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Yi M, Bai H, Xue M, Yi H. NO and H 2O 2 contribute to SO 2 toxicity via Ca 2+ signaling in Vicia faba guard cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9437-9446. [PMID: 28236197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
NO and H2O2 have been implicated as important signals in biotic and abiotic stress responses of plants to the environment. Previously, we have shown that SO2 exposure increased the levels of NO and H2O2 in plant cells. We hypothesize that, as signaling molecules, NO and H2O2 mediate SO2-caused toxicity. In this paper, we show that SO2 hydrates caused guard cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in the concentration range of 0.25 to 6 mmol L-1, which was associated with elevation of intracellular NO, H2O2, and Ca2+ levels in Vicia faba guard cells. NO donor SNP enhanced SO2 toxicity, while NO scavenger c-PTIO and NO synthesis inhibitors L-NAME and tungstate significantly prevented SO2 toxicity. ROS scavenger ascorbic acid (AsA) and catalase (CAT), Ca2+ chelating agent EGTA, and Ca2+ channel inhibitor LaCl3 also markedly blocked SO2 toxicity. In addition, both c-PTIO and AsA could completely block SO2-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level. Moreover, c-PTIO efficiently blocked SO2-induced H2O2 elevation, and AsA significantly blocked SO2-induced NO elevation. These results indicate that extra NO and H2O2 are produced and accumulated in SO2-treated guard cells, which further activate Ca2+ signaling to mediate SO2 toxicity. Our findings suggest that both NO and H2O2 contribute to SO2 toxicity via Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Heli Bai
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Meizhao Xue
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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52
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Iakimova ET, Woltering EJ. Xylogenesis in zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell cultures: unravelling the regulatory steps in a complex developmental programmed cell death event. PLANTA 2017; 245:681-705. [PMID: 28194564 PMCID: PMC5357506 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Physiological and molecular studies support the view that xylogenesis can largely be determined as a specific form of vacuolar programmed cell death (PCD). The studies in xylogenic zinnia cell culture have led to many breakthroughs in xylogenesis research and provided a background for investigations in other experimental models in vitro and in planta . This review discusses the most essential earlier and recent findings on the regulation of xylem elements differentiation and PCD in zinnia and other xylogenic systems. Xylogenesis (the formation of water conducting vascular tissue) is a paradigm of plant developmental PCD. The xylem vessels are composed of fused tracheary elements (TEs)-dead, hollow cells with patterned lignified secondary cell walls. They result from the differentiation of the procambium and cambium cells and undergo cell death to become functional post-mortem. The TE differentiation proceeds through a well-coordinated sequence of events in which differentiation and the programmed cellular demise are intimately connected. For years a classical experimental model for studies on xylogenesis was the xylogenic zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell culture derived from leaf mesophyll cells that, upon induction by cytokinin and auxin, transdifferentiate into TEs. This cell system has been proven very efficient for investigations on the regulatory components of xylem differentiation which has led to many discoveries on the mechanisms of xylogenesis. The knowledge gained from this system has potentiated studies in other xylogenic cultures in vitro and in planta. The present review summarises the previous and latest findings on the hormonal and biochemical signalling, metabolic pathways and molecular and gene determinants underlying the regulation of xylem vessels differentiation in zinnia cell culture. Highlighted are breakthroughs achieved through the use of xylogenic systems from other species and newly introduced tools and analytical approaches to study the processes. The mutual dependence between PCD signalling and the differentiation cascade in the program of TE development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernst J Woltering
- Wageningen University and Research, Food and Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Wageningen University, Horticulture and Product Physiology, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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53
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Induction of apoptosis and ganoderic acid biosynthesis by cAMP signaling in Ganoderma lucidum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:318. [PMID: 28336949 PMCID: PMC5428012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential physiological process that controls many important biological functions. However, apoptosis signaling in relation to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants and fungi remains a mystery. The fungus Ganoderma lucidum is a popular herbal medicine worldwide, but the biosynthetic regulation of its active ingredients (ganoderic acids, GAs) is poorly understood. We investigated the role of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in fungal apoptosis and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum. Two phosphodiesterase inhibitors (caffeine and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX) and an adenylate cyclase activator (sodium fluoride, NaF) were used to increase intracellular cAMP levels. Fungal apoptosis was identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and a condensed nuclear morphology. Our results showed that GA production and fungal apoptosis were induced when the mycelium was treated with NaF, caffeine, or cAMP/IBMX. Downregulation of squalene synthase and lanosterol synthase gene expression by cAMP was detected in the presence of these chemicals, which indicates that these two genes are not critical for GA induction. Transcriptome analysis indicated that mitochondria might play an important role in cAMP-induced apoptosis and GA biosynthesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal that cAMP signaling induces apoptosis and secondary metabolite production in fungi.
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54
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Pathirana R, West P, Hedderley D, Eason J. Cell death patterns in Arabidopsis cells subjected to four physiological stressors indicate multiple signalling pathways and cell cycle phase specificity. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:635-647. [PMID: 27193098 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Corpse morphology, nuclear DNA fragmentation, expression of senescence-associated genes (SAG) and cysteine protease profiles were investigated to understand cell death patterns in a cell cycle-synchronised Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture treated with four physiological stressors in the late G2 phase. Within 4 h of treatment, polyethylene glycol (PEG, 20 %), mannose (100 mM) and hydrogen peroxide (2 mM) caused DNA fragmentation coinciding with cell permeability to Evans Blue (EB) and produced corpse morphology corresponding to apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD) with cytoplasmic retraction from the cell wall. Ethylene (8 mL per 250-mL flask) caused permeability of cells to EB without concomitant nuclear DNA fragmentation and cytoplasmic retraction, suggesting necrotic cell death. Mannose inducing glycolysis block and PEG causing dehydration resulted in relatively similar patterns of upregulation of SAG suggesting similar cell death signalling pathways for these two stress factors, whereas hydrogen peroxide caused unique patterns indicating an alternate pathway for cell death induced by oxidative stress. Ethylene did not cause appreciable changes in SAG expression, confirming necrotic cell death. Expression of AtDAD, BoMT1 and AtSAG2 genes, previously shown to be associated with plant senescence, also changed rapidly during AL-PCD in cultured cells. The profiles of nine distinct cysteine protease-active bands ranging in size from ca. 21.5 to 38.5 kDa found in the control cultures were also altered after treatment with the four stressors, with mannose and PEG again producing similar patterns. Results also suggest that cysteine proteases may have a role in necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Pathirana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Phillip West
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- NZ Avocado, Level 5 Harrington House, 32 Harington Street, Tauranga, 3110, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jocelyn Eason
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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55
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Margraf-Ferreira A, Carvalho ICS, Machado SM, Pacheco-Soares C, Galvão CW, Etto RM, da Silva NS. DNA analysis of cattle parasitic protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:193-197. [PMID: 28238893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modality of therapy that involves the activation of photosensitive substances and the generation of cytotoxic oxygen species and free radicals to promote the selective destruction of target tissues. This study analyzed the application of PDT to Tritrichomonas foetus, a scourged and etiological agent of bovine trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infectious disease. As it is an amitochondrial and aerotolerant protozoan, it produces energy under low O2 tension via hydrogenosome. T. foetus from an axenic culture was incubated with photosensitizer tetrasulfonated aluminium phthalocyanine and then irradiated with a laser source (InGaAIP) at a density of 4.5Jcm-2. The DNA integrity of the control and treated group parasites was analyzed by conventional gel electrophoresis and comet assay techniques. In previous results, morphological changes characterized by apoptotic cell death were observed after T. foetus was submitted to PDT treatment. In the treated groups, T. foetus DNA showed a higher concentration of small fragments, about 200pb, in gel electrophoresis after PDT. In the comet assay, the DNA tail percentage was significantly higher in the treated groups. These results demonstrate that PDT leads to DNA fragmentation with changes in nuclear morphology and apoptotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Margraf-Ferreira
- Research and Development Institute, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - I C S Carvalho
- Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Department, ICT/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - S M Machado
- Research and Development Institute, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - C Pacheco-Soares
- Research and Development Institute, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - C W Galvão
- Structural, Molecular and Genetics Biology Department, UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Etto
- Chemistry Department, UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - N S da Silva
- Research and Development Institute, UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP 12244-000, Brazil.
