51
|
Kamai T, Tomosugi N, Abe H, Kaji Y, Oyama T, Yoshida KI. Protein profiling of blood samples from patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203078 PMCID: PMC3509594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is an extremely rare syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. HLRCC is characterized by a predisposition to leiomyomas of the skin and the uterus as well as renal cell carcinoma. The disease-related gene has been identified as fumarate hydratase (fumarase, FH), which encodes an enzyme involved in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. Protein profiling may give some insight into the molecular pathways of HLRCC. Therefore, we performed protein profiling of blood samples from HLRCC patients, their family members, and healthy volunteers, using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) coupled with IMAC-Cu chips. For hierarchical clustering analysis, we used the 45 peaks that revealed significant differences in single-marker analysis over the range from 1500 to 15,000 m/z. Heat map analysis based on the results of clustering distinguished the HLRCC kindred from non-HLRCC subjects with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 90%. SELDI-TOF MS profiling of blood samples can be applied to identify patients with HLRCC and to assess specific molecular mechanisms involved in this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kamai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; E-Mails: (H.A.); (K.-I.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-282-87-2162; Fax: +81-282-86-7533
| | - Naohisa Tomosugi
- Proteomics Research Unit, Division of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; E-Mails: (H.A.); (K.-I.Y.)
| | - Yasushi Kaji
- Department of Radiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ken-Ichiro Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan; E-Mails: (H.A.); (K.-I.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Akita F, Kambe N, Nakano M, Satoh T, Iwasawa M, Togawa Y, Matsue H. Novel R218X mutation in the fumarate hydratase gene in a patient with Reed's syndrome. J Dermatol 2012; 40:58-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Akita
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Naotomo Kambe
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Michiyo Nakano
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Mari Iwasawa
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Yaei Togawa
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Department of Dermatology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Yang Y, Valera V, Sourbier C, Vocke CD, Wei M, Pike L, Huang Y, Merino MA, Bratslavsky G, Wu M, Ricketts CJ, Linehan WM. A novel fumarate hydratase-deficient HLRCC kidney cancer cell line, UOK268: a model of the Warburg effect in cancer. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:377-90. [PMID: 22867999 PMCID: PMC3415708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of energy deregulation and altered/adapted metabolism in tumor cells is an increasingly important issue in understanding cancer. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an aggressive form of RCC characterized by germline mutation of fumarate hydratase (FH), followed by somatic loss of the remaining wild-type allele and known to be a highly metastatic and lethal malignancy compared to other RCCs. The intrinsic loss of normal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle presumably aids tumorigenesis due to the necessary metabolic alterations required and the enforced dependence on glycolysis derived energy, mimicking the Warburg effect. Thus, there is considerable utility in establishing a preclinical cell model from these tumors to study energy metabolism deregulation, as well as developing new targeted therapeutic approaches for TCA cycle enzyme-deficient cancers. Here, we describe a new immortalized cell line, UOK268, derived from a patient's primary HLRCC-associated kidney cancer. This represents the first primary renal cell line to model TCA cycle gene loss and provides a perfect partner cell line to our previously described metastasis-derived HLRCC-associated cell line, UOK262. We identified a novel germline FH missense mutation, p.His192Asp, and the subsequent loss of heterozygosity in UOK268. The UOK268 cell line expressed mutant FH protein, which localized to the mitochondria, but with loss of almost all catalytic activity. The UOK268 cells had severely compromised oxidative phosphorylation and increased glycolytic flux. Ingenuity pathways analysis of human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarray (hMitChip3) gene chip data confirmed the altered mRNA expression patterns of genes involved in several important pathways, such as lipid metabolism, apoptosis, and energy production/glycolysis. UOK268 provides a unique model of a primary cell line demonstrating an enforced, irreversible Warburg effect and, combined with UOK262, provides a unique in vitro preclinical model for studying the bioenergetics of the Warburg effect in human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Yang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Valera
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carol Sourbier
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cathy D. Vocke
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minghui Wei
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Pike
- Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, MA 01862-2500, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria A. Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Seahorse Bioscience, North Billerica, MA 01862-2500, USA
