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Mohammad Nezhady MA, Rivera JC, Chemtob S. Location Bias as Emerging Paradigm in GPCR Biology and Drug Discovery. iScience 2020; 23:101643. [PMID: 33103080 PMCID: PMC7569339 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs are the largest receptor family that are involved in virtually all biological processes. Pharmacologically, they are highly druggable targets, as they cover more than 40% of all drugs in the market. Our knowledge of biased signaling provided insight into pharmacology vastly improving drug design to avoid unwanted effects and achieve higher efficacy and selectivity. However, yet another feature of GPCR biology is left largely unexplored, location bias. Recent developments in this field show promising avenues for evolution of new class of pharmaceuticals with greater potential for higher level of precision medicine. Further consideration and understanding of this phenomenon with deep biochemical and molecular insights would pave the road to success. In this review, we critically analyze this perspective and discuss new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Mohammad Nezhady
- Programmes en Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | | | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Programmes en Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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52
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Odoemelam CS, Percival B, Wallis H, Chang MW, Ahmad Z, Scholey D, Burton E, Williams IH, Kamerlin CL, Wilson PB. G-Protein coupled receptors: structure and function in drug discovery. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36337-36348. [PMID: 35517958 PMCID: PMC9057076 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily comprise similar proteins arranged into families or classes thus making it one of the largest in the mammalian genome. GPCRs take part in many vital physiological functions making them targets for numerous novel drugs. GPCRs share some distinctive features, such as the seven transmembrane domains, they also differ in the number of conserved residues in their transmembrane domain. Here we provide an introductory and accessible review detailing the computational advances in GPCR pharmacology and drug discovery. An overview is provided on family A-C GPCRs; their structural differences, GPCR signalling, allosteric binding and cooperativity. The dielectric constant (relative permittivity) of proteins is also discussed in the context of site-specific environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benita Percival
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Helen Wallis
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster Jordanstown Campus Newtownabbey BT37 0QB Northern Ireland UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- De Montfort University The Gateway Leicester LE1 9BH UK
| | - Dawn Scholey
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Emily Burton
- Nottingham Trent University 50 Shakespeare St Nottingham NG1 4FQ UK
| | - Ian H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA1 7AY UK
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53
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Smit MJ, Schlecht-Louf G, Neves M, van den Bor J, Penela P, Siderius M, Bachelerie F, Mayor F. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment: Signaling, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Targeting. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:541-563. [PMID: 32956018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 and of their cognate ligand CXCL12 is detected in a wide range of tumors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis contributes to the pathogenesis are complex and not fully understood. To dissect the role of this axis in cancer, we discuss its ability to impinge on canonical and less conventional signaling networks in different cancer cell types; its bidirectional crosstalk, notably with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and other factors present in the TME; and the infiltration of immune cells that supporttumor progression. We discuss current and emerging avenues that target the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis. Coordinately targeting both RTKs and CXCR4/ACKR3 and/or CXCL12 is an attractive approach to consider in multitargeted cancer therapies. In addition, inhibiting infiltrating immune cells or reactivating the immune system along with modulating the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis in the TME has therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Smit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Maria Neves
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Siderius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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54
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Silva MG, Pineda AM, Gironacci MM. Angiotensin Receptors Heterodimerization and Trafficking: How Much Do They Influence Their Biological Function? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32848782 PMCID: PMC7417933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for around one third of currently approved and clinical prescribed drugs and represent the largest and most structurally diverse family of transmembrane signaling proteins, with almost 1000 members identified in the human genome. Upon agonist stimulation, GPCRs are internalized and trafficked inside the cell: they may be targeted to different organelles, recycled back to the plasma membrane or be degraded. Once inside the cell, the receptors may initiate other signaling pathways leading to different biological responses. GPCRs’ biological function may also be influenced by interaction with other receptors. Thus, the ultimate cellular response may depend not only on the activation of the receptor from the cell membrane, but also from receptor trafficking and/or the interaction with other receptors. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors and how their biological function is influenced by trafficking and interaction with others receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro G Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica M Pineda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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55
