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Collins S, Boyd PW, Doblin MA. Evolution, Microbes, and Changing Ocean Conditions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:181-208. [PMID: 31451085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evolution and the associated theory are underutilized in marine microbial studies; the two fields have developed largely in isolation. Here, we review evolutionary tools for addressing four key areas of ocean global change biology: linking plastic and evolutionary trait changes, the contribution of environmental variability to determining trait values, the role of multiple environmental drivers in trait change, and the fate of populations near their tolerance limits. Wherever possible, we highlight which data from marine studies could use evolutionary approaches and where marine model systems can advance our understanding of evolution. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of marine microbial experimental evolution. We propose a framework linking changes in environmental quality (defined as the cumulative effect on population growth rate) with population traits affecting evolutionary potential, in order to understand which evolutionary processes are likely to be most important across a range of locations for different types of marine microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom;
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia;
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia;
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Masó G, Ozgul A, Fitze PS. Decreased Precipitation Predictability Negatively Affects Population Growth through Differences in Adult Survival. Am Nat 2019; 195:43-55. [PMID: 31868534 DOI: 10.1086/706183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is leading to decreased climatic predictability. Theoretical work indicates that changes in the climate's intrinsic predictability will affect population dynamics and extinction, but experimental evidence is scarce. Here, we experimentally tested whether differences in intrinsic precipitation predictability affect population dynamics of the European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) by simulating more predictable (MP) and less predictable (LP) precipitation in 12 seminatural populations over 3 years and measuring different vital rates. A seasonal age-structured matrix model was parametrized to assess treatment effects on vital rates and asymptotic population growth (λ). There was a nonsignificant trend for survival being higher in MP than in LP precipitation, and no differences existed in reproductive rates. Small nonsignificant survival differences in adults explained changes in λ, and survival differences among age classes were in line with predictions from cohort resonance. As a result, λ was significantly higher in MP than in LP precipitation. This experimentally shows that small effects have major consequences on λ, that forecasted decreases in precipitation predictability are likely to exacerbate the current rate of population decline and extinction, and that stage-structured matrix models are required to unravel the aftermath of climate change.
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Reinke BA, Miller DA, Janzen FJ. What Have Long-Term Field Studies Taught Us About Population Dynamics? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies have been crucial to the advancement of population biology, especially our understanding of population dynamics. We argue that this progress arises from three key characteristics of long-term research. First, long-term data are necessary to observe the heterogeneity that drives most population processes. Second, long-term studies often inherently lead to novel insights. Finally, long-term field studies can serve as model systems for population biology, allowing for theory and methods to be tested under well-characterized conditions. We illustrate these ideas in three long-term field systems that have made outsized contributions to our understanding of population ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. We then highlight three emerging areas to which long-term field studies are well positioned to contribute in the future: ecological forecasting, genomics, and macrosystems ecology. Overcoming the obstacles associated with maintaining long-term studies requires continued emphasis on recognizing the benefits of such studies to ensure that long-term research continues to have a substantial impact on elucidating population biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Reinke
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - David A.W. Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Masó G, Kaufmann J, Clavero H, Fitze PS. Age-dependent effects of moderate differences in environmental predictability forecasted by climate change, experimental evidence from a short-lived lizard (Zootoca vivipara). Sci Rep 2019; 9:15546. [PMID: 31664098 PMCID: PMC6820789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how differences in environmental predictability affect life-history traits is controversial and may depend on mean environmental conditions. Solid evidence for effects of environmental predictability are lacking and thus, the consequences of the currently observed and forecasted climate-change induced reduction of precipitation predictability are largely unknown. Here we experimentally tested whether and how changes in the predictability of precipitation affect growth, reproduction, and survival of common lizard Zootoca vivipara. Precipitation predictability affected all three age classes. While adults were able to compensate the treatment effects, yearlings and juvenile females were not able to compensate negative effects of less predictable precipitation on growth and body condition, respectively. Differences among the age-classes' response reflect differences (among age-classes) in the sensitivity to environmental predictability. Moreover, effects of environmental predictability depended on mean environmental conditions. This indicates that integrating differences in environmental sensitivity, and changes in averages and the predictability of climatic variables will be key to understand whether species are able to cope with the current climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Masó
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700, Jaca, Spain
| | - J Kaufmann
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - H Clavero
- IUCN-Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, c/Marie Curie, 22, Edif. Habitec, 29590, Campanillas, Malaga, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P S Fitze
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700, Jaca, Spain.
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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55
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March-Salas M, van Kleunen M, Fitze PS. Rapid and positive responses of plants to lower precipitation predictability. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191486. [PMID: 31640513 PMCID: PMC6834054 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Current climate change is characterized by an increase in weather variability, which includes altered means, variance and predictability of weather parameters, and which may affect an organism's ecology and evolution. Few studies have experimentally manipulated the variability of weather parameters, and very little is known about the effects of changes in the intrinsic predictability of weather parameters on living organisms. Here, we experimentally tested the effects of differences in intrinsic precipitation-predictability on two herbaceous plants (Onobrychis viciifolia and Papaver rhoeas). Lower precipitation-predictability led to phenological advance and to an increase in reproductive success, and population growth. Both species exhibited rapid transgenerational responses in phenology and fitness-related traits across four generations that mitigated most effects of precipitation-predictability on fitness proxies of ancestors. Transgenerational responses appeared to be the result of changes in phenotypic plasticity rather than local adaptation. They mainly existed with respect to conditions prevailing during early, but not during late growth, suggesting that responses to differences in predictability during late growth might be more difficult. The results show that lower short-term predictability of precipitation positively affected fitness, rapid transgenerational responses existed and different time scales of predictability (short-term, seasonal and transgenerational predictability) may affect organisms differently. This shows that the time scale of predictability should be considered in evolutionary and ecological theories, and in assessments of the consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí March-Salas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700 Jaca, Spain
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick S. Fitze
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, 22700 Jaca, Spain
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Abstract
2018: Arctic researchers have just witnessed another extreme summer—but in a new sense of the word. Although public interest has long been focused on general warming trends and trends towards a lower sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, this summer saw the realization of another predicted trend: that of increasing precipitation during the winter months and of increased year-to-year variability. In a well-studied ecosystem in Northeast Greenland, this resulted in the most complete reproductive failure encountered in the terrestrial ecosystem during more than two decades of monitoring: only a few animals and plants were able to reproduce because of abundant and late melting snow. These observations, we suggest, should open our eyes to potentially drastic consequences of predicted changes in both the mean and the variability of arctic climate. In summer 2018, many arctic regions experienced unprecedented large amounts of snow. This Perspective article reports the ecological impacts of this extreme event, and shows that the severe snow conditions resulted in an almost complete reproductive failure across the entire ecosystem. The 2018 may be a rare event, but it also offers a gloomy peep into the future.
