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Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 into Epidermis and Dermal Fibroblasts Is Independent of the Scavenger Receptor MARCO. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00490-18. [PMID: 29769337 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00490-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To enter host cells, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) initially attaches to cell surface glycosaminoglycans, followed by the requisite binding to one of several cellular receptors, leading to viral internalization. Although virus-receptor interactions have been studied in various cell lines, the contributions of individual receptors to uptake into target tissues such as mucosa, skin, and cornea are not well understood. We demonstrated that nectin-1 acts as a major receptor for HSV-1 entry into murine epidermis, while herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) can serve as an alternative receptor. Recently, the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) has been described to mediate adsorption of HSV-1 to epithelial cells. Here, we investigated the impact of MARCO on the entry process of HSV-1 into the two major cell types of skin, keratinocytes in the epidermis and fibroblasts in the underlying dermis. Using ex vivo infection of murine epidermis, we showed that HSV-1 entered basal keratinocytes of MARCO-/- epidermis as efficiently as those of control epidermis. In addition, entry into dermal fibroblasts was not impaired in the absence of MARCO. When we treated epidermis, primary keratinocytes, or fibroblasts with poly(I), a ligand for class A scavenger receptors, HSV-1 entry was strongly reduced. As we also observed reducing effects of poly(I) in the absence of both MARCO and scavenger receptor A1, we concluded that the inhibitory effects of poly(I) on HSV-1 infection are not directly linked to class A scavenger receptors. Overall, our results support that HSV-1 entry into skin cells is independent of MARCO.IMPORTANCE During entry into its host cells, the human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV) interacts with various cellular receptors. Initially, receptor interaction can mediate cellular adsorption, followed by receptor binding that triggers viral internalization. The intriguing question is which receptors are responsible for the various steps during entry into the natural target tissues of HSV? Previously, we demonstrated the role of nectin-1 as a major receptor and that of HVEM as an alternative receptor for HSV-1 to invade murine epidermis. As MARCO has been described to promote infection in skin, we explored the predicted role of MARCO as a receptor that mediates adsorption to epithelial cells. Our infection studies of murine skin cells indicate that the absence of MARCO does not interfere with the efficiency of HSV-1 entry and that the inhibitory effect on viral adsorption by poly(I), a ligand of MARCO, is independent of MARCO.
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Benmoussa K, Garaude J, Acín-Pérez R. How Mitochondrial Metabolism Contributes to Macrophage Phenotype and Functions. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3906-3921. [PMID: 30006265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells from the innate immune system is one of the most noteworthy topics in immunological research nowadays. Upon infection or tissue damage, innate immune cells, such as macrophages, mobilize various immune and metabolic signals to mount a response best suited to eradicate the threat. Current data indicate that both the immune and metabolic responses are closely interconnected. On account of its peculiar position in regulating both of these processes, the mitochondrion has emerged as a critical organelle that orchestrates the coordinated metabolic and immune adaptations in macrophages. Significant effort is now underway to understand how metabolic features of differentiated macrophages regulate their immune specificities with the eventual goal to manipulate cellular metabolism to control immunity. In this review, we highlight some of the recent work that place cellular and mitochondrial metabolism in a central position in the macrophage differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaddouj Benmoussa
- Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, École de Sages-Femmes, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Johan Garaude
- Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, École de Sages-Femmes, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- UCLA Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 27-200, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernandez de Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Suslov A, Wieland S, Menne S. Modulators of innate immunity as novel therapeutics for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 30:9-17. [PMID: 29444493 PMCID: PMC5988934 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first line defense mechanisms against viral infection are mediated by the innate immune system. Viral components are detected by infected cells and/or innate immune cells that express different sensory receptors. They in turn mediate induction of direct antiviral mechanisms and further modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. For evading the innate system, most viruses have evolved efficient mechanisms to block sensing and/or antiviral functions of the innate response. Interestingly, hepatitis B virus (HBV) seems to act like a stealth virus that escapes cell intrinsic antiviral mechanisms through avoiding recognition by the innate system rather than blocking its effector functions. In line with this concept, agonistic activation of innate immunity has emerged as a promising novel anti-HBV therapy approach with several compounds having advanced to the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Suslov
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wieland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States.