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Sutkeviciute I, Vilardaga JP. Structural insights into emergent signaling modes of G protein-coupled receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11626-11642. [PMID: 32571882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of cell membrane proteins, with >800 GPCRs in humans alone, and recognize highly diverse ligands, ranging from photons to large protein molecules. Very important to human medicine, GPCRs are targeted by about 35% of prescription drugs. GPCRs are characterized by a seven-transmembrane α-helical structure, transmitting extracellular signals into cells to regulate major physiological processes via heterotrimeric G proteins and β-arrestins. Initially viewed as receptors whose signaling via G proteins is delimited to the plasma membrane, it is now recognized that GPCRs signal also at various intracellular locations, and the mechanisms and (patho)physiological relevance of such signaling modes are actively investigated. The propensity of GPCRs to adopt different signaling modes is largely encoded in the structural plasticity of the receptors themselves and of their signaling complexes. Here, we review emerging modes of GPCR signaling via endosomal membranes and the physiological implications of such signaling modes. We further summarize recent structural insights into mechanisms of GPCR activation and signaling. We particularly emphasize the structural mechanisms governing the continued GPCR signaling from endosomes and the structural aspects of the GPCR resensitization mechanism and discuss the recently uncovered and important roles of lipids in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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56
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Lazar AM, Irannejad R, Baldwin TA, Sundaram AB, Gutkind JS, Inoue A, Dessauer CW, Von Zastrow M. G protein-regulated endocytic trafficking of adenylyl cyclase type 9. eLife 2020; 9:e58039. [PMID: 32515353 PMCID: PMC7332294 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs are increasingly recognized to initiate signaling via heterotrimeric G proteins as they move through the endocytic network, but little is known about how relevant G protein effectors are localized. Here we report selective trafficking of adenylyl cyclase type 9 (AC9) from the plasma membrane to endosomes while adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) remains in the plasma membrane, and stimulation of AC9 trafficking by ligand-induced activation of Gs-coupled GPCRs. AC9 transits a similar, dynamin-dependent early endocytic pathway as ligand-activated GPCRs. However, unlike GPCR traffic control which requires β-arrestin but not Gs, AC9 traffic control requires Gs but not β-arrestin. We also show that AC9, but not AC1, mediates cAMP production stimulated by endogenous receptor activation in endosomes. These results reveal dynamic and isoform-specific trafficking of adenylyl cyclase in the endocytic network, and a discrete role of a heterotrimeric G protein in regulating the subcellular distribution of a relevant effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Lazar
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Roshanak Irannejad
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tanya A Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Aparna B Sundaram
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-kuSendaiJapan
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Mark Von Zastrow
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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57
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Fernandez TJ, De Maria M, Lobingier BT. A cellular perspective of bias at G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1345-1354. [PMID: 32297394 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate cell function over short- and long-term timescales. GPCR signaling depends on biochemical parameters that define the what, when, and where of receptor function: what proteins mediate and regulate receptor signaling, where within the cell these interactions occur, and how long these interactions persist. These parameters can vary significantly depending on the activating ligand. Collectivity, differential agonist activity at a GPCR is called bias or functional selectivity. Here we review agonist bias at GPCRs with a focus on ligands that show dramatically different cellular responses from their unbiased counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Monica De Maria
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Braden T Lobingier
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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58
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Sussman CR, Wang X, Chebib FT, Torres VE. Modulation of polycystic kidney disease by G-protein coupled receptors and cyclic AMP signaling. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109649. [PMID: 32335259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder associated with polycystic liver disease (PLD) and other extrarenal manifestations, the most common monogenic cause of end-stage kidney disease, and a major burden for public health. Many studies have shown that alterations in G-protein and cAMP signaling play a central role in its pathogenesis. As for many other diseases (35% of all approved drugs target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) or proteins functioning upstream or downstream from GPCRs), treatments targeting GPCR have shown effectiveness in slowing the rate of progression of ADPKD. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist is the first drug approved by regulatory agencies to treat rapidly progressive ADPKD. Long-acting somatostatin analogs have also been effective in slowing the rates of growth of polycystic kidneys and liver. Although no treatment has so far been able to prevent the development or stop the progression of the disease, these encouraging advances point to G-protein and cAMP signaling as a promising avenue of investigation that may lead to more effective and safe treatments. This will require a better understanding of the relevant GPCRs, G-proteins, cAMP effectors, and of the enzymes and A-kinase anchoring proteins controlling the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of general GPCR signaling; the function of polycystin-1 (PC1) as a putative atypical adhesion GPCR (aGPCR); the roles of PC1, polycystin-2 (PC2) and the PC1-PC2 complex in the regulation of calcium and cAMP signaling; the cross-talk of calcium and cAMP signaling in PKD; and GPCRs, adenylyl cyclases, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, and protein kinase A as therapeutic targets in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Fouad T Chebib
