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Aspergillus fumigatus Protease Alkaline Protease 1 (Alp1): A New Therapeutic Target for Fungal Asthma. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020088. [PMID: 32560087 PMCID: PMC7345148 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We review three recent findings that have fundamentally altered our understanding of causative mechanisms underlying fungal-related asthma. These mechanisms may be partially independent of host inflammatory processes but are strongly dependent upon the actions of Alp1 on lung structural cells. They entail (i) bronchial epithelial sensing of Alp1; (ii) Alp1-induced airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction; (iii) Alp1-induced airflow obstruction. Collectively, these mechanisms point to Alp1 as a new target for intervention in fungal asthma.
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Pfavayi LT, Sibanda EN, Mutapi F. The Pathogenesis of Fungal-Related Diseases and Allergies in the African Population: The State of the Evidence and Knowledge Gaps. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181:257-269. [PMID: 32069461 DOI: 10.1159/000506009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases in the African continent has received limited attention with the allergic diseases due to fungal allergens being among the least studied. This lead to the opinion being that the prevalence of allergic disease is low in Africa. Recent reports from different African countries indicate that this is not the case as allergic conditions are common and some; particularly those due to fungal allergens are increasing in prevalence. Thus, there is need to understand both the aetiology and pathogenies of these diseases, particularly the neglected fungal allergic diseases. This review addresses currently available knowledge of fungal-induced allergy, disease pathogenesis comparing findings from human versus experimental mouse studies of fungal allergy. The review discusses the potential role of the gut mycobiome and the extent to which this is relevant to fungal allergy, diagnosis and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Tsitsi Pfavayi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom, .,Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,
| | - Elopy Nimele Sibanda
- Asthma Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Twin Palms Medical Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Pathology, National University of Science and Technology Medical School, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.,NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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53
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van Tilburg Bernardes E, Gutierrez MW, Arrieta MC. The Fungal Microbiome and Asthma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 33324573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583418/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a group of inflammatory conditions that compromises the airways of a continuously increasing number of people around the globe. Its complex etiology comprises both genetic and environmental aspects, with the intestinal and lung microbiomes emerging as newly implicated factors that can drive and aggravate asthma. Longitudinal infant cohort studies combined with mechanistic studies in animal models have identified microbial signatures causally associated with subsequent asthma risk. The recent inclusion of fungi in human microbiome surveys has revealed that microbiome signatures associated with asthma risk are not limited to bacteria, and that fungi are also implicated in asthma development in susceptible individuals. In this review, we examine the unique properties of human-associated and environmental fungi, which confer them the ability to influence immune development and allergic responses. The important contribution of fungi to asthma development and exacerbations prompts for their inclusion in current and future asthma studies in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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55
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Basińska M, Michałkiewicz M, Ratajczak K. Impact of physical and microbiological parameters on proper indoor air quality in nursery. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105098. [PMID: 31434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the evaluation of air quality in the residential and office rooms has been significantly developed in recent decades, the issues associated with securing the air quality requirements in nurseries are still not well recognised. This study presents the results of tests regarding the physical and microbiological properties of air in selected rooms of a nursery, including the alternatively variable way of rooms ventilation. The experiment was conducted in four different rooms from the 20th of November 2017 to the 16th of April 2018. The constant measurements of basic parameters of physical air quality in rooms and outside as well as the measurements of microbiological and particulate matter contaminations were conducted in the chosen days of the analysis. The results have confirmed the unsatisfactory air quality in the rooms dedicated to small children. Modernisation of the ventilation system, from a natural one to the supply-exhaust ventilation, has lead to an improvement of physical property of the air, but it did not significantly improve its microbiological quality. Our research indicates that the controlled air flow, method of cleaning the premise and health condition of the children may have a great influence on the physical and microbiological quality of the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Basińska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Michał Michałkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ratajczak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 61131 Poznan, Poland
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56
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Novakova P, Tiotiu A, Baiardini I, Krusheva B, Chong-Neto H, Novakova S. Allergen immunotherapy in asthma: current evidence. J Asthma 2019; 58:223-230. [PMID: 31638840 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1684517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Allergic asthma is the predominant phenotype in clinical practice. Allergen immunotherapy is the only curative and specific approach for the treatment of allergies with clinical benefits for several years after its discontinuation. Despite advances, the use of allergen immunotherapy in allergic asthma is still suboptimal and controversial.Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the published data about the impact of allergen immunotherapy with the most commonly used allergen extracts on allergic asthma outcomes, including both clinical parameters and patients' subjective experience (quality of life).Methods: As data sources several databases were used, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (2002-2019) and search in English and Spanish languages was performed using the following terms: "allergen immunotherapy" and "asthma" in combination with "house dust mite", "birch pollen", "grass pollen", "olive tree pollen", "molds", "pets" and "asthma quality of life". Randomised control trials and meta-analysis from reviewed publications were selected.Results: Emerging data relating to the positive impact on asthma outcomes of allergen immunotherapy allows the addition of this treatment as a therapeutic option in mild to moderate asthmatics sensitized to house dust mite and pollens. Limited data are available for patients sensitized to molds and pets, as well in severe allergic asthma population.Conclusion: Allergen immunotherapy remains a potential therapeutic option for some patients with allergic asthma. Further research is needed to define the optimal period of treatment, the possible therapeutic role in the treatment of severe allergic asthma, and the cost-effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena Novakova
- Clinic of Clinical Allergy, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Angelica Tiotiu
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France.,EA3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage. Cardio-Respiratory Regulations and Motor Control, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Baiardini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Borislava Krusheva
- Department of Allergology and Asthma, Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Herberto Chong-Neto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Silviya Novakova
- Allergy Unit, Internal Consulting Department, University Hospital "St. George", Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Čelakovská J, Bukač J, Vaňková R, Krcmova I, Krejsek J, Andrýs C. Sensitisation to molecular allergens of Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Aspergillus fumigatus in atopic dermatitis patients. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1660624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Čelakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bukač
- Department of Medical Biophysic, Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Vaňková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Krcmova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Andrýs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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White S, Moore‐Colyer M, Marti E, Coüetil L, Hannant D, Richard EA, Alcocer M. Development of a comprehensive protein microarray for immunoglobulin E profiling in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2327-2335. [PMID: 31429513 PMCID: PMC6766494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma in horses, known as severe equine asthma (SEA), is a prevalent, performance-limiting disease associated with increased allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against a range of environmental aeroallergens. OBJECTIVE To develop a protein microarray platform to profile IgE against a range of proven and novel environmental proteins in SEA-affected horses. ANIMALS Six SEA-affected and 6 clinically healthy Warmblood performance horses. METHODS Developed a protein microarray (n = 384) using protein extracts and purified proteins from a large number of families including pollen, bacteria, fungi, and arthropods associated with the horses, environment. Conditions were optimized and assessed for printing, incubation, immunolabeling, biological fluid source, concentration techniques, reproducibility, and specificity. RESULTS This method identified a number of novel allergens, while also identifying an association between SEA and pollen sensitization. Immunolabeling methods confirmed the accuracy of a commercially available mouse anti-horse IgE 3H10 source (R2 = 0.91). Biological fluid source evaluation indicated that sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) yielded the same specific IgE profile (average R2 = 0.75). Amicon centrifugal filters were found to be the most efficient technique for concentrating BALF for IgE analysis at 40-fold. Overnight incubation maintained the same sensitization profile while increasing sensitivity. Reproducibility was demonstrated (R2 = 0.97), as was specificity using protein inhibition assays. Arthropods, fungi, and pollens showed the greatest discrimination for SEA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We have established that protein microarrays can be used for large-scale IgE mapping of allergens associated with the environment of horses. This technology provides a sound platform for specific diagnosis, management, and treatment of SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel White
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural UniversityGloucestershireUnited Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
- Animal and Equine ScienceNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Meriel Moore‐Colyer
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural UniversityGloucestershireUnited Kingdom
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Coüetil
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana, USA
| | - Duncan Hannant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Eric A. Richard
- LABÉO Frank DuncombeCaen CedexFrance
- Normandie University, UniCaen, BIOTARGENSaint‐ContestFrance
| | - Marcos Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
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Association of molds and metrological parameters to frequency of severe asthma exacerbation. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:29. [PMID: 31168304 PMCID: PMC6489181 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensitization to airborne molds may be a risk factor for severe asthma and direct cause of asthma exacerbation (AE). Methods A prospective, 1-year (April 2016-March 2017) study, done in Kuwait Allergy Centre, investigated the link between AEs with exposure to outdoor molds and the role of meteorological parameters in mold sensitized patients and compared with non-allergic asthma patients who had asthma deterioration. The total of 676 adult asthmatics with moderate-severe AEs were included and divided into atopic (85.65%) and non-atopic group. Atopy was defined by positive skin prick test (SPT) to at least one inhalant allergen. Data regarding atopy and asthma severity were collected from patient's records. Patients with symptoms and signs of acute respiratory infection and patient sensitized to indoor allergens only were excluded. Daily count of local pollens (Salsola kali, Bermuda grass) and molds (Aspergillus, Alternaria and Cladosporium) were obtained from the Aerobiology department. Daily metrological parameters (atmospheric pressure-AP, temperature-T and relative humidity-RH) were provided by Kuwait Environment Public Authority. Count of spores/m3 and weather variable are shown on weekly basis. The year circle was divided into 4 Seasons (1, 2, 3, 4) accordingly to typical desert climate. Results Sensitization to molds was relatively high but significantly less (25.0%) if compared to the pollens sensitization. The highest number of AEs was in season 4 for both molds and pollens sensitized patients. Seasonal patterns for both allergens were significant and positively correlated with RH and AP. In season 1 only, mold sensitized patients showed higher rate of AEs. Non-atopic patients have been less sensitive to increased RH than atopic. Negative correlation with T was similar in both atopic and non-atopic patients. Conclusion Despite of high rate of sensitization to molds, their significant role in triggering AE was not found in desert environment. Typical desert climate and high allergencity of local weeds outweigh the influence of the molds.