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56
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Distéfano AM, Martin MV, Córdoba JP, Bellido AM, D'Ippólito S, Colman SL, Soto D, Roldán JA, Bartoli CG, Zabaleta EJ, Fiol DF, Stockwell BR, Dixon SJ, Pagnussat GC. Heat stress induces ferroptosis-like cell death in plants. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:463-476. [PMID: 28100685 PMCID: PMC5294777 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, regulated cell death (RCD) plays critical roles during development and is essential for plant-specific responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, oxidative, nonapoptotic form of cell death recently described in animal cells. In animal cells, this process can be triggered by depletion of glutathione (GSH) and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated whether a similar process could be relevant to cell death in plants. Remarkably, heat shock (HS)-induced RCD, but not reproductive or vascular development, was found to involve a ferroptosis-like cell death process. In root cells, HS triggered an iron-dependent cell death pathway that was characterized by depletion of GSH and ascorbic acid and accumulation of cytosolic and lipid ROS. These results suggest a physiological role for this lethal pathway in response to heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana The similarity of ferroptosis in animal cells and ferroptosis-like death in plants suggests that oxidative, iron-dependent cell death programs may be evolutionarily ancient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Mariana Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Córdoba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Martín Bellido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Sebastián D'Ippólito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvana Lorena Colman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Débora Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Alfredo Roldán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Guillermo Bartoli
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Centro Científico Technológico La Plata CONICET, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Julián Zabaleta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego Fernando Fiol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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57
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Orosa B, He Q, Mesmar J, Gilroy EM, McLellan H, Yang C, Craig A, Bailey M, Zhang C, Moore JD, Boevink PC, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Sadanandom A. BTB-BACK Domain Protein POB1 Suppresses Immune Cell Death by Targeting Ubiquitin E3 ligase PUB17 for Degradation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006540. [PMID: 28056034 PMCID: PMC5249250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitive response programmed cell death (HR-PCD) is a critical feature in plant immunity required for pathogen restriction and prevention of disease development. The precise control of this process is paramount to cell survival and an effective immune response. The discovery of new components that function to suppress HR-PCD will be instrumental in understanding the regulation of this fundamental mechanism. Here we report the identification and characterisation of a BTB domain E3 ligase protein, POB1, that functions to suppress HR-PCD triggered by evolutionarily diverse pathogens. Nicotiana benthamiana and tobacco plants with reduced POB1 activity show accelerated HR-PCD whilst those with increased POB1 levels show attenuated HR-PCD. We demonstrate that POB1 dimerization and nuclear localization are vital for its function in HR-PCD suppression. Using protein-protein interaction assays, we identify the Plant U-Box E3 ligase PUB17, a well established positive regulator of plant innate immunity, as a target for POB1-mediated proteasomal degradation. Using confocal imaging and in planta immunoprecipitation assays we show that POB1 interacts with PUB17 in the nucleus and stimulates its degradation. Mutated versions of POB1 that show reduced interaction with PUB17 fail to suppress HR-PCD, indicating that POB1-mediated degradation of PUB17 U-box E3 ligase is an important step for negative regulation of specific immune pathways in plants. Our data reveals a new mechanism for BTB domain proteins in suppressing HR-PCD in plant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Orosa
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Joelle Mesmar
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Chengwei Yang
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Craig
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | - Cunjin Zhang
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom
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58
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Shevchenko GV, Brykov VA, Ivanenko GF. Specific features of root aerenchyma formation in Sium latifoliun L. (Apiaceae). CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Rocha DM, Marques A, Andrade CGTJ, Guyot R, Chaluvadi SR, Pedrosa-Harand A, Houben A, Bennetzen JL, Vanzela ALL. Developmental programmed cell death during asymmetric microsporogenesis in holocentric species of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5391-5401. [PMID: 27492982 PMCID: PMC5049389 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Cyperaceae family exhibit an asymmetric microsporogenesis that results in the degeneration of three out of four meiotic products. Efforts have been made previously to describe the resulting structure, named the pseudomonad, but mechanisms concerning the establishment of cell domains, nuclear development, and programmed cell death are largely unknown. Using the Rhynchospora genus as a model, evidence for cell asymmetry, cytoplasmic isolation, and programmed cell death was obtained by a combination of electron microscopic, cytochemical, immunocytochemical, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometric methods. Degenerative cells were identified at the abaxial region, with the cytoskeleton marking their delimitation from the functional domain after meiosis. After attempting to initiate cell division with an unreplicated genome and abnormal spindle assembly, these cells exhibited a gradual process of cytoplasmic contraction associated with hypermethylation of cytosines and differential loss of DNA. These results indicate that the asymmetric tetrad establishes a functional cell, where one nucleus is preferentially selected to survive. Degenerative haploid cells are then eliminated in a multistep process associated with mitotic disorder, non-random elimination of repetitive DNA, vacuolar cell death, and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Rocha
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - André Marques
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Celia G T J Andrade
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Pro-PPG, State University of Londrina, 86051990, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IPME, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | | | - Andrea Pedrosa-Harand
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | | | - André L L Vanzela
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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60
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Gui MY, Ni XL, Wang HB, Liu WZ. Temporal rhythm of petal programmed cell death in Ipomoea purpurea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:768-775. [PMID: 27259176 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the main sexual reproductive organs in plants. The shapes, colours and scents of corolla of plant flowers are involved in attracting insect pollinators and increasing reproductive success. The process of corolla senescence was investigated in Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) in this study. In the research methods of plant anatomy, cytology, cell chemistry and molecular biology were used. The results showed that at the flowering stage cells already began to show distortion, chromatin condensation, mitochondrial membrane degradation and tonoplast dissolution and rupture. At this stage genomic DNA underwent massive but gradual random degradation. However, judging from the shape and structure, aging characteristics did not appear until the early flower senescence stage. The senescence process was slow, and it was completed at the late stage of flower senescence with a withering corolla. We may safely arrive at the conclusion that corolla senescence of I. purpurea was mediated by programmed cell death (PCD) that occurred at the flowering stage. The corolla senescence exhibited an obvious temporal rhythm, which demonstrated a high degree of coordination with pollination and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Y Gui
- Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - X-L Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - H-B Wang
- Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - W-Z Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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61
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Hu Y. Early generation of nitric oxide contributes to copper tolerance through reducing oxidative stress and cell death in hulless barley roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:963-978. [PMID: 27294966 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the specific role of nitric oxide (NO) in the early response of hulless barley roots to copper (Cu) stress. We used the fluorescent probe diaminofluorescein-FM diacetate to establish NO localization, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-special labeling and histochemical procedures for the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the root apex. An early production of NO was observed in Cu-treated root tips of hulless barley, but the detection of NO levels was decreased by supplementation with a NO scavenger, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO). Application of sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor) relieved Cu-induced root inhibition, ROS accumulation and oxidative damage, while c-PTIO treatment had a synergistic effect with Cu and further enhanced ROS levels and oxidative stress. In addition, the Cu-dependent increase in activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were further enhanced by exogenous NO, but application of c-PTIO decreased the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in Cu-treated roots. Subsequently, cell death was observed in root tips and was identified as a type of programed cell death (PCD) by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. The addition of NO prevented the increase of cell death in root tips, whereas inhibiting NO accumulation further increased the number of cells undergoing PCD. These results revealed that NO production is an early response of hulless barley roots to Cu stress and that NO contributes to Cu tolerance in hulless barley possibly by modulating antioxidant defense, subsequently reducing oxidative stress and PCD in root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China.
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62
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Rasouli H, Farzaei MH, Mansouri K, Mohammadzadeh S, Khodarahmi R. Plant Cell Cancer: May Natural Phenolic Compounds Prevent Onset and Development of Plant Cell Malignancy? A Literature Review. Molecules 2016; 21:E1104. [PMID: 27563858 PMCID: PMC6274315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PCs) are known as a chemically diverse category of secondary and reactive metabolites which are produced in plants via the shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathways. These compounds-ubiquitous in plants-are an essential part of the human diet, and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties. Phenolic compounds are essential for plant functions, because they are involved in oxidative stress reactions, defensive systems, growth, and development. A large body of cellular and animal evidence carried out in recent decades has confirmed the anticancer role of PCs. Phytohormones-especially auxins and cytokinins-are key contributors to uncontrolled growth and tumor formation. Phenolic compounds can prevent plant growth by the endogenous regulation of auxin transport and enzymatic performance, resulting in the prevention of tumorigenesis. To conclude, polyphenols can reduce plant over-growth rate and the development of tumors in plant cells by regulating phytohormones. Future mechanistic studies are necessary to reveal intracellular transcription and transduction agents associated with the preventive role of phenolics versus plant pathological malignancy cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Sara Mohammadzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714967346, Iran.