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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59
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Hagenston AM, Bading H, Bas-Orth C. Functional Consequences of Calcium-Dependent Synapse-to-Nucleus Communication: Focus on Transcription-Dependent Metabolic Plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035287. [PMID: 31570333 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, calcium signals play a major role in the conversion of synaptic stimuli into transcriptional responses. Signal-regulated gene transcription is fundamental for a range of long-lasting adaptive brain functions that include learning and memory, structural plasticity of neurites and synapses, acquired neuroprotection, chronic pain, and addiction. In this review, we summarize the diverse mechanisms governing calcium-dependent transcriptional regulation associated with central nervous system plasticity. We focus on recent advances in the field of synapse-to-nucleus communication that include studies of the signal-regulated transcriptome in human neurons, identification of novel regulatory mechanisms such as activity-induced DNA double-strand breaks, and the identification of novel forms of activity- and transcription-dependent adaptations, in particular, metabolic plasticity. We summarize the reciprocal interactions between different kinds of neuroadaptations and highlight the emerging role of activity-regulated epigenetic modifiers in gating the inducibility of signal-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Hagenston
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Bas-Orth
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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60
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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61
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Lobingier BT, von Zastrow M. When trafficking and signaling mix: How subcellular location shapes G protein-coupled receptor activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Traffic 2019; 20:130-136. [PMID: 30578610 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) physically connect extracellular information with intracellular signal propagation. Membrane trafficking plays a supportive role by "bookending" signaling events: movement through the secretory pathway delivers GPCRs to the cell surface where receptors can sample the extracellular environment, while endocytosis and endolysosomal membrane trafficking provide a versatile system to titrate cellular signaling potential and maintain homeostatic control. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to these important effects, GPCR trafficking actively shapes the cellular signaling response by altering the location and timing of specific receptor-mediated signaling reactions. Here, we review key experimental evidence underlying this expanding view, focused on GPCR signaling mediated through activation of heterotrimeric G proteins located in the cytoplasm. We then discuss lingering and emerging questions regarding the interface between GPCR signaling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden T Lobingier
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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62
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Jong YJI, Harmon SK, O’Malley KL. Location and Cell-Type-Specific Bias of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, mGlu 5, Negative Allosteric Modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4558-4570. [PMID: 31609579 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is determined by not only the agonist and a given receptor but also a variety of cell-type-specific factors that can influence a receptor's response. For example, the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, which is implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and autism, also signals from inside the cell which leads to sustained Ca2+ mobilization versus rapid transient responses. Because mGlu5 is an important drug target, many negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have been generated to modulate its activity. Here we show that NAMs such as AFQ056, AZD2066, and RG7090 elicit very different end points when tested in postnatal neuronal cultures expressing endogenous mGlu5 receptors. For example, AFQ056 fails to block intracellular mGlu5-mediated Ca2+ increases whereas RG7090 is very effective. These differences are not due to differential receptor levels, since about the same number of mGlu5 receptors are present on neurons from the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum based on pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular data. Moreover, biotinylation studies reveal that more than 90% of the receptor is intracellular in these neurons. Taken together, these data indicate that the tested NAMs exhibit both location-dependent and cell type specific bias for mGlu5-mediated Ca2+ mobilization which may affect clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin Ivy Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Steven K. Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Karen L. O’Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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63
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Ribeiro-Oliveira R, Vojtek M, Gonçalves-Monteiro S, Vieira-Rocha MS, Sousa JB, Gonçalves J, Diniz C. Nuclear G-protein-coupled receptors as putative novel pharmacological targets. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2192-2201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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64