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Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Viegas C, Viegas S, Brandão J, Alves-Correia M, Borrego LM, Clemons KV, Stevens DA, Richardson M. The role of occupational Aspergillus exposure in the development of diseases. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S196-S205. [PMID: 30816970 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. have a high nutritional versatility and good growth on a large variety of construction materials. They also colonize soil or food, but decaying vegetation is their primary ecological niche. Therefore, exposure to fungi may occur at home, during hospitalization, during specific leisure activities, or at the workplace. The development of Aspergillus infections depends on the interplay between host susceptibility and the organism. Environments with high counts of fungal elements (conidia, hyphal fragments and others), high levels of bioarerosols, and elevated concentrations of mycotoxins or other volatile organic compounds should be considered as potential hazards, since they may present a risk to the exposed person. Rural tasks as well as work related to wood and food industries, poultries, swineries, waste handling plants, and other occupational environments involving contaminated organic material are among the ones posing higher respiratory risks to the workers. This paper presents a review of several studies related to occupational and indoor exposure to Aspergillus, potential health effects related to that exposure, and associated exposure assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sabino
- Nacional Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge - URSZ- Infectious Diseases Department, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Nacional Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge - URSZ- Infectious Diseases Department, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - Susana Viegas
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
| | - João Brandão
- Nacional Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge - Department of Environmental Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luís-Miguel Borrego
- Allergy Unit, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon.,The Chronic Diseases Research Center, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karl V Clemons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, United States
| | - David A Stevens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, United States
| | - Malcolm Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Grinn-Gofroń A, Nowosad J, Bosiacka B, Camacho I, Pashley C, Belmonte J, De Linares C, Ianovici N, Manzano JMM, Sadyś M, Skjøth C, Rodinkova V, Tormo-Molina R, Vokou D, Fernández-Rodríguez S, Damialis A. Airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium fungal spores in Europe: Forecasting possibilities and relationships with meteorological parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:938-946. [PMID: 30759619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fungal spores are prevalent components of bioaerosols with a large impact on ecology, economy and health. Their major socioeconomic effects could be reduced by accurate and timely prediction of airborne spore concentrations. The main aim of this study was to create and evaluate models of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations based on data on a continental scale. Additional goals included assessment of the level of generalization of the models spatially and description of the main meteorological factors influencing fungal spore concentrations. Aerobiological monitoring was carried out at 18 sites in six countries across Europe over 3 to 21 years depending on site. Quantile random forest modelling was used to predict spore concentrations. Generalization of the Alternaria and Cladosporium models was tested using (i) one model for all the sites, (ii) models for groups of sites, and (iii) models for individual sites. The study revealed the possibility of reliable prediction of fungal spore levels using gridded meteorological data. The classification models also showed the capacity for providing larger scale predictions of fungal spore concentrations. Regression models were distinctly less accurate than classification models due to several factors, including measurement errors and distinct day-to-day changes of concentrations. Temperature and vapour pressure proved to be the most important variables in the regression and classification models of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations. Accurate and operational daily-scale predictive models of bioaerosol abundances contribute to the assessment and evaluation of relevant exposure and consequently more timely and efficient management of phytopathogenic and of human allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grinn-Gofroń
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Jakub Nowosad
- Space Informatics Lab, University of Cincinnati, 219 Braunstein Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Bosiacka
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irene Camacho
- Madeira University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Catherine Pashley
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Jordina Belmonte
- Unidad de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Botany Unit, Dept. Of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Concepción De Linares
- Unidad de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Botany Unit, Dept. Of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nicoleta Ianovici
- West University of Timisoara, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, Romania
| | - Jose María Maya Manzano
- University of Extremadura, Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Avda Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Sadyś
- University of Worcester, Institute of Science and the Environment, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom; Hereford & Worcester Fire and Rescue Service Headquarters, Performance & Information, Hindlip Park, Worcester, WR3 8SP, United Kingdom.
| | - Carsten Skjøth
- University of Worcester, Institute of Science and the Environment, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Tormo-Molina
- Department of Construction, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece.
| | - Santiago Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Construction, School of Technology, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece; Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neusaesser Str. 47, DE-86156 Augsburg, Germany.
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Morakinyo OM, Mokgobu MI, Mukhola MS, Godobedzha T. Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E629. [PMID: 30795513 PMCID: PMC6406656 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) with biological composition (bioaerosols) may play a key role in the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in humans. This study determined the bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 and their inhalation health risks in an industrial vicinity in South Africa. Samples of PM2.5 collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter during winter and summer months were analysed for bacterial and fungal content using standard methods. The health risks from inhalation of bioaerosols were done by estimating the age-specific dose rate. The concentration of bacteria (168⁻378 CFU/m³) was higher than fungi (58⁻155 CFU/m³). Bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 were lower in winter than in the summer season. Bacteria identified in summer were similar to those identified in winter: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, the fungal floras identified include Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Children inhaled a higher dose of bacterial and fungal aerosols than adults. Bacteria and fungi are part of the bioaerosol components of PM2.5. Bioaerosol exposure may present additional health risks for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Tshifhiwa Godobedzha
- Air Quality Management, Environment and Agriculture Management Department, City of Tshwane Municipality Private Bag 440, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Fernández-Soto R, Navarrete-Rodríguez EM, Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Sienra-Monge JJL, Meneses-Sánchez NA, Saucedo-Ramírez OJ. Fungal Allergy: Pattern of sensitization over the past 11 years. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:557-564. [PMID: 29739683 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Although the prevalence of sensitization to fungi is not precisely known, it can reach 50% in inner cities and has been identified as a risk factor in the development of asthma. Whereas the prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing, it is unclear whether the same occurs with sensitization to fungi. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed at the "Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez". From skin tests taken between 2004 and 2015, information was gathered about Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cladosporium herbarum, Mucor mucedo and Penicillium notatum. The participating patients were 2-18 years old, presented some type of allergic condition, and underwent immediate hypersensitivity tests to the fungi herein examined. Descriptive analysis and chi-squared distribution were used. RESULTS Of the 8794 patients included in the study, 14% showed a negative result to the entire panel of environmental allergens. The remaining 7565 individuals displayed sensitization to at least one fungus, which most frequently was Aspergillus, with a rate of 16.8%. When the patients were divided into age groups, the same trend was observed. The highest percentage of sensitization (58%) toward at least one type of fungus was found in 2014, and the lowest percentage (49.8%) in 2008. CONCLUSION The rate of sensitization to at least one type of fungus was presently over 50%, higher than that detected in other medical centers in Mexico. This rate was constant over the 11-year study, and Aspergillus exhibited the greatest frequency of sensitization among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández-Soto
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E M Navarrete-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - B E Del-Rio-Navarro
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J J Luis Sienra-Monge
- Subdirección de Pediatria Ambulatoria. Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - N A Meneses-Sánchez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - O J Saucedo-Ramírez
- Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Čelakovská J, Bukač J, Ettler K, Vaneckova J, Ettlerova K, Krejsek J. Sensitisation to outdoor and indoor fungi in atopic dermatitis patients and the relation to the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts and walnuts. Mycoses 2018; 61:698-703. [PMID: 29772091 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is the evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to outdoor and indoor fungi and allergy to peanuts and walnuts in atopic dermatitis patients aged 14 years and older. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients; the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was recorded (specific IgE, skin prick test, history of allergic reaction) and the sensitisation to mixture of outdoor fungi and indoor fungi was also examined (skin prick test, specific IgE). The statistical evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to outdoor and indoor fungi and the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was performed; 329 patients were included in the study, 110 men and 219 women, the average age 26.8 years. The sensitisation to outdoor fungi was recorded in 91 patients (28%), the sensitisation to indoor fungi was recorded in 61 patients (18.5%), the occurrence of food allergy to peanuts was confirmed in 90 (27%) patients and to walnuts in 121 (36.7%) patients. We confirmed, that patients suffering from sensitisation to outdoor fungi suffer significantly more from food allergy to peanuts and walnuts. The significant relation between the sensitisation to indoor fungi and food allergy to peanuts and walnuts was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Čelakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bukač
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ettler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vaneckova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetuse Ettlerova
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Outpatient Clinic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review provides insight into recent findings on bedroom allergen exposures, primarily focusing on pet, pest, and fungal exposures. RECENT FINDINGS Large-scale studies and improved exposure assessment technologies, including measurement of airborne allergens and of multiple allergens simultaneously, have extended our understanding of indoor allergen exposures and their impact on allergic disease. Practical, streamlined methods for exposure reduction have shown promise in some settings, and potential protective effects of early-life exposures have been further elucidated through the investigation of specific bacterial taxa. Advances in molecular allergology have yielded novel data on sensitization profiles and cross-reactivity. The role of indoor allergen exposures in allergic disease is complex and remains incompletely understood. Advancing our knowledge of various co-exposures, including the environmental and host microbiome, that interact with allergens in early life will be crucial for the development of efficacious interventions to reduce the substantial economic and social burden of allergic diseases including asthma.
