51
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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52
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Aygün D, Önal P, Apaydın G, Çokuğraş H. Coronavirus infections in childhood and vaccine studies. Turk Arch Pediatr 2021; 56:10-14. [PMID: 34013223 PMCID: PMC8114597 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2020.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In late December 2019, a new coronavirus (CoV) called the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which had not been detected in humans before, caused a worldwide pandemic. Owing to the highly infectious nature of this virus, it spread rapidly from person to person despite the warnings of the World Health Organization and all the measures taken by the governments. Although it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to infect the elderly, all age groups are susceptible to this virus, including newborns. CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms seem to be less severe in children than in adults, but similar to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, in the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases and the risk of serious diseases increase as age increases. The treatment of COVID-19 is still challenging, especially in children, and the virus continues to cause death worldwide. The safest and most controlled way to effectively and sustainably prevent COVID-19 in a society is to have an effective and safe vaccine and to successfully vaccinate the majority of the population. It is possible that vaccines with safety and efficacy that have been proven in phase III trials will be effective in handling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Aygün
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Önal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözde Apaydın
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Çokuğraş
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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53
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Isser A, Livingston NK, Schneck JP. Biomaterials to enhance antigen-specific T cell expansion for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 268:120584. [PMID: 33338931 PMCID: PMC7856270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells are often referred to as the 'guided missiles' of our immune system because of their capacity to traffic to and accumulate at sites of infection or disease, destroy infected or mutated cells with high specificity and sensitivity, initiate systemic immune responses, sterilize infections, and produce long-lasting memory. As a result, they are a common target for a range of cancer immunotherapies. However, the myriad of challenges of expanding large numbers of T cells specific to each patient's unique tumor antigens has led researchers to develop alternative, more scalable approaches. Biomaterial platforms for expansion of antigen-specific T cells offer a path forward towards broadscale translation of personalized immunotherapies by providing "off-the-shelf", yet modular approaches to customize the phenotype, function, and specificity of T cell responses. In this review, we discuss design considerations and progress made in the development of ex vivo and in vivo technologies for activating antigen-specific T cells, including artificial antigen presenting cells, T cell stimulating scaffolds, biomaterials-based vaccines, and artificial lymphoid organs. Ultimate translation of these platforms as a part of cancer immunotherapy regimens hinges on an in-depth understanding of T cell biology and cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Isser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natalie K Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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54
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Perera PY, Perera LP. Development of leading first-generation vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104841. [PMID: 34022375 PMCID: PMC8133830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 167 million individuals globally. Highly effective and safe vaccines are required to accelerate the development of herd immunity to end the pandemic. This review focuses on vaccines that are being developed at unprecedented speed globally and are completing late phase clinical trials to meet this urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yu Perera
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Liyanage P Perera
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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55
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Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
expr 839529059 + 832255227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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56
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Lukacs NW, Malinczak CA. Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:783. [PMID: 33371275 PMCID: PMC7766447 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Nainu F, Abidin RS, Bahar MA, Frediansyah A, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Harapan H. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and implications for vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3061-3073. [PMID: 33393854 PMCID: PMC8641611 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1830683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to constitute a public health emergency of international concern. Multiple vaccine candidates for COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have entered clinical trials. However, some evidence suggests that patients who have recovered from COVID-19 can be reinfected. For example, in China, two discharged COVID-19 patients who had recovered and fulfilled the discharge criteria for COVID-19 were retested positive to a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the virus. This finding is critical and could hamper COVID-19 vaccine development. This review offers literature-based evidence of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, provides explanation for the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection both from the agent and host points of view, and discusses its implication for COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, 90245, Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rufika Shari Abidin
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, 90245, Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muh. Akbar Bahar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, 90245, Tamalanrea, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), 55861, Wonosari, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, 4381, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 243122, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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58
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Ura T, Yamashita A, Mizuki N, Okuda K, Shimada M. New vaccine production platforms used in developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2020; 39:197-201. [PMID: 33279318 PMCID: PMC7685034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The threat of the current coronavirus disease pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is accelerating the development of potential vaccines. Candidate vaccines have been generated using existing technologies that have been applied for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases. Two new types of platforms, mRNA- and viral vector-based vaccines, have been gaining attention owing to the rapid advancement in their methodologies. In clinical trials, setting appropriate immunological endpoints plays a key role in evaluating the efficacy and safety of candidate vaccines. Updated information about immunological features from individuals who have or have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 continues to guide effective vaccine development strategies. This review highlights key strategies for generating candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and considerations for vaccine development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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59
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Chung YH, Beiss V, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF. COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12522-12537. [PMID: 33034449 PMCID: PMC7553041 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Humanity is experiencing a catastrophic pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally to cause significant morbidity and mortality, and there still remain unknowns about the biology and pathology of the virus. Even with testing, tracing, and social distancing, many countries are struggling to contain SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 will only be suppressible when herd immunity develops, either because of an effective vaccine or if the population has been infected and is resistant to reinfection. There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine. Concerted efforts by physicians, academic laboratories, and companies around the world have improved detection and treatment and made promising early steps, developing many vaccine candidates at a pace that has been unmatched for prior diseases. As of August 11, 2020, 28 of these companies have advanced into clinical trials with Moderna, CanSino, the University of Oxford, BioNTech, Sinovac, Sinopharm, Anhui Zhifei Longcom, Inovio, Novavax, Vaxine, Zydus Cadila, Institute of Medical Biology, and the Gamaleya Research Institute having moved beyond their initial safety and immunogenicity studies. This review analyzes these frontrunners in the vaccine development space and delves into their posted results while highlighting the role of the nanotechnologies applied by all the vaccine developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
| | - Steven N. Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth
College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center,
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766,
United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
- Department of Radiology, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
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60
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Campbell KM, Steiner G, Wells DK, Ribas A, Kalbasi A. Prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes using a pan-HLA and global population inference approach. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.03.30.016931. [PMID: 32511325 PMCID: PMC7239055 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.30.016931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 T cell response assessment and vaccine development may benefit from an approach that considers the global landscape of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We predicted the binding affinity between 9-mer and 15-mer peptides from the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome for 9,360 class I and 8,445 class II HLA alleles, respectively. We identified 368,145 unique combinations of peptide-HLA complexes (pMHCs) with a predicted binding affinity less than 500nM, and observed significant overlap between class I and II predicted pMHCs. Using simulated populations derived from worldwide HLA frequency data, we identified sets of epitopes predicted in at least 90% of the population in 57 countries. We also developed a method to prioritize pMHCs for specific populations. Collectively, this public dataset and accessible user interface (Shiny app: https://rstudio-connect.parkerici.org/content/13/) can be used to explore the SARS-CoV-2 epitope landscape in the context of diverse HLA types across global populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Senior author
- Lead Contact
| | - Gabriela Steiner
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel K. Wells
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA
- Department Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Department Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCLA, CA, 90095, USA
- Senior author
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61