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Lütz-Meindl U, Luckner M, Andosch A, Wanner G. Structural stress responses and degradation of dictyosomes in algae analysed by TEM and FIB-SEM tomography. J Microsc 2015; 263:129-41. [PMID: 26708415 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced physiological deficiencies in cells are reflected in structural, morphological and functional reactions of organelles. Although numerous investigations have focused on chloroplasts and mitochondria as main targets of different stressors in plant cells, there is insufficient information on the plant Golgi apparatus as stress sensor. By using the advantages of field emission scanning electron microscopy tomography in combination with classical ultrathin sectioning and transmission electron microscopic analyses, we provide structural evidence for common stress responses of the large and highly stable dictyosomes in the algal model system Micrasterias. Stress is induced by different metals such as manganese and lead, by starvation in 9 weeks of darkness or by inhibiting photosynthesis or glycolysis and by disturbing ionic homeostasis via KCl. For the first time a stress-induced degradation pathway of dictyosomes is described that does not follow "classical" autophagy but occurs by disintegration of cisternae into single membrane balls that seem to be finally absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Comparison of the morphological features that accompany dictyosomal degradation in Micrasterias to similar reactions observed during the same stress application in Nitella indicates an ubiquitous degradation process at least in algae. As the algae investigated belong to the closest relatives of higher land plants these results may also be relevant for understanding dictyosomal stress and degradation responses in the latter phylogenetic group. In addition, this study shows that two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy is insufficient for elucidating complex processes such as organelle degradation, and that information from three-dimensional reconstructions as provided by field emission scanning electron microscopy tomography is absolutely required for a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Luckner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Andosch
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - G Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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64
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Ahn HK, Kang YW, Lim HM, Hwang I, Pai HS. Physiological Functions of the COPI Complex in Higher Plants. Mol Cells 2015; 38:866-75. [PMID: 26434491 PMCID: PMC4625068 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COPI vesicles are essential to the retrograde transport of proteins in the early secretory pathway. The COPI coatomer complex consists of seven subunits, termed α-, β-, β'-, γ-, δ-, ε-, and ζ-COP, in yeast and mammals. Plant genomes have homologs of these subunits, but the essentiality of their cellular functions has hampered the functional characterization of the subunit genes in plants. Here we have employed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible RNAi of the COPI subunit genes to study the in vivo functions of the COPI coatomer complex in plants. The β'-, γ-, and δ-COP subunits localized to the Golgi as GFP-fusion proteins and interacted with each other in the Golgi. Silencing of β'-, γ-, and δ-COP by VIGS resulted in growth arrest and acute plant death in Nicotiana benthamiana, with the affected leaf cells exhibiting morphological markers of programmed cell death. Depletion of the COPI subunits resulted in disruption of the Golgi structure and accumulation of autolysosome-like structures in earlier stages of gene silencing. In tobacco BY-2 cells, DEX-inducible RNAi of β'-COP caused aberrant cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Collectively, these results suggest that COPI vesicles are essential to plant growth and survival by maintaining the Golgi apparatus and modulating cell plate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
| | - Yong Won Kang
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam 462-120,
Korea
| | - Hye Min Lim
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
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Yekkour A, Tran D, Arbelet-Bonnin D, Briand J, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A, Errakhi R, Sabaou N, Bouteau F. Early events induced by the toxin deoxynivalenol lead to programmed cell death in Nicotiana tabacum cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:148-57. [PMID: 26259183 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin affecting animals and plants. This toxin synthesized by Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum is currently believed to play a decisive role in the fungal phytopathogenesis as a virulence factor. Using cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum BY2, we showed that DON-induced programmed cell death (PCD) could require transcription and translation processes, in contrast to what was observed in animal cells. DON could induce different cross-linked pathways involving (i) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation linked, at least partly, to a mitochondrial dysfunction and a transcriptional down-regulation of the alternative oxidase (Aox1) gene and (ii) regulation of ion channel activities participating in cell shrinkage, to achieve PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Yekkour
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Laboratoire de Biologie de Systèmes Microbiens, Alger, Algeria; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique d'Algérie, Centre de Recherche polyvalent Mehdi Boualem, Alger, Algeria
| | - Daniel Tran
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Arbelet-Bonnin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Joël Briand
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique UMR 5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), ENSAT/INP de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Lebrihi
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique UMR 5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), ENSAT/INP de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France; Université Moulay Ismail, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknès, Maroc
| | - Rafik Errakhi
- Université Moulay Ismail, Marjane 2, BP 298, Meknès, Maroc
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Laboratoire de Biologie de Systèmes Microbiens, Alger, Algeria
| | - François Bouteau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France.
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66
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Yu XZ, Zhang XH. DNA-protein cross-links involved in growth inhibition of rice seedlings exposed to Ga. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10830-10838. [PMID: 25772880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponic experiments were conducted with rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX45) exposed to gallium nitrate (Ga(3+)) to investigate the accumulation of Ga in plant tissues and phytotoxic responses. Results showed that phyto-transport of Ga was apparent, and roots were the dominant site for Ga accumulation. The total accumulation rates of Ga responded biphasically to Ga treatments by showing increases at low (1.06-8.52 mg Ga/L) and constants at high (8.52-15.63 mg Ga/L) concentrations, suggesting that accumulation kinetics of Ga followed a typical saturation curve. Higher amount of Ga accumulation in plant tissues led to significant inhibition in relative growth rate and water use efficiency in a dose-dependent manner. DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) analysis revealed that overaccumulation of Ga in plant tissues positively stimulated formation of DPCs in roots. Likewise, the measure of root cell viability evaluated by Evan blue uptake showed a similar trend. These results suggested that Ga can be absorbed, transported, and accumulated in plant materials of rice seedlings. Overaccumulation of Ga in plant tissues provoked the formation of DPCs in roots, which resulted in cell death and growth inhibition of rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhang Yu
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China,
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67
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Biswas MS, Mano J. Lipid Peroxide-Derived Short-Chain Carbonyls Mediate Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced and Salt-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:885-98. [PMID: 26025050 PMCID: PMC4741343 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.256834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxide-derived toxic carbonyl compounds (oxylipin carbonyls), produced downstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were recently revealed to mediate abiotic stress-induced damage of plants. Here, we investigated how oxylipin carbonyls cause cell death. When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide, several species of short-chain oxylipin carbonyls [i.e. 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal and acrolein] accumulated and the cells underwent programmed cell death (PCD), as judged based on DNA fragmentation, an increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive nuclei, and cytoplasm retraction. These oxylipin carbonyls caused PCD in BY-2 cells and roots of tobacco and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To test the possibility that oxylipin carbonyls mediate an oxidative signal to cause PCD, we performed pharmacological and genetic experiments. Carnosine and hydralazine, having distinct chemistry for scavenging carbonyls, significantly suppressed the increase in oxylipin carbonyls and blocked PCD in BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis roots, but they did not affect the levels of ROS and lipid peroxides. A transgenic tobacco line that overproduces 2-alkenal reductase, an Arabidopsis enzyme to detoxify α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, suffered less PCD in root epidermis after hydrogen peroxide or salt treatment than did the wild type, whereas the ROS level increases due to the stress treatments were not different between the lines. From these results, we conclude that oxylipin carbonyls are involved in the PCD process in oxidatively stressed cells. Our comparison of the ability of distinct carbonyls to induce PCD in BY-2 cells revealed that acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal are the most potent carbonyls. The physiological relevance and possible mechanisms of the carbonyl-induced PCD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sanaullah Biswas
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan (M.S.B., J.M.); andScience Research Center (J.M.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (J.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Mano
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan (M.S.B., J.M.); andScience Research Center (J.M.) and Graduate School of Agriculture (J.M.), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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68
