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Reyes LM, Davenport MH. Exercise as a therapeutic intervention to optimize fetal weight. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:160-167. [PMID: 29684673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease suggest the in utero environment programs offspring obesity and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, there is a need to implement safe therapeutic interventions that do not involve the intake of medications or biological products during pregnancy that can improve maternal and fetal health. Prenatal exercise is established to promote maternal and fetal health. It is generally recommended that women accumulate at least 150 min per week of moderate-intensity exercise. It has been demonstrated that prenatal exercise maintains healthy weight gain and improves maternal glucose control, maternal cardiac autonomic control, placental efficiency (increases angiogenesis, downregulates genes involved in fatty acid transport and insulin transport across the placenta, and upregulates genes involved in amino acid transport across the placenta), and oxidative stress. These adaptations following exercise improve maternal metabolism and provide adequate uteroplacental perfusion. In this review, we will focus on exercise as a therapeutic intervention to optimize fetal weight. It has been established that prenatal exercise does not increase the risk of having a small for gestational age baby. To the contrary, prenatal exercise has been associated with the prevention of excessive fat accumulation in the newborn and the maintenance of fetal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Reyes
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Margie H Davenport
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada.
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Sorek G, Shaklai S, Meyer S, Katz-Leurer M. Autonomic cardiac control response to walking and executive cognitive task in adolescents with acquired brain injury and typically developed controls. Brain Inj 2018. [PMID: 29533099 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1450993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents with acquired brain injury (ABI) present a range of physical and cognitive as well as cardiac autonomic control system (CACS) dysfunctions. AIM To examine the CACS response to an executive task, a physical task and a combined physical and executive task, in adolescents with ABI and typically developed (TD) controls. METHODS Included were two groups: The first group consisted of 17 adolescents (11-18 years) with ABI, during the in-patient or out-patient rehabilitation period. All were independent walkers. The second group consisted of 18-year-olds age and gender-matched TD adolescents. A Polar RS800CX device was used to assess heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Walking velocity was assessed by average speed on the 6-Minute Walk Test, and executive cognitive function was assessed by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire. The physical task was walking for 5 minutes on a treadmill. The cognitive task was the Digit Span Backward test. The study included four stages divided into rest state with and without cognitive task and walking state with and without cognitive task. RESULTS Adolescents with ABI presented higher HR and lower HRV measures at rest (p-value < 0.01). A significant 'group' and 'activity' interaction effect on HRV was found; change in the activity level had significantly smaller effects on HRV parameters in adolescents with ABI as compared to controls. An interaction effect of 'cognitive' and 'activity' on HR and HRV was noted, with no significant difference between groups; at rest, performing a cognitive task was associated with reduced HRV, while during walking HRV increased. CONCLUSIONS While ABI was associated with a reduced HRV at rest and less adaptive cardiac autonomic system to activity, ABI adolescent's response to a cognitive demand during an activity task such as walking was similar to the response of TD adolescents. Accordingly, we may say that adding a cognitive task to a walking task can improve the CACS function of ABI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Sorek
- a Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,b Physiotherapy Department, Alyn Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Sharon Shaklai
- c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel.,d Children Rehabilitation Department , Loewenshtein Rehabilitation Center , Raanana , Israel
| | - Shirley Meyer
- b Physiotherapy Department, Alyn Children's Hospital and Rehabilitation Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Michal Katz-Leurer
- a Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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Fazan FS, Brognara F, Fazan Junior R, Murta Junior LO, Virgilio Silva LE. Changes in the Complexity of Heart Rate Variability with Exercise Training Measured by Multiscale Entropy-Based Measurements. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20010047. [PMID: 33265153 PMCID: PMC7512234 DOI: 10.3390/e20010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying complexity from heart rate variability (HRV) series is a challenging task, and multiscale entropy (MSE), along with its variants, has been demonstrated to be one of the most robust approaches to achieve this goal. Although physical training is known to be beneficial, there is little information about the long-term complexity changes induced by the physical conditioning. The present study aimed to quantify the changes in physiological complexity elicited by physical training through multiscale entropy-based complexity measurements. Rats were subject to a protocol of medium intensity training ( n = 13 ) or a sedentary protocol ( n = 12 ). One-hour HRV series were obtained from all conscious rats five days after the experimental protocol. We estimated MSE, multiscale dispersion entropy (MDE) and multiscale SDiff q from HRV series. Multiscale SDiff q is a recent approach that accounts for entropy differences between a given time series and its shuffled dynamics. From SDiff q , three attributes (q-attributes) were derived, namely SDiff q m a x , q m a x and q z e r o . MSE, MDE and multiscale q-attributes presented similar profiles, except for SDiff q m a x . q m a x showed significant differences between trained and sedentary groups on Time Scales 6 to 20. Results suggest that physical training increases the system complexity and that multiscale q-attributes provide valuable information about the physiological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Sassoli Fazan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rubens Fazan Junior
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Otavio Murta Junior
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Virgilio Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Kim DD, Warburton DER, Wu N, Barr AM, Honer WG, Procyshyn RM. Effects of physical activity on the symptoms of Tourette syndrome: A systematic review. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 48:13-19. [PMID: 29331594 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is irrefutable evidence that routine physical activity or exercise can offer considerable health benefits to individuals living with various mental disorders. However, it is not clear what effect physical activity has on the symptoms of Tourette syndrome. Despite a paucity of evidence, physical activity or exercise has already been recommended by various health organizations for the management of tics. We provide a systematic review of the effects of physical activity or exercise on tic symptomology in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Major electronic databases were searched for all available publications before August 2017. Keywords and MeSH terms included "physical activity" or "exercise" or "exercise therapy" or "physical exertion" or "sports" and "tics" or "tic disorders" or "Tourette." Eight studies were included, the majority of which were case reports. Despite a number of methodological limitations of the included studies, the review points to a trend that the effects of acute physical activity are intensity-dependent, where light intensity may alleviate and vigorous intensity may exacerbate tics. Chronic physical activity, however, appears to reduce the severity of tics even at higher intensity. Several physiological mechanisms may explain the differential effects of acute and chronic physical activity in Tourette syndrome. Future randomized controlled studies should better characterize the effects of different intensities and types of physical activity in Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nana Wu
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ric M Procyshyn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Costa J, Moreira A, Moreira P, Delgado L, Silva D. Effects of weight changes in the autonomic nervous system: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:110-126. [PMID: 29395374 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked to autonomic dysfunction, which is thought to be one of the main contributors for hypertension, cardiac remodelling and death. Exercise and diet-based weight loss are the mainstay therapy for obesity, but there is a paucity of data regarding the effect of weight changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. OBJECTIVE To describe the impact of weight changes in autonomic nervous system. METHODS A systematic literature search of four biomedical databases was performed evaluating effects of weight changes, thorough diet and/or exercise-based interventions, in the following ANS outcomes: heart rate variability, namely low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio (LF/HF ratio), normalized units of LF (LFnu) and HF (HFnu), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), noradrenaline spillover rate (NA-SR), standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), baroreflex sensitivity and pupillometry. Quality appraisal was performed using the GRADE methodology and, where fitting, studies with comparable outcomes were pooled for meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies - 7 controlled clinical trials and 20 observational studies - were included. Weight gain was reported in 4 studies and weight loss in all the other studies. Interventions inducing weight changes included: hypocaloric or hypercaloric diets, exercise (strength, endurance or aerobic training) and hypocaloric diet coupled with exercise programs. Most studies which resulted in weight loss reported decreases in LF/HF ratio, LFnu, MSNA burst frequency and incidence, NA-SR, and an increase of baroreflex sensitivity, HF, HFnu and RMSSD, pointing to a parasympathetic nervous system activation. Meta-analysis regarding weight loss interventions showed a significant pooled effect size (95% CI) with a decreased of MSNA burst frequency -5.09 (-8.42, -1.75), MSNA incidence -6.66 (-12.40, -0.62), however this was not significant for SDNN 14.32 (-4.31, 32.96). Weight gain was associated with an increase in LF/HF, LFnu, MSNA burst frequency and incidence. The weight loss effects were potentiated by the association of hypocaloric diet with exercise. Nevertheless, weight changes effects in these outcomes were based in low or very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Diet and exercise based weight loss appears to increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic activity, the opposing effects being observed with weight gain. These findings are not uniformly reported in the literature, possibly due to differences in study design, methodology, characteristics of the participants and techniques used to estimate autonomic nervous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Silva
- Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
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Mueller PJ, Clifford PS, Crandall CG, Smith SA, Fadel PJ. Integration of Central and Peripheral Regulation of the Circulation during Exercise: Acute and Chronic Adaptations. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:103-151. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A maximal incremental effort alters tear osmolarity depending on the fitness level in military helicopter pilots. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:795-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tanahashi K, Kosaki K, Sawano Y, Yoshikawa T, Tagawa K, Kumagai H, Akazawa N, Maeda S. Impact of Age and Aerobic Exercise Training on Conduit Artery Wall Thickness: Role of the Shear Pattern. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:272-279. [PMID: 28910811 DOI: 10.1159/000479871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic shear stress is the frictional force of blood on the arterial wall. The shear pattern in the conduit artery affects the endothelium and may participate in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of the shear pattern in age- and aerobic exercise-induced changes in conduit artery wall thickness via cross-sectional and interventional studies. In a cross-sectional study, we found that brachial shear rate patterns and brachial artery intima-media thickness (IMT) correlated with age. Additionally, brachial artery shear rate patterns were associated with brachial artery IMT in 102 middle-aged and older individuals. In an interventional study, 39 middle-aged and older subjects were divided into 2 groups: control and exercise. The exercise group completed 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training. Aerobic exercise training significantly increased the antegrade shear rate and decreased the retrograde shear rate and brachial artery IMT. Moreover, changes in the brachial artery antegrade shear rate and the retrograde shear rate correlated with the change in brachial artery IMT. The results of the present study indicate that changes in brachial artery shear rate patterns may contribute to age- and aerobic exercise training-induced changes in brachial artery wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tanahashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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59
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Effect of Qigong exercise on cognitive function, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy middle-aged subjects. Complement Ther Med 2017; 33:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rahman A, Fujisawa Y, Nakano D, Hitomi H, Nishiyama A. Effect of a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, on circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous function and locomotor activities in metabolic syndrome rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:522-525. [PMID: 28063156 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is often associated with disruption of circadian rhythm of systemic haemodynamics and cardiovascular disease. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of luseogliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, on circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous function and locomotor activity (LA) in metabolic syndrome rats. The difference in the low frequency component of systolic blood pressure between the dark and light period significantly increased in the luseogliflozin-treated SHRcp. LA also increased in the dark period compared with the light period following luseogliflozin treatment. These data suggest that circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous function and LA is improved by luseogliflozin in metabolic syndrome rats, which may contribute to SGLT2 inhibitor-induced improvement of cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asadur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujisawa
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hitomi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Wang W, Chen X, Jiang H, Li J, Wang K, Bai W, Zhang H, Qin L. Effects of oestrogen andCimicifuga racemosaon the cardiac noradrenaline pathway of ovariectomized rats. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:974-984. [PMID: 28590038 DOI: 10.1113/ep086285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Stomatology; General Hospital of Armed Police; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Peking University First Hospital; 100034 Beijing China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Junlei Li
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Shijitan Hospital; Beijing 100038 China
| | - Haicheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
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Saavedra MJ, Romero F, Roa J, Rodríguez-Núñez I. Exercise training to reduce sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Phys Ther 2017; 22:97-104. [PMID: 28733092 PMCID: PMC5883962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of exercise training on sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure patients. METHODS A systematic review was performed. An electronic search of MEDLINE, ProQuest, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation and Sport Medicine Source, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Tripdatabase, Science Direct and PEDrO was performed from their inception to February 2017. Clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies were considered for primary article selection. The studies should include patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure that performed exercise training for at least 4 weeks. Sympathetic nerve activity should be measured by microneurography before and after the intervention. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool was used to evaluate risk of bias, and the quality of evidence was rated following the GRADE approach. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for control and experimental groups. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. RESULTS Five trials were included. Overall, the trials had moderate risk of bias. The experimental group indicated a significant decrease in the number of bursts per minute (SMD -2.48; 95% CI -3.55 to -1.41) when compared to the control group. Meanwhile, a significant decrease was also observed in the prevalence of bursts per 100 beats in the experimental group when compared to the control group (SMD -2.66; 95% CI -3.64 to -1.69). CONCLUSION Exercise training could be effective in reducing sympathetic nerve activity in patients with heart failure. The quality of evidence across the studies was moderate. Future studies are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Javiera Saavedra
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernando Romero
- Centro de Neurociencias y Biología de Péptidos - CEBIOR, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge Roa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Biología del Ejercicio, Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Cirugía y CEMyQ, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Alterations in autonomic cerebrovascular control after spinal cord injury. Auton Neurosci 2017; 209:43-50. [PMID: 28416148 PMCID: PMC6432623 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among chronic cardiovascular and metabolic sequelae of spinal cord injury (SCI) is an up-to four-fold increase in the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, suggesting that individuals with SCI cannot maintain stable cerebral perfusion. In able-bodied individuals, the cerebral vasculature is able to regulate cerebral perfusion in response to swings in arterial pressure (cerebral autoregulation), blood gases (cerebral vasoreactivity), and neural metabolic demand (neurovascular coupling). This ability depends, at least partly, on intact autonomic function, but high thoracic and cervical spinal cord injuries result in disruption of sympathetic and parasympathetic cerebrovascular control. In addition, alterations in autonomic and/or vascular function secondary to paralysis and physical inactivity can impact cerebrovascular function independent of the disruption of autonomic control due to injury. Thus, it is conceivable that SCI results in cerebrovascular dysfunction that may underlie an elevated risk of stroke in this population, and that rehabilitation strategies targeting this dysfunction may alleviate the long-term risk of adverse cerebrovascular events. However, despite this potential direct link between SCI and the risk of stroke, studies exploring this relationship are surprisingly scarce, and the few available studies provide equivocal results. The focus of this review is to provide an integrated overview of the available data on alterations in cerebral vascular function after SCI in humans, and to provide suggestions for future research.