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66
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Caillaud D, Cheriaux M, Martin S, Ségala C, Dupuy N, Evrard B, Thibaudon M. Short-term effect of outdoor mould spore exposure on prescribed allergy medication sales in Central France. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:837-845. [PMID: 29698555 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor moulds are classically associated with exacerbations of asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to examine nasal allergy morbidity by studying the short-term relationship between mould spore exposure and daily sales of reimbursable anti-allergic treatment in central France. METHODS The relationship between daily changes in mould concentrations and daily sales obtained from the national healthcare database was analysed with generalized additive models, taking into account confounding factors such as air pollution, weather conditions, pollen counts, and days of the week. RESULTS During the study, the average total yearly number of treated people was around 10 000 over approximately 230 000 surveyed. The relative risk (95% CI confidence interval) of sales of oral antihistamines with topical treatment associated with an interquartile increase in mould concentration was significant for Cladosporium 1.079 [1.019-1.142] and Aspergillus-Penicillium (Asp-Pen) 1.051 [1.021-1.082] in the whole population. When the influence of age and sex was considered, the relationship was significant only in male children aged 0-12 years and those aged between 13 and 49 years for Cladosporium: 1.256 [1.081-1.460] and 1.151 [1.063-1.245], respectively. The relationship was also significant for Asp-Pen: 1.038 [1.003-1.075] for those aged between 13 and 49 years and 1.056 [1.007-1.108] for adults over 50 years of age. CONCLUSION The association between prescribed daily sales of oral antihistamines with topical treatment sales is associated with temporal changes to Cladosporium and Aspergillus-Penicillium in the whole population. When the influence of age and sex was considered, these two moulds contributed to prescribed medication sales only in the male general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caillaud
- Pulmonary Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Cheriaux
- Pulmonary Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - N Dupuy
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, Brussieu, France
| | - B Evrard
- Service d'Immunologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Thibaudon
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, Brussieu, France
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67
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Caillaud D, Leynaert B, Keirsbulck M, Nadif R. Indoor mould exposure, asthma and rhinitis: findings from systematic reviews and recent longitudinal studies. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/148/170137. [PMID: 29769295 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0137-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and World Health Organization (WHO) reports, this review provides an overview of the literature published from 2006 to 2017 on the associations between indoor mould exposure and asthma and rhinitis separately in children and adults with a focus on longitudinal epidemiological studies.A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was performed, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, longitudinal, incident case-control and panel studies. 61 publications were identified reporting visible mould or mould odour or quantitative assessment of culturable fungi or mould species.In children, visible mould and mould odour were associated with the development and exacerbations of asthma, providing sufficient evidence of a causal relationship. Results from population-based studies in adults were too few and divergent to conclude at more than a limited level of evidence. Exposure to mould in a work building was associated with the incidence and exacerbations of occupational asthma, and we concluded at a sufficient evidence for an association. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and longitudinal studies on the relationships between mould exposure and allergic rhinitis provide sufficient evidence of an association.This review extended the conclusions of the IOM and WHO reports, and highlighted the need for further longitudinal studies on asthma in adults, and on rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Caillaud
- Pulmonary and Allergology Dept, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benedicte Leynaert
- INSERM, UMR1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases. Epidemiology, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot Paris 7, UMR 1152, Paris, France
| | - Marion Keirsbulck
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachel Nadif
- INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France.,Univ Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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68
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Pang G, Wang F, Zhang LW. Dose matters: Direct killing or immunoregulatory effects of natural polysaccharides in cancer treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:243-256. [PMID: 29804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from natural resources possess anti-tumor activities for decades, but the efficacy of polysaccharides as the adjuvant drugs for cancer treatment at prescribed doses remains open for debate. In this review, molecular mechanisms involved in direct killing effects of polysaccharides, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondria/DNA damage were described. However, the concentrations/doses used to reach the direct killing effects are too high to be applicable. Polysaccharides can also exert anti-tumor effects through immunoregulation at lower doses, and the effects of polysaccharides on natural killer cells, dendritic cells and other lymphocytes for tumor destruction, along with the receptor recognition and downstream signaling pathways, were delineated. Unfortunately, the prescribed doses of polysaccharides are too low to stimulate immunoresponse, resulting in the failure of some clinical trials. Therefore, understanding the sophisticated mechanisms of the immunoregulatory function of natural polysaccharides with refined doses for clinical use will help the standardization of traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Pang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fujun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Leshuai W Zhang
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, 322100, China.