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Herst CV, Burkholz S, Sidney J, Sette A, Harris PE, Massey S, Brasel T, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Chao WCH, Carback R, Hodge T, Wang L, Ciotlos S, Lloyd P, Rubsamen R. An effective CTL peptide vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors' CD8+ targeting of a particular nucleocapsid protein epitope with potential implications for COVID-19 vaccine design. Vaccine 2020; 38:4464-4475. [PMID: 32418793 PMCID: PMC7186210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West Africa EBOV epidemic was the biggest EBOV outbreak to date. An analysis of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity in 30 survivors showed that 26 of those individuals had a CD8+ response to at least one EBOV protein. The dominant response (25/26 subjects) was specific to the EBOV nucleocapsid protein (NP). It has been suggested that epitopes on the EBOV NP could form an important part of an effective T-cell vaccine for Ebola Zaire. We show that a 9-amino-acid peptide NP44-52 (YQVNNLEEI) located in a conserved region of EBOV NP provides protection against morbidity and mortality after mouse adapted EBOV challenge. A single vaccination in a C57BL/6 mouse using an adjuvanted microsphere peptide vaccine formulation containing NP44-52 is enough to confer immunity in mice. Our work suggests that a peptide vaccine based on CD8+ T-cell immunity in EBOV survivors is conceptually sound and feasible. Nucleocapsid proteins within SARS-CoV-2 contain multiple Class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions consistent with broad population coverage. A similar approach to a CTL vaccine design may be possible for that virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Ebola Vaccines/chemistry
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Herst
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Burkholz
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - J Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - A Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - P E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Massey
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - T Brasel
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - E Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Heart Institute (Incor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C H Chao
- University of Macau, E12 Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - R Carback
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - T Hodge
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - L Wang
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - P Lloyd
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - R Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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63
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Arinaminpathy N, Riley S, Barclay WS, Saad-Roy C, Grenfell B. Population implications of the deployment of novel universal vaccines against epidemic and pandemic influenza. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190879. [PMID: 32126190 PMCID: PMC7115234 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development of new, 'universal' influenza vaccines (UIVs) that--unlike current vaccines--are effective against a broad range of seasonal influenza strains, as well as against novel pandemic viruses. While the existing literature discusses the potential epidemiological benefits of UIVs, it is also important to anticipate their potential unintended population consequences. Using mathematical modelling, we illustrate two such types of adverse consequences. First, by reducing the amount of infection-induced immunity in a population without fully replacing it, a seasonal UIV programme may permit larger pandemics than in the absence of vaccination. Second, the more successful a future UIV programme is in reducing transmission of seasonal influenza, the more vulnerable the population could become to the emergence of a vaccine escape variant. These risks could be mitigated by optimal deployment of any future UIV vaccine: namely, the use of a combined vaccine formulation (incorporating conventional as well as multiple universal antigenic targets) and achieving sufficient population coverage to compensate for any reductions in infection-induced immunity. In the absence of large-scale trials of UIVs, disease-dynamic models can provide helpful, early insights into their potential impact. In future, data from continuing vaccine development will be invaluable in developing robustly predictive modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Arinaminpathy
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W. S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C. Saad-Roy
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B. Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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64
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Flores-Kossack C, Montero R, Köllner B, Maisey K. Chilean aquaculture and the new challenges: Pathogens, immune response, vaccination and fish diversification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:52-67. [PMID: 31899356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores-Kossack
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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65
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Samy N, Reichhardt D, Schmidt D, Chen LM, Silbernagl G, Vidojkovic S, Meyer TP, Jordan E, Adams T, Weidenthaler H, Stroukova D, De Carli S, Chaplin P. Safety and immunogenicity of novel modified vaccinia Ankara-vectored RSV vaccine: A randomized phase I clinical trial. Vaccine 2020; 38:2608-2619. [PMID: 32057576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease caused by RSV infection is recognized as a severe public health issue in infants, young children and elderly with no specific treatment option. Vaccination may be the most effective strategy to combat this highly infectious virus although no vaccine has been approved. The novel vaccine candidate MVA-BN-RSV encodes RSV surface proteins F and G (subtypes A, B) as well as internal proteins N and M2 in the MVA-BN viral vector backbone to provide broad protection against RSV. This was a first in human study to investigate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of MVA-BN-RSV. Sixty-three participants were allocated to 3 groups: adult (18-49 years) low (1 × 107 TCID50) or high (1 × 108 TCID50) dose and older adult (50-65 years) high dose. Participants in each group were randomized in a 6:1 ratio to receive 2 doses of MVA-BN-RSV or placebo 4 weeks apart and were monitored for 30 weeks. All participants completed the study, receiving both doses. No serious AEs or AEs of special interest were reported. The most common AEs were injection site pain (56% in the combined high dose groups, 17% in the low dose group). MVA-BN-RSV induced robust T cell responses covering all 5 inserts with fold increases ranging from 1.8 to 3.8. Higher and broader responses were observed in the high dose groups (83% responders to at least 3 peptide pools in the combined high dose groups compared to 63% in the low dose group). Moderate but consistent humoral responses were observed against A and B RSV subtypes (up to approximately 2-fold increases in the high dose groups). No differences were observed between the adult and the older adult groups in safety, reactogenicity or immunogenicity. The study demonstrated that the well tolerated MVA-BN-RSV vaccine candidate induces broad cellular and humoral immune responses, warranting further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Samy
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Darja Schmidt
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Liddy M Chen
- Bavarian Nordic Inc, 3025 Carrington Mill Boulevard, Morrisville, NC 27560, United States
| | - Günter Silbernagl
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sanja Vidojkovic
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Ph Meyer
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elke Jordan
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatiana Adams
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Daria Stroukova
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sonja De Carli
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul Chaplin
- Bavarian Nordic A/S, Hejreskovvej 10A, DK-3490 Kvistgård, Denmark
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66
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da Costa A, Nascimento ND, Galisteo AJ, Dias Dos Passos AB, de Andrade HF. Radiation effects on Toxoplasma antigens: different immune responses of irradiated intact tachyzoites or soluble antigens in experimental mice models. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:697-706. [PMID: 31855098 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1704298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Purpose: Protein irradiation causes aggregation, chain breakage, and oxidation, enhancing its uptake by antigen-presenting cells. To evaluate if irradiated proteins participate on the protection, we studied the immune response induced in mice immunized with irradiated soluble extracts of T. gondii tachyzoites (STag) or irradiated intact T. gondii RH tachyzoites (RH0.25 kGy).Material and Methods: Soluble extracts of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites (STag) were irradiated at different dose by Cobalt-60 source. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-Page) we evaluated the effects on primary structures of protein STags induced by irradiation. By Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) we evaluated the difference between humoral immune response induced by irradiated STag or RH tachyzoites in immunized mice from the detection of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the serum of immunized mice. From challenge with viable RH strain of T. gondii we evaluated the protection induced in the immunized animals. By cytometry we performed the phenotyping of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the immunized animals.Results: Irradiation dose of 1.5 kGy induced minimal changes in most proteins, without affecting their antigenicity or immunogenicity. Immunization showed saturation at the dose of 10 µg/mice, with worst response at higher doses. STag irradiated at 1.5 kGy (STag1.5 kGy) induced higher survival and protection similar to T. gondii RH strain irradiated at 0.25 kGy (RH0.25 kGy), with higher serum levels of high affinity IgG compared to STag native. Blood immune memory cells of mice immunized with STag1.5 kGy had higher proportions of CD19+ (cluster of differentiation 19) and CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 14) cells, whereas mice RH0.25 kGy had high proportion of memory CD8+ (cluster of differentiation 8) cells.Conclusions: Our data suggest that major histocompatibility complex type I (MHCI) pathway, appears seem to be used by RH0.25 kGy to generate cytotoxic cells while STag1.5 kGy uses a major histocompatibility complex type II (MHCII) pathway for B-cell memory, but both induce sufficient immune response for protection in mice without any adjuvant. Irradiation of soluble protein extracts enhances their immune response, allowing similar protection against T. gondii in mice as compared to irradiated intact parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea da Costa
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nanci do Nascimento
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andrés Jimenez Galisteo
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aline Bastos Dias Dos Passos
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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67
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CD4 + T cell help creates memory CD8 + T cells with innate and help-independent recall capacities. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5531. [PMID: 31797935 PMCID: PMC6892909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell help is required for the generation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory. Here, we use genome-wide analyses to show how CD4+ T cell help delivered during priming promotes memory differentiation of CTLs. Help signals enhance IL-15-dependent maintenance of central memory T (TCM) cells. More importantly, help signals regulate the size and function of the effector memory T (TEM) cell pool. Helped TEM cells produce Granzyme B and IFNγ upon antigen-independent, innate-like recall by IL-12 and IL-18. In addition, helped memory CTLs express the effector program characteristic of helped primary CTLs upon recall with MHC class I-restricted antigens, likely due to epigenetic imprinting and sustained mRNA expression of effector genes. Our data thus indicate that during priming, CD4+ T cell help optimizes CTL memory by creating TEM cells with innate and help-independent antigen-specific recall capacities.