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Azeem K, Kollarova H, Horakova D, Magnuskova S, Janout V. Genetic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 155:231-8. [PMID: 22286808 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A review of recent knowledge on heredital syndromes related to renal cell carcinoma. METHODS Aim of this review was to summarize the recent knowledge of genetic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS Summary of incidence and factors modulating risk of hereditary renal cell carcinoma development. CONCLUSIONS Hereditary forms of RCC are relatively rare. Their study is beneficial in many ways. In individuals at a higher risk of a hereditary syndrome, the knowledge of hereditary forms may help to significantly decrease the impact of the hereditary disease. In the general population, knowledge acquired by the study of hereditary forms of RCC may in the future contribute to both diagnosis and treatment of sporadic tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Azeem
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
Cutaneous leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors. Depending on the site of origin, one distinguishes three different types--piloleiomyoma, angioleiomyoma and genital leiomyoma. They appear between the first and third decades of life. A 56-year-old woman presented with painful red - brown papules and nodules on her trunk. Based on clinical and histological criteria the diagnosis of disseminated cutaneous leiomyomas was made. Because of the widespread cutaneous involvement, surgical treatment was not possible. Therefore we decided to employ a pharmacologic anti-depressive treatment. With this approach, the patient experienced considerable pain reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pissoat
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Barbosa IA, Machado NG, Skildum AJ, Scott PM, Oliveira PJ. Mitochondrial remodeling in cancer metabolism and survival: potential for new therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:238-54. [PMID: 22554970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that play essential roles in cellular metabolism and programmed cell death pathways. Genomic, functional and structural mitochondrial alterations have been associated with cancer. Some of those alterations may provide a selective advantage to cells, allowing them to survive and grow under stresses created by oncogenesis. Due to the specific alterations that occur in cancer cell mitochondria, these organelles may provide promising targets for cancer therapy. The development of drugs that specifically target metabolic and mitochondrial alterations in tumor cells has become a matter of interest in recent years, with several molecules undergoing clinical trials. This review focuses on the most relevant mitochondrial alterations found in tumor cells, their contribution to cancer progression and survival, and potential usefulness for stratification and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês A Barbosa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lim DL, Ko R, Pautler SE. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of kidney cancer: a primer for urologists. Can Urol Assoc J 2011; 1:S13-20. [PMID: 18542780 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the fifth leading malignant condition for men and tenth for women, accounts for 3% of all malignancies in Canada. It is a heterogeneous epithelial malignancy with different subtypes and varied tumour biology. Although most cases of RCC are sporadic, up to 4% of patients have an inherited predisposition for the disease. In this article, we review the current molecular genetics of the different subtypes in hereditary and sporadic RCC. Significant developments in understanding the underlying genetic basis of RCC over the last 2 decades are attributed to intensive research about rare inherited renal cancer syndromes and the identification of the genes responsible for them. Many of these genes are also found in sporadic RCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of RCC has aided the development of molecular-targeted drugs for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darwin L Lim
- Divisions of Urology and Surgical Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Gatalica Z, Lilleberg SL, Monzon FA, Koul MS, Bridge JA, Knezetic J, Legendre B, Sharma P, McCue PA. Renal medullary carcinomas: histopathologic phenotype associated with diverse genotypes. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1979-88. [PMID: 21733559 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations have become major determinants in the classification of kidney carcinomas. Most renal medullary carcinomas develop in patients with hereditary sickle cell disease, but sporadic cases unassociated with sickle cell disease have also been described, for which underlying genetic abnormality is unknown. We evaluated 3 patients with renal medullary carcinoma (1 patient with sickle cell disease and 2 patients without sickle cell disease) for germ line and somatic mutations in genes commonly involved in pathogenesis of renal carcinomas using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. Chromosomal abnormalities were studied by the conventional cytogenetic and SNP arrays analysis. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α was examined using immunohistochemistry. Two new mutations in the gene for fumarate hydratase were identified in 1 case of medullary renal carcinoma without sickle cell disease: a germ line mutation in exon 6 (R233H) and an acquired (somatic) mutation in exon 8 (P374S). No fumarate hydratase mutations were identified in the other 2 patients. The second sporadic case of renal medullary carcinoma harbored double somatic mutations in von Hippel-Lindau gene, and renal medullary carcinoma in the patient with sickle cell disease showed von Hippel-Lindau gene promoter methylation (epigenetic silencing). No consistent pattern of chromosomal abnormalities was found between 2 cases tested. All 3 cases showed increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression. Medullary renal carcinomas from patients with or without sickle cell disease show involvement of genes important in hypoxia-induced signaling pathways. Generalized cellular hypoxia (in sickle cell disease) or pseudohypoxia (in tumors with fumarate hydratase and von Hippel-Lindau mutations or epigenetic silencing) may act alone or in concert at the level of medullary tubular epithelium to promote development of this rare type of renal carcinoma, which could then be genetically reclassified as either fumarate hydratase-associated renal carcinomas or high-grade clear cell renal cell carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Gatalica