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69
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Nomura T, Minamiura M, Fukamachi K, Yumiyama S, Kondo A, Naito M. Adhesion control of fungal spores on solid surfaces using hydrophilic nanoparticles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Celakovská J, Josef B, Ettler K, Vaneckova J, Ettlerova K, Jan K. Sensitization to Fungi in Atopic Dermatitis Patients 14 Year and Older - Association with Other Atopic Diseases and Parameters. Indian J Dermatol 2018; 63:391-398. [PMID: 30210160 PMCID: PMC6124231 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_493_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fungi as a source of allergen are still largely neglected in basic research as well as in clinical practice. This study aimed to highlight the impact of fungal allergens in a group of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD). Aims and Objectives: The evaluation of the sensitization to fungi in AD patients aged 14 year and older and the evaluation of the relation of fungal sensitization to the occurrence of other atopic diseases and parameters. Materials and Methods: All patients satisfying inclusion criteria attending our hospital between 2008 and 2017 were included in the study. The complete dermatological and allergological examinations were performed in all included patients including examination of specific immunoglobulin E, skin prick test to mixture of fungi and inhalant allergens, evaluation of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, onset of AD, family history about atopy, duration of eczematous lesions, severity of AD. Pairs of these categories were entered in the contingency tables and the Chi-square test for relationship of these variables was performed with the level of significance set below 5%. Results: Three hundred and thirty-one patients were included in the study; the average age was 26.8 years. The sensitization to fungi was recorded in 100 patients (30%). In these patients, the occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, family history about atopy, sensitization to grass and trees was significantly higher than in patients without sensitization to fungi. We did not find any significant relation between the sensitization to fungi and the severity of AD, no relation was also found between the sensitization to fungi and sensitization to mites, animal dander, bird feather, and dust. Conclusion: The occurrence of asthma bronchiale, rhinitis, family history about atopy, sensitization to grass and trees was significantly higher in AD patients with sensitization to fungi. No relation was found between the severity of AD and the sensitization to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Celakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bukac Josef
- Department of Medical Biophysic, Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ettler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Vaneckova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetuse Ettlerova
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Outpatient Clinic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Krejsek Jan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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71
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Fungal Pollution in the Homes of Respiratory Allergic Patients in Mashhad City, Northeast Iran. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/rijm.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Woolnough K, Craner M, Pashley CH, Wardlaw AJ. rAsp f3 and rAsp f4 are associated with bronchiectasis in allergic fungal airways disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 120:325-326. [PMID: 29223501 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Woolnough
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Michelle Craner
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Catherine H Pashley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew J Wardlaw
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
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73
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Ando A, Hagiya H, Nada T, Kimura K, Waseda K, Rai K, Hanayama Y, Otsuka F. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Caused by a Home Ultrasonic Humidifier Contaminated with Candida guilliermondii. Intern Med 2017; 56:3109-3112. [PMID: 28943587 PMCID: PMC5725870 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9055-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the first documented case of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis in which Candida guilliermondii was the possible causative organism. A young Japanese woman presented to our hospital with relapsing respiratory symptoms accompanied by high fever. A detailed interview revealed that the onset of the symptoms occurred shortly after using a humidifier in her home. Her symptoms showed spontaneous improvement soon after admission, and an examination of her bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed the specific infiltration of inflammatory cells, which predominantly consisted of lymphocytes. Precipitin testing showed a positive reaction to C. guilliermondii, which was isolated from the home humidifier. Repeated history taking is essential for diagnosing occult respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ando
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nada
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koichi Waseda
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kammei Rai
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hanayama
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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74
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Fraczek MG, Chishimba L, Niven RM, Bromley M, Simpson A, Smyth L, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Corticosteroid treatment is associated with increased filamentous fungal burden in allergic fungal disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:407-414. [PMID: 29122659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases caused by fungi are common. The best understood conditions are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitization. Our knowledge of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) is limited to a few studies involving healthy individuals, asthmatics, and smokers. No study has yet examined the mycobiome in fungal lung disease. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to determine the mycobiome in lungs of individuals with well-characterized fungal disease. A secondary objective was to determine possible effects of treatment on the mycobiome. METHODS After bronchoscopy, ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 1 DNA was amplified and sequenced and fungal load determined by real-time PCR. Clinical and treatment variables were correlated with the main species identified. Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (n = 16), severe asthma with fungal sensitization (n = 16), severe asthma not sensitized to fungi (n = 9), mild asthma patients (n = 7), and 10 healthy control subjects were studied. RESULTS The mycobiome was highly varied with severe asthmatics carrying higher loads of fungus. Healthy individuals had low fungal loads, mostly poorly characterized Malasezziales. The most common fungus in asthmatics was Aspergillus fumigatus complex and this taxon accounted for the increased burden of fungus in the high-level samples. Corticosteroid treatment was significantly associated with increased fungal load (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The mycobiome is highly variable. Highest loads of fungus are observed in severe asthmatics and the most common fungus is Aspergillus fumigatus complex. Individuals receiving steroid therapy had significantly higher levels of Aspergillus and total fungus in their bronchoalveolar lavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin G Fraczek
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Livingstone Chishimba
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rob M Niven
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simpson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Smyth
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - David W Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom; National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (Wythenshawe), Manchester, United Kingdom.
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75
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Carsin A, Romain T, Ranque S, Reynaud‐Gaubert M, Dubus J, Mège J, Vitte J. Aspergillus fumigatus in cystic fibrosis: An update on immune interactions and molecular diagnostics in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy 2017; 72:1632-1642. [PMID: 28513848 DOI: 10.1111/all.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide spectrum of pathological conditions may result from the interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus and the immune system of its human host. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is one of the most severe A. fumigatus-related diseases due to possible evolution toward pleuropulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurs almost exclusively in cystic fibrosis or asthmatic patients. An estimated 8%-10% of patients with cystic fibrosis experience this condition. The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis relies on criteria first established in 1977. Progress in the understanding of host-pathogen interactions in A. fumigatus and patients with cystic fibrosis and the ongoing validation of novel laboratory tools concur to update and improve the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Carsin
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital Timone Enfants Pneumo‐pédiatrie Centre de Ressources et de Compétences en Mucoviscidose Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM UMR 1067 CNRS UMR 7333 Marseille France
| | - T. Romain
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital de La Conception Laboratoire d'Immunologie Marseille France
| | - S. Ranque
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital Timone Laboratoire de Parasitologie Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM U1095 CNRS U7278 IRD 198 URMITE Marseille France
| | - M. Reynaud‐Gaubert
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM U1095 CNRS U7278 IRD 198 URMITE Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital Nord Centre de Ressources et de Compétences en Mucoviscidose Marseille France
| | - J.‐C. Dubus
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital Timone Enfants Pneumo‐pédiatrie Centre de Ressources et de Compétences en Mucoviscidose Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM U1095 CNRS U7278 IRD 198 URMITE Marseille France
| | - J.‐L. Mège
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital de La Conception Laboratoire d'Immunologie Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM U1095 CNRS U7278 IRD 198 URMITE Marseille France
| | - J. Vitte
- Aix‐Marseille Univ INSERM UMR 1067 CNRS UMR 7333 Marseille France
- Aix‐Marseille Univ APHM Hôpital de La Conception Laboratoire d'Immunologie Marseille France
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Čelakovská J, Bukač J, Ettler K, Vaneckova J, Krcmova I, Ettlerova K. Sensitisation to fungi in atopic dermatitis patients over 14 years of age and the relation to the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions. Mycoses 2017; 61:88-95. [PMID: 28940850 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate if there is some relation between the sensitisation to fungi and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions in atopic dermatitis patients aged 14 years and older. Complete dermatological and allergological examination was performed in all included patients; the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was recorded and the sensitisation to mixture of fungi was examined (skin prick test, specific IgE). The statistical evaluation of the relation between the sensitisation to fungi and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was performed; 331 patients were included in the study, 110 men and 221 women, the average age was 26.8 years. The sensitisation to fungi was recorded in 100 patients (30%), the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions was recorded in 261 patients (79%). We confirmed that patients suffering from sensitisation to fungi suffer significantly more often from food hypersensitivity reactions to nuts (walnuts, peanuts) and sea fish; no significant relation was confirmed between the sensitisation to fungi and the occurrence of food hypersensitivity reactions to tomatoes, kiwi, apples, spices, oranges, capsicum, celery and carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Čelakovská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - J Bukač
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - K Ettler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - J Vaneckova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - I Krcmova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty Hospital and Medical Faculty of Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - K Ettlerova
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Outpatient Clinic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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de Sousa JRP, Gonçalves VN, de Holanda RA, Santos DA, Bueloni CFLG, Costa AO, Petry MV, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Pathogenic potential of environmental resident fungi from ornithogenic soils of Antarctica. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:991-1000. [PMID: 29122179 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the diversity of cultivable fungi in the ornithogenic soil nests of bird species like Phalacrocorax atriceps, Macronectes giganteus, Pygoscelis antarcticus, and Pygoscelis papua in the Antarctic islands. From 481 fungi isolated at 15 °C, only 50 displayed growth at 37 °C, and were identified as 14 species of 15 genera. Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were the most abundant species obtained. Fifty taxa grew at 40 °C; displayed haemolytic and phospholipase activities; produced tiny spores, capsule, and melanin; showed growth at different pH; and showed resistance to amphotericin B. Interestingly, the minimum inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B increased by 5-10 fold for some A. fumigatus isolates after phagocytosis by amoeba. Our results show relations among fungal community compositions present in Antarctic ornithogenic soil and their pathogenic risk to humans in vitro. As the Antarctica Peninsula is a major region of the planet affected by global climate changes, our results, though preliminary, raise concerns about the dispersal of potential pathogenic microbes present in Antarctic substrates by wild birds, which can fly great distances and spread potential pathogens mainly to South America and Oceania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana R P de Sousa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian N Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A de Holanda
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Parasite Biology Laboratory, CEUMA University, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana O Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Maria V Petry
- Laboratory of Ornithology and Marine Animals, University of Vale Do Rio Dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Dewi IMW, van de Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS. The Multifaceted Role of T-Helper Responses in Host Defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E55. [PMID: 29371571 PMCID: PMC5753157 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus rarely causes infections in immunocompetent individuals. A healthy functional innate immune system plays a crucial role in preventing Aspergillus-infection. This pivotal role for the innate immune system makes it a main research focus in studying the pathogenesis of aspergillosis. Although sometimes overshadowed by the innate immune response, the adaptive immune response, and in particular T-helper responses, also represents a key player in host defense against Aspergillus. Virtually all T-helper subsets have been described to play a role during aspergillosis, with the Th1 response being crucial for fungal clearance. However; morbidity and mortality of aspergillosis can also be partly attributed to detrimental immune responses resulting from adaptive immune activation. Th2 responses benefit fungal persistence; and are the foundation of allergic forms of aspergillosis. The Th17 response has two sides; although crucial for granulocyte recruitment, it can be involved in detrimental immunopathology. Regulatory T-cells, the endogenous regulators of inflammatory responses, play a key role in controlling detrimental inflammatory responses during aspergillosis. The current knowledge of the adaptive immune response against A. fumigatus is summarized in this review. A better understanding on how T-helper responses facilitate clearance of Aspergillus-infection and control inflammation can be the fundamental basis for understanding the pathogenesis of aspergillosis and for the development of novel host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan M W Dewi
- Department of Experimental Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Eijkman No. 38, Bandung 40161, Indonesia.