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68
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Hobbs SJ, Nolz JC. Targeted Expansion of Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cells to Boost Cellular Immunity in the Skin. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2990-2997.e2. [PMID: 31801067 PMCID: PMC6914228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are positioned within environmental barrier tissues to provide a first line of defense against pathogen entry, but whether these specialized T cell populations can be readily boosted to increase protective immunity is ill defined. Here, we demonstrate that repeated activation of rare, endogenous TRM CD8+ T cells, using only topical application of antigenic peptide causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and increases the number of antigen-specific TRM CD8+ T cells, specifically in the challenged skin by ∼15-fold. Expanded TRM CD8+ T cells in the skin are derived from memory T cells recruited out of the circulation that became CD69+ tissue residents following a local antigen encounter. Notably, recruited circulating memory CD8+ T cells of a different antigen specificity could be coerced to become tissue resident using a dual-peptide challenge strategy. Expanded TRM CD8+ T cells significantly increase anti-viral protection, suggesting that this approach could be used to rapidly boost tissue-specific cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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69
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A Novel Approach to Deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Antigen in Eukaryotic Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:506-512. [PMID: 31020618 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to express and deliver a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen to macrophages using salmonella as carrier. The coding sequence of a fibronectin attachment protein which is expressed by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid. The construct was introduced into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain SL7207 (ΔhisG, ΔaroA) as carrier. In order to evaluate the delivery capacity of Salmonella and gene expression by antigen-presenting cells, the THP-1 derived macrophages were infected with the salmonella carrier. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis showed the successful delivery and expression of targeted gene in THP-1 cell line. Although, in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Salmonella containing plasmid did not trigger IFNγ production significantly. But it seems that this carrier can increase plasmid uptake and antigen expression by host intestinal antigen-presenting cells after mucosal administration. So, the construct can be used for further in vivo studies on the Salmonella carrier's efficiency in mycobacterial DNA vaccines.
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70
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Dissecting the heterogeneity of DENV vaccine-elicited cellular immunity using single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolic profiling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3666. [PMID: 31413301 PMCID: PMC6694189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating effective and durable T cell immunity is a critical prerequisite for vaccination against dengue virus (DENV) and other viral diseases. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms of vaccine-elicited T cell immunity remains a critical knowledge gap in vaccinology. In this study, we utilize single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and longitudinal TCR clonotype analysis to identify a unique transcriptional signature present in acutely activated and clonally-expanded T cells that become committed to the memory repertoire. This effector/memory-associated transcriptional signature is dominated by a robust metabolic transcriptional program. Based on this transcriptional signature, we are able to define a set of markers that identify the most durable vaccine-reactive memory-precursor CD8+ T cells. This study illustrates the power of scRNAseq as an analytical tool to assess the molecular mechanisms of host control and vaccine modality in determining the magnitude, diversity and persistence of vaccine-elicited cell-mediated immunity. Using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR clonotype analysis on longitudinal samples from dengue vaccinated individuals, Waickman et al. here define a transcriptional signature in acutely-activated T cells that is associated with durable CD8+ T cell memory.
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71
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Heide J, Vaughan KC, Sette A, Jacobs T, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Comprehensive Review of Human Plasmodium falciparum-Specific CD8+ T Cell Epitopes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:397. [PMID: 30949162 PMCID: PMC6438266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of malaria is an important global health issue and there is still an urgent need for the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine. Multiple studies have provided strong evidence that Plasmodium falciparum-specific MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells are important for sterile protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection. Here, we present an interactive epitope map of all P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes published to date, based on a comprehensive data base (IEDB), and literature search. The majority of the described P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cells were directed against the antigens CSP, TRAP, AMA1, and LSA1. Notably, most of the epitopes were discovered in vaccine trials conducted with malaria-naïve volunteers. Only few immunological studies of P. falciparum-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes detected in patients suffering from acute malaria or in people living in malaria endemic areas have been published. Further detailed immunological mappings of P. falciparum-specific epitopes of a broader range of P. falciparum proteins in different settings and with different disease status are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of CD8+ T cell responses for protection, and to better guide vaccine design and to study their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Heide
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerrie C Vaughan
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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72
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Scholzen A, Richard G, Moise L, Baeten LA, Reeves PM, Martin WD, Brauns TA, Boyle CM, Raju Paul S, Bucala R, Bowen RA, Garritsen A, De Groot AS, Sluder AE, Poznansky MC. Promiscuous Coxiella burnetii CD4 Epitope Clusters Associated With Human Recall Responses Are Candidates for a Novel T-Cell Targeted Multi-Epitope Q Fever Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 30828331 PMCID: PMC6384241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium transmitted via aerosol. Regulatory approval of the Australian whole-cell vaccine Q-VAX® in the US and Europe is hindered by reactogenicity in previously exposed individuals. The aim of this study was to identify and rationally select C. burnetii epitopes for design of a safe, effective, and less reactogenic T-cell targeted human Q fever vaccine. Immunoinformatic methods were used to predict 65 HLA class I epitopes and 50 promiscuous HLA class II C. burnetii epitope clusters, which are conserved across strains of C. burnetii. HLA binding assays confirmed 89% of class I and 75% of class II predictions, and 11 HLA class II epitopes elicited IFNγ responses following heterologous DNA/DNA/peptide/peptide prime-boost immunizations of HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Human immune responses to the predicted epitopes were characterized in individuals naturally exposed to C. burnetii during the 2007–2010 Dutch Q fever outbreak. Subjects were divided into three groups: controls with no immunological evidence of previous infection and individuals with responses to heat-killed C. burnetii in a whole blood IFNγ release assay (IGRA) who remained asymptomatic or who experienced clinical Q fever during the outbreak. Recall responses to C. burnetii epitopes were assessed by cultured IFNγ ELISpot. While HLA class I epitope responses were sparse in this cohort, we identified 21 HLA class II epitopes that recalled T-cell IFNγ responses in 10–28% of IGRA+ subjects. IGRA+ individuals with past asymptomatic and symptomatic C. burnetii infection showed a comparable response pattern and cumulative peptide response which correlated with IGRA responses. None of the peptides elicited reactogenicity in a C. burnetii exposure-primed guinea pig model. These data demonstrate that a substantial proportion of immunoinformatically identified HLA class II epitopes show long-lived immunoreactivity in naturally infected individuals, making them desirable candidates for a novel human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laurie A Baeten
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Patrick M Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Timothy A Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Susan Raju Paul
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ann E Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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73