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Picaud S, Kavanagh KL, Yue WW, Lee WH, Muller-Knapp S, Gileadi O, Sacchettini J, Oppermann U. Structural basis of fumarate hydratase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:671-6. [PMID: 21445611 PMCID: PMC3109261 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase catalyzes the stereospecific hydration across the olefinic double bond in fumarate leading to L-malate. The enzyme is expressed in mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments, and participates in the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, as well as in regulation of cytosolic fumarate levels. Fumarate hydratase deficiency is an autosomal recessive trait presenting as metabolic disorder with severe encephalopathy, seizures and poor neurological outcome. Heterozygous mutations are associated with a predisposition to cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and to renal cancer. The crystal structure of human fumarate hydratase shows that mutations can be grouped into two distinct classes either affecting structural integrity of the core enzyme architecture, or are localized around the enzyme active site. An interactive version of this manuscript (which may contain additional mutations appended after acceptance of this manuscript) may be found on the SSIEM website at: http://www.ssiem.org/resources/structures/FH .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Kathryn L. Kavanagh
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Susanne Muller-Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - James Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128 USA
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, OX3 7DQ UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, OX3 7LD UK
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Marque M, Gardie B, Bressac de Paillerets B, Rustin P, Guillot B, Richard S, Bessis D. Novel FH
mutation in a patient with cutaneous leiomyomatosis associated with cutis verticis gyrata, eruptive collagenoma and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1337-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
61
|
Alrashdi I, Levine S, Paterson J, Saxena R, Patel SR, Depani S, Hargrave DR, Pritchard-Jones K, Hodgson SV. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma: very early diagnosis of renal cancer in a paediatric patient. Fam Cancer 2010; 9:239-43. [PMID: 19967458 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer is a hereditary cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk for cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, and renal cancer. Previous reports have stressed the aggressiveness of the renal tumours, often with early metastasis, despite small primary tumour size. Almost all the previously reported patients were adults, and different studies showed variability in penetrance for the renal tumours. We report a patient in whom renal cancer was detected at the age of 11 years at his first routine screening imaging after he was found to carry a fumarate hydratase gene mutation (c.1189G > A) transmitted from his mother. This report serves to emphasize the need to improve guidelines for screening of at risk individuals, including the necessity for predictive genetic testing and early institution of tumour surveillance in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Alrashdi
- Department of Medical Genetics, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ehst BD, Minzer-Conzetti K, Swerdlin A, Devere TS. Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignancy. Curr Probl Surg 2010; 47:384-445. [PMID: 20363406 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
63
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most cases of renal cell carcinoma there is no family history of renal cancer and no hereditary cause of the disease. Hereditary renal cancer accounts for about 2-4% of cases. Recognition of this subgroup by clinicians is important because of the possibility of severe medical consequences for patients and their relatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS We review the latest data about different genetic conditions characterized by an increased risk of developing renal cancer and we formulate tools to recognize high-risk families. RESULTS In general, a positive family history, young age at diagnosis of renal cancer, multiple and/or bilateral renal tumours and combined occurrence of different histological types of renal tumours should raise suspicion of a hereditary renal tumour syndrome. In addition, the presence of specific extrarenal symptoms in patients could assist in differentiating between tumour syndromes. CONCLUSIONS A detailed medical and family history, along with physical examination are key factors to diagnose hereditary renal cancer syndromes. When a genetic predisposition for renal cancer is suspected, referral to a Family Cancer Clinic is warranted to initiate genetic examination and counselling on preventive options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Helene Axwijk
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
McCleskey MPE. JAAD Grand Rounds quiz. Painful nodules on the trunk of an adult. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:904-6. [PMID: 20398829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
65
|