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Experimental Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Experimental Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bozek A, Pyrkosz K. Immunotherapy of mold allergy: A review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2397-2401. [PMID: 28481693 PMCID: PMC5647975 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1314404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mold allergies are common, mainly target the respiratory tract and present as allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma. Molds include a large group of different allergens that induce all types of allergic reactions. Allergen specific immunotherapies (AITs) to molds are common; however, at the present time, they are limited to Alternaria. This review presents not only the benefits but also the problems with such types of AIT based on the literature and our experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bozek
- Clinical Department of Internal Disease, Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - K. Pyrkosz
- Clinical Department of Internal Disease, Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Vincent M, Percier P, De Prins S, Huygen K, Potemberg G, Muraille E, Romano M, Michel O, Denis O. Investigation of inflammatory and allergic responses to common mold species: Results from in vitro experiments, from a mouse model of asthma, and from a group of asthmatic patients. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:933-945. [PMID: 28370571 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on molds focus on Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we report on inflammatory and allergenic properties of more typical indoor species Aspergillus versicolor, P. chrysogenum, C. cladosporioïdes, and C. sphaerospermum that were compared to A. alternata and A. fumigatus. In a mouse model, after intranasal instillation, A. alternaria, A. versicolor, and C. sphaerospermum induced the early recruitment of neutrophils and the strong expression of inflammatory markers in the bronchoalveolar lavages fluids. A. fumigatus also induced the early accumulation of neutrophils but with lower levels of inflammatory markers. Chronic treatment induced variable response according to species: P. chrysogenum and A. fumigatus appeared strong pro-allergenic inducers compared to A. alternata and C. sphaerospermum while A. versicolor and C. cladosporioides induced a mixed pro-allergenic/pro-inflammatory response. In mold-sensitized asthmatics, mold-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) were detected with an in-house dot-blot assay. A. fumigatus and A. alternata were the most frequent sensitizers. Altogether, P. chrysogenum, P. brevicompactum, C. sphaerospermum, and C. cladosporïoides were the "major sensitizer" (defined as the strongest response against a single mold species) for almost 30% of the asthmatics. These results show that, not only A. alternata and A. fumigatus, but also indoor species have strong inflammatory and allergic properties and a harmful potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vincent
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - P Percier
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S De Prins
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - K Huygen
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - G Potemberg
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - E Muraille
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie des Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Romano
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Michel
- Clinic of Immunology and Allergology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Denis
- Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP, Bruxelles, Belgium
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81
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Shabankarehfard E, Ostovar A, Farrokhi S, Naeimi B, Zaeri S, Nazmara S, Keshtkar M, Sadeghzadeh F, Dobaradaran S. Air- and Dust-Borne Fungi in Indoor and Outdoor Home of Allergic Patients in a Dust-Storm-Affected Area. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:577-589. [PMID: 28742415 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1322102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent increases in fungi-induced allergic diseases, there is no report yet in the region of the Persian Gulf on concentration levels of fungi in relationship with health state. Therefore, our aim was to measure fungi prevalence as well as to evaluate the relationships between air- and dust-borne fungal genera and allergic diseases. A matched case-control study was carried out including 45 allergic cases and 45 age- and gender-matched controls for each individual. Indoor and outdoor dust and indoor air samples were collected from participant homes during May to October 2015. A Quick Take 30 Pump and sterile wet swab were used to determine fungal types and their amounts in the air (CFU/m3) and dust (CFU/100 cm2) samples, respectively. A significant reverse association was found between indoor dust-borne Alternaria and asthma (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.02-0.86). Contrarily, increased levels of indoor air-borne Aspegillus fumigatus (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 0.37-10.55) and Alternaria (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 0.34-25.83) were correlated with asthma development. Also, correlation analysis showed a significant relation between indoor air-borne Penicillium levels and reactivity to skin prick test in asthmatic patients (p = 0.04). Our findings support the notion that fungal exposures can either cause or prevent the development of allergic diseases. Accordingly, appropriate measures should be taken for a better management of fungi-induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shabankarehfard
- a Department of Environmental Health Engineering , Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- b Department of Infectious Diseases, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center , The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Shokrollah Farrokhi
- c Department of Immunology, Asthma and Allergy, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center , The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Behrouz Naeimi
- d Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Sasan Zaeri
- e Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- f Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- a Department of Environmental Health Engineering , Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sadeghzadeh
- g Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- a Department of Environmental Health Engineering , Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran.,h The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran.,i Systems Environmental Health, Oil, Gas and Energy Research Center , The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
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82
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Liu AH, Anderson WC, Dutmer CM, Searing DA, Szefler SJ. Advances in asthma 2015: Across the lifespan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:397-404. [PMID: 27497278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, progress in understanding asthma ranged from insights to asthma inception, exacerbations, and severity to advancements that will improve disease management throughout the lifespan. 2015's insights to asthma inception included how the intestinal microbiome affects asthma expression with the identification of specific gastrointestinal bacterial taxa in early infancy associated with less asthma risk, possibly by promoting regulatory immune development at a critical early age. The relevance of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating asthma-related gene expression was strengthened. Predicting and preventing exacerbations throughout life might help to reduce progressive lung function decrease and disease severity in adulthood. Although allergy has long been linked to asthma exacerbations, a mechanism through which IgE impairs rhinovirus immunity and underlies asthma exacerbations was demonstrated and improved by anti-IgE therapy (omalizumab). Other key molecular pathways underlying asthma exacerbations, such as cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) and orosomucoid like 3 (ORMDL3), were elucidated. New anti-IL-5 therapeutics, mepolizumab and reslizumab, were US Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. In a clinical trial the novel therapeutic inhaled GATA3 mRNA-specific DNAzyme attenuated early- and late-phase allergic responses to inhaled allergen. These current findings are significant steps toward addressing unmet needs in asthma prevention, severity modification, disparities, and lifespan outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Liu
- Breathing Institute and Pulmonary Medicine Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo.