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Patel SY, Carbone J, Jolles S. The Expanding Field of Secondary Antibody Deficiency: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30800120 PMCID: PMC6376447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody deficiency or hypogammaglobulinemia can have primary or secondary etiologies. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) is the result of intrinsic genetic defects, whereas secondary antibody deficiency may arise as a consequence of underlying conditions or medication use. On a global level, malnutrition, HIV, and malaria are major causes of secondary immunodeficiency. In this review we consider secondary antibody deficiency, for which common causes include hematological malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or multiple myeloma, and their treatment, protein-losing states, and side effects of a number of immunosuppressive agents and procedures involved in solid organ transplantation. Secondary antibody deficiency is not only much more common than PAD, but is also being increasingly recognized with the wider and more prolonged use of a growing list of agents targeting B cells. SAD may thus present to a broad range of specialties and is associated with an increased risk of infection. Early diagnosis and intervention is key to avoiding morbidity and mortality. Optimizing treatment requires careful clinical and laboratory assessment and may involve close monitoring of risk parameters, vaccination, antibiotic strategies, and in some patients, immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). This review discusses the rapidly evolving list of underlying causes of secondary antibody deficiency, specifically focusing on therapies targeting B cells, alongside recent advances in screening, biomarkers of risk for the development of secondary antibody deficiency, diagnosis, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Y. Patel
- Clinical Immunology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Carbone
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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74
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Nürnberger C, Bodmer BS, Fiedler AH, Gabriel G, Mühlebach MD. A Measles Virus-Based Vaccine Candidate Mediates Protection against Zika Virus in an Allogeneic Mouse Pregnancy Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01485-18. [PMID: 30429338 PMCID: PMC6340036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01485-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic highlights the need for vaccines that reduce or prevent infection and reliably prevent teratogenic complications. The live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine strains are a promising vaccine platform, since they induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses against additional antigens and have an excellent safety record. To explore its potential to protect against ZIKV, we compared a recombinant Schwarz strain MV that encodes ZIKV prM and soluble E proteins (MV-Zika-sE) with a prototypic alum-adjuvanted whole inactivated ZIKV particle vaccine. Analysis of MV-Zika-sE-infected cells confirmed antigen expression, and the virus replicated with vaccine strain characteristics. Immunized IFNAR-/--CD46Ge mice developed E protein-specific and neutralizing antibodies, and ZIKV E-specific cellular immune responses were observed by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and in vitro T cell proliferation assays. To analyze protective efficacy, vaccinated female mice were challenged with ZIKV after allogeneic mating. In MV-Zika-sE-vaccinated mice, weight gain was similar to that in uninfected mice, while no plasma viremia was detectable in the majority of the animals. In contrast, infected control animals gained less weight and experienced about 100-fold higher viremia over at least 3 days. Moreover, vaccination with MV-Zika-sE reduced the ZIKV load in different organs and the placentas and prevented infection of the fetus. Consequently, no fetal growth retardation, anemia, or death due to ZIKV infection was seen in MV-Zika-sE-vaccinated dams. In contrast, the inactivated ZIKV vaccine had little to no effect in our studies. Therefore, the MV-derived ZIKV vaccine is a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical development.IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes a variety of neurological complications, including congenital birth defects. Despite the urgent need, no ZIKV vaccine has yet been licensed. Recombinant vaccine strain-derived measles viruses (MV) constitute a promising vector platform to induce immunity against foreign pathogens by expressing antigens from additional transcription units while at the same time possessing a remarkable safety profile. This concept has already been validated against different pathogens, including at least 3 other flaviviruses, and our data show that vaccination with MV expressing soluble ZIKV E protein significantly diminishes infection and prevents fetal loss or damage in an allogeneic mouse pregnancy model. It can thus be regarded as a promising emergency vaccine candidate with the potential for inclusion in routine vaccination settings in areas of endemicity to prevent teratogenic effects of circulating ZIKV during pregnancy, comparable to standard rubella virus vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Measles Vaccine/immunology
- Measles virus/immunology
- Membrane Cofactor Protein/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Pregnancy
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/physiology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nürnberger
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca S Bodmer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Anna H Fiedler
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
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75
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Broshkov M, Kichun I. Effects of a 1,2,4-triazole derivative liposome emulsion on the innate and adaptive immunity of puppies vaccinated against canine parvovirus and canine distemper. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the evaluate the immunomodulating effect of a 1,2,4-triazole derivative liposome emulsion (Trifuzol) in puppies vaccinated against parvovirus enteritis and canine distemper. The used Trifuzol liposome emulsion led to a significant increase in the absolute number of lympho-cytes and their immunoregulatory subpopulations, phagocytic activity of neutrophils. The level of antibodies against parvovirus enteritis (CPV) and canine distemper (CDV) in vaccinated and Trifuzol-treated puppies reached zero values which were statistically significantly lower than those in vac-cinated-only puppies (21.0 U/mL and 27.0 U/mL, respectively). It was concluded that the tested liposome emulsion of Trifuzol had an positive effect on the humoral immunity in puppies and can be used in clinical practice as an immunomodulatory agent.
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76
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Anderson J, Toh ZQ, Reitsma A, Do LAH, Nathanielsz J, Licciardi PV. Effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cryopreservation on innate and adaptive immune responses. J Immunol Methods 2018; 465:61-66. [PMID: 30447244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of blood-derived immune cells is commonly used in clinical trials to examine immunological responses. However, studies elucidating the effects of cryopreservation on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses have shown inconsistent results making it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions. Therefore we sought to address this issue by comparing key innate and adaptive immune parameters between freshly-isolated and cryopreserved PBMCs from healthy adults. We examined the effect of cryopreservation on the expression of key markers on innate and adaptive immune cell populations (i.e. CD4+ and CD8+ [T cells], CD14+ [monocytes], CD19+ [B cells], CD56+ [NK cells] or CD19 + CD27+ [memory B cells]), on cytokine secretion (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, MCP-1 and RANTES) in cultured PBMC supernatants following stimulation with a range of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, as well as on antigen-specific memory B cell enumeration by ELISpot. We found that cryopreservation had no effect on the expression of immune markers on innate and adaptive immune cells as well on the number of antigen-specific memory B cells. However, the response to TLR ligands such as FLA-ST, CpG and LPS was variable with increased cytokine production by cryopreserved PBMCs observed compared to freshly-isolated PBMCs. Our results suggest that the effect of cryopreservation on the biological response of immune cell populations needs to be carefully considered, particularly in the context of clinical studies that rely on these immune outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Anderson
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Zheng Quan Toh
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Reitsma
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lien Anh Ha Do
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jordan Nathanielsz
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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77