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Zhang X, Wu Q, Cui S, Ren J, Qian W, Yang Y, He S, Chu J, Sun X, Yan C, Yu X, An C. Hijacking of the jasmonate pathway by the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) to initiate programmed cell death in Arabidopsis is modulated by RGLG3 and RGLG4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2709-21. [PMID: 25788731 PMCID: PMC4986873 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a strong inducer of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we describe two ubiquitin ligases, RING DOMAIN LIGASE3 (RGLG3) and RGLG4, which control FB1-triggered PCD by modulating the jasmonate (JA) signalling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. RGLG3 and RGLG4 transcription was sensitive to FB1. Arabidopsis FB1 sensitivity was suppressed by loss of function of RGLG3 and RGLG4 and was increased by their overexpression. Thus RGLG3 and RGLG4 have coordinated and positive roles in FB1-elicited PCD. Mutated JA perception by coi1 disrupted the RGLG3- and RGLG4-related response to FB1 and interfered with their roles in cell death. Although FB1 induced JA-responsive defence genes, it repressed growth-related, as well as JA biosynthesis-related, genes. Consistently, FB1 application reduced JA content in wild-type plants. Furthermore, exogenously applied salicylic acid additively suppressed JA signalling with FB1 treatment, suggesting that FB1-induced salicylic acid inhibits the JA pathway during this process. All of these effects were attenuated in rglg3 rglg4 plants. Altogether, these data suggest that the JA pathway is hijacked by the toxin FB1 to elicit PCD, which is coordinated by Arabidopsis RGLG3 and RGLG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qian Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shao Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Present address: Basic Research Service, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, 15B, Fuxing Road, Beijing 100862, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Present address: Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shanping He
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Present address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cunyu Yan
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangchun Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengcai An
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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69
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Wei A, Fu B, Wang Y, Zhai X, Xin X, Zhang C, Cao D, Zhang X. Involvement of NO and ROS in sulfur dioxide induced guard cells apoptosis in Tagetes erecta. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:198-203. [PMID: 25645141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Both nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very important signal molecules, but the roles they play in signal transduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) induced toxicities on ornamental plants is not clear. In this study, the functions of NO and ROS in SO2-induced death of lower epidermal guard cells in ornamental plant Tagetes erecta were investigated. The results showed that SO2 derivatives (0.4-4.0 mmol L(-1) of final concentrations) could reduce the guard cells' viability and increase their death rates in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the significant increase of cellular NO, ROS, and Ca(2+) levels (P<0.05) and typical apoptosis features including nucleus condensation, nucleus break and nucleus fragmentation were observed. However, exposure to 2.0 mmol L(-1) of SO2 derivatives combined with either NO antagonists (NO scavenger c-PTIO; nitrate reductase inhibitor NaN3; NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME), ROS scavenger (AsA or CAT) or Ca(2+) antagonists (Ca(2+) scavenger EGTA or plasma membrane Ca(2+) channel blocker LaCl3) can effectively block SO2-induced guard cells death and corresponding increase of NO, ROS and Ca(2+) levels. In addition, addition of L-NAME or AsA in 2.0 mmol L(-1) of SO2 derivatives led to significant decrease in the levels of NO, ROS and Ca(2+), whereas addition of LaCl3 in them just resulted in the decrease of Ca(2+) levels, hardly making effects on NO and ROS levels. It was concluded that NO and ROS were involved in the apoptosis induced by SO2 in T. erecta, which regulated the cell apoptosis at the upstream of Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Wei
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Baocun Fu
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Xiaojing Xin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Dongmei Cao
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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70
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Ni XL, Su H, Zhou YF, Wang FH, Liu WZ. Leaf-shape remodeling: programmed cell death in fistular leaves of Allium fistulosum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:419-431. [PMID: 25132341 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some species of Allium in Liliaceae have fistular leaves. The fistular lamina of Allium fistulosum undergoes a process from solid to hollow during development. The aims were to reveal the process of fistular leaf formation involved in programmed cell death (PCD) and to compare the cytological events in the execution of cell death to those in the unusual leaf perforations or plant aerenchyma formation. In this study, light and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the development of fistular leaves and cytological events. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and gel electrophoresis were used to determine nuclear DNA cleavage during the PCD. The cavity arises in the leaf blade by degradation of specialized cells, the designated pre-cavity cells, in the center of the leaves. Nuclei of cells within the pre-cavity site become TUNEL-positive, indicating that DNA cleavage is an early event. Gel electrophoresis revealed that DNA internucleosomal cleavage occurred resulting in a characteristic DNA ladder. Ultrastructural analysis of cells at the different stages showed disrupted vacuoles, misshapen nuclei with condensed chromatin, degraded cytoplasm and organelles and emergence of secondary vacuoles. The cell walls degraded last, and residue of degraded cell walls aggregated together. These results revealed that PCD plays a critical role in the development of A. fistulosum fistular leaves. The continuous cavity in A. fistulosum leaves resemble the aerenchyma in the pith of some gramineous plants to improve gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lu Ni
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan 750004, China
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71
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Zhao Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Miao H, Cai C, Shao Z, Guo R, Sun B, Jia C, Zhang L, Gigolashvili T, Wang Q. Classic myrosinase-dependent degradation of indole glucosinolate attenuates fumonisin B1-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:920-33. [PMID: 25645692 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which then leads to programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis. In the process of studying FB1-induced biosynthesis of glucosinolates, we found that indole glucosinolate (IGS) is involved in attenuating FB1-induced PCD. Treatment with FB1 elevates the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of camalexin and IGS. Mutants deficient in aliphatic glucosinolate (AGS) or camalexin biosynthesis display similar lesions to Col-0 upon FB1 infiltration; however, the cyp79B2 cyp79B3 double mutant, which lacks induction of both IGS and camalexin, displays more severe lesions. Based on the fact that the classic myrosinase β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase (TGG)-deficient double mutant tgg1 tgg2, rather than atypical myrosinase-deficient mutant pen2-2, is more sensitive to FB1 than Col-0, and the elevated expression of TGG1, but not of PEN2, correlates with the decrease in IGS, we conclude that TGG-dependent IGS hydrolysis is involved in FB1-induced PCD. Indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), the common derivatives of IGS, were used in feeding experiments, and this rescued the severe cell death phenotype, which is associated with reduced accumulation of ROS as well as increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and ROS-scavenging ability. Despite the involvement of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in restricting FB1-induced PCD, feeding of IAN and I3C attenuated FB1-induced PCD in the IAA receptor mutant tir1-1 just as in Col-0. Taken together, our results indicate that TGG-catalyzed breakdown products of IGS decrease the accumulation of ROS by their antioxidant behavior, and attenuate FB1 induced PCD in an IAA-independent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Department of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Petrov V, Hille J, Mueller-Roeber B, Gechev TS. ROS-mediated abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:69. [PMID: 25741354 PMCID: PMC4332301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the course of their ontogenesis plants are continuously exposed to a large variety of abiotic stress factors which can damage tissues and jeopardize the survival of the organism unless properly countered. While animals can simply escape and thus evade stressors, plants as sessile organisms have developed complex strategies to withstand them. When the intensity of a detrimental factor is high, one of the defense programs employed by plants is the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). This is an active, genetically controlled process which is initiated to isolate and remove damaged tissues thereby ensuring the survival of the organism. The mechanism of PCD induction usually includes an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are utilized as mediators of the stress signal. Abiotic stress-induced PCD is not only a process of fundamental biological importance, but also of considerable interest to agricultural practice as it has the potential to significantly influence crop yield. Therefore, numerous scientific enterprises have focused on elucidating the mechanisms leading to and controlling PCD in response to adverse conditions in plants. This knowledge may help develop novel strategies to obtain more resilient crop varieties with improved tolerance and enhanced productivity. The aim of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in research on ROS-induced PCD related to abiotic stress and the role of the organelles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselin Petrov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PlovdivBulgaria
| | - Jacques Hille
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, GroningenNetherlands
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Tsanko S. Gechev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PlovdivBulgaria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-GolmGermany
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73
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Malerba M, Cerana R. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in defense/stress responses activated by chitosan in sycamore cultured cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3019-34. [PMID: 25642757 PMCID: PMC4346878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CHT) is a non-toxic and inexpensive compound obtained by deacetylation of chitin, the main component of the exoskeleton of arthropods as well as of the cell walls of many fungi. In agriculture CHT is used to control numerous diseases on various horticultural commodities but, although different mechanisms have been proposed, the exact mode of action of CHT is still unknown. In sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cultured cells, CHT induces a set of defense/stress responses that includes production of H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the possible signaling role of these reactive molecules in some CHT-induced responses by means of inhibitors of production and/or scavengers. The results show that both reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are not only a mere symptom of stress conditions but are involved in the responses induced by CHT in sycamore cells. In particular, NO appears to be involved in a cell death form induced by CHT that shows apoptotic features like DNA fragmentation, increase in caspase-3-like activity and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrion. On the contrary, reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear involved in a cell death form induced by CHT that does not show these apoptotic features but presents increase in lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Malerba
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Cerana
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio e di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan 20126, Italy.