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Svensson M, Chen P. Human Organotypic Respiratory Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018:29-54. [PMID: 29808337 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical research aiming to understand the molecular basis of human lung tissue development, homeostasis and disease, or to develop new therapies for human respiratory diseases, requires models that faithfully recapitulate the human condition. This has stimulated biologists and engineers to develop in vitro organotypic models mimicking human respiratory tissues. In this chapter, we provide examples of different types of model systems ranging from simple unicellular cultures to more complex multicellular systems. The models contain, in varying degree, cell types present in real tissue in combination with different extracellular matrix components that can critically affect cell phenotype and function. We also describe how organotypic respiratory models can be combined with human innate immune cells, to better recapitulate tissue inflammation, a key component in, for example, infectious diseases. These models have the potential to provide new insights into lung physiology, tissue infection and inflammation, disease mechanisms, as well as provide a platform for identification of novel targets and screening of candidate drugs in human lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Svensson
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Puran Chen
- F59, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Oh MH, Collins SL, Sun IH, Tam AJ, Patel CH, Arwood ML, Chan-Li Y, Powell JD, Horton MR. mTORC2 Signaling Selectively Regulates the Generation and Function of Tissue-Resident Peritoneal Macrophages. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2439-2454. [PMID: 28877476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play critical roles in sentinel and homeostatic functions as well as in promoting inflammation and immunity. It has become clear that the generation of these cells is highly dependent upon tissue-specific cues derived from the microenvironment that, in turn, regulate unique differentiation programs. Recently, a role for GATA6 has emerged in the differentiation programming of resident peritoneal macrophages. We identify a critical role for mTOR in integrating cues from the tissue microenvironment in regulating differentiation and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, inhibition of mTORC2 leads to enhanced GATA6 expression in a FOXO1 dependent fashion. Functionally, inhibition of mTORC2 promotes peritoneal resident macrophage generation in the resolution phase during zymosan-induced peritonitis. Also, mTORC2-deficient peritoneal resident macrophages displayed increased functionality and metabolic reprogramming. Notably, mTORC2 activation distinguishes tissue-resident macrophage proliferation and differentiation from that of M2 macrophages. Overall, our data implicate a selective role for mTORC2 in the differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Oh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Im-Hong Sun
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Matthew L Arwood
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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p204 Is Required for Canonical Lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 Signaling in Mice. EBioMedicine 2018; 29:78-91. [PMID: 29472103 PMCID: PMC5925582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p204, a murine member of an interferon-inducible p200 family, was reported to recognize intracellular viral and bacterial DNAs, however, its role in the innate immunity in vivo remains unknown due to the lack of p204-deficient animal models. In this study we first generated the p204−/− mice. Unexpectedly, p204 deficiency led to significant defect in extracellular LPS signaling in macrophages, as demonstrated by dramatic reductions of LPS-mediated IFN-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The serum levels of IFN-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also significantly reduced in p204−/− mice following LPS challenge. In addition, p204−/− mice were resistant to LPS-induced shock. LPS-activated NF-ĸB and IRF-3 pathways were all defective in p204-deficient macrophages. p204 binds to TLR4 through its Pyrin domain, and it is required for the dimerization of TLR4 following LPS-challenge. Collectively, p204 is a critical component of canonical LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway, and these studies also suggest that p204 could be a potential target to prevent and treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. p204 deficiency leads to significant defect in extracellular LPS signaling in macrophages. Serum levels of IFN-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also significantly reduced in p204-/- mice following LPS challenge. p204-/- mice were resistant to LPS-induced shock. p204 binds to TLR4 through its Pyrin domain, and it is required for the dimerization of TLR4 following LPS-challenge.
Effective anti-pathogenic responses, including production of type I IFNs and inflammatory response, are critical for host defense. p200 family members, including IFI16 and AIM2, have been reported to function as the sensors of pathogen components. However, investigation of their roles has largely focused on intracellular pathogen components, independent of extracellular pathogen receptors, such as TLRs. Here, we provide unexpected evidences demonstrating that p204, a murine counterpart of human IFI16, is required for extracellular but not intracellular LPS signaling. These results provide not only evidence of functional crosstalk and cooperation between intracellular p204 and extracellular LPS through TLR4 pathways in macrophage-mediated innate immunity, but also new insights into the mechanisms underlying p200 family proteins mediated antiviral and antibacterial infections.
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Novel Models to Study Stromal Cell-Leukocyte Interactions in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:131-146. [PMID: 30155626 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study human immunology in general and stromal immunology in particular, it is highly motivated to move from monolayers to 3D cultures, such as organotypic models, that better mimic the function of living tissue. These models can potentially contain most if not all cell types present in tissues, in combination with different extracellular matrix components that can critically affect cell phenotype. Besides their well-established use in studies of tissue-specific cells, such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells and stromal fibroblasts in combination with extracellular components, these models have also been shown to be valuable to study how tissue participates in the regulation of leukocyte differentiation and function. Organotypic models with leukocytes represent novel powerful tools to study human stromal immunology and mechanisms involved in the regulation of leukocyte functions and inflammatory processes in human health and disease. In particular, these models are robust, long-lived and reproducible and allow monitoring of disease progression in real time, as well as the mixing of cellular constituents from healthy and pathological tissues. These models are also easy to manipulate, either genetically or by adding external stimulants, such as cytokines and pathogens, to mimic pathological conditions. It is thus not surprising that these models are proposed to be useful in toxicology screening assays, evaluating therapeutic efficacy of drugs and antibiotics, as well as in personalized medicine. Within this chapter, the most recent developments in creating organotypic models for the purpose of study of human leukocyte and stromal cell interactions, in health and disease, will be discussed, in particular focusing on live imaging. Special emphasis will be given on an organotypic model resembling human lung and its usefulness in studying the fine control of physiological and pathological processes in human health and disease. Using these models in studies on human stromal cell and leukocyte interactions will likely help identifying novel disease traits and may point out new potential targets to monitor and treat human diseases.