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Wang P, Dong S, Zhao P, He X, Chen M. Direct loading of CTL epitopes onto MHC class I complexes on dendritic cell surface in vivo. Biomaterials 2018; 182:92-103. [PMID: 30107273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope vaccines are effective to induce CTL responses but require complex ex vivo DC preparation and epitope-loading. To take advantage of DC-based epitope vaccines without involving the ex vivo procedures, we aimed to develop carriers to directly load CTL epitopes onto DCs in vivo. Here, we first engineered a carrier consisting of a hydrophilic polypeptide, immune-tolerant elastin-like polypeptide (iTEP) and a substrate peptide of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (sMMP). The iTEP was able to solubilize CTL epitopes. CTL epitopes were connected to the carrier, iTEP-sMMP, through sMMP so that the epitopes can be cleaved from the carrier by MMP-9. iTEP-sMMP was found to release its epitope payloads in the DC culture media, which contained MMP-9 released from DCs. iTEP-sMMP allowed for the direct loading of CTL epitopes onto the surface MHC class I complexes of DCs. Importantly, iTEP-sMMP resulted in greater epitope presentation by DCs both in vitro and in vivo than a control carrier that cannot directly load epitopes. iTEP-sMMP also induced 2-fold stronger immune responses than the control carrier. To further enhance the direct epitope-loading strategy, we furnished iTEP-sMMP with an albumin-binding domain (ABD) and found the new carrier, ABD-iTEP-sMMP, had greater lymph node (LN) accumulation than iTEP-sMMP. ABD-iTEP-sMMP also resulted in greater immune responses than iTEP-sMMP by 1.5-fold. Importantly, ABD-iTEP-sMMP-delivered CTL epitope vaccine induced stronger immune responses than free CTL epitope vaccine. Taken together, these carriers utilized two physiological features of DCs to realize direct epitope-loading in vivo: the accumulation of DCs in LNs and MMP-9 released from DCs. These carriers are a potential substitute for DC-based CTL epitope vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shuyun Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mingnan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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78
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Bowyer G, Rampling T, Powlson J, Morter R, Wright D, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Activation-induced Markers Detect Vaccine-Specific CD4⁺ T Cell Responses Not Measured by Assays Conventionally Used in Clinical Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030050. [PMID: 30065162 PMCID: PMC6161310 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity of T cell-inducing vaccines, such as viral vectors or DNA vaccines and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), are frequently assessed by cytokine-based approaches. While these are sensitive methods that have shown correlates of protection in various vaccine studies, they only identify a small proportion of the vaccine-specific T cell response. Responses to vaccination are likely to be heterogeneous, particularly when comparing prime and boost or assessing vaccine performance across diverse populations. Activation-induced markers (AIM) can provide a broader view of the total antigen-specific T cell response to enable a more comprehensive evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity. We tested an AIM assay for the detection of vaccine-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in healthy UK adults vaccinated with viral vectored Ebola vaccine candidates, ChAd3-EBO-Z and MVA-EBO-Z. We used the markers, CD25, CD134 (OX40), CD274 (PDL1), and CD107a, to sensitively identify vaccine-responsive T cells. We compared the use of OX40+CD25+ and OX40+PDL1+ in CD4+ T cells and OX40+CD25+ and CD25+CD107a+ in CD8+ T cells for their sensitivity, specificity, and associations with other measures of vaccine immunogenicity. We show that activation-induced markers can be used as an additional method of demonstrating vaccine immunogenicity, providing a broader picture of the global T cell response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Bowyer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Tommy Rampling
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | | | - Richard Morter
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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79
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Lebedeva E, Bagaev A, Pichugin A, Chulkina M, Lysenko A, Tutykhina I, Shmarov M, Logunov D, Naroditsky B, Ataullakhanov R. The differences in immunoadjuvant mechanisms of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists on the level of antigen-presenting cells during immunization with recombinant adenovirus vector. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:26. [PMID: 30055563 PMCID: PMC6064145 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines. The mechanisms of their immunostimulatory action differ significantly; these differences are particularly critical for immunization with non-replicating adenovirus vectors (rAds) based vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, rAd based vaccines are not designed to capture vaccine antigens from the external environment by antigen presenting cells (APCs), but rather they are targeted to the de novo synthesis of vaccine antigens in APCs transfected with rAd. To date, there is no clear understanding about approaches to improve the efficacy of rAd vaccinations with immunoadjuvants. In this study, we investigated the immunoadjuvant effect of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists on the level of activation of APCs during vaccination with rAds. RESULTS We demonstrated that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists confer different effects on the molecular processes in APCs that determine the efficacy of antigen delivery and activation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. APCs activated with agonists of TLR4 were characterized by up-regulated production of target antigen mRNA and protein encoded in rAd, as well as enhanced expression of the co-activation receptors CD80, CD86 and CD40, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL6 and IL12. These effects of TLR4 agonists have provided a significant increase in the number of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TLR3 agonist, on the contrary, inhibited transcription and synthesis of rAd-encoded antigens, but improved expression of CD40 and IFN-β in APCs. The cumulative effect of TLR3 agonist have resulted in only a slight improvement in the activation of antigen-specific T cells. Also, we demonstrated that IFN-β and TNF-α, secreted by APCs in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists, respectively, have an opposite effect on the transcription of the targeted gene encoded in rAd. Specifically, IFN-β inhibited, and TNF-α stimulated the expression of target vaccine antigens in APCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that agonists of TLR4 but not TLR3 merit further study as adjuvants for development of vaccines based on recombinant adenoviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lebedeva
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Bagaev
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Pichugin
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Chulkina
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Lysenko
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Tutykhina
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Shmarov
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Logunov
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Naroditsky
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ravshan Ataullakhanov
- National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
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80
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Bhurani V, Mohankrishnan A, Morrot A, Dalai SK. Developing effective vaccines: Cues from natural infection. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:249-265. [PMID: 29927676 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1471479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of any vaccine is to generate a heterogeneous and stable pool of memory lymphocytes. Vaccine are designed with the hope to generate antigen specific long-lived T cell responses, as it may be the case in natural infection; however, inducing such response by sub-unit vaccine has been a challenge. Although significant progress has been made, there is lot of scope for designing novel vaccine strategies by taking cues from the natural infection. This review focuses upon the roadblocks and the possible ways to overcome them leading to developing effective vaccines. Here we propose that mimicking the natural course of infection as well as the inclusion of non-target antigens in vaccine formulations might generate heterogeneous pool of memory T cells to ensure long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Bhurani
- a Institute of Science , Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- b Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,c Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Sarat Kumar Dalai
- a Institute of Science , Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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81
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Lynn MA, Tumes DJ, Choo JM, Sribnaia A, Blake SJ, Leong LEX, Young GP, Marshall HS, Wesselingh SL, Rogers GB, Lynn DJ. Early-Life Antibiotic-Driven Dysbiosis Leads to Dysregulated Vaccine Immune Responses in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:653-660.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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82
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Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation is an adaptation of the cellular process of loading MHC-I molecules with endogenous peptides during their biosynthesis within the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-presented peptides derive from internalized proteins, microbial pathogens, and transformed or dying cells. The physical separation of internalized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, where the machinery for assembling peptide-MHC-I complexes resides, poses a challenge. To solve this problem, deliberate rewiring of organelle communication within cells is necessary to prepare for cross-presentation, and different endocytic receptors and vesicular traffic patterns customize the emergent cross-presentation compartment to the nature of the peptide source. Three distinct pathways of vesicular traffic converge to form the ideal cross-presentation compartment, each regulated differently to supply a unique component that enables cross-presentation of a diverse repertoire of peptides. Delivery of centerpiece MHC-I molecules is the critical step regulated by microbe-sensitive Toll-like receptors. Defining the subcellular sources of MHC-I and identifying sites of peptide loading during cross-presentation remain key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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83