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Tomas A, Jones B, Leech C. New Insights into Beta-Cell GLP-1 Receptor and cAMP Signaling. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1347-1366. [PMID: 31446075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the translational potential of the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in pancreatic beta cells has led to the development of established GLP-1R-based therapies for the long-term preservation of beta cell function. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the current research on the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in beta cells, including the regulation of signaling by endocytic trafficking as well as the application of concepts such as signal bias, allosteric modulation, dual agonism, polymorphic receptor variants, spatial compartmentalization of cAMP signaling and new downstream signaling targets involved in the control of beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Leech
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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65
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Nash CA, Wei W, Irannejad R, Smrcka AV. Golgi localized β1-adrenergic receptors stimulate Golgi PI4P hydrolysis by PLCε to regulate cardiac hypertrophy. eLife 2019; 8:48167. [PMID: 31433293 PMCID: PMC6726460 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased adrenergic tone resulting from cardiovascular stress leads to development of heart failure, in part, through chronic stimulation of β1 adrenergic receptors (βARs) on cardiac myocytes. Blocking these receptors is part of the basis for β-blocker therapy for heart failure. Recent data demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including βARs, are activated intracellularly, although the biological significance is unclear. Here we investigated the functional role of Golgi βARs in rat cardiac myocytes and found they activate Golgi localized, prohypertrophic, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, that is not accessed by cell surface βAR stimulation. This pathway is accessed by the physiological neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) via an Oct3 organic cation transporter. Blockade of Oct3 or specific blockade of Golgi resident β1ARs prevents NE dependent cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. This clearly defines a pathway activated by internal GPCRs in a biologically relevant cell type and has implications for development of more efficacious β-blocker therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Roshanak Irannejad
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
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66
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Villanueva-Romero R, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, González-Álvaro I, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M, Martínez C, Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y. Activation of Th lymphocytes alters pattern expression and cellular location of VIP receptors in healthy donors and early arthritis patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7383. [PMID: 31089161 PMCID: PMC6517580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is an important immunomodulator of CD4+ cells in normal and pathological conditions, which exerts its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions through VPAC receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2. Only a decrease in the expression of VPAC1 mRNA on Th cells upon activation has been reported. Thus, the deepening in the knowledge of the behavior of these receptors may contribute to the design of new therapies based on their activation and/or blockade. In this study, we describe the expression pattern, cellular location and functional role of VIP receptors during the activation of human Th cells in healthy conditions and in early arthritis (EA). The protein expression pattern of VPAC1 did not change with the activation of Th lymphocytes, whereas VPAC2 was up-regulated. In resting cells, VPAC1 was located on the plasma membrane and nucleus, whereas it only appeared in the nucleus in activated cells. VPAC2 was always found in plasma membrane location. VIP receptors signaled through a PKA-dependent pathway in both conditions, and also by a PKA-independent pathway in activated cells. Both receptors exhibit a potent immunomodulatory capacity by controlling the pathogenic profile and the activation markers of Th cells. These results highlight a novel translational view in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - I González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez-Frade
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - R P Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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67
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Heteromerization fingerprints between bradykinin B2 and thromboxane TP receptors in native cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216908. [PMID: 31086419 PMCID: PMC6516669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) and thromboxane-A2 (TX-A2) are two vasoactive mediators that modulate vascular tone and inflammation via binding to their cognate "class A" G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), BK-B2 receptors (B2R) and TX-prostanoid receptors (TP), respectively. Both BK and TX-A2 lead to ERK1/2-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and/or hypertrophy. While each of B2R and TP could form functional dimers with various GPCRs, the likelihood that B2R-TP heteromerization could contribute to their co-regulation has never been investigated. The main objective of this study was to investigate the mode of B2R and TP interaction in VSMC, and its possible impact on downstream signaling. Our findings revealed synergistically activated ERK1/2 following co-stimulation of rat VSMC with a subthreshold dose of BK and effective doses of the TP stable agonist, IBOP, possibly involving biased agonist signaling. Single detection of each of B2R and TP in VSMC, using in-situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), provided evidence of the constitutive expression of nuclear and extranuclear B2R and TP. Moreover, inspection of B2R-TP PLA signals in VSMC revealed agonist-modulated nuclear and extranuclear proximity between B2R and TP, whose quantification varied substantially following single versus dual agonist stimulations. B2R-TP interaction was further verified by the findings of co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis of VSMC lysates. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides evidence supporting the existence of B2R-TP heteromerization fingerprints in primary cultured VSMC.