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Haaland TR, Botero CA. Alternative responses to rare selection events are differentially vulnerable to changes in the frequency, scope, and intensity of environmental extremes. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11752-11761. [PMID: 31695885 PMCID: PMC6822052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, severe, and/or widespread as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. While the economic and ecological implications of these changes have received considerable attention, the role of evolutionary processes in determining organismal responses to these critical challenges is currently unknown. Here we develop a novel theoretical framework that explores how alternative pathways for adaptation to rare selection events can influence population-level vulnerabilities to future changes in the frequency, scope, and intensity of environmental extremes. We begin by showing that different life histories and trait expression profiles can shift the balance between additive and multiplicative properties of fitness accumulation, favoring different evolutionary responses to identical environmental phenomena. We then demonstrate that these different adaptive outcomes lead to predictable differences in population-level vulnerabilities to rapid increases in the frequency, intensity, or scope of extreme weather events. Specifically, we show that when the primary mode of fitness accumulation is additive, evolution favors ignoring environmental extremes and lineages become highly vulnerable to extinction if the frequency or scope of extreme weather events suddenly increases. Conversely, when fitness accumulates primarily multiplicatively, evolution favors bet-hedging phenotypes that cope well with historical extremes and are instead vulnerable to sudden increases in extreme event intensity. Our findings address a critical gap in our understanding of the potential consequences of rare selection events and provide a relatively simple rubric for assessing the vulnerabilities of any population of interest to changes in a wide variety of extreme environmental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Haaland
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Carlos A. Botero
- Department of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
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58
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Hydrologic variability contributes to reduced survival through metamorphosis in a stream salamander. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19563-19570. [PMID: 31488710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908057116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the amount, intensity, and timing of precipitation are increasing hydrologic variability in many regions, but we have little understanding of how these changes are affecting freshwater species. Stream-breeding amphibians-a diverse group in North America-may be particularly sensitive to hydrologic variability during aquatic larval and metamorphic stages. Here, we tested the prediction that hydrologic variability in streams decreases survival through metamorphosis in the salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, reducing recruitment to the adult stage. Using a 20-y dataset from Merrill Brook, a stream in northern New Hampshire, we show that abundance of G. porphyriticus adults has declined by ∼50% since 1999, but there has been no trend in larval abundance. We then tested whether hydrologic variability during summers influences survival through metamorphosis, using capture-mark-recapture data from Merrill Brook (1999 to 2004) and from 4 streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (2012 to 2014), also in New Hampshire. At both sites, survival through metamorphosis declined with increasing variability of stream discharge. These results suggest that hydrologic variability reduces the demographic resilience and adaptive capacity of G. porphyriticus populations by decreasing recruitment of breeding adults. They also provide insight on how increasing hydrologic variability is affecting freshwater species, and on the broader effects of environmental variability on species with vulnerable metamorphic stages.
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59
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He X, Liang J, Zeng G, Yuan Y, Li X. The Effects of Interaction between Climate Change and Land-Use/Cover Change on Biodiversity-Related Ecosystem Services. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1800095. [PMID: 31565394 PMCID: PMC6733396 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and land-use/cover change (LUCC) are two major types of global environmental change. They are increasingly challenging the main objectives of ecosystem management, which are to provide ecosystem services sustainably to society and maintain biodiversity. However, a comprehensive understanding of how climate-land-use change affects these primary goals of ecosystem management is still lacking. Here, a global literature review on the impacts of climate change and LUCC on ecosystem services related to biodiversity is presented. In this review, possible ecological responses at species, community, and ecosystem levels, and the effects of interaction mechanisms between climate change and LUCC on biodiversity-related ecosystem services are identified. The results show possible effects on species facing climate change challenges through affecting distribution/range shifts, interspecific relations, richness, and abundance, and the impacts on biodiversity through increasing extinction rates, nutrient deposition, and habitat fragmentation under LUCC. Climate change may hinder the ability of species to deal with LUCC, and in turn LUCC could reduce resilience to climate change. Understanding of these interactions is necessary to address the increasing pressure on sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services under different climate and land-use scenarios in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue He
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University)Ministry of EducationChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University)Ministry of EducationChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University)Ministry of EducationChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic‐Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water ResourcesInstitute of HydroecologyMinistry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University)Ministry of EducationChangsha410082P. R. China
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60
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Oldfather MF, Ackerly DD. Microclimate and demography interact to shape stable population dynamics across the range of an alpine plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:193-205. [PMID: 30372539 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous terrain in montane systems results in a decoupling of climatic gradients. Population dynamics across species' ranges in these heterogeneous landscapes are shaped by relationships between demographic rates and these interwoven climate gradients. Linking demography and climate variables across species' ranges refines our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of species' current and future ranges. We explored the importance of multiple microclimatic gradients in shaping individual demographic rates and population growth rates in 16 populations across the elevational distribution of an alpine plant (Ivesia lycopodioides var. scandularis). Using integral projection modeling, we ask how each rate varies across three microclimate gradients: accumulated degree-days, growing-season soil moisture, and days of snow cover. Range-wide variation in demographic rates was best explained by the combined influence of multiple microclimatic variables. Different pairs of demographic rates exhibited both similar and inverse responses to the same microclimatic gradient, and the microclimatic effects often varied with plant size. These responses resulted in range-wide projected population persistence, with no declining populations at either elevational range edge or at the extremes of the microclimate gradients. The complex relationships between topography, microclimate and demography suggest that populations across a species' range may have unique demographic pathways to stable population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan F Oldfather
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - David D Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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61
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March-Salas M, Fitze PS. A multi-year experiment shows that lower precipitation predictability encourages plants' early life stages and enhances population viability. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6443. [PMID: 30867983 PMCID: PMC6410692 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a key factor that may cause the extinction of species. The associated reduced weather predictability may alter the survival of plants, especially during their early life stages, when individuals are most fragile. While it is expected that extreme weather events will be highly detrimental for species, the effects of more subtle environmental changes have been little considered. In a four-year experiment on two herbaceous plants, Papaver rhoeas and Onobrychis viciifolia, we manipulated the predictability of precipitation by changing the temporal correlation of precipitation events while maintaining average precipitation constant, leading to more and less predictable treatments. We assessed the effect of predictability on plant viability in terms of seedling emergence, survival, seed production, and population growth rate. We found greater seedling emergence, survival, and population growth for plants experiencing lower intra-seasonal predictability, but more so during early compared to late life stages. Since predictability levels were maintained across four generations, we have also tested whether descendants exhibited transgenerational responses to previous predictability conditions. In P. rhoeas, descendants had increased the seedling emergence compared to ancestors under both treatments, but more so under lower precipitation predictability. However, higher predictability in the late treatment induced higher survival in descendants, showing that these conditions may benefit long-term survival. This experiment highlights the ability of some plants to rapidly exploit environmental resources and increase their survival under less predictable conditions, especially during early life stages. Therefore, this study provides relevant evidence of the survival capacity of some species under current and future short-term environmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí March-Salas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Jaca, Spain.,Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick S Fitze
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biodiversity and Ecologic Restoration, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Jaca, Spain
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62
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Iles DT, Rockwell RF, Koons DN. Shifting Vital Rate Correlations Alter Predicted Population Responses to Increasingly Variable Environments. Am Nat 2019; 193:E57-E64. [PMID: 30794453 DOI: 10.1086/701043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Time series of vital rates are often used to construct "environment-blind" stochastic population projections and calculate the elasticity of population growth to increased temporal variance in vital rates. Here, we show that the utility of this widely used demographic tool is greatly limited by shifts in vital rate correlations that occur as environmental drivers become increasingly variable. The direction and magnitude of these shifts are unpredictable without environmentally explicit models. Shifting vital rate correlations had the largest fitness effects on life histories with short to medium generation times, potentially hampering comparative analyses based on elasticities to vital rate variance for a wide range of species. Shifts in vital rate correlations are likely ubiquitous in increasingly variable environments, and further research should empirically evaluate the life histories for which detailed mechanistic relationships between vital rates and environmental drivers are required for making reliable predictions versus those for which summarized demographic data are sufficient.