Vahteristo P, Koski TA, Näätsaari L, Kiuru M, Karhu A, Herva R, Sallinen SL, Vierimaa O, Björck E, Richard S, Gardie B, Bessis D, Van Glabeke E, Blanco I, Houlston R, Senter L, Hietala M, Aittomäki K, Aaltonen LA, Launonen V, Lehtonen R. No evidence for a genetic modifier for renal cell cancer risk in HLRCC syndrome. Fam Cancer 2009; 9:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
66
|
Yang Y, Valera VA, Padilla-Nash HM, Sourbier C, Vocke CD, Vira MA, Abu-Asab MS, Bratslavsky G, Tsokos M, Merino MJ, Pinto PA, Srinivasan R, Ried T, Neckers L, Linehan WM. UOK 262 cell line, fumarate hydratase deficient (FH-/FH-) hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo model of an aberrant energy metabolic pathway in human cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 196:45-55. [PMID: 19963135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy deregulation and abnormalities of tumor cell metabolism are critical issues in understanding cancer. Hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an aggressive form of RCC characterized by germline mutation of the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH), and one known to be highly metastatic and unusually lethal. There is considerable utility in establishing preclinical cell and xenograft models for study of disorders of energy metabolism, as well as in development of new therapeutic approaches targeting of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme-deficient human cancers. Here we describe a new immortalized cell line, UOK 262, derived from a patient having aggressive HLRCC-associated recurring kidney cancer. We investigated gene expression, chromosome profiles, efflux bioenergetic analysis, mitochondrial ultrastructure, FH catabolic activity, invasiveness, and optimal glucose requirements for in vitro growth. UOK 262 cells have an isochromosome 1q recurring chromosome abnormality, i(1)(q10), and exhibit compromised oxidative phosphorylation and in vitro dependence on anaerobic glycolysis consistent with the clinical manifestation of HLRCC. The cells also display glucose-dependent growth, an elevated rate of lactate efflux, and overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Mutant FH protein was present primarily in edematous mitochondria, but with catalytic activity nearly undetectable. UOK 262 xenografts retain the characteristics of HLRCC histopathology. Our findings indicate that the severe compromise of oxidative phosphorylation and rapid glycolytic flux in UOK 262 are an essential feature of this TCA cycle enzyme-deficient form of kidney cancer. This tumor model is the embodiment of the Warburg effect. UOK 262 provides a unique in vitro and in vivo preclinical model for studying the bioenergetics of the Warburg effect in human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Yang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1107, Bldg 10 CRC, Room 1-5942, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Sirintrapun SJ, Parwani AV. Molecular Pathology of the Genitourinary Tract: Molecular Pathology of Kidney and Testes. Surg Pathol Clin 2009; 2:199-223. [PMID: 26838102 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of newer molecular technologies, our knowledge of cellular mechanisms with tumors of the kidney and testis has grown exponentially. Molecular technologies have led to better understanding of interplay between the von Hippel-Lindau gene and angiogenic cytokines in renal cancer and isochromosome 12p in testicular neoplasms. The result has been development of antiangiogenic-targeted therapy within recent years that has become the mainstay treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer. In the near future, classification and diagnosis of renal and testicular tumors through morphologic analysis will be supplemented by molecular information correlating to prognosis and targeted therapy. This article outlines tumor molecular pathology of the kidney and testis encompassing current genomic, epigenomic, and proteonomic findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Pathology Informatics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside Hospital, Room WG 07, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Onder M, Adişen E. A new indication of botulinum toxin: leiomyoma-related pain. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60:325-8. [PMID: 19150277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leiomyomas are benign neoplasms with smooth muscle differentiation. They are painful tumors of the skin. Nearly 90% of patients report lesion-associated pain, characteristically precipitated by cold or trauma. In the published literature, surgical excision and pharmacologic agents such as analgesics, nifedipine, phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, gabapentin, and doxazosin have been used in the treatment of leiomyomas with varying degrees of success. Herein we report the use of botulinum toxin for the relief of pain in leiomyomas. The use of botulinum toxin provided a decrease in the amount of analgesic use in our patient. Our experience showed that botulinum toxin might offer a new therapeutic approach for leiomyoma by reducing the intensity and the frequency of the pain. Botulinum toxin has no known systemic adverse effects, and can be combined with other treatments without concern for drug interactions. Like any other medication, aside from its actual pharmacologic effect, botulinum toxin may have had a placebo effect in our patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Onder
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
A 53-year-old Chinese man presented with a history of painful lesions on the chest of 20 years' duration. He experienced sharp pain especially on touching and after spicy food. The lesions were stable with no increase in size or number. He was otherwise well. There was no significant family history. Physical examination revealed multiple, grouped, pink papules on the left chest, extending to the right back in a segmental distribution, each measuring 2-5 mm (Figs 1 and 2). They appeared pearly and keloid-like, and had a firm consistency. A punch biopsy specimen was obtained and sent for histopathologic examination (Figs 3 and 4). This revealed a circumscribed, nonencapsulated tumor with a Grenz zone below the epidermis. It was composed of interlacing fascicles of bland spindle cells with elongated nuclei and blunt ends, typical of a cutaneous leiomyoma. The patient subsequently underwent computed tomography of the abdomen, which did not show any renal or abdominal masses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wee Chia
