the activity changes of PEP carboxylase/PEP carboxykinase. Intrinsically the same alterations were observed in the cultures conducted in a minimal medium containing 20 g/L glucose. Despite these responses in the mutant, metabolic distortion caused by pyk deletion under non-glutamate-producing conditions required amelioration by increased biomass production, as metabolome analysis revealed increased intracellular concentrations of several precursor metabolites for building block formation associated with pyk deletion. These fermentation profiles and metabolic alterations observed in the mutant reverted completely to the wild-type phenotypes in the pyk-complemented strain, suggesting the observed metabolic changes were caused by the pyk deletion. These results demonstrated multilateral strategies to overcome metabolic disturbance caused by pyk deletion in this bacterium. The effect of pyk-deletion was investigated under non-glutamate-producing conditions. Pyk-deletion induced enhanced growth, glucose consumption, and reduced respiration. Metabolic changes that suppressed PEP/OAA over-accumulation led to enhanced growth. MQO was proposed as a key controller regulating OAA formation and respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sawada
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masaru Wada
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takuya Hagiwara
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Susumu Zen-In
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Keita Imai
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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