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63
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Berec
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Inst. of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Univ. of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 CZ‐37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Inst. of Entomology, Dept of Ecology Branišoská 31 CZ‐37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
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64
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Stawitz CC, Essington TE. Somatic growth contributes to population variation in marine fishes. J Anim Ecol 2018; 88:315-329. [PMID: 30381829 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding population fluctuations is a major goal of population ecology. In unpredictable marine environments, population variation is thought to be caused primarily by varying survival rates through a critical early life-history stage. However, there is increasing evidence that somatic growth variation is common and causes population fluctuations. We examine the relative effects of empirically validated variability in somatic growth and recruitment on two response metrics across eight different life-history archetypes of marine fish. We evaluate how much variation is propagated into mature biomass (MB), a proxy for population resilience, and population production, a measure of population rebuilding capacity. Production is defined as the biomass produced by the stock above what is needed to sustain the population at a constant level. We used empirical estimates of reproductive success and somatic growth rate, coupled with a population model, to evaluate the relative role of both types of variation in population fluctuations. The effects of this variation on population production and MB were examined across three variation scenarios, in which somatic growth only, reproduction only or both processes varied temporally. We also examined three levels of age truncation to explore whether modified population age structure altered these dynamics. The contribution of somatic growth to biomass variability exceeded that of recruitment for some species (2/8), while in others (5/8 species), recruitment variation was more influential. When population production was examined, somatic growth variation contributed more to population variation for three species. The relative importance of the two processes was not clearly correlated with key life-history traits (i.e., growth and mortality rates), but instead was determined by time-series characteristics of growth and recruitment variation. Increasing age truncation slightly increased the relative effect of recruitment variation on MB variation for three species. These results suggest somatic growth variation can be as important as early life-history survival in driving population fluctuations in some marine fish species. This analysis provides a counterexample to the commonly held assumption of many marine population dynamics models: That population variability is induced primarily through variation in reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Stawitz
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Timothy E Essington
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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65
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Fey SB, Vasseur DA. Thermal variability alters the impact of climate warming on consumer-resource systems. Ecology 2018; 97:1690-1699. [PMID: 27859173 DOI: 10.1890/15-1838.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermal variation through space and time are prominent features of ecosystems that influence processes at multiple levels of biological organization. Yet, it remains unclear how populations embedded within biological communities will respond to climate warming in thermally variable environments, particularly as climate change alters existing patterns of thermal spatial and temporal variability. As environmental temperatures increase above historical ranges, organisms may increasingly rely on extreme habitats to effectively thermoregulate. Such locations desirable in their thermal attributes (e.g., thermal refugia) are often suboptimal for resource acquisition (e.g., underground tunnels). Thus, via the expected increase in both mean temperatures and diel thermal variation, climate warming may heighten the trade-off for consumers between behaviors maximizing thermal performance and those maximizing resource acquisition. Here, we integrate behavioral, physiological, and trophic ecology to provide a general framework for understanding how temporal thermal variation, mediated by access to a thermal refugium, alters the response of consumer-resource systems to warming. We use this framework to predict how temporal variation and access to thermal refugia affect the persistence of consumers and resources during climate warming, how the quality of thermal refugia impact consumer-resource systems, and how consumer-resource systems with fast vs. slow ecological dynamics respond to warming. Our results show that the spatial thermal variability provided by refugia can elevate consumer biomass at warmer temperatures despite reducing the fraction of time consumers spend foraging, that temporal variability detrimentally impacts consumers at high environmental temperatures, and that consumer-resource systems with fast ecological dynamics are most vulnerable to climate warming. Thus, incorporating both estimates of thermal variability and species interactions may be necessary to accurately predict how populations respond to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Fey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - David A Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
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66
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Alford L, Tougeron K, Pierre JS, Burel F, van Baaren J. The effect of landscape complexity and microclimate on the thermal tolerance of a pest insect. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:905-915. [PMID: 28322022 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Landscape changes are known to exacerbate the impacts of climate change. As such, understanding the combined effect of climate and landscape on agroecosystems is vital if we are to maintain the function of agroecosystems. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of agricultural landscape complexity on the microclimate and thermal tolerance of an aphid pest to better understand how landscape and climate may interact to affect the thermal tolerance of pest species within the context of global climate change. Meteorological data were measured at the landscape level, and cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae, Metopolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi) sampled, from contrasting landscapes (simple and complex) in winter 2013/2014 and spring 2014 in cereal fields of Brittany, France. Aphids were returned to the laboratory and the effect of landscape of origin on aphid cold tolerance (as determined by CTmin ) was investigated. Results revealed that local landscape complexity significantly affected microclimate, with simple homogenous landscapes being on average warmer, but with greater temperature variation. Landscape complexity was shown to impact aphid cold tolerance, with aphids from complex landscapes being more cold tolerant than those from simple landscapes in both winter and spring, but with differences among species. This study highlights that future changes to land use could have implications for the thermal tolerance and adaptability of insects. Furthermore, not all insect species respond in a similar way to microhabitat and microclimate, which could disrupt important predator-prey relationships and the ecosystem service they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Alford
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, Cedex, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Rennes, France
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, Cedex, France
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, Cedex, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, Cedex, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Rennes, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, Cedex, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), Rennes, France
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67
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Tredennick AT, Teller B, Adler PB, Hooker G, Ellner SP. Size‐by‐environment interactions: a neglected dimension of species' responses to environmental variation. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1757-1770. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Tredennick
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Brittany J. Teller
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Giles Hooker
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Stephen P. Ellner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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68
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Bernhardt JR, Sunday JM, Thompson PL, O'Connor MI. Nonlinear averaging of thermal experience predicts population growth rates in a thermally variable environment. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1076. [PMID: 30209223 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As thermal regimes change worldwide, projections of future population and species persistence often require estimates of how population growth rates depend on temperature. These projections rarely account for how temporal variation in temperature can systematically modify growth rates relative to projections based on constant temperatures. Here, we tested the hypothesis that time-averaged population growth rates in fluctuating thermal environments differ from growth rates in constant conditions as a consequence of Jensen's inequality, and that the thermal performance curves (TPCs) describing population growth in fluctuating environments can be predicted quantitatively based on TPCs generated in constant laboratory conditions. With experimental populations of the green alga Tetraselmis tetrahele, we show that nonlinear averaging techniques accurately predicted increased as well as decreased population growth rates in fluctuating thermal regimes relative to constant thermal regimes. We extrapolate from these results to project critical temperatures for population growth and persistence of 89 phytoplankton species in naturally variable thermal environments. These results advance our ability to predict population dynamics in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jennifer M Sunday
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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69
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Halley JM, Van Houtan KS, Mantua N. How survival curves affect populations' vulnerability to climate change. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203124. [PMID: 30188919 PMCID: PMC6126862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities are exposing organisms not only to direct threats (e.g. habitat loss) but also to indirect environmental pressures such as climate change, which involves not just directional global warming but also increasing climatic variability. Such changes will impact whole communities of organisms and the possible effects on population dynamics have raised concerns about increased extinction rates. Conservation-minded approaches to extinction risk vary from range shifts predicted by climate envelope models with no population dynamics to population viability analyses that ignore environmental variability altogether. Our modelling study shows that these extremes are modelling responses to a spectrum of environmental sensitivity that organisms may exhibit. We show how the survival curve plays a major role in how environmental variability leads to population fluctuations. While it is often supposed that low-fecundity organisms (those with high parental investment) will be the most vulnerable to climate change, it is those with high fecundity (low parental investment) that are likely to be more sensitive to such changes. We also find that abundance variations in high fecundity populations is driven primarily by fluctuations in the survival of early life stages, the more so if those environmental changes are autocorrelated in time. We show which types of conservation actions are most appropriate for a number of real populations. While the most effective conservation actions for organisms of low fecundity is to avoid killing them, for populations with high fecundity (and low parental investment), our study suggests conservation should focus more on protecting early life stages from hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Halley