- Division of Dermatology, Changi General Hospital, and National Skin Centre, Singapore.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Pfaffenroth EC, Linehan WM. Genetic basis for kidney cancer: opportunity for disease-specific approaches to therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:779-90. [PMID: 18476789 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.6.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney cancer is not a homogenous entity; it is comprised of many different tumor types, with different biologies and molecular mechanisms leading to disease and therefore different treatment approaches. OBJECTIVE To describe the genetic basis and biochemical pathways underlying inherited forms of renal cancer, specifically in four described syndromes (von Hippel-Lindau [VHL], hereditary papillary renal cancer [HPRC], Birt-Hogg-Dubé [BHD] and hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma [HLRCC]), and to elucidate how the understanding of these diseases enables the possibility of disease-specific approaches to therapy. METHODS A systematic review of the published literature on inherited and sporadic forms of renal cancer was performed. CONCLUSION Understanding of the biology and mechanisms of different forms of kidney cancer provides an opportunity for development of new treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cartwright Pfaffenroth
- National Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology, Urologic Oncology Branch, 10 Center Drive MSC 1107, Building 10 CRC Room 1-5942, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1107, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ahvenainen T, Lehtonen HJ, Lehtonen R, Vahteristo P, Aittomäki K, Baynam G, Dommering C, Eng C, Gruber SB, Grönberg H, Harvima R, Herva R, Hietala M, Kujala M, Kääriäinen H, Sunde L, Vierimaa O, Pollard PJ, Tomlinson IPM, Björck E, Aaltonen LA, Launonen V. Mutation screening of fumarate hydratase by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification: detection of exonic deletion in a patient with leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 183:83-8. [PMID: 18503824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a syndrome predisposing to cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis as well as renal cell cancer and uterine leiomyosarcoma. Heterozygous germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH, fumarase) gene are known to cause HLRCC. On occasion, no FH mutation is detected by direct sequencing, despite the evident HLRCC phenotype in a family. In the present study, to investigate whole gene or exonic deletions and amplifications in FH mutation-negative patients, we used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technology. The study material comprised 7 FH mutation-negative HLRCC patients and 12 patients affected with HLRCC-associated phenotypes, including papillary RCC, early-onset RCC, uterine leiomyomas, or uterine leiomyosarcoma. A novel FH mutation, a deletion of FH exon 1 that encodes the mitochondrial signal peptide, was detected in one of the HLRCC patients (1/7). The patient with the FH mutation displayed numerous painful cutaneous leiomyomas and papillary type renal cell cancer. Our finding, together with the two patients with whole FH gene deletion who had been detected previously, suggests that exonic or whole-gene FH deletions are not a frequent cause of HLRCC syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taru Ahvenainen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
[Familial cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135:612-6. [PMID: 18789302 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
73
|
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumour of the female genital tract. However, their true prevalence is probably under-estimated, as the incidence at histology is more than double the clinical incidence. Recent longitudinal studies have estimated that the lifetime risk of fibroids in a woman over the age of 45 years is more than 60%, with incidence higher in blacks than in whites. The cause of fibroids remains unclear and their biology poorly understood. No single candidate gene has been detected for commonly occurring uterine fibroids. However, the occurrence of rare uterine fibroid syndromes, such as multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis, has been traced to the gene that codes for the mitochondrial enzyme, fumarate hydratase. Cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly deletions of chromosome 7, which are found in up to 50% of fibroid specimens, seem to be secondary rather than primary events, and investigations into the role of tumour suppressor genes have yielded conflicting results. The key regulators of fibroid growth are ovarian steroids, both oestrogen and progestogen, growth factors and angiogenesis, and the process of apoptosis. Black race, heredity, nulliparity, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and hypertension are associated with increased risk of fibroids, and there is emerging evidence that familial predisposition to fibroids is associated with a distinct pattern of clinical and molecular features compared with fibroids in families without this prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Okolo
- North Middlesex University Hospital, Sterling Way, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
The importance of histology and cytogenetics in decision making for renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 2008; 26:155-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