| | - William C Anderson
- Allergy & Immunology Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Cullen M Dutmer
- Allergy & Immunology Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Daniel A Searing
- Allergy & Immunology Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Stanley J Szefler
- Breathing Institute and Pulmonary Medicine Section, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
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83
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Lipińska-Ojrzanowska A, Marcinkiewicz A, Walusiak-Skorupa J. Usefulness of Biomarkers in Work-Related Airway Disease. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2017; 4:181-190. [PMID: 28680796 PMCID: PMC5488075 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-017-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of biomarkers may be useful in the surveillance of occupational exposure and workers' health. The possibility of predicting development/clinical course of specific disorders or current disease, diagnosing in early steps, and health condition monitoring is a real necessity. Various agents present in the workplace environment (or their metabolites) can be measured in samples possessed from human body (blood and urine, saliva, etc.). On the other hand, inhalant exposure may induce specific or non-specific, local or systemic, acute or chronic biological response expressed by synthesis or releasing specific or non-specific substances/mediators that also can be determined in blood, nasal and bronchial lavage or sputum, tear fluid, exhaled breath, etc. The least is known about genetic markers which may predict individual susceptibility to develop some work-related disorders under the influence of occupational exposure. Due to common exposure to inhalant agents at workplace, researches on biomarkers that allow to inspect the impact of exposure to humans' health are still needed. The authors of this article summarize the utility of biomarkers' determination in work-related airway diseases in a recent clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lipińska-Ojrzanowska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresy, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresy, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 St. Teresy, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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84
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Morisseau K, Joubert A, Le Coq L, Andres Y. Quantification of the fungal fraction released from various preloaded fibrous filters during a simulated ventilation restart. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:529-538. [PMID: 27564375 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate that particles, especially those associated with fungi, could be released from fibrous filters used in the air-handling unit (AHU) of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems during ventilation restarts. Quantification of the water retention capacity and SEM pictures of the filters was used to show the potential for fungal proliferation in unused or preloaded filters. Five fibrous filters with various particle collection efficiencies were studied: classes G4, M5, M6, F7, and combined F7 according to European standard EN779:2012. Filters were clogged with micronized rice particles containing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum and then incubated for three weeks at 25°C and 90% relative humidity. The results indicated that the five clogged tested filters had various fungal growth capacities depending on their water retention capacity. Preloaded filters were subjected to a simulated ventilation restart in a controlled filtration device to quantify that the fraction of particles released was around 1% for the G4, 0.1% for the M5 and the M6, and 0.001% for the F7 and the combined F7 filter. The results indicate that the likelihood of fungal particle release by low efficiency filters is significantly higher than by high efficiency filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morisseau
- GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - A Joubert
- GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - L Le Coq
- GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Y Andres
- GEPEA UMR CNRS 6144, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Tham R, Katelaris CH, Vicendese D, Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ, Bowatte G, Taylor P, Burton P, Abramson MJ, Erbas B. The role of outdoor fungi on asthma hospital admissions in children and adolescents: A 5-year time stratified case-crossover analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:42-49. [PMID: 28024227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some fungal spores can trigger asthma exacerbation but knowledge of which outdoor fungal spores contribute to asthma hospitalisation is limited. OBJECTIVES To examine the role of outdoor fungal spores in child and adolescent asthma hospitalisations. METHODS We conducted a bi-directional time-stratified case-crossover study of child and adolescent asthma hospitalisations over 5 years. Conditional logistic regression assessed the role of 20 fungi taxa (Same day [L0] and lagged [L1-3]) adjusted for maximum temperature, humidity and grass pollen. Strata specific effects were explored if there was evidence of effect modification by age, sex, air pollutants or grass pollen. Non-linear effects examined with Generalized Additive Models. RESULTS Of 2098 children hospitalised for asthma, 60% were boys; mean age was 5.5±3.7 years. Fungal spore counts peaked during warm months. Regression models found weak associations with Coprinus [L0,L1: OR=1.03, 1.01-1.06], Periconia [L0: OR=1.03, 1.001-1.07] and Chaetomium [L2: OR=1.08, 1.0-1.2]. Sex appeared to act as an effect modifier with girls having stronger associations with Cladosporium, Coprinus and total fungi. Older adolescent (14-18 years) hospitalisation was significantly associated with Coprinus and Ustilago/smuts. Air pollutants and grass pollen did not appear to act as effect modifiers. Non-linearity was not detected. CONCLUSION There may be associations between some outdoor fungal spores and asthma hospitalisations. Further research needed to explore whether these findings can be replicated; and examine whether fungal sensitisation and/or human rhinovirus infections are associated with stronger effects. If findings are replicated, then the need to develop predictive models for fungal spore distribution and levels may become more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tham
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Constance H Katelaris
- Western Sydney University, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Don Vicendese
- School of Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Philip Taylor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Pamela Burton
- Western Sydney University, Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Michael J Abramson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Damialis A, Kaimakamis E, Konoglou M, Akritidis I, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Gioulekas D. Estimating the abundance of airborne pollen and fungal spores at variable elevations using an aircraft: how high can they fly? Sci Rep 2017; 7:44535. [PMID: 28300143 PMCID: PMC5353600 DOI: 10.1038/srep44535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne pollen and fungal spores are monitored mainly in highly populated, urban environments, for allergy prevention purposes. However, their sources can frequently be located outside cities' fringes with more vegetation. So as to shed light to this paradox, we investigated the diversity and abundance of airborne pollen and fungal spores at various environmental regimes. We monitored pollen and spores using an aircraft and a car, at elevations from sea level to 2,000 m above ground, in the region of Thesssaloniki, Greece. We found a total of 24 pollen types and more than 15 spore types. Pollen and spores were detected throughout the elevational transect. Lower elevations exhibited higher pollen concentrations in only half of plant taxa and higher fungal spore concentrations in only Ustilago. Pinaceae and Quercus pollen were the most abundant recorded by airplane (>54% of the total). Poaceae pollen were the most abundant via car measurements (>77% of the total). Cladosporium and Alternaria spores were the most abundant in all cases (aircraft: >69% and >17%, car: >45% and >27%, respectively). We conclude that pollen and fungal spores can be diverse and abundant even outside the main source area, evidently because of long-distance transport incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Damialis
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy and Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Kaimakamis
- 1st Pulmonary Department, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Konoglou
- 1st Pulmonary Department, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Akritidis
- Internal Medicine Department, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne – Center for Allergy and Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Gioulekas
- Pulmonary Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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87
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Daschner A. An Evolutionary-Based Framework for Analyzing Mold and Dampness-Associated Symptoms in DMHS. Front Immunol 2017; 7:672. [PMID: 28119688 PMCID: PMC5220099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Among potential environmental harmful factors, fungi deserve special consideration. Their intrinsic ability to actively germinate or infect host tissues might determine a prominent trigger in host defense mechanisms. With the appearance of fungi in evolutionary history, other organisms had to evolve strategies to recognize and cope with them. Existing controversies around dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome (DMHS) can be due to the great variability of clinical symptoms but also of possible eliciting factors associated with mold and dampness. An hypothesis is presented, where an evolutionary analysis of the different response patterns seen in DMHS is able to explain the existing variability of disease patterns. Classical interpretation of immune responses and symptoms are addressed within the field of pathophysiology. The presented evolutionary analysis seeks for the ultimate causes of the vast array of symptoms in DMHS. Symptoms can be interpreted as induced by direct (toxic) actions of spores, mycotoxins, or other fungal metabolites, or on the other side by the host-initiated response, which aims to counterbalance and fight off potentially deleterious effects or fungal infection. Further, individual susceptibility of immune reactions can confer an exaggerated response, and magnified symptoms are then explained in terms of immunopathology. IgE-mediated allergy fits well in this scenario, where individuals with an atopic predisposition suffer from an exaggerated response to mold exposure, but studies addressing why such responses have evolved and if they could be advantageous are scarce. Human history is plenty of plagues and diseases connected with mold exposure, which could explain vulnerability to mold allergy. Likewise, multiorgan symptoms in DMHS are analyzed for its possible adaptive role not only in the defense of an active infection, but also as evolved mechanisms for avoidance of potentially harmful environments in an evolutionary past or present setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Daschner
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Servicio de Alergia , Madrid , Spain
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88
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Korpelainen H, Pietiläinen M. Diversity of indoor fungi as revealed by DNA metabarcoding. Genome 2017; 60:55-64. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we conducted DNA metabarcoding (the nuclear ITS2 region) for indoor fungal samples originating from two nursery schools with a suspected mould problem (sampling before and after renovation), from two university buildings, and from an old farmhouse. Good-quality sequences were obtained, and the results showed that DNA metabarcoding provides high resolution in fungal identification. The pooled proportions of sequences representing filamentous ascomycetes, filamentous basidiomycetes, yeasts, and other fungi equalled 62.3%, 8.0%, 28.3%, and 1.4%, respectively, and the total number of fungal genera found during the study was 585. When comparing fungal diversities and taxonomic composition between different types of buildings, no obvious pattern was detected. The average pairwise values of SørensenChao indices that were used to compare similarities for taxon composition between samples among the samples from the two university buildings, two nurseries, and farmhouse equaled 0.693, 0.736, 0.852, 0.928, and 0.981, respectively, while the mean similarity index for all samples was 0.864. We discovered that making explicit conclusions on the relationship between the indoor air quality and mycoflora is complicated by the lack of appropriate indicators for air quality and by the occurrence of wide spatial and temporal changes in diversity and compositions among samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Pietiläinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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89
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Allergen component analysis as a tool in the diagnosis of occupational allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:93-100. [PMID: 26866431 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rapid developments have been seen in molecular allergy diagnosis, based on the detection and quantification of specific IgE to single allergens. This review summarizes and discusses studies on allergen component analysis as a tool in the diagnosis of occupational allergy. RECENT FINDINGS More than 400 agents are identified as sensitizers of occupational asthma, but only very few are characterized on the molecular level and available for routine diagnosis. Baker's asthma is one of the most frequently occurring forms of occupational asthma caused by workplace-related inhalation of cereal flour mainly wheat. Wheat sensitization profiles of bakers show great interindividual variability and no wheat allergen could be classified as the major allergen. Component-resolved diagnosis is a useful tool for diagnosing natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy. In cases with unexpected high-latex IgE but without clinical symptoms application of crossreactive carbohydrate determinants are helpful to clarify the cause of IgE binding. SUMMARY Latex is an excellent model for component-resolved diagnosis and demonstrates well how to improve the diagnosis by using single allergens. For diagnosis of baker's asthma, a whole wheat extract is still the best option for specific IgE determination, but single wheat allergens might help to discriminate between wheat-induced food allergy, grass-pollen allergy, and baker's asthma. New diagnostic tools and platforms are promising, but further knowledge of molecules relevant for occupational asthma (as in wood dust allergens, enzymes, laboratory animal allergens, etc.) and for occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis is necessary to improve and standardize the diagnostic tools.
