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Ruggeri B, Nymberg C, Vuoksimaa E, Lourdusamy A, Wong CP, Carvalho FM, Jia T, Cattrell A, Macare C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Fauth-Bühler M, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Nees F, Pausova Z, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins T, Smolka MN, Spanagel R, Bakalkin G, Mill J, Sommer WH, Rose RJ, Yan J, Aliev F, Dick D, Kaprio J, Desrivières S, Schumann G. Association of Protein Phosphatase PPM1G With Alcohol Use Disorder and Brain Activity During Behavioral Control in a Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:543-52. [PMID: 25982659 PMCID: PMC4827248 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic component of alcohol use disorder is substantial, but monozygotic twin discordance indicates a role for nonheritable differences that could be mediated by epigenetics. Despite growing evidence associating epigenetics and psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, relate to brain function and behavior, including drinking behavior. METHOD The authors carried out a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of 18 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for alcohol use disorder and validated differentially methylated regions. After validation, the authors characterized these differentially methylated regions using personality trait assessment and functional MRI in a sample of 499 adolescents. RESULTS Hypermethylation in the 3'-protein-phosphatase-1G (PPM1G) gene locus was associated with alcohol use disorder. The authors found association of PPM1G hypermethylation with early escalation of alcohol use and increased impulsiveness. They also observed association of PPM1G hypermethylation with increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent response in the right subthalamic nucleus during an impulsiveness task. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the authors provide first evidence for an epigenetic marker associated with alcohol consumption and its underlying neurobehavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruggeri
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Charlotte Nymberg
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Cybele P Wong
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Fabiana M Carvalho
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Tianye Jia
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Anna Cattrell
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Christine Macare
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Gareth J Barker
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Uli Bromberg
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Christian Büchel
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Mira Fauth-Bühler
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Herta Flor
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Vincent Frouin
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Hugh Garavan
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Penny Gowland
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Andreas Heinz
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Frauke Nees
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Tomáš Paus
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Trevor Robbins
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Michael N Smolka
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Jonathan Mill
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Richard J Rose
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Jia Yan
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Fazil Aliev
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Danielle Dick
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
| | - Gunter Schumann
- From the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
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