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyle S. Van Houtan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, United States of America
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nate Mantua
- NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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70
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Kahilainen A, van Nouhuys S, Schulz T, Saastamoinen M. Metapopulation dynamics in a changing climate: Increasing spatial synchrony in weather conditions drives metapopulation synchrony of a butterfly inhabiting a fragmented landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4316-4329. [PMID: 29682866 PMCID: PMC6120548 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation and climate change are both prominent manifestations of global change, but there is little knowledge on the specific mechanisms of how climate change may modify the effects of habitat fragmentation, for example, by altering dynamics of spatially structured populations. The long-term viability of metapopulations is dependent on independent dynamics of local populations, because it mitigates fluctuations in the size of the metapopulation as a whole. Metapopulation viability will be compromised if climate change increases spatial synchrony in weather conditions associated with population growth rates. We studied a recently reported increase in metapopulation synchrony of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in the Finnish archipelago, to see if it could be explained by an increase in synchrony of weather conditions. For this, we used 23 years of butterfly survey data together with monthly weather records for the same period. We first examined the associations between population growth rates within different regions of the metapopulation and weather conditions during different life-history stages of the butterfly. We then examined the association between the trends in the synchrony of the weather conditions and the synchrony of the butterfly metapopulation dynamics. We found that precipitation from spring to late summer are associated with the M. cinxia per capita growth rate, with early summer conditions being most important. We further found that the increase in metapopulation synchrony is paralleled by an increase in the synchrony of weather conditions. Alternative explanations for spatial synchrony, such as increased dispersal or trophic interactions with a specialist parasitoid, did not show paralleled trends and are not supported. The climate driven increase in M. cinxia metapopulation synchrony suggests that climate change can increase extinction risk of spatially structured populations living in fragmented landscapes by altering their dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Kahilainen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - Torsti Schulz
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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71
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Iles DT, Williams NM, Crone EE. Source‐sink dynamics of bumblebees in rapidly changing landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T. Iles
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts
- Department of BiologyTufts University Medford Massachusetts
| | - Neal M. Williams
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of California Davis California
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72
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Iles DT, Rockwell RF, Koons DN. Reproductive success of a keystone herbivore is more variable and responsive to climate in habitats with lower resource diversity. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1182-1191. [PMID: 29676509 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of climate on wild populations are often channelled through species interactions. Population responses to climate variation can therefore differ across habitats, owing to variation in the biotic community. Theory predicts that consumer demography should be less variable and less responsive to climate in habitats with greater resource diversity. We tested these predictions using a long-term study of breeding lesser snow geese along the western coast of Hudson Bay, Manitoba, Canada. Reproductive success was measured in 22 years from 114 locations, in either coastal or inland habitat types. We used Bayesian analysis to estimate the response of reproductive success to climate in each habitat type, along with residual variation not explained by climate. We then quantified gosling diet composition in each habitat type to test the prediction that reproductive success would be less variable and more responsive to climate in habitats with lower resource diversity. Reproductive success responded positively to seasonal warmness, but this response was much stronger in inland habitats than in coastal habitats. Site- and year-level random effects were also three to five times more variable in inland habitats. Simultaneously, land cover diversity and gosling diet diversity were lower in inland habitats. Our study illustrates that spatial variation in resource diversity (and thus, species interactions) can have important effects on consumer responses to climate. In this system, climate change is expected to disproportionately increase the reproductive success of snow geese in vast inland habitats, potentially counteracting management efforts to reduce the abundance of this keystone herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Iles
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Robert F Rockwell
- Department of Ornithology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - David N Koons
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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73
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Reid JM, Travis JMJ, Daunt F, Burthe SJ, Wanless S, Dytham C. Population and evolutionary dynamics in spatially structured seasonally varying environments. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1578-1603. [PMID: 29575449 PMCID: PMC6849584 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly imperative objectives in ecology are to understand and forecast population dynamic and evolutionary responses to seasonal environmental variation and change. Such population and evolutionary dynamics result from immediate and lagged responses of all key life‐history traits, and resulting demographic rates that affect population growth rate, to seasonal environmental conditions and population density. However, existing population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary theory and models have not yet fully encompassed within‐individual and among‐individual variation, covariation, structure and heterogeneity, and ongoing evolution, in a critical life‐history trait that allows individuals to respond to seasonal environmental conditions: seasonal migration. Meanwhile, empirical studies aided by new animal‐tracking technologies are increasingly demonstrating substantial within‐population variation in the occurrence and form of migration versus year‐round residence, generating diverse forms of ‘partial migration’ spanning diverse species, habitats and spatial scales. Such partially migratory systems form a continuum between the extreme scenarios of full migration and full year‐round residence, and are commonplace in nature. Here, we first review basic scenarios of partial migration and associated models designed to identify conditions that facilitate the maintenance of migratory polymorphism. We highlight that such models have been fundamental to the development of partial migration theory, but are spatially and demographically simplistic compared to the rich bodies of population dynamic theory and models that consider spatially structured populations with dispersal but no migration, or consider populations experiencing strong seasonality and full obligate migration. Second, to provide an overarching conceptual framework for spatio‐temporal population dynamics, we define a ‘partially migratory meta‐population’ system as a spatially structured set of locations that can be occupied by different sets of resident and migrant individuals in different seasons, and where locations that can support reproduction can also be linked by dispersal. We outline key forms of within‐individual and among‐individual variation and structure in migration that could arise within such systems and interact with variation in individual survival, reproduction and dispersal to create complex population dynamics and evolutionary responses across locations, seasons, years and generations. Third, we review approaches by which population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary models could be developed to test hypotheses regarding the dynamics and persistence of partially migratory meta‐populations given diverse forms of seasonal environmental variation and change, and to forecast system‐specific dynamics. To demonstrate one such approach, we use an evolutionary individual‐based model to illustrate that multiple forms of partial migration can readily co‐exist in a simple spatially structured landscape. Finally, we summarise recent empirical studies that demonstrate key components of demographic structure in partial migration, and demonstrate diverse associations with reproduction and survival. We thereby identify key theoretical and empirical knowledge gaps that remain, and consider multiple complementary approaches by which these gaps can be filled in order to elucidate population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary responses to spatio‐temporal seasonal environmental variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Francis Daunt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah J Burthe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah Wanless
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Calvin Dytham
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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74
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McCauley SJ, Hammond JI, Mabry KE. Simulated climate change increases larval mortality, alters phenology, and affects flight morphology of a dragonfly. Ecosphere 2018; 9. [PMID: 30555728 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For organisms with complex life cycles, climate change can have both direct effects and indirect effects that are mediated through plastic responses to temperature and that carry over beyond the developmental environment. We examined multiple responses to environmental warming in a dragonfly, a species whose life history bridges aquatic and terrestrial environments. We tested larval survival under warming and whether warmer conditions can create carry-over effects between life history stages. Rearing dragonfly larvae in an experimental warming array to simulate increases in temperature, we contrasted the effects of the current thermal environment with temperatures +2.5°C and +5°C above ambient, temperatures predicted for 50 and 100 years in the future for the study region. Aquatic mesocosms were stocked with dragonfly larvae (Erythemis collocata) and we followed survival of larvae to adult emergence. We also measured the effects of warming on the timing of the life history transition to the adult stage, body size of adults, and the relative size of their wings, an aspect of morphology key to flight performance. There was a trend toward reduced larval survival with increasing temperature. Warming strongly affected the phenology of adult emergence, advancing emergence by up to a month compared with ambient conditions. Additionally, our warmest conditions increased variation in the timing of adult emergence compared with cooler conditions. The increased variation with warming arose from an extended emergence season with fewer individuals emerging at any one time. Altered emergence patterns such as we observed are likely to place individuals emerging outside the typical season at greater risk from early and late season storms and will reduce effective population sizes during the breeding season. Contrary to expectations for ectotherms, body size was unaffected by warming. However, morphology was affected: at +5°C, dragonflies emerging from mesocosms had relatively smaller wings. This provides some of the first evidence that the effects of climate change on animals during their growth can have carry-over effects in morphology that will affect performance of later life history stages. In dragonflies, relatively smaller wings are associated with reduced flight performance, creating a link between larval thermal conditions and adult dispersal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John I Hammond
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico.,Department of Biology, Marian University