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90
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Tanimoto H, Fukutomi Y, Yasueda H, Takeuchi Y, Saito A, Watai K, Sekiya K, Tsuburai T, Asano K, Taniguchi M, Akiyama K. Molecular-based allergy diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in Aspergillus fumigatus-sensitized Japanese patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1790-800. [PMID: 26118958 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing between patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-sensitized asthmatic patients without ABPA is sometimes difficult owing to the IgE-cross-reactivity between Af and other fungal allergens. OBJECTIVE To establish the usefulness of molecular-based allergy diagnostics using allergen components from Af in distinguishing ABPA from Af-sensitized asthma without ABPA. METHODS Sera from Japanese patients with ABPA (n = 53) and Af-sensitized asthma without ABPA (n = 253) were studied. The levels of IgE and IgG antibodies to allergen components from Af and IgE antibodies to different fugal allergen extracts were measured by ImmunoCAP. Comorbid atopic dermatitis (AD) was taken into consideration in the sensitization profile analysis. RESULTS Patients with ABPA possessed significantly higher levels of IgE antibodies to Asp f 1, and Asp f 2 than asthmatic patients without ABPA. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the levels of IgE to Asp f 1 and Asp f 2 as diagnostic markers of ABPA were 0.75 and 0.78, respectively. The presence of IgE positivity to Asp f 1 and/or Asp f 2 resulted in increased sensitivity while losing little specificity. Comorbid AD was associated with higher levels of IgE to Asp f 6 (manganese superoxide dismutase from Af, a ubiquitous pan-allergen in fungi) and low but positive levels of IgE to other Af-components, which hampered the serological discrimination of ABPA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The levels of IgE to Asp f 1 and/or Asp f 2 can effectively differentiate ABPA from Af-sensitized asthma, suggesting that the amounts of IgE specific for these molecules are markers for genuine Af-sensitization in ABPA. However, comorbid AD must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of high IgE to Asp f 6. Establishing of IgE-sensitization profiles using panel of Af-allergen components provides valuable information for distinguishing genuine vs. cross-reactive sensitization in Af-sensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tanimoto
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Fukutomi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Yasueda
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Takeuchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Allergy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Saito
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Watai
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Sekiya
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Tsuburai
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Taniguchi
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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91
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Wardlaw AJ, Woolnough K, Pashley CH. Lassoing a chimera: the semantics of allergic fungal airway disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1746-9. [PMID: 26581852 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - K Woolnough
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - C H Pashley
- Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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92
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Tham R, Vicendese D, Dharmage SC, Hyndman RJ, Newbigin E, Lewis E, O'Sullivan M, Lowe AJ, Taylor P, Bardin P, Tang MLK, Abramson MJ, Erbas B. Associations between outdoor fungal spores and childhood and adolescent asthma hospitalizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1140-1147.e4. [PMID: 27523960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood asthma is a significant public health problem and severe exacerbations can result in diminished quality of life and hospitalization. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the contribution of outdoor fungi to childhood and adolescent asthma hospitalizations. METHODS The Melbourne Air Pollen Children and Adolescent study is a case-crossover study of 644 children and adolescents (aged 2-17 years) hospitalized for asthma. The Melbourne Air Pollen Children and Adolescent study collected individual data on human rhinovirus infection and sensitization to Alternaria and Cladosporium and daily counts of ambient concentrations of fungal spores, pollen, and air pollutants. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess associations with increases in spore counts while controlling for potential confounding and testing interactions. RESULTS Exposure to Alternaria (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11), Leptosphaeria (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07), Coprinus (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), Drechslera (aOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05), and total spores (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) was significantly associated with child asthma hospitalizations independent of human rhinovirus infection. There were significant lagged effects up to 3 days with Alternaria, Leptosphaeria, Cladosporium, Sporormiella, Coprinus, and Drechslera. Some of these associations were significantly greater in participants with Cladosporium sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Exposures to several outdoor fungal spore taxa, including some not reported in previous research, are associated with the risk of child and adolescent asthma hospitalization, particularly in individuals sensitized to Cladosporium. We need further studies to examine cross-reactivity causing asthma exacerbations. Identifying sensitization to multiple fungal allergens in children with asthma could support the design and implementation of more effective strategies to prevent asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tham
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Don Vicendese
- School of Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rob J Hyndman
- Department of Econometrics & Business Statistics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ed Newbigin
- School of Biosciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Lewis
- School of Biosciences, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Molly O'Sullivan
- Allergy & Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Allergy & Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip Taylor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Philip Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep, Monash Medical Centre and University and Hudson Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Allergy & Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Dey D, Saha B, Sircar G, Ghosal K, Bhattacharya SG. Mass spectrometry-based identification of allergens from Curvularia pallescens, a prevalent aerospore in India. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:869-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, Acevedo N, Soh JY, Sánchez-Borges M, Hossny E, García E, Rosario N, Ansotegui I, Puerta L, Sánchez J, Cardona V. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:20. [PMID: 27386040 PMCID: PMC4924335 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are distributed worldwide and their risk factors and triggers vary according to geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Allergies are frequent in the Tropics but aspects of their prevalence, natural history, risk factors, sensitizers and triggers are not well defined and some are expected to be different from those in temperate zone countries. The aim of this review is to investigate if allergic diseases in the Tropics have particularities that deserve special attention for research and clinical practice. Such information will help to form a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of allergic diseases in the Tropics. As expected, we found particularities in the Tropics that merit further study because they strongly affect the natural history of common allergic diseases; most of them related to climate conditions that favor permanent exposure to mite allergens, helminth infections and stinging insects. In addition, we detected several unmet needs in important areas which should be investigated and solved by collaborative efforts led by the emergent research groups on allergy from tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- />Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Translational Immunology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Yi Soh
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mario Sánchez-Borges
- />Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Médico- Docente La Trinidad and Clínica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elham Hossny
- />Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth García
- />Allergy Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rosario
- />Federal University of Parana, Rua General Carneiro, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Ansotegui
- />Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quirón Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leonardo Puerta
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- />Department of Pediatrics, Graduate Program on Allergology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Victoria Cardona
- />Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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95
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Lin WR, Chen YH, Lee MF, Hsu LY, Tien CJ, Shih FM, Hsiao SC, Wang PH. Does Spore Count Matter in Fungal Allergy?: The Role of Allergenic Fungal Species. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:404-11. [PMID: 27334778 PMCID: PMC4921694 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Fungi have been known to be important aeroallergens for hundreds of years. Most studies have focused on total fungal concentration; however, the concentration of specific allergenic fungi may be more important on an individual basis. Methods Ten fungal allergic patients and 2 non-fungal allergic patients were enrolled. The patients with a decrease in physician or patient global assessment by more than 50% of their personal best were considered to have an exacerbation of allergic symptoms and to be in the active stage. Those who maintained their physician and patient global assessment scores at their personal best for more than 3 months were considered to be in the inactive stage. The concentrations of dominant fungi in the patients' houses and outdoors were measured by direct and viable counts at active and inactive stages. Results The exacerbation of allergic symptoms was not correlated with total fungal spore concentration or the indoor/outdoor ratio (I/O). Specific fungi, such as Cladosporium oxysporum (C. oxyspurum), C. cladosporioides, and Aspergillus niger (A. niger), were found to be significantly higher concentrations in the active stage than in the inactive stage. Presumed allergenic spore concentration threshold levels were 100 CFU/m3 for C. oxysporum, and 10 CFU/m3 for A. niger, Penicillium brevicompactum and Penicillium oxalicum. Conclusions The major factor causing exacerbation of allergic symptoms in established fungal allergic patients may be the spore concentration of specific allergenic fungi rather than the total fungal concentration. These results may be useful in making recommendations as regards environmental control for fungal allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Rou Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi Hsing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mey Fann Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling Yi Hsu