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Brewer KD, Weir GM, Dude I, Davis C, Parsons C, Penwell A, Rajagopalan R, Sammatur L, Bowen CV, Stanford MM. Unique depot formed by an oil based vaccine facilitates active antigen uptake and provides effective tumour control. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:7. [PMID: 29374458 PMCID: PMC5787234 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oil emulsions are commonly used as vaccine delivery platforms to facilitate slow release of antigen by forming a depot at the injection site. Antigen is trapped in the aqueous phase and as the emulsion degrades in vivo the antigen is passively released. DepoVax™ is a unique oil based delivery system that directly suspends the vaccine components in the oil diluent that forces immune cells to actively take up components from the formulation in the absence of passive release. The aim of this study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with additional biological markers to evaluate and understand differences in clearance between several different delivery systems used in peptide-based cancer vaccines. Methods C57BL/6 mice were implanted with a cervical cancer model and vaccinated 5 days post-implant with either DepoVax (DPX), a water-in-oil emulsion (w/o), a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (squal o/w) or a saponin/liposome emulsion (sap/lip) containing iron oxide-labeled targeted antigen. MRI was then used to monitor antigen clearance, the site of injection, tumour and inguinal lymph node volumes and other gross anatomical changes. HLA-A2 transgenic mice were also vaccinated to evaluate immune responses of human directed peptides. Results We demonstrated differences in antigen clearance between DPX and w/o both in regard to how quickly the antigen was cleared and the pattern in which it was cleared. We also found differences in lymph node responses between DPX and both squal o/w and sap/lip. Conclusions These studies underline the unique mechanism of action of this clinical stage vaccine delivery system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-018-0413-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Iulia Dude
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christa Davis
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathryn Parsons
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Chris V Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Immunovaccine Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada
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84
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Bathke B, Pätzold J, Kassub R, Giessel R, Lämmermann K, Hinterberger M, Brinkmann K, Chaplin P, Suter M, Hochrein H, Lauterbach H. CD70 encoded by modified vaccinia virus Ankara enhances CD8 T-cell-dependent protective immunity in MHC class II-deficient mice. Immunology 2018; 154:285-297. [PMID: 29281850 PMCID: PMC5980220 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological outcome of infections and vaccinations is largely determined during the initial first days in which antigen-presenting cells instruct T cells to expand and differentiate into effector and memory cells. Besides the essential stimulation of the T-cell receptor complex a plethora of co-stimulatory signals not only ensures a proper T-cell activation but also instils phenotypic and functional characteristics in the T cells appropriate to fight off the invading pathogen. The tumour necrosis factor receptor/ligand pair CD27/CD70 gained a lot of attention because of its key role in regulating T-cell activation, survival, differentiation and maintenance, especially in the course of viral infections and cancer. We sought to investigate the role of CD70 co-stimulation for immune responses induced by the vaccine vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara-Bavarian Nordic® (MVA-BN® ). Short-term blockade of CD70 diminished systemic CD8 T-cell effector and memory responses in mice. The dependence on CD70 became even more apparent in the lungs of MHC class II-deficient mice. Importantly, genetically encoded CD70 in MVA-BN® not only increased CD8 T-cell responses in wild-type mice but also substituted for CD4 T-cell help. MHC class II-deficient mice that were immunized with recombinant MVA-CD70 were fully protected against a lethal virus infection, whereas MVA-BN® -immunized mice failed to control the virus. These data are in line with CD70 playing an important role for vaccine-induced CD8 T-cell responses and prove the potency of integrating co-stimulatory molecules into the MVA-BN® backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Suter
- Vetsuisse Fakultät, Dekanat, Bereich Immunologie, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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85
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Abstract
In spite of current influenza vaccines being immunogenic, evolution of the influenza virus can reduce efficacy and so influenza remains a major threat to public health. One approach to improve influenza vaccines is to include adjuvants; substances that boost the immune response. Adjuvants are particularly beneficial for influenza vaccines administered during a pandemic when a rapid response is required or for use in patients with impaired immune responses, such as infants and the elderly. This review outlines the current use of adjuvants in human influenza vaccines, including what they are, why they are used and what is known of their mechanism of action. To date, six adjuvants have been used in licensed human vaccines: Alum, MF59, AS03, AF03, virosomes and heat labile enterotoxin (LT). In general these adjuvants are safe and well tolerated, but there have been some rare adverse events when adjuvanted vaccines are used at a population level that may discourage the inclusion of adjuvants in influenza vaccines, for example the association of LT with Bell's Palsy. Improved understanding about the mechanisms of the immune response to vaccination and infection has led to advances in adjuvant technology and we describe the experimental adjuvants that have been tested in clinical trials for influenza but have not yet progressed to licensure. Adjuvants alone are not sufficient to improve influenza vaccine efficacy because they do not address the underlying problem of mismatches between circulating virus and the vaccine. However, they may contribute to improved efficacy of next-generation influenza vaccines and will most likely play a role in the development of effective universal influenza vaccines, though what that role will be remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
| | - Ryan F Russell
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
| | - Ekaterina Kinnear
- a Mucosal Infection and Immunity group, Section of Virology, Department of Medicine , St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London , UK
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86
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Zhang Y, Feng Y, Li L, Ye X, Wang J, Wang Q, Li P, Li N, Zheng X, Gao X, Li C, Li F, Sun B, Lai K, Su Z, Zhong N, Chen L, Feng L. Immunization with an adenovirus-vectored TB vaccine containing Ag85A-Mtb32 effectively alleviates allergic asthma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:249-263. [PMID: 29302700 PMCID: PMC5859035 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Current treatments for allergic asthma primarily ameliorate symptoms rather than inhibit disease progression. Regulating the excessive T helper type 2 (Th2) responses may prevent asthma exacerbation. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Ad5-gsgAM, an adenovirus vector carrying two mycobacterial antigens Ag85A and Mtb32, against allergic asthma. Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mouse model, we found that Ad5-gsgAM elicited much more Th1-biased CD4+T and CD8+T cells than bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). After OVA challenge, Ad5-gsgAM-immunized mice showed significantly lowered airway inflammation in comparison with mice immunized with or without BCG. Total serum immunoglobulin E and pulmonary inducible-nitric-oxide-synthase were efficiently reduced. The cytokine profiles in bronchial-alveolar-lavage-fluids (BALFs) were also modulated, as evidenced by the increased level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the decreased level of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was sharply increased, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-33 was significantly decreased. Importantly, exogenous IL-33 abrogated the protective effects of Ad5-gsgAM, revealing that the suppression of IL-33/ST2 axis substantially contributed to protection against allergic inflammation. Moreover, regulatory T cells were essential for regulating aberrant Th2 responses as well as IL-33/ST2 axis. These results suggested that modulating the IL-33/ST2 axis via adenovirus-vectored mycobacterial antigen vaccination may provide clinical benefits in allergic inflammatory airways disease. Key messages •Ad5-gsgAM elicits Th1 responses and suppresses Th2-mediated allergic asthma in mice. •Ad5-gsgAM inhibits IL-33/ST2 axis by reducing IL-33 secretion but not ILC2 recruiting. •Treg is essential for modulating Th2 responses and IL-33/ST2 axis by Ad5-gsgAM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-017-1614-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianmiao Ye
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Su
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, China.