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75
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Rudgers JA, Chung YA, Maurer GE, Moore DI, Muldavin EH, Litvak ME, Collins SL. Climate sensitivity functions and net primary production: A framework for incorporating climate mean and variability. Ecology 2018; 99:576-582. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Y. Anny Chung
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Gregory E. Maurer
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Douglas I. Moore
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Esteban H. Muldavin
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Marcy E. Litvak
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology; MSC03-2020; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
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76
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Saxon AD, O'Brien EK, Bridle JR. Temperature fluctuations during development reduce male fitness and may limit adaptive potential in tropical rainforest Drosophila. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:405-415. [PMID: 29282784 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential for organisms to tolerate thermal stress through physiological or evolutionary responses is crucial given rapid climate change. Although climate models predict increases in both temperature mean and variance, such tolerances are typically assessed under constant conditions. We tested the effects of temperature variability during development on male fitness in the rainforest fly Drosophila birchii, by simulating thermal variation typical of the warm and cool margins of its elevational distribution, and estimated heritabilities and genetic correlations of fitness traits. Reproductive success was reduced for males reared in warm (mean 24 °C) fluctuating (±3 °C) vs. constant conditions but not in cool fluctuating conditions (mean 17 °C), although fluctuations reduced body size at both temperatures. Male reproductive success under warm fluctuating conditions was similar to that at constant 27 °C, indicating that briefly exceeding critical thermal limits has similar fitness costs to continuously stressful conditions. There was substantial heritable variation in all traits. However, reproductive success traits showed no genetic correlation between treatments reflecting temperature variation at elevational extremes, which may constrain evolutionary responses at these ecological margins. Our data suggest that even small increases in temperature variability will threaten tropical ectotherms living close to their upper thermal limits, both through direct effects on fitness and by limiting their adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Saxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E K O'Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J R Bridle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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77
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Chevalier M, Comte L, Laffaille P, Grenouillet G. Interactions between species attributes explain population dynamics in stream fishes under changing climate. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chevalier
- UMR5174 Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA 118 route de Narbonne F‐31062 Toulouse France
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lise Comte
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington 1122 NE Boat St Seattle Washington 98105 USA
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- CNRS, UMR5245 Ecolab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, INP Avenue de l'Agrobiopole 31326 Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Gaël Grenouillet
- UMR5174 Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA 118 route de Narbonne F‐31062 Toulouse France
- Institut Universitaire de France 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris France
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78
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Asselman J, Pfrender ME, Lopez JA, Shaw JR, De Schamphelaere KAC. Gene Coexpression Networks Drive and Predict Reproductive Effects in Daphnia in Response to Environmental Disturbances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:317-326. [PMID: 29211465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing effects of anthropogenic stressors and those of natural origin on aquatic ecosystems have intensified the need for predictive and functional models of their effects. Here, we use gene expression patterns in combination with weighted gene coexpression networks and generalized additive models to predict effects on reproduction in the aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia. We developed models to predict effects on reproduction upon exposure to different cyanobacteria, different insecticides and binary mixtures of cyanobacteria and insecticides. Models developed specifically for groups of stressors (e.g., either cyanobacteria or insecticides) performed better than general models developed on all data. Furthermore, models developed using in silico generated mixture gene expression profiles from single stressor data were able to better predict effects on reproduction compared to models derived from the mixture exposures themselves. Our results highlight the potential of gene expression data to quantify effects of complex exposures at higher level organismal effects without prior mechanistic knowledge or complex exposure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Asselman
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University , Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - M E Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame , Indiana 46556, United States
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Core, University of Notre Dame , Indiana 46556, United States
| | - J A Lopez
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Core, University of Notre Dame , Indiana 46556, United States
| | - J R Shaw
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs and The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, U.K
| | - K A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University , Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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79
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Hastings KK, Jemison LA, Pendleton GW. Survival of adult Steller sea lions in Alaska: senescence, annual variation and covariation with male reproductive success. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:170665. [PMID: 29410794 PMCID: PMC5792871 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Population dynamics of long-lived vertebrates depend critically on adult survival, yet factors affecting survival and covariation between survival and other vital rates in adults remain poorly examined for many taxonomic groups of long-lived mammals (e.g. actuarial senescence has been examined for only 9 of 34 extant pinniped species using longitudinal data). We used mark-recapture models and data from 2795 Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups individually marked at four of five rookeries in southeastern Alaska (SEAK) and resighted for 21 years to examine senescence, annual variability and covariation among life-history traits in this long-lived, sexually dimorphic pinniped. Sexes differed in age of onset (approx. 16-17 and approx. 8-9 years for females and males, respectively), but not rate (-0.047 and -0.046/year of age for females and males) of senescence. Survival of adult males from northern SEAK had greatest annual variability (approx. ±0.30 among years), whereas survival of adult females ranged approximately ±0.10 annually. Positive covariation between male survival and reproductive success was observed. Survival of territorial males was 0.20 higher than that of non-territorial males, resulting in the majority of males alive at oldest ages being territorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K. Hastings
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, PO Box 115526, Juneau, AK 99811, USA
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80
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Franch-Gras L, García-Roger EM, Serra M, José Carmona M. Adaptation in response to environmental unpredictability. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170427. [PMID: 29212717 PMCID: PMC5740265 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how organisms adaptively respond to environmental fluctuations is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. The Mediterranean region typically exhibits levels of environmental unpredictability that vary greatly in habitats over small geographical scales. In cyclically parthenogenetic rotifers, clonal proliferation occurs along with occasional bouts of sex. These bouts contribute to the production of diapausing eggs, which allows survival between growing seasons. Here, we studied two diapause-related traits in rotifers using clones from nine Brachionus plicatilis natural populations that vary in the degree of environmental unpredictability. We tested the hypothesis that the level of environmental unpredictability is directly related to the propensity for sex and inversely related to the hatching fraction of diapausing eggs. We found significant levels of genetic variation within populations for both traits. Interestingly, a positive correlation between pond unpredictability-quantified in a previous study from satellite imagery-and the propensity for sex was found. This correlation suggests a conservative, bet-hedging strategy that provides protection against unexpectedly short growing seasons. By contrast, the hatching fraction of diapausing eggs was not related to the level of environmental predictability. Our results highlight the ability of rotifer populations to locally adapt to time-varying environments, providing an evolutionarily relevant step forward in relating life-history traits to a quantitative measure of environmental unpredictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Franch-Gras
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, A.O. 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo M García-Roger
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, A.O. 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Serra
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, A.O. 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Carmona
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, A.O. 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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81
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Nilsson-Örtman V, Johansson F. The Rate of Seasonal Changes in Temperature Alters Acclimation of Performance under Climate Change. Am Nat 2017; 190:743-761. [PMID: 29166165 DOI: 10.1086/694412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How the ability to acclimate will impact individual performance and ecological interactions under climate change remains poorly understood. Theory predicts that the benefit an organism can gain from acclimating depends on the rate at which temperatures change relative to the time it takes to induce beneficial acclimation. Here, we present a conceptual model showing how slower seasonal changes under climate change can alter species' relative performance when they differ in acclimation rate and magnitude. To test predictions from theory, we performed a microcosm experiment where we reared a mid- and a high-latitude damselfly species alone or together under the rapid seasonality currently experienced at 62°N and the slower seasonality predicted for this latitude under climate change and measured larval growth and survival. To separate acclimation effects from fixed thermal responses, we simulated growth trajectories based on species' growth rates at constant temperatures and quantified how much and how fast species needed to acclimate to match the observed growth trajectories. Consistent with our predictions, the results showed that the midlatitude species had a greater capacity for acclimation than the high-latitude species. Furthermore, since acclimation occurred at a slower rate than seasonal temperature changes, the midlatitude species had a small growth advantage over the high-latitude species under the current seasonality but a greater growth advantage under the slower seasonality predicted for this latitude under climate change. In addition, the two species did not differ in survival under the current seasonality, but the midlatitude species had higher survival under the predicted climate change scenario, possibly because rates of cannibalism were lower when smaller heterospecifics were present. These findings highlight the need to incorporate acclimation rates in ecological models.