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68
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Localised GPCR signalling as revealed by FRET biosensors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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69
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Espinosa-Riquer ZP, Ibarra-Sánchez A, Vibhushan S, Bratti M, Charles N, Blank U, Rodríguez-Manzo G, González-Espinosa C. TLR4 Receptor Induces 2-AG-Dependent Tolerance to Lipopolysaccharide and Trafficking of CB2 Receptor in Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2360-2371. [PMID: 30814309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the control of local inflammatory reactions and become hyporesponsive after prolonged TLR4 activation by bacterial LPS. The molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin tolerance (ET) induction in MCs are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and its receptor, cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), play a role in the establishment of ET in bone marrow-derived MCs from C57BL/6J mice. We found that CB2 antagonism prevented the development of ET and that bone marrow-derived MCs produce 2-AG in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Exogenous 2-AG induced ET similarly to LPS, blocking the phosphorylation of IKK and the p65 subunit of NF-κB and inducing the synthesis of molecular markers of ET. LPS caused CB2 receptor trafficking in Rab11-, Rab7-, and Lamp2-positive vesicles, indicating recycling and degradation of the receptor. 2-AG also prevented LPS-induced TNF secretion in vivo, in a MC-dependent model of endotoxemia, demonstrating that TLR4 engagement leads to 2-AG secretion, which contributes to the negative control of MCs activation. Our study uncovers a functional role for the endocannabinoid system in the inhibition of MC-dependent innate immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zyanya P Espinosa-Riquer
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, 75018 Paris, France; and.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Bratti
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, 75018 Paris, France; and.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, 75018 Paris, France; and.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, 75018 Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, 75018 Paris, France; and.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Claudia González-Espinosa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CP 14330 Mexico City, Mexico;
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70
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Weinberg ZY, Crilly SE, Puthenveedu MA. Spatial encoding of GPCR signaling in the nervous system. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:83-89. [PMID: 30708280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several GPCRs, including receptors previously thought to signal primarily from the cell surface, have been recently shown to signal from many intracellular compartments. This raises the idea that signaling by any given receptor is spatially encoded in the cell, with distinct sites of signal origin dictating distinct downstream consequences. We will discuss recent developments that address this novel facet of GPCR physiology, focusing on the spatial segregation of signaling from the cell surface, endosomes, and the Golgi by receptors relevant to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephanie E Crilly
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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71
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Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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72
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Lahuna O, Jockers R. [Mitochondrial signaling of G protein-coupled receptors]. Biol Aujourdhui 2018; 212:21-26. [PMID: 30362452 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2018024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of integral membrane receptors with 800 members in humans that are expressed at the cell surface responding to a large panel of extracellular stimuli. Recent advances indicate that GPCRs are also expressed in intracellular compartments where they fulfil important functions. Here, we will report on the mitochondrial localization and function of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lahuna
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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73
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Expanding neuropeptide signalling by multiplying receptor functional states and sub-cellular locations. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:49-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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74
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Abstract
The trillions of synaptic connections within the human brain are shaped by experience and neuronal activity, both of which underlie synaptic plasticity and ultimately learning and memory. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in synaptic plasticity by strengthening or weakening synapses and/or shaping dendritic spines. While most studies of synaptic plasticity have focused on cell surface receptors and their downstream signaling partners, emerging data point to a critical new role for the very same receptors to signal from inside the cell. Intracellular receptors have been localized to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and mitochondria. From these intracellular positions, such receptors may couple to different signaling systems, display unique desensitization patterns, and/or show distinct patterns of subcellular distribution. Intracellular GPCRs can be activated at the cell surface, endocytosed, and transported to an intracellular site or simply activated in situ by de novo ligand synthesis, diffusion of permeable ligands, or active transport of non-permeable ligands. Current findings reinforce the notion that intracellular GPCRs play a dynamic role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. As new intracellular GPCR roles are defined, the need to selectively tailor agonists and/or antagonists to both intracellular and cell surface receptors may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin I. Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven K. Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen L. O’Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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75
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Moore BS, Mirshahi T. Genetic variants help define the role of the MC4R C-terminus in signaling and cell surface stability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10397. [PMID: 29991773 PMCID: PMC6039487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening 92,445 subjects in the Geisinger-Regeneron DiscovEHR cohort, we identified 5 patients heterozygous for nonsense mutations causing early terminations at Glu307 or Leu328 on the C-terminus of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Two Q307Ter carriers are severely obese (BMI > 40), while one is overweight (BMI > 25). One L328Ter carrier is overweight and the other is lean. Pedigree analysis for two Q307Ter carriers shows segregation of the variant with higher BMI. Functionally, MC4R(Q307Ter) eliminated receptor surface expression and signaling, while MC4R(L328Ter) functioned like the wild-type receptor. MC4R(Q307Ter) is therefore a loss of function (LOF) variant and the region between the two truncation sites identified in our patients is critical to MC4R function. Truncating MC4R at various C-terminal positions between these two variant sites, we find that cysteine318 sits at a critical junction for receptor trafficking and function. We show that MC4R is lipid modified at cysteine318 and cysteine319. Therefore, truncation early in the MC4R C-terminus results in haploinsufficiency in humans while truncation after the first lipid-modification site is well tolerated. MC4R haploinsufficiency clearly segregates with higher BMI; however, severe obesity is not fully penetrant even in MC4R LOF carriers, suggesting critical roles for environmental and lifestyle factors in MC4R monogenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn S Moore
- Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States. .,Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States.