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87
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Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Harris PE, Olson T, Morrow A, Ciotlos S, Herst CV, Rubsamen RM. An Approach for a Synthetic CTL Vaccine Design against Zika Flavivirus Using Class I and Class II Epitopes Identified by Computer Modeling. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649242 PMCID: PMC5465239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed by severe congenital abnormalities related to Zika virus (ZKV) infection during pregnancy has turned development of a ZKV vaccine into an emergency. Recent work suggests that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to infection is an important defense mechanism in response to ZKV. Here, we develop the rationale and strategy for a new approach to developing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) vaccines for ZKV flavivirus infection. The proposed approach is based on recent studies using a protein structure computer model for HIV epitope selection designed to select epitopes for CTL attack optimized for viruses that exhibit antigenic drift. Because naturally processed and presented human ZKV T cell epitopes have not yet been described, we identified predicted class I peptide sequences on ZKV matching previously identified DNV (Dengue) class I epitopes and by using a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binding prediction tool. A subset of those met the criteria for optimal CD8+ attack based on physical chemistry parameters determined by analysis of the ZKV protein structure encoded in open source Protein Data File (PDB) format files. We also identified candidate ZKV epitopes predicted to bind promiscuously to multiple HLA class II molecules that could provide help to the CTL responses. This work suggests that a CTL vaccine for ZKV may be possible even if ZKV exhibits significant antigenic drift. We have previously described a microsphere-based CTL vaccine platform capable of eliciting an immune response for class I epitopes in mice and are currently working toward in vivo testing of class I and class II epitope delivery directed against ZKV epitopes using the same microsphere-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (III) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tim Olson
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alex Morrow
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Reid Martin Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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88
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Jain A, Pasare C. Innate Control of Adaptive Immunity: Beyond the Three-Signal Paradigm. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3791-3800. [PMID: 28483987 PMCID: PMC5442885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cells in the adaptive immune system is a highly orchestrated process dictated by multiples cues from the innate immune system. Although the fundamental principles of innate control of adaptive immunity are well established, it is not fully understood how innate cells integrate qualitative pathogenic information to generate tailored protective adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss complexities involved in the innate control of adaptive immunity that extend beyond TCR engagement, costimulation, and priming cytokine production but are critical for the generation of protective T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
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89
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Ramjiawan RR, Griffioen AW, Duda DG. Anti-angiogenesis for cancer revisited: Is there a role for combinations with immunotherapy? Angiogenesis 2017; 20:185-204. [PMID: 28361267 PMCID: PMC5439974 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels and has been characterized as an essential process for tumor cell proliferation and viability. This has led to the development of pharmacological agents for anti-angiogenesis to disrupt the vascular supply and starve tumor of nutrients and oxygen, primarily through blockade of VEGF/VEGFR signaling. This effort has resulted in 11 anti-VEGF drugs approved for certain advanced cancers, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies. But this success had only limited impact on overall survival of cancer patients and rarely resulted in durable responses. Given the recent success of immunotherapies, combinations of anti-angiogenics with immune checkpoint blockers have become an attractive strategy. However, implementing such combinations will require a better mechanistic understanding of their interaction. Due to overexpression of pro-angiogenic factors in tumors, their vasculature is often tortuous and disorganized, with excessively branched leaky vessels. This enhances vascular permeability, which in turn is associated with high interstitial fluid pressure, and a reduction in blood perfusion and oxygenation. Judicious dosing of anti-angiogenic treatment can transiently normalize the tumor vasculature by decreasing vascular permeability and improving tumor perfusion and blood flow, and synergize with immunotherapy in this time window. However, anti-angiogenics may also excessively prune tumor vessels in a dose and time-dependent manner, which induces hypoxia and immunosuppression, including increased expression of the immune checkpoint programmed death receptor ligand (PD-L1). This review focuses on revisiting the concept of anti-angiogenesis in combination with immunotherapy as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh R Ramjiawan
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom St, Cox-734, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan G Duda
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom St, Cox-734, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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90
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Generation of antibodies against disintegrin and cysteine-rich domains by DNA immunization: An approach to neutralize snake venom-induced haemorrhage. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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91
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Weilhammer D, Dunkle AD, Blanchette CD, Fischer NO, Corzett M, Lehmann D, Boone T, Hoeprich P, Driks A, Rasley A. Enhancement of antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses using a self-assembled biologic nanolipoprotein particle vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1475-1481. [PMID: 28214044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the need for vaccine platforms that induce robust cell-mediated immunity, we investigated the potential of utilizing self-assembling biologic nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) as an antigen and adjuvant delivery system to induce antigen-specific murine T cell responses. We utilized OT-I and OT-II TCR-transgenic mice to investigate the effects of NLP-mediated delivery of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) on T cell activation. Delivery of OVA with the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in the context of NLPs significantly enhanced the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro compared to co-administration of free OVA and MPLA. Upon intranasal immunization of mice harboring TCR-transgenic cells, NLPs enhanced the adjuvant effects of MPLA and the in vivo delivery of OVA, leading to significantly increased expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lung-draining lymph nodes. Therefore, NLPs are a promising vaccine platform for inducing T cell responses following intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Alexis D Dunkle
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Craig D Blanchette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Michele Corzett
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Doerte Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, United States
| | - Tyler Boone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, United States
| | - Paul Hoeprich
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States
| | - Adam Driks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, United States
| | - Amy Rasley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States.
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92
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Schultheis K, Schaefer H, Yung BS, Oh J, Muthumani K, Humeau L, Broderick KE, Smith TRF. Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin. Vaccine 2016; 35:61-70. [PMID: 27894716 PMCID: PMC5221502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin is an ideal target tissue for vaccine delivery for a number of reasons. It is highly accessible, and most importantly, enriched in professional antigen presenting cells. Possessing strong similarities to human skin physiology and displaying a defined epidermis, the guinea pig is an appropriate model to study epidermal delivery of vaccine. However, whilst we have characterized the humoral responses in the guinea pig associated with skin vaccine protocols we have yet to investigate the T cell responses. In response to this inadequacy, we developed an IFN-γ ELISpot assay to characterize the cellular immune response in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs. Using a nucleoprotein (NP) influenza pDNA vaccination regimen, we characterized host T cell responses. After delivery of the DNA vaccine to the guinea pig epidermis we detected robust and rapid T cell responses. The levels of IFN-γ spot-forming units averaged approximately 5000 per million cells after two immunizations. These responses were broad in that multiple regions across the NP antigen elicited a T cell response. Interestingly, we identified a number of NP immunodominant T cell epitopes to be conserved across an outbred guinea pig population, a phenomenon which was also observed after immunization with a RSV DNA vaccine. We believe this data enhances our understanding of the cellular immune response elicited to a vaccine in guinea pigs, and globally, will advance the use of this model for vaccine development, especially those targeting skin as a delivery site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schultheis
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracelluar Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan S Yung
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Janet Oh
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Karuppiah Muthumani
- Vaccine Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Trevor R F Smith
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA.
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93
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Vector-based genetically modified vaccines: Exploiting Jenner's legacy. Vaccine 2016; 34:6436-6448. [PMID: 28029542 PMCID: PMC7115478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global vaccine market is diverse while facing a plethora of novel developments. Genetic modification (GM) techniques facilitate the design of ’smarter’ vaccines. For many of the major infectious diseases of humans, like AIDS and malaria, but also for most human neoplastic disorders, still no vaccines are available. It may be speculated that novel GM technologies will significantly contribute to their development. While a promising number of studies is conducted on GM vaccines and GM vaccine technologies, the contribution of GM technology to newly introduced vaccines on the market is disappointingly limited. In this study, the field of vector-based GM vaccines is explored. Data on currently available, actually applied, and newly developed vectors is retrieved from various sources, synthesised and analysed, in order to provide an overview on the use of vector-based technology in the field of GM vaccine development. While still there are only two vector-based vaccines on the human vaccine market, there is ample activity in the fields of patenting, preclinical research, and different stages of clinical research. Results of this study revealed that vector-based vaccines comprise a significant part of all GM vaccines in the pipeline. This study further highlights that poxviruses and adenoviruses are among the most prominent vectors in GM vaccine development. After the approval of the first vectored human vaccine, based on a flavivirus vector, vaccine vector technology, especially based on poxviruses and adenoviruses, holds great promise for future vaccine development. It may lead to cheaper methods for the production of safe vaccines against diseases for which no or less perfect vaccines exist today, thus catering for an unmet medical need. After the introduction of Jenner’s vaccinia virus as the first vaccine more than two centuries ago, which eventually led to the recent eradication of smallpox, this and other viruses may now be the basis for constructing vectors that may help us control other major scourges of mankind.