75
|
McMilin KD, Dasgupta S. Allogeneic transplantation and the risk for transmission of genetic disease: the heritable cancer disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:191-212. [PMID: 17521232 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of new approaches to transplantation therapy, such as those building upon the potential found in stem cells, it is vital to pursue a clear understanding of transplantation risks. Allogeneic transplantation presents risk for the transmission of disease of various types, including genetic disease. Predisposition to develop cancer is a feature of numerous genetic disorders, and it may be transmissible by transplantation. Some genetic disorders predisposing to cancer are remarkably common, either worldwide or in specific populations, and they could pose significant risk. Hence, to reduce risk to recipients, there is reason to exclude from donation those potential donors (including embryos) harboring certain germ-line mutations. However, the frequent absence of readily identifiable features might confound the effort to exclude those who harbor mutation. Thus, it is also important to consider the magnitude of risk that they represent. For some disorders, life-threatening cancer is highly likely to develop in those individuals born with germ-line mutation, but whether recipients would face the same risk from transplanted mutation is not always evident. Given the diversity of pathways that lead to cancer, there may be diverse factors that impact the likelihood for cancer to develop in the recipient, with some factors decreasing and others increasing the risk. One factor of special concern is the possibility that manipulation of donor cells, prior to transplantation, might introduce additional genetic or epigenetic abnormality, thereby increasing the risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D McMilin
- Alabama and Central Gulf Coast Region, American Red Cross Blood Services, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Lehtonen HJ, Blanco I, Piulats JM, Herva R, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA. Conventional renal cancer in a patient with fumarate hydratase mutation. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:793-6. [PMID: 17270241 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. HLRCC is characterized by uterine and cutaneous leiomyomas, renal cell cancer, and uterine leiomyosarcoma. Typically, renal cell cancers in HLRCC are unilateral and display a papillary type 2 or ductal histology. We describe here a 23-year-old patient carrying a novel FH mutation (N330S) with a bilateral renal cell center. Carcinoma of the right kidney showed papillary structure, but the left tumor was diagnosed as a conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma, a type not previously described in HLRCC. The clear cell renal carcinoma also displayed loss of the normal FH allele and the FH immunostaining. Our finding extends the number of cases in which HLRCC can be suspected, and the FH immunohistochemistry may serve as a useful tool to screen for HLRCC in young individuals with clear cell renal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heli J Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hodge JC, Morton CC. Genetic heterogeneity among uterine leiomyomata: insights into malignant progression. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16 Spec No 1:R7-13. [PMID: 17613550 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata (UL), also known as fibroids, are the most common pelvic tumors in women of reproductive age and are the primary indication for hysterectomy in the USA. Many lines of evidence indicate a strong genetic component to the development of these tumors. In fact, approximately 40% of UL have non-random, tumor-specific chromosome abnormalities which have allowed classification into well-defined subgroups (deletion of portions of 7q, trisomy 12 or rearrangements of 12q15, 6p21 or 10q22) as well as identification of candidate genes for UL predisposition. Although benign, UL have been linked to malignancy through two genomic regions on chromosome 1. Mutation of fumarate hydratase (FH) at 1q43 is known to cause the Mendelian syndromes of multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata (MCL) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), and recently, FH mutations have been detected in some non-syndromic UL. In addition, transcriptional profiling suggests that loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 in cellular leiomyomata, an uncommon histological variant of UL, may account in part for the presumed yet rare malignant transformation of UL to uterine leiomyosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennelle C Hodge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Pollard PJ, Spencer-Dene B, Shukla D, Howarth K, Nye E, El-Bahrawy M, Deheragoda M, Joannou M, McDonald S, Martin A, Igarashi P, Varsani-Brown S, Rosewell I, Poulsom R, Maxwell P, Stamp GW, Tomlinson IPM. Targeted inactivation of fh1 causes proliferative renal cyst development and activation of the hypoxia pathway. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:311-9. [PMID: 17418408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) tumor suppressor gene predispose to leiomyomatosis, renal cysts, and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). HLRCC tumors overexpress HIF1alpha and hypoxia pathway genes. We conditionally inactivated mouse Fh1 in the kidney. Fh1 mutants developed multiple clonal renal cysts that overexpressed Hif1alpha and Hif2alpha. Hif targets, such as Glut1 and Vegf, were upregulated. We found that Fh1-deficient murine embryonic stem cells and renal carcinomas from HLRCC showed similar overexpression of HIF and hypoxia pathway components to the mouse cysts. Our data have shown in vivo that pseudohypoxic drive, resulting from HIF1alpha (and HIF2alpha) overexpression, is a direct consequence of Fh1 inactivation. Our mouse may be useful for testing therapeutic interventions that target angiogenesis and HIF-prolyl hydroxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Pollard