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76
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Stoeber M, Jullié D, Lobingier BT, Laeremans T, Steyaert J, Schiller PW, Manglik A, von Zastrow M. A Genetically Encoded Biosensor Reveals Location Bias of Opioid Drug Action. Neuron 2018; 98:963-976.e5. [PMID: 29754753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (ORs) precisely modulate behavior when activated by native peptide ligands but distort behaviors to produce pathology when activated by non-peptide drugs. A fundamental question is how drugs differ from peptides in their actions on target neurons. Here, we show that drugs differ in the subcellular location at which they activate ORs. We develop a genetically encoded biosensor that directly detects ligand-induced activation of ORs and uncover a real-time map of the spatiotemporal organization of OR activation in living neurons. Peptide agonists produce a characteristic activation pattern initiated in the plasma membrane and propagating to endosomes after receptor internalization. Drugs produce a different activation pattern by additionally driving OR activation in the somatic Golgi apparatus and Golgi elements extending throughout the dendritic arbor. These results establish an approach to probe the cellular basis of neuromodulation and reveal that drugs distort the spatiotemporal landscape of neuronal OR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Damien Jullié
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Braden T Lobingier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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77
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Jain R, Watson U, Vasudevan L, Saini DK. ERK Activation Pathways Downstream of GPCRs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 338:79-109. [PMID: 29699693 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GPCRs, the 7-TM receptors, represent a class of cell surface receptors which modulate a variety of physiological responses. The serpentine structure in addition to contributing the diversity of stimuli these receptors can sense also provides flexibility to the extracellular and intracellular regions where other proteins can interact with and can form functionally active multimeric entities. The range in signaling and physiological responses generated by these receptors can be attributed to a large repertoire of the receptor subtypes as well as their differential coupling to various classes of G-protein subunits and other proteins which facilitate multistate activation. A multistate GPCR can engage diverse signaling molecules, thereby modulating not only the canonical cellular responses but also noncanonical responses typically associated with activation of other cascades such as RTK and MAPK/ERK signaling. Given the crucial involvement of MAP kinase/ERK signaling in cell fate determination specially with respect to regulating cell proliferation, cellular apoptosis, and survival, GPCR-mediated cross-activation of MAPK has been explored in various systems and shown to involve functional integration of multiple pathways. This review describes the present knowledge of the different mechanisms of ERK activation downstream of GPCRs and our present understanding of receptor-dependent and -independent MAPK activation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Jain
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Uchenna Watson
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India
| | - Lakshmi Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; L-GEST-Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deepak K Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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78
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Jong YJI, Harmon SK, O'Malley KL. GPCR signalling from within the cell. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:4026-4035. [PMID: 28872669 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, signal transduction from GPCRs is thought to emanate from the cell surface where receptor interactions with external stimuli can be transformed into a broad range of cellular responses. However, emergent data show that numerous GPCRs are also associated with various intracellular membranes where they may couple to different signalling systems, display unique desensitization patterns and/or exhibit distinct patterns of subcellular distribution. Although many GPCRs can be activated at the cell surface and subsequently endocytosed and transported to a unique intracellular site, other intracellular GPCRs can be activated in situ either via de novo ligand synthesis, diffusion of permeable ligands or active transport of nonpermeable ligands. Current findings reinforce the notion that intracellular GPCRs play a dynamic role in various biological functions including learning and memory, contractility and angiogenesis. As new intracellular GPCR roles are defined, the need to selectively tailor agonists and/or antagonists to both intracellular and cell surface receptors may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic tools. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Jiin I Jong
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven K Harmon
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karen L O'Malley
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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