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74
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Reape TJ, Kacprzyk J, Brogan N, Sweetlove L, McCabe PF. Mitochondrial Markers of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1305:211-221. [PMID: 25910737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2639-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD) is readily distinguished from other forms of programmed cell death (PCD) through a distinct morphology. Detection of cytochrome c release from mitochondria and changes in mitochondrial morphology are the earliest markers for detection of this form of PCD in plants. In this chapter we provide detailed technical methods for the visualization of both of these mitochondrial markers of AL-PCD in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Reape
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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75
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Dauphinee AN, Warner TS, Gunawardena AHLAN. A comparison of induced and developmental cell death morphologies in lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:389. [PMID: 25547402 PMCID: PMC4302576 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important process for the development and maintenance of multicellular eukaryotes. In animals, there are three morphologically distinct cell death types: apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and necrosis. The search for an all-encompassing classification system based on plant cell death morphology continues. The lace plant is a model system for studying PCD as leaf perforations form predictably via this process during development. This study induced death in cells that do not undergo developmental PCD using various degrees and types of stress (heat, salt, acid and base). Cell death was observed via live cell imaging and compared to the developmental PCD pathway. RESULTS Morphological similarities between developmental and induced PCD included: disappearance of anthocyanin from the vacuole, increase in vesicle formation, nuclear condensation, and fusing of vesicles containing organelles to the vacuole prior to tonoplast collapse. Plasma membrane retraction was a key feature of developmental PCD but did not occur in all induced modes of cell death. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the causal agent in cell death, the vacuole appeared to play a central role in dying cells. The results indicated that within a single system, various types and intensities of stress will influence cell death morphology. In order to establish a plant cell death classification system, future research should combine morphological data with biochemical and molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H, 4R2 Canada
| | - Trevor S Warner
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H, 4R2 Canada
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76
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Ruberti C, Barizza E, Bodner M, La Rocca N, De Michele R, Carimi F, Schiavo FL, Zottini M. Mitochondria change dynamics and morphology during grapevine leaf senescence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102012. [PMID: 25009991 PMCID: PMC4092070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of development of an organ and is aimed to its ordered disassembly and nutrient reallocation. Whereas chlorophyll gradually degrades during senescence in leaves, mitochondria need to maintain active to sustain the energy demands of senescing cells. Here we analysed the motility and morphology of mitochondria in different stages of senescence in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), by stably expressing a GFP (green fluorescent protein) reporter targeted to these organelles. Results show that mitochondria were less dynamic and markedly changed morphology during senescence, passing from the elongated, branched structures found in mature leaves to enlarged and sparse organelles in senescent leaves. Progression of senescence in leaves was not synchronous, since changes in mitochondria from stomata were delayed. Mitochondrial morphology was also analysed in grapevine cell cultures. Mitochondria from cells at the end of their growth curve resembled those from senescing leaves, suggesting that cell cultures might represent a useful model system for senescence. Additionally, senescence-associated mitochondrial changes were observed in plants treated with high concentrations of cytokinins. Overall, morphology and dynamics of mitochondria might represent a reliable senescence marker for plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruberti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barizza
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Bodner
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto De Michele
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IBBR), Corso Calatafimi, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IBBR), Corso Calatafimi, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Michela Zottini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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77
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Veley KM, Maksaev G, Frick EM, January E, Kloepper SC, Haswell ES. Arabidopsis MSL10 has a regulated cell death signaling activity that is separable from its mechanosensitive ion channel activity. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3115-31. [PMID: 25052715 PMCID: PMC4145136 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.128082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the MscS superfamily of mechanosensitive ion channels function as osmotic safety valves, releasing osmolytes under increased membrane tension. MscS homologs exhibit diverse topology and domain structure, and it has been proposed that the more complex members of the family might have novel regulatory mechanisms or molecular functions. Here, we present a study of MscS-Like (MSL)10 from Arabidopsis thaliana that supports these ideas. High-level expression of MSL10-GFP in Arabidopsis induced small stature, hydrogen peroxide accumulation, ectopic cell death, and reactive oxygen species- and cell death-associated gene expression. Phosphomimetic mutations in the MSL10 N-terminal domain prevented these phenotypes. The phosphorylation state of MSL10 also regulated its ability to induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves but did not affect subcellular localization, assembly, or channel behavior. Finally, the N-terminal domain of MSL10 was sufficient to induce cell death in tobacco, independent of phosphorylation state. We conclude that the plant-specific N-terminal domain of MSL10 is capable of inducing cell death, this activity is regulated by phosphorylation, and MSL10 has two separable activities-one as an ion channel and one as an inducer of cell death. These findings further our understanding of the evolution and significance of mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M Veley
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Grigory Maksaev
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Elizabeth M Frick
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Emma January
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Sarah C Kloepper
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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78
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Sakamoto W, Takami T. Nucleases in higher plants and their possible involvement in DNA degradation during leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3835-43. [PMID: 24634485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence, macromolecules such as proteins and lipids are known to be degraded for redistribution into upper tissues. Similarly, nucleic acids appear to undergo fragmentation or degradation during senescence, but the physiological role of nucleic acid degradation, particularly of genomic DNA degradation, remains unclear. To date, more than a dozen of plant deoxyribonucleases have been reported, whereas it remains to be verified whether any of them degrade DNA during leaf senescence. This review summarizes current knowledge related to the plant nucleases that are induced developmentally or in a tissue-specific manner and are known to degrade DNA biochemically. Of these, several endonucleases (BFN1, CAN1, and CAN2) and an exonuclease (DPD1) in Arabidopsis seem to act in leaf senescence because they were shown to be inducible at the transcript level. This review specifically examines DPD1, which is dual-targeted to chloroplasts and mitochondria. Results show that, among the exonuclease family to which DPD1 belongs, DPD1 expression is extraordinary when estimated using a microarray database. DPD1 is the only example among the nucleases in which DNA degradation has been confirmed in vivo in pollen by mutant analysis. These data imply a significant role of organelle DNA degradation during leaf senescence and implicate DPD1 as a potential target for deciphering nucleotide salvage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Takami
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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79
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Ferradás Y, López M, Rey M, González MV. Programmed cell death in kiwifruit stigmatic arms and its relationship to the effective pollination period and the progamic phase. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:35-45. [PMID: 24782437 PMCID: PMC4071096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Kiwifruit is a crop with a highly successful reproductive performance, which is impaired by the short effective pollination period of female flowers. This study investigates whether the degenerative processes observed in both pollinated and non-pollinated flowers after anthesis may be considered to be programmed cell death (PCD). METHODS Features of PCD in kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa, were studied in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms using transmission electron microscopy, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling) assays, DNA gel electrophoresis and caspase-like activity assays. KEY RESULTS In the secretory tissues of the stigmatic arms, cell organelles disintegrated sequentially while progressive vacuolization was detected. At the same time, chromatin condensation, nuclear deformation, and DNA fragmentation and degradation were observed. These features were detected in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms; they were evident in the stigmas of pollinated flowers by the second day after anthesis but only by 4 d after anthesis in non-pollinated flowers. In addition, in pollinated stigmatic arms, these features were first initiated in the stigma and gradually progressed through the style, consistent with pollen tube growth. This timing of events was also observed in both non-pollinated and pollinated stigmatic arms for caspase-3-like activity. CONCLUSIONS The data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that PCD processes occurring in the secretory tissue of non-pollinated kiwifruit stigmatic arms could be the origin for the observed short effective pollination period. The results obtained in the secretory tissue of pollinated kiwifruit stigmatic arms upon pollination support the idea that PCD might be accelerated by pollination, pointing to the involvement of PCD during the progamic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ferradás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marián López
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencia del Suelo, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ma Victoria González
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago, Campus Sur, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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80
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Heat stress induces apoptotic-like cell death in two Pleurotus species. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:611-6. [PMID: 24939386 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and development of most edible fungi, however, the mechanism(s) for resistance to high temperature remains elusive. Nitric oxide is known to be able to effectively alleviate oxidative damage and plays an important role in the regulation of trehalose accumulation during heat stress in mycelia of Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis. In this paper, we investigated whether heat stress can activate apoptosis-like cell death in mycelia of Pleurotus. Two Pleurotus species were used to detect morphological features characteristic of apoptosis including nuclear condensation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and DNA fragmentation when exposed to heat stress (42 °C). The results showed that these classical apoptosis markers were apparent in Pleurotus strains after heat treatment. The heat-induced apoptosis-like cell death in Pleurotus was further probed using oligomycin and N-acetylcysteine, both of which were shown to block processes leading to apoptosis. This is the first report that apoptosis-like cell death occurs in Pleurotus species as a result of abiotic stress, and that this process can be inhibited with chemicals that block mitochondrial-induced apoptotic pathways and/or with ROS-scavenging compounds.