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82
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Soudijn FH, de Roos AM. Predator Persistence through Variability of Resource Productivity in Tritrophic Systems. Am Nat 2017; 190:844-853. [PMID: 29166154 DOI: 10.1086/694119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The trophic structure of species communities depends on the energy transfer between trophic levels. Primary productivity varies strongly through time, challenging the persistence of species at higher trophic levels. Yet resource variability has mostly been studied in systems with only one or two trophic levels. We test the effect of variability in resource productivity in a tritrophic model system including a resource, a size-structured consumer, and a size-specific predator. The model complies with fundamental principles of mass conservation and the body-size dependence of individual-level energetics and predator-prey interactions. Surprisingly, we find that resource variability may promote predator persistence. The positive effect of variability on the predator arises through periods with starvation mortality of juvenile prey, which reduces the intraspecific competition in the prey population. With increasing variability in productivity and starvation mortality in the juvenile prey, the prey availability increases in the size range preferred by the predator. The positive effect of prey mortality on the trophic transfer efficiency depends on the biologically realistic consideration of body size-dependent and food-dependent functions for growth and reproduction in our model. Our findings show that variability may promote the trophic transfer efficiency, indicating that environmental variability may sustain species at higher trophic levels in natural ecosystems.
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83
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Thermal performance curves under daily thermal fluctuation: A study in helmeted water toad tadpoles. J Therm Biol 2017; 70:80-85. [PMID: 29108561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most research in physiological ecology has focused on the effects of mean changes in temperature under the classic "hot vs cold" acclimation treatment; however, current evidence suggests that an increment in both the mean and variance of temperature could act synergistically to amplify the negative effects of global temperature increase and how it would affect fitness and performance-related traits in ectothermic organisms. We assessed the effects of acclimation to daily variance of temperature on thermal performance curves of swimming speed in helmeted water toad tadpoles (Calyptocephalella gayi). Acclimation treatments were 20°C ± 0.1 SD (constant) and 20°C ± 1.5 SD (fluctuating). We draw two key findings: first, tadpoles exposed to daily temperature fluctuation had reduced maximal performance (Zmax), and flattened thermal performance curves, thus supporting the "vertical shift or faster-slower" hypothesis, and suggesting that overall swimming performance would be lower through an examination of temperatures under more realistic and ecologically-relevant fluctuating regimens; second, there was significant interindividual variation in performance traits by means of significant repeatability estimates. Our present results suggest that the widespread use of constant acclimation temperatures in laboratory experiments to estimate thermal performance curves (TPCs) may lead to an overestimation of actual organismal performance. We encourage the use of temperature fluctuation acclimation treatments to better understand the variability of physiological traits, which predict ecological and evolutionary responses to global change.
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84
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Reyna KS, Burggren WW. Altered embryonic development in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) induced by pre-incubation oscillatory thermal stresses mimicking global warming predictions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184670. [PMID: 28926597 PMCID: PMC5604979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is likely to alter reproductive success of ground-nesting birds that lay eggs normally left unattended for days or even weeks before actual parental incubation, especially in already warm climates. The native North American bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is such a species, and pre-incubation quail eggs may experience temperatures ≥45°C. Yet, almost nothing is known about embryonic survival after such high pre-incubation temperatures. Freshly laid bobwhite quail eggs were exposed during a 12 day pre-incubation period to one of five thermal regimes: low oscillating temperatures (25–40°C, mean = 28.9°C), high oscillating temperatures (30–45°C, mean = 33.9°C), low constant temperatures (28.85°C), high constant temperatures (mean = 33.9°C), or commercially employed pre-incubation temperatures (20°C). After treatment, eggs were then incubated at a standard 37.5°C to determine subsequent effects on embryonic development rate, survival, water loss, hatching, and embryonic oxygen consumption. Both quantity of heating degree hours during pre-incubation and specific thermal regime (oscillating vs. non-oscillating) profoundly affected important aspects of embryo survival and indices of development and growth Pre-incubation quail eggs showed a remarkable tolerance to constant high temperatures (up to 45°C), surviving for 4.5±0.3 days of subsequent incubation, but high oscillating pre-incubation temperature increased embryo survival (mean survival 12.2±1.8 days) and led to more rapid development than high constant temperature (maximum 38.5°C), even though both groups experienced the same total heating degree-hours. Oxygen consumption was ~200–300 μl O2.egg.min-1 at hatching in all groups, and was not affected by pre-incubation conditions. Oscillating temperatures, which are the norm for pre-incubation quail eggs in their natural habitat, thus enhanced survival at higher temperatures. However, a 5°C increase in pre-incubation temperature, which equates to the predicted long-term increases of 5°C or more, nonetheless reduced hatching rate by approximately 50%. Thus, while pre-incubation bobwhite eggs may be resiliant to moderate oscillating temperature increases, global warming will likely severely impact wild bobwhite quail populations, especially in their strongholds in southern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S. Reyna
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Warren W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
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85
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Sauby KE, Kilmer J, Christman MC, Holt RD, Marsico TD. The influence of herbivory and weather on the vital rates of two closely related cactus species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6996-7009. [PMID: 28904778 PMCID: PMC5587481 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory has long been recognized as a significant driver of plant population dynamics, yet its effects along environmental gradients are unclear. Understanding how weather modulates plant-insect interactions can be particularly important for predicting the consequences of exotic insect invasions, and an explicit consideration of weather may help explain why the impact can vary greatly across space and time. We surveyed two native prickly pear cactus species (genus Opuntia) in the Florida panhandle, USA, and their specialist insect herbivores (the invasive South American cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, and three native insect species) for five years across six sites. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess the impact of herbivory and weather on plant relative growth rate (RGR) and sexual reproduction, and we used Fisher's exact test to estimate the impact of herbivory on survival. Weather variables (precipitation and temperature) were consistently significant predictors of vital rate variation for both cactus species, in contrast to the limited and varied impacts of insect herbivory. Weather only significantly influenced the impact of herbivory on Opuntia humifusa fruit production. The relationships of RGR and fruit production with precipitation suggest that precipitation serves as a cue in determining the trade-off in the allocation of resources to growth or fruit production. The presence of the native bug explained vital rate variation for both cactus species, whereas the invasive moth explained variation only for O. stricta. Despite the inconsistent effect of herbivory across vital rates and cactus species, almost half of O. stricta plants declined in size, and the invasive insect negatively affected RGR and fruit production. Given that fruit production was strongly size-dependent, this suggests that O. stricta populations at the locations surveyed are transitioning to a size distribution of predominantly smaller sizes and with reduced sexual reproduction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Kilmer
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyMissouri Southern State UniversityJoplinMOUSA
| | - Mary C. Christman
- MCC Statistical Consulting LLCDepartments of Biology and StatisticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Robert D. Holt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Travis D. Marsico
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
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86
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Van Dievel M, Stoks R, Janssens L. Beneficial effects of a heat wave: higher growth and immune components driven by a higher food intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3908-3915. [PMID: 28839009 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While heat waves will become more frequent and intense under global warming, the ability of species to deal with extreme weather events is poorly understood. We investigated how a heat wave influenced growth rate and investment in two immune components (phenoloxidase activity and melanin content) in larvae of two damselfly species, Ischnura elegans and Enallagma cyathigerum Late instar larvae were kept at 18°C (i.e. their average natural water temperature) or under a simulated long heat wave at 30°C. To explain the heat wave effects, we quantified traits related to energy uptake (food intake and growth efficiency), energy expenditure (metabolic rate measured as activity of the electron transport system, ETS) and investment in energy storage (fat content). The two species differed in life strategy, with I. elegans having a higher growth rate, growth efficiency, ETS activity and fat content. In line with its preference for cooler water bodies, the heat wave was only lethal for E. cyathigerum However, both species benefited from the heat wave by increasing growth rate, which can be explained by the higher increase in food intake than metabolic rate. This may also have contributed to the increased investment in energy storage and immune components under the heat wave. This mediatory role of food intake indicates the critical role of food availability and behaviour in shaping the impact of heat waves. Our results highlight the importance of including behavioural and physiological variables to unravel and predict the impact of extreme climate events on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Van Dievel
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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87