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94
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Chesson CB, Ekpo-Otu S, Endsley JJ, Rudra JS. Biomaterials-Based Vaccination Strategies for the Induction of CD8 +T Cell Responses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:126-143. [PMID: 33450791 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic biomaterials are increasingly being used for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies as alternatives to traditional live-attenuated formulations due to their improved safety profiles and no risk of reversion to virulence. Polymeric materials in particular enjoy attention due to the ease of fabrication, control over physicochemical properties, and their wide range of immunogenicity. While the majority of studies focus on inducing protective antibody responses, in recent years, materials-based strategies for the delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to improve CD8+T cell immunity against infectious and non-infectious diseases have gained momentum. Notably, platforms based on polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, virus-like particles, self-assembling peptides and peptidomimetics, and multilayer thin films show considerable promise in preclinical studies. In this Review, we first introduce the concepts of CD8+T cell activation, effector and memory functions, and cytotoxic activity, followed by vaccine design for eliciting robust and protective long-lived CD8+T cell immunity. We then discuss different materials-based vaccines developed in the past decade to elicit CD8+T cell responses based on molecular composition or fabrication methods and conclude with a summary and glimpse at the future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Shaunte Ekpo-Otu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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95
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Hollingdale MR, Sedegah M, Limbach K. Development of replication-deficient adenovirus malaria vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:261-271. [PMID: 27606709 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1228454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a major threat to endemic populations and travelers, including military personnel to these areas. A malaria vaccine is feasible, as radiation attenuated sporozoites induce nearly 100% efficacy. Areas covered: This review covers current malaria clinical trials using adenoviruses and pre-clinical research. Heterologous prime-boost regimens, including replication-deficient human adenovirus 5 (HuAd5) carrying malaria antigens, are efficacious. However, efficacy appears to be adversely affected by pre-existing anti-HuAd5 antibodies. Current strategies focus on replacing HuAd5 with rarer human adenoviruses or adenoviruses isolated from non-human primates (NHPs). The chimpanzee adenovirus ChAd63 is undergoing evaluation in clinical trials including infants in malaria-endemic areas. Key antigens have been identified and are being used alone, in combination, or with protein subunit vaccines. Gorilla adenoviruses carrying malaria antigens are also currently being evaluated in preclinical models. These replacement adenovirus vectors will be successfully used to develop vaccines against malaria, as well as other infectious diseases. Expert commentary: Simplified prime-boost single shot regimens, dry-coated live vector vaccines or silicon microneedle arrays could be developed for malaria or other vaccines. Replacement vectors with similar or superior immunogenicity have rapidly advanced, and several are now in extensive Phase 2 and beyond in malaria as well as other diseases, notably Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha Sedegah
- a Malaria Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Keith Limbach
- a Malaria Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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96
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Seasonal influenza vaccines and hurdles to mutual protection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22 Suppl 5:S113-S119. [PMID: 27568914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While vaccines against seasonal influenza are available, major hurdles still exist that prevent their use having any impact on epidemic spread. Recent epidemiologic data question the appropriateness of traditional vaccination timing (prior to the winter season) in many parts of the world. Furthermore, vaccine uptake in most countries even in high-risk populations does not reach the 75% target recommended by the World Health Organization. Influenza viruses continually undergo antigenic variation, and both inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines confer only short-lived strain-specific immunity, so annual revaccination is required. Improving vaccine-induced immunity is therefore an important goal. A vaccine that could confer durable protection against emerging influenza strains could significantly reduce onward transmission. Therefore, further understanding of protective immunity against influenza (including broadly cross-protective immune mechanisms such as haemagglutinin stem-binding antibodies and T cells) offers the hope of vaccines that can confer the long-lived heterosubtypic immune responses required for mutual protection.
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97
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Moise L, Gutierrez A, Kibria F, Martin R, Tassone R, Liu R, Terry F, Martin B, De Groot AS. iVAX: An integrated toolkit for the selection and optimization of antigens and the design of epitope-driven vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2312-21. [PMID: 26155959 PMCID: PMC4635942 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1061159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccine design, also known as computational vaccinology, encompasses epitope mapping, antigen selection and immunogen design using computational tools. The iVAX toolkit is an integrated set of tools that has been in development since 1998 by De Groot and Martin. It comprises a suite of immunoinformatics algorithms for triaging candidate antigens, selecting immunogenic and conserved T cell epitopes, eliminating regulatory T cell epitopes, and optimizing antigens for immunogenicity and protection against disease. iVAX has been applied to vaccine development programs for emerging infectious diseases, cancer antigens and biodefense targets. Several iVAX vaccine design projects have had success in pre-clinical studies in animal models and are progressing toward clinical studies. The toolkit now incorporates a range of immunoinformatics tools for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy vaccine design. This article will provide a guide to the iVAX approach to computational vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island ; Providence , RI USA
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98
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Vaccines for TB: Lessons from the Past Translating into Future Potentials. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:916780. [PMID: 26146643 PMCID: PMC4469767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines for infectious diseases has come a long way with recent advancements in adjuvant developments and discovery of new antigens that are capable of eliciting strong immunological responses for sterile eradication of disease. Tuberculosis (TB) that kills nearly 2 million of the population every year is also one of the highlights of the recent developments. The availability or not of diagnostic methods for infection has implications for the control of the disease by the health systems but is not related to the immune surveillance, a phenomenon derived from the interaction between the bacteria and their host. Here, we will review the immunology of TB and current vaccine candidates for TB. Current strategies of developing new vaccines against TB will also be reviewed in order to further discuss new insights into immunotherapeutic approaches involving adjuvant and antigens combinations that might be of potential for the control of TB.
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99
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Villarreal DO, Svoronos N, Wise MC, Shedlock DJ, Morrow MP, Conejo-Garcia JR, Weiner DB. Molecular adjuvant IL-33 enhances the potency of a DNA vaccine in a lethal challenge model. Vaccine 2015; 33:4313-20. [PMID: 25887087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying new molecular adjuvants that elicit effective vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell immunity may be critical for the elimination of many challenging diseases including Tuberculosis, HIV and cancer. Here, we report that co-administration of molecular adjuvant IL-33 during vaccination enhanced the magnitude and function of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8(+) T cells against a model Ag, LCMV NP target protein. These enhanced responses were characterized by higher frequencies of Ag-specific, polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells exhibiting cytotoxic characteristics. Importantly, these cells were capable of robust expansion upon Ag-specific restimulation in vivo and conferred remarkable protection against a high dose lethal LCMV challenge. In addition, we demonstrate the ability of IL-33 to amplifying the frequency of Ag-specific KLRG1(+) effector CD8(+) T cells. These data show that IL-33 is a promising immunoadjuvant at improving T cell immunity in a vaccine setting and suggest further development and understanding of this molecular adjuvant for strategies against many obstinate infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Villarreal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan C Wise
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Devon J Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew P Morrow
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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100
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Francis JN, Thaburet JF, Bonnet D, Sizer PJ, Brown CB, Georges B. Increasing cellular immunogenicity to peptide-based vaccine candidates using a fluorocarbon antigen delivery system. Vaccine 2015; 33:1071-6. [PMID: 25573036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, synthetic peptide vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer require adjuvants to achieve optimal immunogenicity. Here we describe a novel method of peptide modification using a fluorocarbon chain which can substantially increase peptide-specific cellular immune responses in the absence of adjuvant. We demonstrate that fluorocarbon-modified peptides (fluoropeptides) derived from HIV, influenza and hepatitis C virus can significantly increase interferon gamma ELISpot responses against cytotoxic and T-helper epitopes compared to unmodified peptides or lipopeptides in mice. Increases in both T-helper1 and T-helper2 cytokines are observed. Fluoropeptides show enhanced ability of the antigen to persist at the site of administration and persistence is associated with a prolonged and elevated immune response. Additionally we demonstrate that fluoropeptides have increased proteolytic resistance thereby potentially supporting their increased half-life in vivo. Fluorocarbon-modification of peptides provides a valuable tool for increasing cellular immunogenicity of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer without requirement for traditional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Francis
- Immune Targeting Systems, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK.
| | | | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, LabexMedalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Philip J Sizer
- Immune Targeting Systems, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Carlton B Brown
- Immune Targeting Systems, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Bertrand Georges
- Immune Targeting Systems, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
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