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81
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Gui MY, Liu WZ. Programmed cell death during floral nectary senescence in Ipomoea purpurea. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:677-685. [PMID: 24185946 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nectaries of Ipomoea purpurea wilt in the late flowering period. The senescence process of nectaries is frequently associated with cell lysis. In this paper, various techniques were used to investigate whether programmed cell death (PCD) was involved in the senescence process of nectaries in I. purpurea. Ultrastructural studies showed that nectary cells began to undergo structural distortion, chromatin condensation, mitochondrial membrane degradation, and vacuolar-membrane dissolution and rupture after bloom. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (dUTP) nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that nectary cell nuclear DNA began to degrade during the budding stage, and disappeared in the fruiting stage. DNA gel electrophoresis showed that degradation of DNA was random. Together, these results suggest that PCD participate in the senescence of the nectary in I. purpurea. PCD began during the budding period, followed by significant changes in nectary morphology and structure during the flowering period. During the fruiting stage, the PCD process is complete and the nectary degrades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, school of Life Science, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Bei Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
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82
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Lyubushkina IV, Grabelnych OI, Pobezhimova TP, Stepanov AV, Fedyaeva AV, Fedoseeva IV, Voinikov VK. Winter wheat cells subjected to freezing temperature undergo death process with features of programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:615-623. [PMID: 24126671 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a process defined as genetically regulated self-destruction or cell suicide. It can be activated by different internal and external factors, but few studies have investigated whether this process occurs under cold and freezing temperatures. In this study, a freezing treatment (-8 °C for 6 h) induced cell death with features of programmed cell death in suspension cultures of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This process occurred for 10 days after cold exposure. The death of cells in culture was slow and prolonged, and was accompanied by protoplast shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. Other changes observed after the freezing treatment included an increase in the respiration rate, changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (∆Ψ m ), and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. These findings indicated that mitochondria are involved in the cell death process that occurs after a freezing treatment in cells of winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lyubushkina
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk-33, P.O. Box 317, Irkutsk, Russia, 664033
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83
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Heydlauff J, Groß-Hardt R. Love is a battlefield: programmed cell death during fertilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1323-30. [PMID: 24567492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and growth is sustained by the constant generation of tremendous amounts of cells, which become integrated into various types of tissues and organs. What is all too often overlooked is that this thriving life also requires the targeted degeneration of selected cells, which undergo cell death according to genetically encoded programmes or environmental stimuli. The side-by-side existence of generation and demise is particularly evident in the haploid phase of the flowering plants cycle. Here, the lifespan of terminally differentiated accessory cells contrasts with that of germ cells, which by definition live on to form the next generation. In fact, with research in recent years it is becoming increasingly clear that the gametophytes of flowering plants constitute an attractive and powerful system for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying selective cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydlauff
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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84
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Shearman JR, Sangsrakru D, Ruang-areerate P, Sonthirod C, Uthaipaisanwong P, Yoocha T, Poopear S, Theerawattanasuk K, Tragoonrung S, Tangphatsornruang S. Assembly and analysis of a male sterile rubber tree mitochondrial genome reveals DNA rearrangement events and a novel transcript. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:45. [PMID: 24512148 PMCID: PMC3925788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is an important plant species that is commercially grown to produce latex rubber in many countries. The rubber tree variety BPM 24 exhibits cytoplasmic male sterility, inherited from the variety GT 1. RESULTS We constructed the rubber tree mitochondrial genome of a cytoplasmic male sterile variety, BPM 24, using 454 sequencing, including 8 kb paired-end libraries, plus Illumina paired-end sequencing. We annotated this mitochondrial genome with the aid of Illumina RNA-seq data and performed comparative analysis. We then compared the sequence of BPM 24 to the contigs of the published rubber tree, variety RRIM 600, and identified a rearrangement that is unique to BPM 24 resulting in a novel transcript containing a portion of atp9. CONCLUSIONS The novel transcript is consistent with changes that cause cytoplasmic male sterility through a slight reduction to ATP production efficiency. The exhaustive nature of the search rules out alternative causes and supports previous findings of novel transcripts causing cytoplasmic male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Shearman
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Sangsrakru
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panthita Ruang-areerate
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chutima Sonthirod
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pichahpuk Uthaipaisanwong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Yoocha
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Supannee Poopear
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanikar Theerawattanasuk
- Rubber Research Institute of Thailand (RRIT), Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 50 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchack, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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85
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Simanshu DK, Zhai X, Munch D, Hofius D, Markham JE, Bielawski J, Bielawska A, Malinina L, Molotkovsky JG, Mundy JW, Patel DJ, Brown RE. Arabidopsis accelerated cell death 11, ACD11, is a ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein and intermediary regulator of phytoceramide levels. Cell Rep 2014; 6:388-99. [PMID: 24412362 PMCID: PMC3931444 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated cell death 11 (acd11) mutant of Arabidopsis provides a genetic model for studying immune response activation and localized cellular suicide that halt pathogen spread during infection in plants. Here, we elucidate ACD11 structure and function and show that acd11 disruption dramatically alters the in vivo balance of sphingolipid mediators that regulate eukaryotic-programmed cell death. In acd11 mutants, normally low ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) levels become elevated, but the relatively abundant cell death inducer phytoceramide rises acutely. ACD11 exhibits selective intermembrane transfer of C1P and phyto-C1P. Crystal structures establish C1P binding via a surface-localized, phosphate headgroup recognition center connected to an interior hydrophobic pocket that adaptively ensheaths lipid chains via a cleft-like gating mechanism. Point mutation mapping confirms functional involvement of binding site residues. A π helix (π bulge) near the lipid binding cleft distinguishes apo-ACD11 from other GLTP folds. The global two-layer, α-helically dominated, "sandwich" topology displaying C1P-selective binding identifies ACD11 as the plant prototype of a GLTP fold subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra K Simanshu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiuhong Zhai
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - David Munch
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jennifer E Markham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, N146 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lipidomics Shared Resource Mass Spectrometry Lab, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lipidomics Shared Resource Mass Spectrometry Lab, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lucy Malinina
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio-Bilbao, Spain
| | - Julian G Molotkovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - John W Mundy
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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86
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Solís MT, Chakrabarti N, Corredor E, Cortés-Eslava J, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Biggiogera M, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Epigenetic changes accompany developmental programmed cell death in tapetum cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:16-29. [PMID: 24151205 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tapetum, the nursing tissue inside anthers, undergoes cellular degradation by programmed cell death (PCD) during late stages of microspore-early pollen development. Despite the key function of tapetum, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this cell death process in which profound nuclear and chromatin changes occur. Epigenetic features (DNA methylation and histone modifications) have been revealed as hallmarks that establish the functional status of chromatin domains, but no evidence on the epigenetic regulation of PCD has been reported. DNA methylation is accomplished by DNA methyltransferases, among which DNA methyl transferase 1 (MET1) constitutes one of the CG maintenance methyltransferase in plants, also showing de novo methyltransferase activity. In this work, the changes in epigenetic marks during the PCD of tapetal cells have been investigated by a multidisciplinary approach to reveal the dynamics of DNA methylation and the pattern of expression of MET1 in relation to the main cellular changes of this PCD process which have also been characterized in two species, Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum. The results showed that tapetum PCD progresses with the increase in global DNA methylation and MET1 expression, epigenetic changes that accompanied the reorganization of the nuclear architecture and a high chromatin condensation, activity of caspase 3-like proteases and Cyt c release. The reported data indicate a relationship between the PCD process and the DNA methylation dynamics and MET1 expression in tapetal cells, suggesting a possible new role for the epigenetic marks in the nuclear events occurring during this cell death process and providing new insights into the epigenetic control of plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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87
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Acosta-Maspons A, Sepúlveda-García E, Sánchez-Baldoquín L, Marrero-Gutiérrez J, Pons T, Rocha-Sosa M, González L. Two aspartate residues at the putative p10 subunit of a type II metacaspase from Nicotiana tabacum L. may contribute to the substrate-binding pocket. PLANTA 2014; 239:147-60. [PMID: 24121807 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases are cysteine proteases present in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and early branching eukaryotes, although a detailed description of their cellular function remains unclear. Currently, three-dimensional (3D) structures are only available for two metacaspases: Trypanosoma brucei (MCA2) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yca1). Furthermore, metacaspases diverged from animal caspases of known structure, which limits straightforward homology-based interpretation of functional data. We report for the first time the identification and initial characterization of a metacaspase of Nicotiana tabacum L., NtMC1. By combining domain search, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), and protein fold-recognition studies, we provide compelling evidences that NtMC1 is a plant metacaspase type II, and predict its 3D structure using the crystal structure of two type I metacaspases (MCA2 and Yca1) and Gsu0716 protein from Geobacter sulfurreducens as template. Analysis of the predicted 3D structure allows us to propose Asp353, at the putative p10 subunit, as a new member of the aspartic acid triad that coordinates the P1 arginine/lysine residue of the substrate. Nevertheless, site-directed mutagenesis and expression analysis in bacteria and Nicotiana benthamiana indicate the functionality of both Asp348 and Asp353. Through the co-expression of mutant and wild-type proteins by transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves we found that polypeptide processing seems to be intramolecular. Our results provide the first evidence in plant metacaspases concerning the functionality of the putative p10 subunit.