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Bible JM, Cheng BS, Chang AL, Ferner MC, Wasson K, Zabin CJ, Latta M, Sanford E, Deck A, Grosholz ED. Timing of stressors alters interactive effects on a coastal foundation species. Ecology 2017; 98:2468-2478. [PMID: 28653399 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effects of climate-driven stressors on organismal performance and ecosystem functioning have been investigated across many systems; however, manipulative experiments generally apply stressors as constant and simultaneous treatments, rather than accurately reflecting temporal patterns in the natural environment. Here, we assessed the effects of temporal patterns of high aerial temperature and low salinity on survival of Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida), a foundation species of conservation and restoration concern. As single stressors, low salinity (5 and 10 psu) and the highest air temperature (40°C) resulted in oyster mortality of 55.8, 11.3, and 23.5%, respectively. When applied on the same day, low salinity and high air temperature had synergistic negative effects that increased oyster mortality. This was true even for stressor levels that were relatively mild when applied alone (10 psu and 35°C). However, recovery times of two or four weeks between stressors eliminated the synergistic effects. Given that most natural systems threatened by climate change are subject to multiple stressors that vary in the timing of their occurrence, our results suggest that it is important to examine temporal variation of stressors in order to more accurately understand the possible biological responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Bible
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Brian S Cheng
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew L Chang
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
| | - Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
| | - Kerstin Wasson
- Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 1700 Elkhorn Road, Watsonville, California, 95076, USA
| | - Chela J Zabin
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
| | - Marilyn Latta
- California State Coastal Conservancy, 1515 Clay Street, Oakland, California, 94612, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Anna Deck
- San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920, USA
| | - Edwin D Grosholz
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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88
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Solbreck C, Knape J. Seed production and predation in a changing climate: new roles for resource and seed predator feedback? Ecology 2017; 98:2301-2311. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christer Solbreck
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; P.O. Box 7044 Uppsala SE-750 07 Sweden
| | - Jonas Knape
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; P.O. Box 7044 Uppsala SE-750 07 Sweden
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89
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Sentis A, Gémard C, Jaugeon B, Boukal DS. Predator diversity and environmental change modify the strengths of trophic and nontrophic interactions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2629-2640. [PMID: 27862723 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dependence of species interaction strengths on environmental factors and species diversity is crucial to predict community dynamics and persistence in a rapidly changing world. Nontrophic (e.g. predator interference) and trophic components together determine species interaction strengths, but the effects of environmental factors on these two components remain largely unknown. This impedes our ability to fully understand the links between environmental drivers and species interactions. Here, we used a dynamical modelling framework based on measured predator functional responses to investigate the effects of predator diversity, prey density, and temperature on trophic and nontrophic interaction strengths within a freshwater food web. We found that (i) species interaction strengths cannot be predicted from trophic interactions alone, (ii) nontrophic interaction strengths vary strongly among predator assemblages, (iii) temperature has opposite effects on trophic and nontrophic interaction strengths, and (iv) trophic interaction strengths decrease with prey density, whereas the dependence of nontrophic interaction strengths on prey density is concave up. Interestingly, the qualitative impacts of temperature and prey density on the strengths of trophic and nontrophic interactions were independent of predator identity, suggesting a general pattern. Our results indicate that taking multiple environmental factors and the nonlinearity of density-dependent species interactions into account is an important step towards a better understanding of the effects of environmental variations on complex ecological communities. The functional response approach used in this study opens new avenues for (i) the quantification of the relative importance of the trophic and nontrophic components in species interactions and (ii) a better understanding how environmental factors affect these interactions and the dynamics of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 'Evolution et Diversité Biologique', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, École Nationale de Formation Agronomique, BP 22687, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Charlène Gémard
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Baptiste Jaugeon
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David S Boukal
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Aquatic Insects and Relict Ecosystems, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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90
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Pardo D, Jenouvrier S, Weimerskirch H, Barbraud C. Effect of extreme sea surface temperature events on the demography of an age-structured albatross population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160143. [PMID: 28483873 PMCID: PMC5434094 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate changes include concurrent changes in environmental mean, variance and extremes, and it is challenging to understand their respective impact on wild populations, especially when contrasted age-dependent responses to climate occur. We assessed how changes in mean and standard deviation of sea surface temperature (SST), frequency and magnitude of warm SST extreme climatic events (ECE) influenced the stochastic population growth rate log(λs) and age structure of a black-browed albatross population. For changes in SST around historical levels observed since 1982, changes in standard deviation had a larger (threefold) and negative impact on log(λs) compared to changes in mean. By contrast, the mean had a positive impact on log(λs). The historical SST mean was lower than the optimal SST value for which log(λs) was maximized. Thus, a larger environmental mean increased the occurrence of SST close to this optimum that buffered the negative effect of ECE. This 'climate safety margin' (i.e. difference between optimal and historical climatic conditions) and the specific shape of the population growth rate response to climate for a species determine how ECE affect the population. For a wider range in SST, both the mean and standard deviation had negative impact on log(λs), with changes in the mean having a greater effect than the standard deviation. Furthermore, around SST historical levels increases in either mean or standard deviation of the SST distribution led to a younger population, with potentially important conservation implications for black-browed albatrosses.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pardo
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Stéphanie Jenouvrier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mailstop 50, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372 CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
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91
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van de Pol M, Jenouvrier S, Cornelissen JHC, Visser ME. Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events: challenges and directions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160134. [PMID: 28483865 PMCID: PMC5434086 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
More extreme climatic events (ECEs) are among the most prominent consequences of climate change. Despite a long-standing recognition of the importance of ECEs by paleo-ecologists and macro-evolutionary biologists, ECEs have only recently received a strong interest in the wider ecological and evolutionary community. However, as with many rapidly expanding fields, it lacks structure and cohesiveness, which strongly limits scientific progress. Furthermore, due to the descriptive and anecdotal nature of many ECE studies it is still unclear what the most relevant questions and long-term consequences are of ECEs. To improve synthesis, we first discuss ways to define ECEs that facilitate comparison among studies. We then argue that biologists should adhere to more rigorous attribution and mechanistic methods to assess ECE impacts. Subsequently, we discuss conceptual and methodological links with climatology and disturbance-, tipping point- and paleo-ecology. These research fields have close linkages with ECE research, but differ in the identity and/or the relative severity of environmental factors. By summarizing the contributions to this theme issue we draw parallels between behavioural, ecological and evolutionary ECE studies, and suggest that an overarching challenge is that most empirical and theoretical evidence points towards responses being highly idiosyncratic, and thus predictability being low. Finally, we suggest a roadmap based on the proposition that an increased focus on the mechanisms behind the biological response function will be crucial for increased understanding and predictability of the impacts of ECE.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van de Pol
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Jenouvrier
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS/Univ La Rochelle, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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92
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Marrot P, Garant D, Charmantier A. Multiple extreme climatic events strengthen selection for earlier breeding in a wild passerine. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160372. [PMID: 28483864 PMCID: PMC5434099 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate warming results in an increase in mean temperatures and in the frequency of extreme climatic events (ECEs), which could both strongly impact ecosystems and populations. Most studies assessing the impact of global warming on ecosystems have focused on warming trends while neglecting ECEs. In particular, the effects of multiple ECEs on fitness, and their consequences for selection, are still missing. Here we explored the effects of daily extreme rainfalls, as well as the occurrence of extremely hot and cold days, on clutch size and laying date in a wild blue tit population (Cyanistes caeruleus) monitored over 25 years. During the nestling phase (8-15 days old), the number of fledglings in a brood was negatively correlated with extremely hot days. The presence of extremely hot days between days 8 and 15 was also associated with an increase in the strength of selection acting on laying date, independently of mean temperature trends during the same period: when 10% of broods in the population experienced this type of ECE, selection for earlier breeding increased by 39%. Our results represent a unique quantification of the impact of multiple ECEs on the fitness landscape and emphasize their role as climatic drivers of selection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Marrot
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
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93