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Dimitrov S, Hulteng E, Hong S. Inflammation and exercise: Inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via β 2-adrenergic activation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:60-68. [PMID: 28011264 PMCID: PMC6555138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects, yet the effects of acute exercise on cellular inflammatory responses and its mechanisms remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sympathoadrenergic activation during a single bout of exercise has a suppressive effect on monocytic cytokine production mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (AR). We investigated the effects of 20-min moderate (65-70% VO2 peak) exercise-induced catecholamine production on LPS-stimulated TNF production by monocytes in 47 healthy volunteers and determined AR subtypes involved. We also examined the effects of β-agonist isoproterenol and endogenous β- and α-agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine, and receptor-subtype-specific β- and α-antagonists on TNF production in a series of in vitro investigations. LPS-stimulated TNF production by peripheral blood monocytes was determined intracellularly by flow cytometry, using an intracellular protein transport inhibitor. Percent TNF-producing monocytes and per-cell TNF production with and without LPS was suppressed by exercise with moderate to large effects, which was reversed by a β2-AR antagonist in spite that plasma TNF levels did not change. This inhibitory response in TNF production by exercise was mirrored by β-AR agonists in an agonist-specific and dose-dependent manner in vitro: similar isoproterenol (EC50=2.1-4.7×10-10M) and epinephrine (EC50=4.4-10×10-10M) potency and higher norepinephrine concentrations (EC50=2.6-4.3×10-8M) needed for the effects. Importantly, epinephrine levels observed during acute exercise in vivo significantly inhibited TNF production in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the AR agonists was abolished by β2-, but not by β1- or α-AR blockers. We conclude that the downregulation of monocytic TNF production during acute exercise is mediated by elevated epinephrine levels through β2-ARs. Decreased inflammatory responses during acute exercise may protect against chronic conditions with low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Dimitrov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Elaine Hulteng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Hu MX, Lamers F, de Geus EJC, Penninx BWJH. Influences of lifestyle factors on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity over time. Prev Med 2017; 94:12-19. [PMID: 27836526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, alcohol use and smoking might affect cardiovascular disease through modifying autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We investigated: 1) whether there are consistent relationships between lifestyle factors and cardiac ANS activity over time, and 2) whether 2-year changes in lifestyle factors relate to 2-year changes in cardiac activity. Baseline (n=2618) and 2-year follow-up (n=2010) data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was combined. Baseline data was collected in the Netherlands from 2004-2007. Lifestyle factors were habitual physical activity, frequency of sport activities, alcohol use, and smoking. Indicators of cardiac activity were heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP) (100min of registration). The results showed that high physical activity (-1.8beats/min compared to low activity), high frequency of sport activities ('couple of times/week': -2.5beats/min compared to 'almost never') and mild/moderate alcohol use (-1.2beats/min compared to non-drinking) were related to low HR. Heavy smoking was related to high HR (>30cigarettes/day: +5.1beats/min compared to non-smoking). High frequency of sport activities was associated with high RSA ('couple of times/week':+1.7ms compared to 'almost never') and moderate smoking with longer PEP (11-20cigarettes/day: +2.8ms compared to non-smoking). Associations were consistent across waves. Furthermore, 2-year change in frequency of sport activities and number of smoked cigarettes/day was accompanied by 2-year change in HR (β=-0.076 and β=0.101, respectively) and RSA (β=0.046 and β=-0.040, respectively). Our findings support consistent effects of lifestyle on HR and parasympathetic activity in the expected direction. Cardiac autonomic dysregulation may be partly mediating the relationship between lifestyle and subsequent cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Xian Hu
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Miller AJ, Sauder CL, Cauffman AE, Blaha CA, Leuenberger UA. Endurance training attenuates the increase in peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity with intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R223-R228. [PMID: 28039190 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00105.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure and sleep apnea have greater chemoreflex sensitivity, presumably due to intermittent hypoxia (IH), and this is predictive of mortality. We hypothesized that endurance training would attenuate the effect of IH on peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in healthy humans. Fifteen young healthy subjects (9 female, 26 ± 1 yr) participated. Between visits, 11 subjects underwent 8 wk of endurance training that included running four times/wk at 80% predicted maximum heart rate and interval training, and four control subjects did not change activity. Chemoreflex sensitivity (the slope of ventilation responses to serial oxygen desaturations), blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were assessed before and after 30 min of IH. Endurance training decreased resting systolic blood pressure (119 ± 3 to 113 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.027) and heart rate (67 ± 3 to 61 ± 2 beats/min; P = 0.004) but did not alter respiratory parameters at rest (P > 0.2). Endurance training attenuated the IH-induced increase in chemoreflex sensitivity (pretraining: Δ 0.045 ± 0.026 vs. posttraining: Δ -0.028 ± 0.040 l·min-1·% O2 desaturation-1; P = 0.045). Furthermore, IH increased mean blood pressure and MSNA burst rate before training (P < 0.05), but IH did not alter these measures after training (P > 0.2). All measurements were similar in the control subjects at both visits (P > 0.05). Endurance training attenuates chemoreflex sensitization to IH, which may partially explain the beneficial effects of exercise training in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Miller
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Charity L Sauder
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Aimee E Cauffman
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl A Blaha
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Urs A Leuenberger
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Howden EJ, Lawley JS, Esler M, Levine BD. Potential role of endurance training in altering renal sympathetic nerve activity in CKD? Auton Neurosci 2016; 204:74-80. [PMID: 27908698 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by a progressive loss of renal function and increase in cardiovascular risk. In this review paper, we discuss the pathophysiology of increased sympathetic nerve activity in CKD patients and raise the possibility of endurance exercise being an effective countermeasure to address this problem. We specifically focus on the potential role of endurance training in altering renal sympathetic nerve activity as increased renal sympathetic nerve activity negatively impacts kidney function as well indirectly effects multiple other systems and organs. Recent technological advances in device based therapy have highlighted the detrimental effect of elevated renal sympathetic nerve activity in CKD patients, with kidney function and blood pressure being improved post renal artery nerve denervation in selected patients. These developments provide optimism for the development of alternative and/or complementary strategies to lower renal sympathetic nerve activity. However, appropriately designed studies are required to confirm preliminary observations, as the widespread use of the renal denervation approach to lower sympathetic activity presently has limited feasibility. Endurance training may be one alternative strategy to reduce renal sympathetic nerve activity. Here we review the role of endurance training as a potential alternative or adjunctive to current therapy in CKD patients. We also provide recommendations for future research to assist in establishing an evidence base for the use of endurance training to lower renal sympathetic activity in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
| | - Murray Esler
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, TX 75231, United States; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, United States
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Briant LJB, Charkoudian N, Hart EC. Sympathetic regulation of blood pressure in normotension and hypertension: when sex matters. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:219-29. [PMID: 26682826 DOI: 10.1113/ep085368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Hypertension is a major problem in Western society. Risk of hypertension increases with age, especially in women, who have lower risk compared with men until menopause. This review outlines the sex differences in the sympathetic control of blood pressure and how these mechanisms change with age. What advances does it highlight? It has recently been recognized that men and women regulate blood pressure by different physiological mechanisms. This is important for both the understanding and the clinical management of individual patients with hypertension. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how the regulation of blood pressure in hypertension by the sympathetic nervous system differs between men and women. The sympathetic nervous system has a central role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP) and in the development of hypertension in humans. Recent evidence points to differences between the sexes in the integrative mechanisms by which BP is controlled, suggesting that the development of hypertension may follow distinct pathways in women compared with men. An important aspect of sympathetic control of BP is its substantial interindividual variability. In healthy young men, the variability in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is balanced by variability in cardiac output and vascular adrenergic responses, such that BP remains similar, and normal, across a severalfold range of resting SNA values. In young women, variability in resting SNA is similar to that seen in men, but the 'balancing' mechanisms are strikingly different; women exhibit greater β-adrenergic vasodilatation compared with men, which minimizes the pressor effects of a given level of SNA. Ageing is associated with increased SNA and a loss of the balancing factors seen in younger people, leading to an increased risk of hypertension in older people. Loss of oestrogen with menopause in women appears to be linked mechanistically with the decrease in β-adrenergic vasodilatation and the increased risk of hypertension in older women. Other important factors contributing to hypertension via sympathetic mechanisms are obesity and arterial stiffening, both of which increase with ageing. We conclude with a discussion of important areas in which more work is needed to understand and manage appropriately the sex-specific mechanisms in the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J B Briant