- The Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih Jen Tien
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng Ming Shih
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih Ching Hsiao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pi Han Wang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hanson B, Zhou Y, Bautista EJ, Urch B, Speck M, Silverman F, Muilenberg M, Phipatanakul W, Weinstock G, Sodergren E, Gold DR, Sordillo JE. Characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiome in indoor dust and outdoor air samples: a pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:713-24. [PMID: 27213188 PMCID: PMC5015483 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00639b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental microbes have been associated with both protective and adverse health effects in children and adults. Epidemiological studies often rely on broad biomarkers of microbial exposure (i.e. endotoxin, 1 → 3-beta-d-glucan), but fail to identify the taxonomic composition of the microbial community. Our aim was to characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiome in different types of environmental samples collected in studies of human health effects. We determined the composition of microbial communities present in home, school and outdoor air samples by amplifying and sequencing regions of rRNA genes from bacteria (16S) and fungi (18S and ITS). Samples for this pilot study included indoor settled dust (from both a Boston area birth cohort study on Home Allergens and Asthma (HAA) (n = 12) and a study of school exposures and asthma symptoms (SICAS) (n = 1)), as well as fine and coarse concentrated outdoor ambient particulate (CAP) samples (n = 9). Sequencing of amplified 16S, 18S, and ITS regions was performed on the Roche-454 Life Sciences Titanium pyrosequencing platform. Indoor dust samples were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes and Actinobacteria); the most abundant bacterial genera were those related to human flora (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus). Outdoor CAPs were dominated by Gram-negative Proteobacteria from water and soil sources, in particular the genera Acidovorax, and Brevundimonas (which were present at very low levels or entirely absent in indoor dust). Phylum-level fungal distributions identified by 18S or ITS regions showed very similar findings: a predominance of Ascomycota in indoor dust and Basidiomycota in outdoor CAPs. ITS sequencing of fungal genera in indoor dust showed significant proportions of Aureobasidium and Leptosphaerulina along with some contribution from Cryptococcus, Epicoccum, Aspergillus and the human commensal Malassezia. ITS sequencing detected more than 70 fungal genera in indoor dust not observed by culture. Microbiome sequencing is feasible for different types of archived environmental samples (indoor dust, and low biomass air particulate samples), and offers the potential to study how whole communities of microbes (including unculturable taxa) influence human health.
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97
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Quirce S, Vandenplas O, Campo P, Cruz MJ, de Blay F, Koschel D, Moscato G, Pala G, Raulf M, Sastre J, Siracusa A, Tarlo SM, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Cormier Y. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an EAACI position paper. Allergy 2016; 71:765-79. [PMID: 26913451 DOI: 10.1111/all.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this document was to provide a critical review of the current knowledge on hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the occupational environment and to propose practical guidance for the diagnosis and management of this condition. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis (OHP) is an immunologic lung disease resulting from lymphocytic and frequently granulomatous inflammation of the peripheral airways, alveoli, and surrounding interstitial tissue which develops as the result of a non-IgE-mediated allergic reaction to a variety of organic materials or low molecular weight agents that are present in the workplace. The offending agents can be classified into six broad categories that include bacteria, fungi, animal proteins, plant proteins, low molecular weight chemicals, and metals. The diagnosis of OHP requires a multidisciplinary approach and relies on a combination of diagnostic tests to ascertain the work relatedness of the disease. Both the clinical and the occupational history are keys to the diagnosis and often will lead to the initial suspicion. Diagnostic criteria adapted to OHP are proposed. The cornerstone of treatment is early removal from exposure to the eliciting antigen, although the disease may show an adverse outcome even after avoidance of exposure to the causal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Quirce
- Department of Allergy; Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - O. Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Mont-Godinne; Université Catholique de Louvain; Yvoir Belgium
| | - P. Campo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Allergy-IBIMA; Hospital Regional Universitario; Málaga Spain
| | - M. J. Cruz
- Pulmonology Service; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Barcelona Spain
| | - F. de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy; Department of Chest Diseases; University Hospital; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
| | - D. Koschel
- Fachkrankenhaus Coswig GmbH Zentrum für Pneumologie, Allergologie, Beatmungsmedizin, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie; Coswig Germany
| | - G. Moscato
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - G. Pala
- Occupational Physician's Division; Local Health Authority of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - M. Raulf
- IPA Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance; Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - J. Sastre
- Department of Allergy; Fundación Jiménez Díaz, and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - A. Siracusa
- Formerly Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - S. M. Tarlo
- Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Respiratory Division Toronto Western Hospital; Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit; St Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Toxicology; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Lodz Poland
| | - Y. Cormier
- Centre de Pneumologie; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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Clinical Distinctness of Allergic Rhinitis in Patients with Allergy to Molds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3171594. [PMID: 27340656 PMCID: PMC4906200 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3171594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Molds are a very diverse group of allergens. Exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic rhinitis (AR). Objective. The natural course of allergic rhinitis was compared between a group of patients with allergy to molds and patients with AR to other allergens as the control groups. Material and Methods. The study group consisted of 229 patients, with a mean age of 27.4 ± 6.5 yrs. The study group was compared to groups of AR patients with allergy to house dust mites or pollens or with multivalent allergy. Allergic sensitization was assessed using the skin prick test (SPT) with a panel of 15 allergens to molds and other common inhalant allergens. Specific IgEs against all tested allergens were measured. Nasal fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level was assessed with a chemiluminescence analyzer (NIOX MINO) and compared between groups. Cluster analysis was performed for determine models of AR in whole population. Results. Patients with allergy to mold have had AR with a higher blockage of nose than in the patients with other allergies. Alternaria alternata (59% of examined), Cladosporium herbarum (40%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (36%) were the predominant allergens in the study group. Patients with allergy to mold were more often present in two clusters: there were patients with more frequent accompanying asthma and high level of FeNO. Conclusion. Patients with allergy to molds have a significantly greater predisposition for bronchial asthma and high concentration of FeNO.
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Gabriel MF, Postigo I, Tomaz CT, Martínez J. Alternaria alternata allergens: Markers of exposure, phylogeny and risk of fungi-induced respiratory allergy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:71-80. [PMID: 26826364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria alternata spores are considered a well-known biological contaminant and a very common potent aeroallergen source that is found in environmental samples. The most intense exposure to A. alternata allergens is likely to occur outdoors; however, Alternaria and other allergenic fungi can colonize in indoor environments and thereby increase the fungal aeroallergen exposure levels. A consequence of human exposure to fungal aeroallergens, sensitization to A. alternata, has been unequivocally associated with increased asthma severity. Among allergenic proteins described in this fungal specie, the major allergen, Alt a 1, has been reported as the main elicitor of airborne allergies in patients affected by a mold allergy and considered a marker of primary sensitization to A. alternata. Moreover, A. alternata sensitization seems to be a triggering factor in the development of poly-sensitization, most likely because of the capability of A. alternata to produce, in addition to Alt a 1, a broad and complex array of cross-reactive allergens that present homologs in several other allergenic sources. The study and understanding of A. alternata allergen information may be the key to explaining why sensitization to A. alternata is a risk factor for asthma and also why the severity of asthma is associated to this mold. Compared to other common environmental allergenic sources, such as pollens and dust mites, fungi are reported to be neglected and underestimated. The rise of the A. alternata allergy has enabled more research into the role of this fungal specie and its allergenic components in the induction of IgE-mediated respiratory diseases. Indeed, recent research on the identification and characterization of A. alternata allergens has allowed for the consideration of new perspectives in the categorization of allergenic molds, assessment of exposure and diagnosis of fungi-induced allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Gabriel
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Idoia Postigo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Cândida T Tomaz
- Department of Chemistry and CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain.
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Abstract
A gathering body of evidence has repeatedly revealed associations between indoor fungi and initiation, promotion, and exacerbation of allergic respiratory disease. The relationship between the exposure and outcome are complicated by the difficulties in measuring both exposure and outcome, the multifactorial nature of the disease, and the wide range of potential confounders. New technologies are becoming available that may enable better measurement of exposure and tighter case definitions so as to build more confidence in the associations discovered. The growing strength of the evidence base will aid the design of future public health interventions and generate new hypotheses on the cause of the rapid increase in allergic respiratory disease prevalence.
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