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Histopathology Department, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ptacek T, Song C, Walker CL, Sell SM. Physical mapping of distinct 7q22 deletions in uterine leiomyoma and analysis of a recently annotated 7q22 candidate gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 174:116-20. [PMID: 17452252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is a benign, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus affecting a significant proportion of women of reproductive age. Deletions involving chromosome 7q22 are common in UL and vary in length. Previously reported 7q22 deletion intervals were physically mapped using information from the recently completed human genome sequence. Four distinct deletion intervals, which included a microdeletion reported by our laboratory, were identified. This microdeletion contains two known genes, ORC5L and LHFPL3. The single deleted marker in the microdeletion was mapped within the LHFPL3 locus. The ORC5L gene has been studied in UL. Conversely, LHFPL3 has been annotated only recently, and has therefore not been studied in UL. The predicted LHFPL3 protein sequence contained a polyalanine domain, and a signature sequence for the PMP22 Claudin protein family. Members of this family are transmembrane proteins with roles in differentiation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation, and have been implicated in other tumors. Differences in LHFPL3 expression were observed in both human and Eker rat UL. Our results provide evidence for four distinct 7q22 deletion intervals, each with multiple candidate genes, including the recently identified LHFPL3 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ptacek
- Graduate Program in Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Refae MA, Wong N, Patenaude F, Bégin LR, Foulkes WD. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: an unusual and aggressive form of hereditary renal carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:256-61. [PMID: 17392716 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 17-year-old male presented with cervical adenopathy and a palpable left flank mass. After an initial biopsy of the neck mass, which revealed metastatic carcinoma, a left radical nephrectomy was performed as well as excision of a left supraclavicular lymph node. Subsequent inquiry revealed that the patient's father had died of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at the age of 40 years, and that other family members had also developed skin and uterine leiomyomas. INVESTIGATIONS Physical examination, CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, lymph-node biopsy and genetic counseling, followed by genetic testing. DIAGNOSIS Papillary type 2 RCC described in the context of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), an autosomal dominant syndrome attributable to a mutation in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene on chromosome 1. MANAGEMENT Radical nephrectomy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and repeat surgical debulking. Genetic counseling and testing for family members was also undertaken. Annual skin examination of the carriers and radiological evaluation of both kidneys with CT scan and/or MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir Al Refae
- McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Laber DA. Risk factors, classification, and staging of renal cell cancer. Med Oncol 2007; 23:443-54. [PMID: 17303902 DOI: 10.1385/mo:23:4:443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has increased exponentially over the last decades. A clear understanding of RCC is of utmost importance to prevent the disease and improve the outcomes. Large epidemiologic studies have identified cigarette smoking, chemical agents, obesity, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease as risk factors associated with RCC. Identification and confirmation of risk factors may be projected into preventive strategies. Genetic studies of inherited disorders associated with an enhanced risk of RCC have elucidated many important targets for anticancer therapy. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a new histologic classification of renal cell tumors that has demonstrated prognostic utility. A refined clinical staging system is improving our ability to prognosticate the outcome of RCC patients. This article provides a practical yet comprehensive review of the risk factors, classification, and staging of RCC focusing on recent updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Laber
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Louisville, J.G. Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Iliopoulos O. Molecular Biology of Renal Cell Cancer and the Identification of Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:5593-600. [PMID: 17158545 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.8948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different histologic types. Major advances have been accomplished during the last 15 years in our understanding of the genetic events that initiate RCC. These advances were greatly facilitated by meticulous clinical description and registration of patients with familial predisposition to RCC. The cloning of the susceptibility genes that underline familial predisposition to RCC has offered entry points into the signaling pathways that are also deregulated in sporadic RCC. Biochemical studies of these signaling pathways and target validation experiments have already culminated in the discovery and clinical application of small molecules with promising activity in RCC. In this article, we highlight the molecular genetic features of RCC that are more directly related to identification and validation of promising targets for molecular therapy.