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, Cardionomics Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N Charkoudian
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - E C Hart
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, Cardionomics Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Just TP, Cooper IR, DeLorey DS. Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Adaptations to Exercise Training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2016; 44:137-43. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hughes JM, Charkoudian N, Barnes JN, Morgan BJ. Revisiting the Debate: Does Exercise Build Strong Bones in the Mature and Senescent Skeleton? Front Physiol 2016; 7:369. [PMID: 27679578 PMCID: PMC5020082 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional exercise programs seem to be less osteogenic in the mature and post-mature skeleton compared to the young skeleton. This is likely because of the decline in sensitivity of bone to mechanical loading that occurs with advancing age. Another factor contributing to the apparently diminished benefit of exercise in older adults is failure of widely used measurement techniques (i.e., DXA) to identify changes in 3-dimensional bone structure, which are important determinants of bone strength. Moreover, although hormonal contributors to bone loss in the elderly are well-recognized, the influence of age-related increases in sympathetic nervous system activity, which impacts bone metabolism, is rarely considered. In this Perspective, we cite evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating anabolic effects of exercise on bone across the lifespan and we discuss theoretical considerations for designing exercise regimens to optimize bone health. We conclude with suggestions for future research that should help define the osteogenic potential of exercise in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick, MA, USA
| | - Jill N Barnes
- Bruno Balke Biodynamics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara J Morgan
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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Besnier F, Labrunée M, Pathak A, Pavy-Le Traon A, Galès C, Sénard JM, Guiraud T. Exercise training-induced modification in autonomic nervous system: An update for cardiac patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 60:27-35. [PMID: 27542313 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular disease show autonomic dysfunction, including sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, which leads to fatal events. This review aims to place sympathovagal balance as an essential element to be considered in management for cardiovascular disease patients who benefit from a cardiac rehabilitation program. Many studies showed that exercise training, as non-pharmacologic treatment, plays an important role in enhancing sympathovagal balance and could normalize levels of markers of sympathetic flow measured by microneurography, heart rate variability or plasma catecholamine levels. This alteration positively affects prognosis with cardiovascular disease. In general, cardiac rehabilitation programs include moderate-intensity and continuous aerobic exercise. Other forms of activities such as high-intensity interval training, breathing exercises, relaxation and transcutaneous electrical stimulation can improve sympathovagal balance and should be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Currently, the exercise training programs in cardiac rehabilitation are individualized to optimize health outcomes. The sports science concept of the heart rate variability (HRV)-vagal index used to manage exercise sessions (for a goal of performance) could be implemented in cardiac rehabilitation to improve cardiovascular fitness and autonomic nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Besnier
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; Clinic of Saint-Orens, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Saint-Orens-de-Gameville, France
| | - Marc Labrunée
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; Department of Rehabilitation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Atul Pathak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; Unit of Hypertension, Risk Factors and Heart Failure, Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galès
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sénard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaut Guiraud
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France; Clinic of Saint-Orens, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Saint-Orens-de-Gameville, France.
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Subramanian M, Mueller PJ. Altered Differential Control of Sympathetic Outflow Following Sedentary Conditions: Role of Subregional Neuroplasticity in the RVLM. Front Physiol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27486405 PMCID: PMC4949265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the classically held belief of an “all-or-none” activation of the sympathetic nervous system, differential responses in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) can occur acutely at varying magnitudes and in opposing directions. Sympathetic nerves also appear to contribute differentially to various disease states including hypertension and heart failure. Previously we have reported that sedentary conditions enhanced responses of splanchnic SNA (SSNA) but not lumbar SNA (LSNA) to activation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in rats. Bulbospinal RVLM neurons from sedentary rats also exhibit increased dendritic branching in rostral regions of the RVLM. We hypothesized that regionally specific structural neuroplasticity would manifest as enhanced SSNA but not LSNA following activation of the rostral RVLM. To test this hypothesis, groups of physically active (10–12 weeks on running wheels) or sedentary, male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented to record mean arterial pressure, LSNA and SSNA under Inactin anesthesia and during microinjections of glutamate (30 nl, 10 mM) into multiple sites within the RVLM. Sedentary conditions enhanced SSNA but not LSNA responses and SSNA responses were enhanced at more central and rostral sites. Results suggest that enhanced SSNA responses in rostral RVLM coincide with enhanced dendritic branching in rostral RVLM observed previously. Identifying structural and functional neuroplasticity in specific populations of RVLM neurons may help identify new treatments for cardiovascular diseases, known to be more prevalent in sedentary individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Patrick J Mueller
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
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Matsuzaki J, Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Tanaka K, Mori H, Kanai T. Influence of regular exercise on gastric emptying in healthy men: a pilot study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:130-133. [PMID: 27698540 PMCID: PMC5018576 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including functional dyspepsia (FD), are common chronic disorders even in the younger population. Physical activity is advocated for patients with FGIDs, although the evidence is insufficient. We investigated the association between the intensity of regular exercise and gastric emptying to determine the effect of physical activity on dyspeptic symptoms. Thirty healthy individuals were selected and divided into three groups (low, moderate, and high) using the index of total exercise intensity in a week. Gastric emptying was evaluated by the 13C-acetate breath test. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, dyspeptic symptoms, stool forms, scores of anxiety and depression, and scores of sleep quality were also compared. Baseline scores of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality were not different among the three groups. Gastric emptying was significantly faster in low-intensity exercise group than the moderate-intensity exercise group. Although the presence of loose stool and alcohol consumption were also associated with the intensity of regular exercise, these variables were not confounders. In conclusion, the intensity of regular exercise was independently associated with gastric emptying in healthy individuals. These baseline data would be useful for consideration of an optimal exercise intervention for the treatment of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Matsuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Masaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Horn SR, Charney DS, Feder A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:119-132. [PMID: 27417856 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All individuals experience stressful life events, and up to 84% of the general population will experience at least one potentially traumatic event. In some cases, acute or chronic stressors lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other psychopathology; however, the majority of people are resilient to such effects. Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. A wealth of research has begun to identify the genetic, epigenetic, neural, and environmental underpinnings of resilience, and has indicated that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes encompassing several environmental factors, neural circuits, numerous neurotransmitters, and molecular pathways. The first part of this review focuses on recent findings regarding the genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial, and neurochemical factors as well as neural circuits and molecular pathways that underlie the development of resilience. Emerging and exciting areas of research and novel methodological approaches, including genome-wide gene expression studies, immune, endocannabinoid, oxytocin, and glutamatergic systems, are explored to help delineate innovative mechanisms that may contribute to resilience. The second part reviews several interventions and preventative approaches designed to enhance resilience in both developmental and adult populations. Specifically, the review will delineate approaches aimed to bolster resilience in individuals with PTSD. Furthermore, we discuss novel pharmacologic approaches, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ketamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as exciting new prospects for not only the treatment of PTSD but as new targets to enhance resilience. Our growing understanding of resilience and interventions will hopefully lead to the development of new strategies for not just treating PTSD but also screening and early identification of at-risk youth and adults. Taken together, efforts aimed at dissemination and implementation of novel interventions to enhance resilience will have to keep pace with the growth of new preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Dueñas-Espín I, Demeyer H, Gimeno-Santos E, Polkey MI, Hopkinson NS, Rabinovich RA, Dobbels F, Karlsson N, Troosters T, Garcia-Aymerich J. Depression symptoms reduce physical activity in COPD patients: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:1287-95. [PMID: 27354787 PMCID: PMC4910613 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of anxiety and depression in the physical activity (PA) of patients with COPD is controversial. We prospectively assessed the effect of symptoms of anxiety and depression on PA in COPD patients. Methods We evaluated anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), PA (Dynaport® accelerometer), and other relevant characteristics in 220 COPD patients from five European countries at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. HADS score was categorized as: no symptoms (score 0–7), suggested (8–10), and probable (>11) anxiety or depression. We estimated the association between anxiety and depression at t (baseline and 6 months) and PA at t+1 (6 and 12 months) using regression models with a repeated measures approach. Results Patients had a mean (standard deviation) age of 67 (8) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second 57 (20)% predicted. At baseline, the prevalence of probable anxiety and depression was 10% and 5%, respectively. In multivariable models adjusted by confounders and previous PA, patients performed 81 fewer steps/day (95% confidence interval, −149 to −12, P=0.02) per extra point in HADS-depression score. HADS-anxiety symptoms were not associated with PA. Conclusion In COPD patients, symptoms of depression are prospectively associated with a measurable reduction in PA 6 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Dueñas-Espín
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREpidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heleen Demeyer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Gimeno-Santos
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREpidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael I Polkey
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicholas S Hopkinson
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Roberto A Rabinovich
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabienne Dobbels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niklas Karlsson
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Thierry Troosters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREpidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Sá JC, Costa EC, da Silva E, Tamburús NY, Porta A, Medeiros LF, Lemos TM, Soares EM, Azevedo GD. Aerobic exercise improves cardiac autonomic modulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Johnson AK, Zhang Z, Clayton SC, Beltz TG, Hurley SW, Thunhorst RL, Xue B. The roles of sensitization and neuroplasticity in the long-term regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1309-25. [PMID: 26290101 PMCID: PMC4698407 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00037.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After decades of investigation, the causes of essential hypertension remain obscure. The contribution of the nervous system has been excluded by some on the basis that baroreceptor mechanisms maintain blood pressure only over the short term. However, this point of view ignores one of the most powerful contributions of the brain in maintaining biological fitness-specifically, the ability to promote adaptation of behavioral and physiological responses to cope with new challenges and maintain this new capacity through processes involving neuroplasticity. We present a body of recent findings demonstrating that prior, short-term challenges can induce persistent changes in the central nervous system to result in an enhanced blood pressure response to hypertension-eliciting stimuli. This sensitized hypertensinogenic state is maintained in the absence of the inducing stimuli, and it is accompanied by sustained upregulation of components of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and other molecular changes recognized to be associated with central nervous system neuroplasticity. Although the heritability of hypertension is high, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors beyond just genes contribute to the etiology of this disease. Life experiences and attendant changes in cellular and molecular components in the neural network controlling sympathetic tone can enhance the hypertensive response to recurrent, sustained, or new stressors. Although the epigenetic mechanisms that allow the brain to be reprogrammed in the face of challenges to cardiovascular homeostasis can be adaptive, this capacity can also be maladaptive under conditions present in different evolutionary eras or ontogenetic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Nanyang Institute of Technology, Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Sarah C Clayton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Terry G Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Seth W Hurley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert L Thunhorst
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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79
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Effects of Tai Chi and Multimodal Exercise Training on Movement and Balance Function in Mild to Moderate Idiopathic Parkinson Disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 94:921-9. [PMID: 26135376 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different patterns of rehabilitation training on movement and balance function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease. DESIGN Forty patients with Parkinson disease were randomized into the tai chi group (n = 20) or the multimodal exercise training group (n = 20). Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 12 wks of exercise. Balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, and movement was assessed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-Motor Examination, stride length, gait velocity, and Timed Up and Go Test. RESULTS The multimodal exercise training group improved significantly in movement from baseline, and a reduction in balance impairment was observed for the multimodal exercise training group. The questionnaire results after training showed that the multimodal exercise training is easy to learn and adhere to. No major adverse events were noted in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This multimodal exercise training could improve motion function and benefit balance function in patients with Parkinson disease. The multimodal exercise training is easy to learn and practice.
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Wallbach M, Lehnig LY, Helms HJ, Schroer C, Müller GA, Wachter R, Koziolek MJ. Long-term effects of baroreflex activation therapy on glucose metabolism. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:829-35. [PMID: 25539879 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sympathetic overactivity is one critical factor associated with the development of arterial hypertension, impaired insulin secretion and resistance. Some antihypertensives exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, whereas others lead to an impairment of metabolic state with consecutive weight gain. In resistant hypertension, baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) reduces arterial blood pressure (BP) by inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether BAT influences metabolic state in patients with resistant hypertension. METHODS Thirty patients with resistant hypertension (10 with known diabetes mellitus) were prospectively included into this study. Blood pressure, BMI, weight, fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, ISQuickI, and glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test were measured at baseline and 6 months after BAT activation. RESULTS Fasting glucose was significantly reduced after 6 months of BAT, whereas mean 2-h glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance test, fasting insulin levels, C-peptide levels, hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, ISQuickI, weight, and BMI remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Despite improvement in fasting glucose, BAT exerts neither sustained additional beneficial effects nor an impairment of metabolic state. Thus, chronic BAT might be an effective interventional method to reduce BP without metabolic disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wallbach
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert - Koch - Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Luca-Yves Lehnig
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert - Koch - Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Helms
- Department of Medical Statistics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schroer
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard A Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert - Koch - Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Wachter
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael J Koziolek
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert - Koch - Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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81
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Sousa LE, Magalhães WG, Bezerra FS, Santos RAS, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Isoldi MC, Alzamora AC. Exercise training restores oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthases in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of renovascular hypertensive rats. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1335-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1069291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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82