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Tarazona E, García-Roger EM, Carmona MJ. Experimental evolution of bet hedging in rotifer diapause traits as a response to environmental unpredictability. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tarazona
- Inst. Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Univ. de València; A.O. 22085, ES-46071 Valencia Spain
| | - Eduardo M. García-Roger
- Inst. Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Univ. de València; A.O. 22085, ES-46071 Valencia Spain
| | - María José Carmona
- Inst. Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Univ. de València; A.O. 22085, ES-46071 Valencia Spain
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94
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Abbott RE, Doak DF, Peterson ML. Portfolio effects, climate change, and the persistence of small populations: analyses on the rare plant Saussurea weberi. Ecology 2017; 98:1071-1081. [PMID: 28112402 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that stabilize small populations in the face of environmental variation are crucial to their long-term persistence. Building from diversity-stability concepts in community ecology, within-population diversity is gaining attention as an important component of population stability. Genetic and microhabitat variation within populations can generate diverse responses to common environmental fluctuations, dampening temporal variability across the population as a whole through portfolio effects. Yet, the potential for portfolio effects to operate at small scales within populations or to change with systematic environmental shifts, such as climate change, remain largely unexplored. We tracked the abundance of a rare alpine perennial plant, Saussurea weberi, in 49 1-m2 plots within a single population over 20 yr. We estimated among-plot correlations in log annual growth rate to test for population-level synchrony and quantify portfolio effects across the 20-yr study period and also in 5-yr subsets based on June temperature quartiles. Asynchrony among plots, due to different plot-level responses to June temperature, reduced overall fluctuations in abundance and the probability of decline in population models, even when accounting for the effects of density dependence on dynamics. However, plots became more synchronous and portfolio effects decreased during the warmest years of the study, suggesting that future climate warming may erode stabilizing mechanisms in populations of this rare plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Abbott
- Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 1431, Greeley, Colorado, 80632, USA
| | - Daniel F Doak
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Megan L Peterson
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe F. Sato
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Acton ACT 2601 Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; Acton ACT 2601 Australia
- National Environment Science Program, Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Fenner School of Environment and Society; Strine Natural Whouni; Canberra ACT 2601
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96
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Mulder CPH, Iles DT, Rockwell RF. Increased variance in temperature and lag effects alter phenological responses to rapid warming in a subarctic plant community. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:801-814. [PMID: 27273120 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Summer temperature on the Cape Churchill Peninsula (Manitoba, Canada) has increased rapidly over the past 75 years, and flowering phenology of the plant community is advanced in years with warmer temperatures (higher cumulative growing degree days). Despite this, there has been no overall shift in flowering phenology over this period. However, climate change has also resulted in increased interannual variation in temperature; if relationships between phenology and temperature are not linear, an increase in temperature variance may interact with an increase in the mean to alter how community phenology changes over time. In our system, the relationship between phenology and temperature was log-linear, resulting in a steeper slope at the cold end of the temperature spectrum than at the warm end. Because below-average temperatures had a greater impact on phenology than above-average temperatures, the long-term advance in phenology was reduced. In addition, flowering phenology in a given year was delayed if summer temperatures were high the previous year or 2 years earlier (lag effects), further reducing the expected advance over time. Phenology of early-flowering plants was negatively affected only by temperatures in the previous year, and that of late-flowering plants primarily by temperatures 2 years earlier. Subarctic plants develop leaf primordia one or more years prior to flowering (preformation); these results suggest that temperature affects the development of flower primordia during this preformation period. Together, increased variance in temperature and lag effects interacted with a changing mean to reduce the expected phenological advance by 94%, a magnitude large enough to account for our inability to detect a significant advance over time. We conclude that changes in temperature variability and lag effects can alter trends in plant responses to a warming climate and that predictions for changes in plant phenology under future warming scenarios should incorporate such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa P H Mulder
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA
| | - David T Iles
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Robert F Rockwell
- Department of Ornithology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
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97
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Buckley LB, Huey RB. Temperature extremes: geographic patterns, recent changes, and implications for organismal vulnerabilities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3829-3842. [PMID: 27062158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures can injure or kill organisms and can drive evolutionary patterns. Many indices of extremes have been proposed, but few attempts have been made to establish geographic patterns of extremes and to evaluate whether they align with geographic patterns in biological vulnerability and diversity. To examine these issues, we adopt the CLIMDEX indices of thermal extremes. We compute scores for each index on a geographic grid during a baseline period (1961-1990) and separately for the recent period (1991-2010). Heat extremes (temperatures above the 90th percentile during the baseline period) have become substantially more common during the recent period, particularly in the tropics. Importantly, the various indices show weak geographic concordance, implying that organisms in different regions will face different forms of thermal stress. The magnitude of recent shifts in indices is largely uncorrelated with baseline scores in those indices, suggesting that organisms are likely to face novel thermal stresses. Organismal tolerances correlate roughly with absolute metrics (mainly for cold), but poorly with metrics defined relative to local conditions. Regions with high extreme scores do not correlate closely with regions with high species diversity, human population density, or agricultural production. Even though frequency and intensity of extreme temperature events have - and are likely to have - major impacts on organisms, the impacts are likely to be geographically and taxonomically idiosyncratic and difficult to predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
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98
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Kain MP, McCoy MW. Anti-predator behavioral variation among Physa acuta in response to temporally fluctuating predation risk by Procambarus. Behav Processes 2016; 133:S0376-6357(16)30318-7. [PMID: 27984081 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research in behavioral ecology routinely quantifies individual variation in behavior using transitions between discrete environments, for example prey moving from a no predator to predator treatment. This research often ignores behavioral variation in response to temporal fluctuations in environmental conditions around an unchanging mean environment. In this study we evaluate the effects of temporal fluctuations in predation risk (predator cue concentration of Procambarus spp.), without the confounding effects of a changing mean, on among-individual variation in anti-predator behavior in freshwater snails (Physa acuta). We also evaluate how the interaction between environmental and individual variation affects snail survival and reproduction by exposing snails to lethal predators following the behavioral assays. Our analyses revealed a trend towards higher among-individual variation in mean behavior when snails were exposed to intermediate levels of environmental variation compared to highly variable or constant environments. However, because of large uncertainty in estimates of among-individual variation, differences among treatments were indistinguishable from noise for most, but not all behaviors. In the lethal predator trials, snail survival and time to mortality was the lowest in the high variation environment. Also, as environmental variation increased snail egg production decreased and snails laid more of their eggs underneath a provided shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan P Kain
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, LSB-215, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Michael W McCoy
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, N108 Howell Science Complex, Greenville, NC 27858, United States
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99
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Compagnoni A, Bibian AJ, Ochocki BM, Rogers HS, Schultz EL, Sneck ME, Elderd BD, Iler AM, Inouye DW, Jacquemyn H, Miller TEX. The effect of demographic correlations on the stochastic population dynamics of perennial plants. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Compagnoni
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Andrew J. Bibian
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Brad M. Ochocki
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Haldre S. Rogers
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Emily L. Schultz
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Michelle E. Sneck
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Bret D. Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70808 USA
| | - Amy M. Iler
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies Aarhus University Høegh‐Guldbergs Gade 6B DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
| | - David W. Inouye
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 519 Crested Butte Colorado 81224 USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics Biology Department, University of Leuven Arenbergpark 31 B‐3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Tom E. X. Miller
- Department of BioSciences Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Rice University 6100 Main Street, MS‐170 Houston Texas 77005 USA
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100
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Papanikolaou AD, Kühn I, Frenzel M, Schweiger O. Semi-natural habitats mitigate the effects of temperature rise on wild bees. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Papanikolaou
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Am Kirchtor 1 D-06108 Halle Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e D-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Mark Frenzel
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 D-06120 Halle Germany
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