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88
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Wei A, Xin X, Wang Y, Zhang C, Cao D. Signal regulation involved in sulfur dioxide-induced guard cell apoptosis in Hemerocallis fulva. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:41-45. [PMID: 24125868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and acute exposure to SO₂ is associated with increased risks of various damages to plants. In the present study, epidermal strip experiment was employed to investigate SO₂-induced guard cells apoptosis and the signal regulation in Hemerocallis fulva. The results showed that with the increase of treatment concentrate of SO₂ derivates (a mixture of sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite, 3:1, mmol L⁻¹/mmol L⁻¹, 1.0-5.0 mmol L⁻¹), the physiological activity of the guard cells declined and cell death occurred. While the concentration of SO₂ derivatives exceeded 2.0 mmol L⁻¹, the percentage of cell death increased significantly (P<0.05). Typical features of apoptosis including nuclear condensation, nuclear elongation, fragmentation etc. were found. Meanwhile, concomitant presence of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca²⁺ level increment appeared. However, SO₂-induced cell death can be effectively blocked by either of the following substances with their respective optimal concentrations: antioxidant ascorbic acid (Asc; 0.05 mmol L⁻¹) or catalase (CAT; 200 U mL⁻¹), nitric oxide (NO) scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5- tetramethylmidiazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO; 0.20 mmol L⁻¹), nitrate reductase inhibitor NaN₃ (0.20 mmol L⁻¹), Ca²⁺ chelating agent EGTA (0.05 mmol L⁻¹) or plasma membrane Ca²⁺ channel blocker LaCl₃ (0.05 mmol L⁻¹). In addition to a significant decrease in cell death rate, a reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO and Ca²⁺ was observed. Further study showed that compared to treatment with SO₂ alone, Asc treatment led to a decrease in NO and Ca²⁺ levels and NaN₃ treatment led to a decrease in ROS and Ca²⁺ levels, but the NO and ROS levels of the LaCl₃ treatment changed little. All results suggested that NO, ROS and Ca²⁺ were involved in the apoptosis induced by SO₂ in H. fulva. The process might be related to the burst of NO or ROS, which would activate the plasma Ca²⁺ channel and result in the increase of intercellular Ca²⁺.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Wei
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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89
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Sánchez-Pons N, Vicient CM. Identification of a type I Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease induced in maize cells exposed to camptothecin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:186. [PMID: 24256432 PMCID: PMC4225560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camptothecin is a plant alkaloid that specifically binds topoisomerase I, inhibiting its activity and inducing double stranded breaks in DNA and activating the cell responses to DNA damage. RESULTS Maize cultured cells were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of camptothecin. Camptothecin inhibits cultured cell growth, induces genomic DNA degradation, and induces a 32 kDa Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent nuclease activity. This nuclease, we called CaMNUC32, is inhibited by Zn2+ and by acid pH, it is mainly localized in the nucleus and it cleaves single- and double-stranded DNA, with a higher activity against single-stranded DNA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry suggests that CaMNUC32 is a member of the type I S1/P1 nuclease family. This type of nucleases are usually Zn2+-dependent but our results support previous indications that S1-type nucleases have a wide variety of enzyme activities, including Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent. CONCLUSIONS We have identified and characterized CaMNUC32, a 32 kDa Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent nuclease of the S1/P1 family induced by the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin in maize cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Sánchez-Pons
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos M Vicient
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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90
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Blackstone NW. Evolution and cell physiology. 2. The evolution of cell signaling: from mitochondria to Metazoa. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C909-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00216.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of life is a history of levels-of-selection transitions. Each transition requires mechanisms that mediate conflict among the lower-level units. In the origins of multicellular eukaryotes, cell signaling is one such mechanism. The roots of cell signaling, however, may extend to the previous major transition, the origin of eukaryotes. Energy-converting protomitochondria within a larger cell allowed eukaryotes to transcend the surface-to-volume constraints inherent in the design of prokaryotes. At the same time, however, protomitochondria can selfishly allocate energy to their own replication. Metabolic signaling may have mediated this principal conflict in several ways. Variation of the protomitochondria was constrained by stoichiometry and strong metabolic demand (state 3) exerted by the protoeukaryote. Variation among protoeukaryotes was increased by the sexual stage of the life cycle, triggered by weak metabolic demand (state 4), resulting in stochastic allocation of protomitochondria to daughter cells. Coupled with selection, many selfish protomitochondria could thus be removed from the population. Hence, regulation of states 3 and 4, as, for instance, provided by the CO2/soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway in mitochondria, was critical for conflict mediation. Subsequently, as multicellular eukaryotes evolved, metabolic signaling pathways employed by eukaryotes to mediate conflict within cells could now be co-opted into conflict mediation between cells. For example, in some fungi, the CO2/soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway regulates the transition from yeast to forms with hyphae. In animals, this pathway regulates the maturation of sperm. While the particular features (sperm and hyphae) are distinct, both may involve between-cell conflicts that required mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W. Blackstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
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91
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Kariya K, Demiral T, Sasaki T, Tsuchiya Y, Turkan I, Sano T, Hasezawa S, Yamamoto Y. A novel mechanism of aluminum-induced cell death involving vacuolar processing enzyme and vacuolar collapse in tobacco cell line BY-2. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:196-201. [PMID: 23891542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of vacuole in the cell death mechanism induced by aluminum (Al) was investigated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cell line BY-2. Cells at logarithmic phase of growth were treated without (control) or with Al (up to 150 μM) in a treatment medium containing CaCl2, sucrose and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (pH 5.0). After 18 h treatment, both the integrity of the plasma membrane (estimated by Evans blue uptake) and growth capacity (estimated by post-Al treatment growth in nutrient medium) were decreased, while the activity of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) was increased, in the Al dose-dependent manner. The activity of the vacuole (estimated by neutral red uptake) was slightly increased at 50 μM then decreased with an increase in Al concentration. Direct observation of morphological changes of vacuole in a transgenic BY-2 expressing GFP-AtVam3p fusion protein localized on tonoplast indicated Al-induced collapse of vacuole. Time-course experiments indicated that both an increase in VPE activity and a loss of growth capacity were clearly observed at 6 h of the treatment time, prior to the loss of plasma membrane integrity. The presence of Ac-YVAD-CHO (an inhibitor effective to VPE) during Al treatment suppressed a loss of plasma membrane integrity. The expression of VPE genes (VPE-1a, VPE-1b) were significantly enhanced by Al treatment. Taken together, we conclude that an enhancement of VPE activity by Al is controlled at transcriptional level, and is a key factor leading to a loss of integrity of the plasma membrane and a loss of growth capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kariya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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92
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McCabe PF. Healing and closure following death: death signals from a wounded leaf. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:590-591. [PMID: 24117803 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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93
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Chen H, Osuna D, Colville L, Lorenzo O, Graeber K, Küster H, Leubner-Metzger G, Kranner I. Transcriptome-wide mapping of pea seed ageing reveals a pivotal role for genes related to oxidative stress and programmed cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78471. [PMID: 24205239 PMCID: PMC3812160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of seed ageing, which leads to viability loss during storage, is vital for ex situ plant conservation and agriculture alike. Yet the potential for regulation at the transcriptional level has not been fully investigated. Here, we studied the relationship between seed viability, gene expression and glutathione redox status during artificial ageing of pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Transcriptome-wide analysis using microarrays was complemented with qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes and a multilevel analysis of the antioxidant glutathione. Partial degradation of DNA and RNA occurred from the onset of artificial ageing at 60% RH and 50°C, and transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of genes associated with programmed cell death, oxidative stress and protein ubiquitination were altered prior to any sign of viability loss. After 25 days of ageing viability started to decline in conjunction with progressively oxidising cellular conditions, as indicated by a shift of the glutathione redox state towards more positive values (>-190 mV). The unravelling of the molecular basis of seed ageing revealed that transcriptome reprogramming is a key component of the ageing process, which influences the progression of programmed cell death and decline in antioxidant capacity that ultimately lead to seed viability loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Chen
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osuna
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Louise Colville
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Kai Graeber
- Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Unit IV – Plant Genomics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Unit IV – Plant Genomics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, United Kingdom
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94