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Mischel NA, Subramanian M, Dombrowski MD, Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Mueller PJ. (In)activity-related neuroplasticity in brainstem control of sympathetic outflow: unraveling underlying molecular, cellular, and anatomical mechanisms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H235-43. [PMID: 25957223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00929.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More people die as a result of physical inactivity than any other preventable risk factor including smoking, high cholesterol, and obesity. Cardiovascular disease, the number one cause of death in the United States, tops the list of inactivity-related diseases. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Americans continue to make lifestyle choices that are creating a rapidly growing burden of epidemic size and impact on the United States healthcare system. It is imperative that we improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which physical inactivity increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease and how exercise can prevent or rescue the inactivity phenotype. The current review summarizes research on changes in the brain that contribute to inactivity-related cardiovascular disease. Specifically, we focus on changes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a critical brain region for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity. The RVLM is implicated in elevated sympathetic outflow associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and heart failure. We hypothesize that changes in the RVLM contribute to chronic cardiovascular disease related to physical inactivity. Data obtained from our translational rodent models of chronic, voluntary exercise and inactivity suggest that functional, anatomical, and molecular neuroplasticity enhances glutamatergic neurotransmission in the RVLM of sedentary animals. Collectively, the evidence presented here suggests that changes in the RVLM resulting from sedentary conditions are deleterious and contribute to cardiovascular diseases that have an increased prevalence in sedentary individuals. The mechanisms by which these changes occur over time and their impact are important areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mischel
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Maryetta D Dombrowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and Cardiovascular Medicine, Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick J Mueller
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and
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83
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Zucker IH, Schultz HD, Patel KP, Wang H. Modulation of angiotensin II signaling following exercise training in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H781-91. [PMID: 25681422 PMCID: PMC4398865 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic activation is a consistent finding in the chronic heart failure (CHF) state. Current therapy for CHF targets the renin-angiotensin II (ANG II) and adrenergic systems. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ANG II receptor blockers are standard treatments along with β-adrenergic blockade. However, the mortality and morbidity of this disease is still extremely high, even with good medical management. Exercise training (ExT) is currently being used in many centers as an adjunctive therapy for CHF. Clinical studies have shown that ExT is a safe, effective, and inexpensive way to improve quality of life, work capacity, and longevity in patients with CHF. This review discusses the potential neural interactions between ANG II and sympatho-excitation in CHF and the modulation of this interaction by ExT. We briefly review the current understanding of the modulation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor in sympatho-excitatory areas of the brain and in the periphery (i.e., in the carotid body and skeletal muscle). We discuss possible cellular mechanisms by which ExT may impact the sympatho-excitatory process by reducing oxidative stress, increasing nitric oxide. and reducing ANG II. We also discuss the potential role of ACE2 and Ang 1-7 in the sympathetic response to ExT. Fruitful areas of further investigation are the role and mechanisms by which pre-sympathetic neuronal metabolic activity in response to individual bouts of exercise regulate redox mechanisms and discharge at rest in CHF and other sympatho-excitatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Harold D Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Hanjun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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84
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Gkaliagkousi E, Gavriilaki E, Douma S. Effects of acute and chronic exercise in patients with essential hypertension: benefits and risks. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:429-39. [PMID: 25362114 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of regular physical activity in essential hypertension has been extensively investigated over the last decades and has emerged as a major modifiable factor contributing to optimal blood pressure control. Aerobic exercise exerts its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system by promoting traditional cardiovascular risk factor regulation, as well as by favorably regulating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, molecular effects, cardiac, and vascular function. Benefits of resistance exercise need further validation. On the other hand, acute exercise is now an established trigger of acute cardiac events. A number of possible pathophysiological links have been proposed, including SNS, vascular function, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function. In order to fully interpret this knowledge into clinical practice, we need to better understand the role of exercise intensity and duration in this pathophysiological cascade and in special populations. Further studies in hypertensive patients are also warranted in order to clarify the possibly favorable effect of antihypertensive treatment on exercise-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stella Douma
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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85
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Sympathetic neural adaptations to exercise training in humans. Auton Neurosci 2015; 188:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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86
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Kanji G, Weatherall M, Peter R, Purdie G, Page R. Efficacy of regular sauna bathing for chronic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:103-9. [PMID: 25636135 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is a chronic syndrome characterized by frequent headache occurring more than 15 days per month. The intensity and duration of headache pain can be very distressing and disabling on an individuals' well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of sauna bathing as a new method of treatment for reducing pain in patients with CTTH. METHODS Thirty-seven people who fulfilled the International Headache Society criteria for CTTH were randomly assigned into two groups. The control group (n=20) received advice and education while the intervention group (n=17) received the same advice and attended a sauna regularly for 8 weeks. Reductions in subjective pain were determined using the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). Disturbance in sleep, depression as assessed by Beckman Disability Index (BDI), and Headache Disability Index (HDI) were measured. RESULTS Mean change in headache intensity significantly differed between the sauna and control group by 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.48-2.07; F=10.17; df=1, 117; p=0.002). There was no statistically significant change in duration of headache or improvement in sleep, depression, or HDI between the sauna and control groups. CONCLUSION Regular sauna bathing is a simple, self-directed treatment that is effective for reducing headache pain intensity in CTTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giresh Kanji
- 1 Musculoskeletal Pain Specialist, Wellington Pain and Headache Clinic, Southern Cross Hospital , Wellington, New Zealand
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87
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Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is characterized by widespread pain that is exacerbated by cold and stress but relieved by warmth. We review the points along thermal and pain pathways where temperature may influence pain. We also present evidence addressing the possibility that brown adipose tissue activity is linked to the pain of FM given that cold initiates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue through adrenergic activity, whereas warmth suspends thermogenesis. Although females have a higher incidence of FM and more resting thermogenesis, they are less able to recruit brown adipose tissue in response to chronic stress than males. In addition, conditions that are frequently comorbid with FM compromise brown adipose activity making it less responsive to sympathetic stimulation. This results in lower body temperatures, lower metabolic rates, and lower circulating cortisol/corticosterone in response to stress--characteristics of FM. In the periphery, sympathetic nerves to brown adipose also project to surrounding tissues, including tender points characterizing FM. As a result, the musculoskeletal hyperalgesia associated with conditions such as FM may result from referred pain in the adjacent muscle and skin.
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88
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Cardiovascular effects of aerobic exercise training in formerly preeclamptic women and healthy parous control subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211:516.e1-516.e11. [PMID: 24769012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women who have had preeclampsia demonstrate higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), impaired vascular function, and increased sympathetic activity and are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks of exercise training (70-80% maximum volume of oxygen utilization) in women who had had preeclampsia on physical fitness, components of MetS, vasculature, and autonomic functions compared with healthy control subjects. STUDY DESIGN Our prospective case-control study included 24 normotensive women who had had preeclampsia and 20 control subjects who were matched for age and postpartum interval (all 6-12 months after delivery). Before and after training, we measured all components of MetS (ie, BP, lipids, glucose/insulin, and albuminuria), carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and brachial and superficial femoral artery endothelial function that used flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Autonomic activity was quantified with power spectral analysis (low-frequency/high-frequency power [LF/HF] ratio). RESULTS At baseline, women who had had preeclampsia demonstrated higher values of most components of MetS. Compared with the control subjects, women who had had preeclampsia had increased IMT (580 ± 92 μm vs 477 ± 65 μm, respectively), impaired endothelial function (FMD brachial artery, 5.3% ± 2.2% vs 10.8% ± 3.5%, respectively; FMD superficial femoral artery, 4.9% ± 2.1% vs 8.7% ± 3.2%, respectively) and increased LF/HF power ratio (2.2 ± 1.0 vs 1.3 ± 0.4, respectively; all P < .05). In both groups, exercise training decreased values of most components of MetS and IMT, improved FMD, and concurrently reduced LF/HF. Despite these improvements, vascular and autonomic variables did not normalize by 12 weeks of training in women who had had preeclampsia. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that exercise training in women who had had preeclampsia and control subjects improves components of MetS, endothelial function, vascular wall thickness, and autonomic control. Nonetheless, trained women who had had preeclampsia only reached a cardiovascular status that is comparable with sedentary healthy control subjects.