Collapse
|
83
|
Brière JJ, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Rustin P. Tricarboxylic acid cycle dysfunction as a cause of human diseases and tumor formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1114-20. [PMID: 16760265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00216.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A renewed interest in tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymopathies has resulted from the report that, in addition to devastating encephalopathies, these can result in various types of tumors in human. We first review the major features of the cycle that may underlie this surprising variety of clinical features. After discussing the rare cases of encephalopathies associated with specific deficiencies of some of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, we finally examine the mechanism possibly causing tumor/cancer formation in the cases of mutations affecting fumarase or succinate dehydrogenase genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Brière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 676, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Brown K, Jellinek NJ. Update on syndromes with cutaneous manifestations and new diagnoses in dermatology. SEMINARS IN CUTANEOUS MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2006; 25:170-8. [PMID: 17174837 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic syndromes with cutaneous manifestations represent a continually evolving entity. New syndromes are described, while improved understanding of others, with new features of disease or enhanced genetic understanding of the disease are discovered. This review highlights the latest information on syndromes with cutaneous manifestations and presents several newly described dermatologic diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Heinritz W, Paasch U, Sticherling M, Wittekind C, Simon JC, Froster UG, Renner R. Evidence for a founder effect of the germline fumarate hydratase gene mutation R58P causing hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Ann Hum Genet 2006; 72:35-40. [PMID: 17908262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the results of clinical investigation, pedigree analysis, mutation screening and haplotyping in a family with the syndrome of multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas (MCUL1) and a germline missense mutation (R58P) in the fumarate hydratase gene (FH). We provide evidence for a founder effect for the identified mutation and distant relationship of our family to another familial case of MCUL1 associated with renal cell cancer, which was recently published with the same mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Heinritz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Badeloe S, van Geel M, van Steensel MAM, Bastida J, Ferrando J, Steijlen PM, Frank J, Poblete-Gutiérrez P. Diffuse and segmental variants of cutaneous leiomyomatosis: novel mutations in the fumarate hydratase gene and review of the literature. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:735-41. [PMID: 16881969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis (MCUL; OMIM 150800) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by leiomyomas of the skin and uterine leiomyomas. Recently, association of MCUL with different forms of renal cancer has been described. This syndrome is referred to as hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (OMIM 605839). Both disorders result from heterozygous germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene that may function as a tumor suppressor. Interestingly, cutaneous leiomyomas do not only manifest in a diffuse and symmetric fashion. Rather frequently, a segmental or band-like manifestation pattern can be observed, usually following the lines of Blaschko. Here, we sought to elucidate the molecular basis of diffuse and segmental cutaneous leiomyomatosis in six unrelated Dutch and Spanish patients and their families. We identified six novel FH mutations, including one missense and one nonsense mutation, two deletions and two splice-site mutations. The segmental phenotype that was observed in various patients with FH mutations most likely reflects a type 2 segmental manifestation of cutaneous leiomyomatosis as previously also described for other autosomal dominantly inherited skin diseases. The results presented here extend the current data on the molecular basis of familial cutaneous leiomyomatosis and comprise, to the best of our knowledge, the first genetic study in Dutch and Spanish patients with this disorder. In addition, we review the clinical and molecular aspects of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhanna Badeloe
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Chiaradonna F, Gaglio D, Vanoni M, Alberghina L. Expression of transforming K-Ras oncogene affects mitochondrial function and morphology in mouse fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:1338-56. [PMID: 16987493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
K-ras transformed fibroblasts have been shown to have a stronger dependence from glycolysis, reduced oxidative phosphorylation ability and a fragility towards glucose depletion compared to their immortalized, normal counterparts. In this paper, using RNA profiling assays and metabolic perturbations, we report changes in expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and alterations in mitochondrial morphology that correlate with mitochondrial functionality. In fact, unlike normal cells, transformed cells show reduced ATP content and inability to modify mitochondria morphology upon glucose depletion. Being reverted by GEF-DN expression, such morphological and functional changes are directly connected to Ras activation. Taken together with reported partial mitochondrial uncoupling and more sustained apoptosis of transformed cells, our results indicate that activation of the Ras pathway strikingly impacts on energy and signaling-related aspects of mitochondria functionality, that in turn may affect the terminal phenotype of transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Lehtonen HJ, Kiuru M, Ylisaukko-Oja SK, Salovaara R, Herva R, Koivisto PA, Vierimaa O, Aittomäki K, Pukkala E, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA. Increased risk of cancer in patients with fumarate hydratase germline mutation. J Med Genet 2006; 43:523-6. [PMID: 16155190 PMCID: PMC2564537 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.036400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a tumour predisposition syndrome caused by heterozygous germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. The condition is characterised by predisposition to benign leiomyomas of the skin and the uterus, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS). To comprehensively examine the cancer risk and tumour spectrum in Finnish FH mutation positive families, genealogical and cancer data were obtained from 868 individuals. The cohort analysis of the standardised incidence ratios (SIR) was analysed from 256 individuals. FH mutation status was analysed from all available individuals (n = 98). To study tumour spectrum in FH mutation carriers, loss of the wild type allele was analysed from all available tumours (n = 22). The SIR was 6.5 for RCC and 71 for ULMS. The overall cancer risk was statistically significantly increased in the age group of 15-29 years, consistent with features of cancer predisposition families in general. FH germline mutation was found in 55% of studied individuals. Most RCC and ULMS tumours displayed biallelic inactivation of FH, as did breast and bladder cancers. In addition, several benign tumours including atypical uterine leiomyomas, kidney cysts, and adrenal gland adenomas were observed. The present study confirms with calculated risk ratios the association of early onset RCC and ULMS with FH germline mutations in Finns. Some evidence for association of breast and bladder carcinoma with HLRCC was obtained. The data enlighten the organ specific malignant potential of HLRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Biomedicum Helsinki, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|