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Zhan J, He HY, Wang TJ, Wang AQ, Li CZ, He LF. Aluminum-induced programmed cell death promoted by AhSAG, a senescence-associated gene in Arachis hypoganea L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:108-17. [PMID: 23849118 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a foundational cellular process in plant development and elimination of damaged cells under environmental stresses. In this study, Al induced PCD in two peanut (Arachis hypoganea L.) cultivars Zhonghua 2 (Al-sensitive) and 99-1507 (Al-tolerant) using DNA ladder, TUNEL detection and electron microscopy. The concentration of Al-induced PCD was lower in Zhonghua 2 than in 99-1507. AhSAG, a senescence-associated gene was isolated from cDNA library of Al-stressed peanut with PCD. Open reading frame (ORF) of AhSAG was 474bp, encoding a SAG protein composed of 157 amino acids. Compared to the control and the antisense transgenic tobacco plants, the fast development and blossom of the sense transgenic plants happened to promote senescence. The ability of Al tolerance in sense transgenic tobacco was lower than in antisense transgenic tobacco according to root elongation and Al content analysis. The expression of AhSAG-GFP was higher in sense transgenic tobacco than in antisense transgenic tobacco. Altogether, these results indicated that there was a negative relationship between Al-induced PCD and Al-resistance in peanut, and the AhSAG could induce or promote the occurrence of PCD in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhan
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
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95
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Tran D, Rossi M, Biligui B, Kawano T, Mancuso S, Bouteau F. Ozone-induced caspase-like activities are dependent on early ion channel regulations and ROS generation in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25170. [PMID: 23733075 PMCID: PMC3999082 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using A. thaliana cultured cells; we recently reported new insights regarding the effect of acute O₃ exposure. This consist in an oxidative dependent controlled cell death process involving cell shrinkage due to an early activation of anion channel (1) and a delayed activation of K(+) outward currents, but also to early events like Ca (2+) influx or singlet oxygen production possibly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we provide evidence that most of these early events act downstream of caspase-like activities as recently demonstrated for K(+) channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Marika Rossi
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
| | - Bernadette Biligui
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; University of Kitakyushu 1-1; Kitakyushu, Japan
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Correspondence to: François Bouteau,
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96
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Diamond M, Reape TJ, Rocha O, Doyle SM, Kacprzyk J, Doohan FM, McCabe PF. The fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol can inhibit plant apoptosis-like programmed cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69542. [PMID: 23922734 PMCID: PMC3724914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium genus of fungi is responsible for commercially devastating crop diseases and the contamination of cereals with harmful mycotoxins. Fusarium mycotoxins aid infection, establishment, and spread of the fungus within the host plant. We investigated the effects of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the viability of Arabidopsis cells. Although it is known to trigger apoptosis in animal cells, DON treatment at low concentrations surprisingly did not kill these cells. On the contrary, we found that DON inhibited apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis cells subjected to abiotic stress treatment in a manner independent of mitochondrial cytochrome c release. This suggested that Fusarium may utilise mycotoxins to suppress plant apoptosis-like PCD. To test this, we infected Arabidopsis cells with a wild type and a DON-minus mutant strain of F. graminearum and found that only the DON producing strain could inhibit death induced by heat treatment. These results indicate that mycotoxins may be capable of disarming plant apoptosis-like PCD and thereby suggest a novel way that some fungi can influence plant cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Diamond
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Theresa J. Reape
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olga Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siamsa M. Doyle
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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97
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Petriccione M, Forte V, Valente D, Ciniglia C. DNA integrity of onion root cells under catechol influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4859-4871. [PMID: 23307075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Catechol is a highly toxic organic pollutant, usually abundant in the waste effluents of industrial processes and agricultural activities. The environmental sources of catechol include pesticides, wood preservatives, tanning lotion, cosmetic creams, dyes, and synthetic intermediates. Genotoxicity of catechol at a concentration range 5 × 10(-1)-5 mM was evaluated by applying random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and time-lapse DNA laddering tests using onion (Allium cepa) root cells as the assay system. RAPD analysis revealed polymorphisms in the nucleotidic sequence of DNA that reflected the genotoxic potential of catechol to provoke point mutations, or deletions, or chromosomal rearrangements. Time-lapse DNA laddering test provided evidence that catechol provoked DNA necrosis and apoptosis. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining could distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cells in root cells of A. cepa.
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98
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Reape TJ, McCabe PF. Commentary: the cellular condensation of dying plant cells: programmed retraction or necrotic collapse? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 207:135-9. [PMID: 23602108 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary we argue that the recent renaming of all types of plant programmed cell death (PCD) into two categories of vacuolar cell death and necrosis is premature and does not fully take into account different forms of cell death that may operate in plant cells. Specifically, we believe that the condensed protoplast morphology associated with many instances of PCD may come about due to an active cell death-associated cellular retraction rather than simple rupture of the plasma membrane. We argue that it is important to be able to distinguish between cells that have died having undergone this protoplast retraction and those which have died without protoplast retraction. In our opinion this differentiation is essential as the control of these two types of death may differ in several respects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Reape
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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99
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Tran D, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Rossi M, Biligui B, Briand J, Kawano T, Mancuso S, Bouteau F. Post-transcriptional regulation of GORK channels by superoxide anion contributes to increases in outward-rectifying K⁺ currents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1039-1048. [PMID: 23517047 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
· Ion fluxes are ubiquitous processes in the plant and animal kingdoms, controlled by fine-tuned regulations of ion channel activity. Yet the mechanism that cells employ to achieve the modification of ion homeostasis at the molecular level still remains unclear. This is especially true when it comes to the mechanisms that lead to cell death. · In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana cells were exposed to ozone (O₃). Ion flux variations were analyzed by electrophysiological measurements and their transcriptional regulation by RT-PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified by luminescence techniques and caspase-like activities were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. · We highlighted the delayed activation of K(+) outward-rectifying currents after an O₃ -induced oxidative stress leading to programmed cell death (PCD). Caspase-like activities are detected under O₃ exposure and could be decreased by K(+) channel blocker. Molecular experiments revealed that the sustained activation of K(+) outward current could be the result of an unexpected O₂ ·⁻ post-transcriptional regulation of the guard cell outward-rectifying K(+) (GORK) channels. · This consists of a likely new mode of regulating the processing of the GORK mRNA, in a ROS-dependent manner, to allow sustained K(+) effluxes during PCD. These data provide new mechanistic insights into K(+) channel regulation during an oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marika Rossi
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bernadette Biligui
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Joël Briand
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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100
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Lee JY, Sarowar S, Kim HS, Kim H, Hwang I, Kim YJ, Pai HS. Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana Neuroblastoma-Amplified Gene causes ER stress and cell death. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:69. [PMID: 23621803 PMCID: PMC3654999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma Amplified Gene (NAG) was identified as a gene co-amplified with the N-myc gene, whose genomic amplification correlates with poor prognosis of neuroblastoma. Later it was found that NAG is localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is a component of the syntaxin 18 complex that is involved in Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport in human cells. Homologous sequences of NAG are found in plant databases, but its function in plant cells remains unknown. RESULTS Nicotiana benthamania Neuroblastoma-Amplified Gene (NbNAG) encodes a protein of 2,409 amino acids that contains the secretory pathway Sec39 domain and is mainly localized in the ER. Silencing of NbNAG by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in growth arrest and acute plant death with morphological markers of programmed cell death (PCD), which include chromatin fragmentation and modification of mitochondrial membrane potential. NbNAG deficiency caused induction of ER stress genes, disruption of the ER network, and relocation of bZIP28 transcription factor from the ER membrane to the nucleus, similar to the phenotypes of tunicamycin-induced ER stress in a plant cell. NbNAG silencing caused defects in intracellular transport of diverse cargo proteins, suggesting that a blocked secretion pathway by NbNAG deficiency causes ER stress and programmed cell death. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NAG, a conserved protein from yeast to mammals, plays an essential role in plant growth and development by modulating protein transport pathway, ER stress response and PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sujon Sarowar
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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