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89
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Subramanian M, Holt AG, Mueller PJ. Physical activity correlates with glutamate receptor gene expression in spinally-projecting RVLM neurons: a laser capture microdissection study. Brain Res 2014; 1585:51-62. [PMID: 25173073 PMCID: PMC5828155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is an important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. The rostral ventrolateral portion of the medulla (RVLM) is composed of heterogeneous populations of neurons that are involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. Because of functional heterogeneity, studying the changes in the gene expression of this specific population of neurons within the RVLM is challenging. In the present study, a fluorescent retrograde tracer was injected into the spinal cord to specifically label bulbospinal RVLM neurons in sedentary and active rats. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was then employed to collect the fluorescently labeled neurons from sections encompassing the rostrocaudal extent of the RVLM. RNA extracted from the neurons was used in qRT-PCR analysis. Changes in gene expression levels of glutamate and GABA receptor subunits were compared between sedentary and physically active rats. GLUR3 subunit showed a significant negative correlation between total running distance and its relative gene expression in active rats. There were no significant difference in the gene expression of NMDA (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C and NR2D), AMPA (GLUR1, GLUR2 and GLUR3) and GABAA (GABAA1 and GABAA2) receptor subunits. Overall, the present study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing LCM to investigate the gene expression changes in a specific population of neurons in the RVLM. Correlation studies suggest that physical activity could contribute to neuroplasticity in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Avril G Holt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Patrick J Mueller
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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90
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Derman EW, Whitesman S, Dreyer M, Patel DN, Nossel C, Schwellnus MP. Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice Part 7: Lifestyle and hypertension. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2009.10873887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Benefit of physical fitness against inflammation in obesity: role of beta adrenergic receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:113-20. [PMID: 24355098 PMCID: PMC4059789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that both poor physical fitness and obesity are linked to low-grade inflammation and inflammatory diseases. However, their relative roles on inflammation and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given the inhibitory effect of catecholamines on inflammatory cytokine production, we speculated that compromised responsiveness of immune cells' beta adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) to agonists may be associated with constitutively elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. We examined circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and β-AR sensitivity of, 70 overweight or obese compared to 26 normal-weight, otherwise healthy individuals in order to investigate the associations among obesity, physical fitness, and low-grade inflammation and to examine the role of β-ARs in these relationships. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by VO2peak (ml/kg/min) via a treadmill exercise. Beta-AR sensitivity was evaluated by measuring the degree of inhibition in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated monocytic intracellular TNF production by isoproterenol. In all participants, BMI, which was initially a predictor of IL-1β and IL-6 levels independent of demographic characteristics, no longer significantly predicted them after controlling for fitness levels. Among the overweight or obese participants, greater cardiorespiratory fitness was a strong predictor of lower levels of TNF and IL-1β after controlling for the covariates. When β-AR sensitivity was controlled for, however, fitness was no longer a significant predictor of those cytokines. Monocytic β-AR sensitivity was negatively associated with inflammatory marker levels and diminished in obese individuals; however, when fitness was controlled for, the significant weight group differences in β-AR sensitivity disappeared. Our findings indicate that better cardiorespiratory fitness protects against obesity-related low-grade inflammation and β-AR desensitization. Given the significance of β-AR function in pathogenesis of various diseases, clinical implications of its role in the fitness-inflammation association among the obese are profound.
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92
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Zucker IH, Xiao L, Haack KKV. The central renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:695-706. [PMID: 24490814 PMCID: PMC4053944 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CHF (chronic heart failure) is a multifactorial disease process that is characterized by overactivation of the RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) and the sympathetic nervous system. Both of these systems are chronically activated in CHF. The RAAS consists of an excitatory arm involving AngII (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and the AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor). The RAAS also consists of a protective arm consisting of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)], the AT2R (AngII type 2 receptor), ACE2 and the Mas receptor. Sympatho-excitation in CHF is driven, in large part, by an imbalance of these two arms, with an increase in the AngII/AT1R/ACE arm and a decrease in the AT2R/ACE2 arm. This imbalance is manifested in cardiovascular-control regions of the brain such as the rostral ventrolateral medulla and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. The present review focuses on the current literature that describes the components of these two arms of the RAAS and their imbalance in the CHF state. Moreover, the present review provides additional evidence for the relevance of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) as key players in the regulation of central sympathetic outflow in CHF. Finally, we also examine the effects of exercise training as a therapeutic strategy and the molecular mechanisms at play in CHF, in part, because of the ability of exercise training to restore the balance of the RAAS axis and sympathetic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving H Zucker
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
| | - Liang Xiao
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
| | - Karla K V Haack
- *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, U.S.A
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Skov J, Persson F, Frøkiær J, Christiansen JS. Tissue Renin-Angiotensin systems: a unifying hypothesis of metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:23. [PMID: 24592256 PMCID: PMC3938116 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The actions of angiotensin peptides are diverse and locally acting tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are present in almost all tissues of the body. An activated RAS strongly correlates to metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes) and its complications and blockers of RAS have been demonstrated to prevent diabetes in humans. Hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and cortisol are well-known risk factors of metabolic disease and all stimulate tissue RAS whereas glucagon-like peptide-1, vitamin D, and aerobic exercise are inhibitors of tissue RAS and to some extent can prevent metabolic disease. Furthermore, an activated tissue RAS deteriorates the same risk factors creating a system with several positive feedback pathways. The primary effector hormone of the RAS, angiotensin II, stimulates reactive oxygen species, induces tissue damage, and can be associated to most diabetic complications. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that an activated tissue RAS is the principle cause of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and additionally is mediating the majority of the metabolic complications. The involvement of positive feedback pathways may create a self-reinforcing state and explain why metabolic disease initiate and progress. The hypothesis plausibly unifies the major predictors of metabolic disease and places tissue RAS regulation in the center of metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Skov
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jeppe Skov, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark e-mail:
| | | | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Molecular Imaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zha YP, Wang YK, Deng Y, Zhang RW, Tan X, Yuan WJ, Deng XM, Wang WZ. Exercise training lowers the enhanced tonically active glutamatergic input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in hypertensive rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:244-51. [PMID: 23521912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is well known that low-intensity exercise training (ExT) is beneficial to cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertension. The tonically active glutamatergic input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a key region for control of blood pressure and sympathetic tone, has been demonstrated to be increased in hypertensive rats. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ExT on the increased glutamatergic input to the RVLM in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). METHODS Normotensive rats Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR were treadmill trained or remained sedentary (Sed) for 12 weeks and classed into four groups (WKY-Sed, WKY-ExT, SHR-Sed, and SHR-ExT). The release of glutamate in the RVLM and its contribution to cardiovascular activity were determined in WKY and SHR after treatment of ExT. RESULTS Blood pressure and sympathetic tone were significantly reduced in SHR after treatment with ExT. Bilateral microinjection of the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (2.7 nmol in 100 nL) into the RVLM significantly decreased resting blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity in SHR-Sed but not in WKY groups (WKY-Sed and WKY-ExT). However, the degree of reduction in these cardiovascular parameters evoked by KYN was significantly blunted in SHR-ExT compared with SHR-Sed group. The concentration of glutamate and the protein expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the RVLM were significantly increased in SHR-Sed compared with WKY-Sed, whereas they were reduced after treatment with ExT. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ExT attenuates the enhancement in the tonically acting glutamatergic input to the RVLM of hypertensive rats, thereby reducing the sympathetic hyperactivity and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Zha
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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95
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Aerobic exercise training increases neuronal nitric oxide release and bioavailability and decreases noradrenaline release in mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2013; 31:916-26. [PMID: 23429663 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835f749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of aerobic exercise training on sympathetic, nitrergic and sensory innervation function in superior mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS De-endothelized vascular rings from sedentary and trained SHRs (treadmill 12 weeks) were used. Vasomotor responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), noradrenaline, nitric oxide donor DEA-NO and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and nitric oxide, superoxide anions (O(2.-)), noradrenaline and CGRP levels were also determined. RESULTS Aerobic exercise training decreased vasoconstrictor response to EFS but increased noradrenaline response. Phentolamine decreased while N(ω)-nitro-(L)-arginine methyl ester ((L)-NAME) increased the response to EFS; the effect of both drugs was greater in trained animals. Training also decreased noradrenaline release and O(2.-) production and increased nNOS expression, nitric oxide release and the vasodilator response to DEA-NO. The O(2.-) scavenger tempol increased DEA-NO-induced vasodilation only in sedentary rats. The EFS-induced contraction was increased to a similar extent in both experimental groups by preincubation with CGRP (8-37). CGRP release and vasodilator response were not modified by training. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise training decreases contractile response to EFS in mesenteric artery from SHRs. This effect is the net result of decreased noradrenaline release, increased sensitivity to the vasoconstrictive effects of noradrenaline and increased neuronal nitric oxide release and bioavailability. These modifications might contribute to the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure.
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96
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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97
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Hassan AF, Kamal MM. Effect of exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamics, glycogen content, angiogenesis and apoptosis of cardiac muscle in adult male rats. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2013; 7:47-60. [PMID: 23559905 DOI: 10.12816/0006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on hemodynamics, glycogen content, angiogenesis, apoptosis and histology of cardiac muscle. METHODS Forty rats were divided into 4 groups; control, steroid, exercise-trained and exercise-trained plus steroid groups. The exercise-trained and trained plus steroid groups, after one week of water adaptation, were exercised by jumping into water for 5 weeks. The steroid and trained plus steroid groups received nandrolone decanoate, for 5 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were monitored weekly. Heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW ratio) were determined. Serum testosterone, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cardiac caspase-3 activity and glycogen content were measured. RESULTS Compared with control, the steroid group had significantly higher blood pressure, HR, sympathetic nerve activity, testosterone level, HW/BW and cardiac caspase-3 activity. Histological examination revealed apoptotic changes and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. In exercise-trained group, cardiac glycogen, VEGF and testosterone levels were significantly higher while HR was significantly lower than control. HW/BW was more than control confirmed by hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes with angiogenesis on histological examination. Trained plus steroid group, had no change in HR, with higher blood pressure and HW/BW than control, cardiac glycogen and serum VEGF were higher than control but lower than exercise-trained group. Histological examination showed hypertrophy of cardiomyoctes with mild angiogenesis rather than apoptosis. CONCLUSION When exercise is augmented with AAS, exercise-associated cardiac benefits may not be fully gained with potential cardiac risk from AAS if used alone or combined with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Hassan
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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98
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Díaz Gómez MM, Bocanegra Jaramillo OL, Teixeira RR, Espindola FS. Salivary surrogates of plasma nitrite and catecholamines during a 21-week training season in swimmers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64043. [PMID: 23700456 PMCID: PMC3660304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The collection of samples of saliva is noninvasive and straightforward, which turns saliva into an ideal fluid for monitoring the adaptive response to training. Here, we investigated the response of the salivary proteins alpha-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (sCgA), and the concentration of total protein (sTP) as well as salivary nitrite (sNO2) in relation to plasma catecholamines and plasma nitrite (pNO2), respectively. The variation in these markers was compared to the intensity and load of training during a 21-week training season in 12 elite swimmers. Overall, the salivary proteins tracked the concentration of plasma adrenaline and were inversely correlated with the training outcomes. No correlations were observed between sNO2 and pNO2. However, sNO2 correlated positively with the intensity and load of training. We argue that the decrease in sympathetic activity is responsible for the decrease in the concentration of proteins throughout the training season. Furthermore, the increase in nitrite is likely to reflect changes in hemodynamics and regulation of vascular tone. The association of the salivary markers with the training outcomes underlines their potential as noninvasive markers of training status in professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mauricio Díaz Gómez
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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99
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Burggraaf JLI, Elffers TW, Segeth FM, Austie FMC, Plug MB, Gademan MGJ, Maan AC, Man S, de Muynck M, Soekkha T, Simonsz A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Swenne CA. Neurocardiological differences between musicians and control subjects. Neth Heart J 2013; 21:183-8. [PMID: 23283752 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-012-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training is beneficial in health and disease. Part of the training effect materialises in the brainstem due to the exercise-associated somatosensory nerve traffic. Because active music making also involves somatosensory nerve traffic, we hypothesised that this will have training effects resembling those of physical exercise. METHODS We compared two groups of healthy, young subjects between 18 and 30 years: 25 music students (13/12 male/female, group M) and 28 controls (12/16 male/female, group C), peers, who were non-musicians. Measurement sessions to determine resting heart rate, resting blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were held during morning hours. RESULTS Groups M and C did not differ significantly in age (21.4 ± 3.0 vs 21.2 ± 3.1 years), height (1.79 ± 0.11 vs 1.77 ± 0.10 m), weight (68.0 ± 9.1 vs 66.8 ± 10.4 kg), body mass index (21.2 ± 2.5 vs 21.3 ± 2.4 kg∙m(-2)) and physical exercise volume (39.3 ± 38.8 vs 36.6 ± 23.6 metabolic equivalent hours/week). Group M practised music daily for 1.8 ± 0.7 h. In group M heart rate (65.1 ± 10.6 vs 68.8 ± 8.3 beats/min, trend P =0.08), systolic blood pressure (114.2 ± 8.7 vs 120.3 ± 10.0 mmHg, P = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (65.0 ± 6.1 vs 71.0 ± 6.2 mmHg, P < 0.01) and mean blood pressure (83.7 ± 6.4 vs 89.4 ± 7.1, P < 0.01) were lower than in group C. BRS in groups M and C was 12.9 ± 6.7 and 11.3 ± 5.8 ms/mmHg, respectively (P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that active music making has training effects resembling those of physical exercise training. Our study opens a new perspective, in which active music making, additionally to being an artistic activity, renders concrete health benefits for the musician.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L I Burggraaf
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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100
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Wang HJ, Zucker IH, Wang W. Muscle reflex in heart failure: the role of exercise training. Front Physiol 2012; 3:398. [PMID: 23060821 PMCID: PMC3464681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise evokes sympathetic activation and increases blood pressure and heart rate (HR). Two neural mechanisms that cause the exercise-induced increase in sympathetic discharge are central command and the exercise pressor reflex (EPR). The former suggests that a volitional signal emanating from central motor areas leads to increased sympathetic activation during exercise. The latter is a reflex originating in skeletal muscle which contributes significantly to the regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during exercise. The afferent arm of this reflex is composed of metabolically sensitive (predominantly group IV, C-fibers) and mechanically sensitive (predominately group III, A-delta fibers) afferent fibers. Activation of these receptors and their associated afferent fibers reflexively adjusts sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity during exercise. In heart failure, the sympathetic activation during exercise is exaggerated, which potentially increases cardiovascular risk and contributes to exercise intolerance during physical activity in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. A therapeutic strategy for preventing or slowing the progression of the exaggerated EPR may be of benefit in CHF patients. Long-term exercise training (ExT), as a non-pharmacological treatment for CHF increases exercise capacity, reduces sympatho-excitation and improves cardiovascular function in CHF animals and patients. In this review, we will discuss the effects of ExT and the mechanisms that contribute to the exaggerated EPR in the CHF state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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