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Fadel A, Plunkett A, Li W, Tessu Gyamfi VE, Nyaranga RR, Fadel F, Dakak S, Ranneh Y, Salmon Y, Ashworth JJ. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by arabinoxylans. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation; University of Chester; Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Elewosi Tessu Gyamfi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Roma Nyaranga
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Fadel
- Independent Researcher, Al-Baha University; Al Bahah Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaad Dakak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; Al-Ahliyya Amman University; Amman Jordan
| | - Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Yasser Salmon
- Veteriner Fakultesi, Istanbul Universitesi; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
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Lou J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Qiu W. MiR-20b inhibits mycobacterium tuberculosis induced inflammation in the lung of mice through targeting NLRP3. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lin M, Hu Y, Wang Y, Kawai T, Wang Z, Han X. Different engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 in Porphyromonas gingivalis vs. ligature-induced periodontal bone loss. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e63. [PMID: 28832712 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the roles of different Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)-induced and ligature-induced experimental periodontal bone resorption in mice. Wild-type (WT), TLR2 knockout (KO), TLR4KO, and TLR2&4 KO mice with C57/BL6 background were divided into three groups: control, P. gingivalis infection, and ligation. Live P. gingivalis or silk ligatures were placed in the sulcus around maxillary second molars over a 2-week period. Images were captured by digital stereomicroscopy, and the bone resorption area was measured with ImageJ software. The protein expression level of gingival RANKL was measured by ELISA. The gingival mRNA levels of RANKL, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were detected by RT-qPCR. The results showed that P. gingivalis induced significant periodontal bone resorption in WT mice and TLR2 KO mice but not in TLR4 KO mice or TLR2&4 KO mice. For all four types of mice, ligation induced significant bone loss compared with that in control groups, and this bone loss was significantly higher than that in the P. gingivalis infection group. RANKL protein expression was significantly increased in the ligation group compared with that in the control group for all four types of mice, and in the P. gingivalis infection group of WT, TLR2 KO, and TLR4 KO mice. Expression patterns of RANKL, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 mRNA were different in the P. gingivalis infection group and the ligation group in different types of mice. In summary, P. gingivalis-induced periodontal bone resorption is TLR4-dependent, whereas ligation-induced periodontal bone resorption is neither TLR2- nor TLR4-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin
- Beijing ChaoYang Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Beijing ChaoYang Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Department of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Gallage S, Katagiri T, Endo M, Maita M. Comprehensive evaluation of immunomodulation by moderate hypoxia in S. agalactiae vaccinated Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:445-454. [PMID: 28526572 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major bacterial pathogen in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccines are known to provide protection but S. agalactiae clearance in tilapia can be reduced by marginal environmental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine S. agalactiae clearance in vaccinated Nile tilapia under moderate hypoxic (55± 5% DO) and normoxic (85 ± 5%DO) conditions. Fish were acclimatized to either moderate hypoxia or normoxia and immunized with formalin-inactivated S. agalactiae. Fish were experimentally challenged with S. agalactiae at 30 days post-vaccination. Serum antibody titer was significantly higher in vaccinated fish kept under normoxic condition compared to the moderate hypoxic condition at fifteen and thirty days post-vaccination. The cumulative mortality following challenge was significantly reduced in vaccinated fish kept under normoxic condition compared to those in moderate hypoxic condition reflecting that pre-challenge antibody titer may correlate with survival of fish. Blood and tissue pathogen burden detection of S. agalactiae studies revealed that culturable S. agalactiae cells could not be detected in the blood of normoxic vaccinated fish at all the sampling points. In contrast, fish vaccinated in moderate hypoxic condition had considerable number of culturable S. agalactiae cells in their blood up to 5 days following challenge. Phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were lowered by moderate hypoxia in vitro. Furthermore, presence of specific antibodies and higher specific antibody level in the serum increased phagocytosis, ROS production and lowered intracellular survival of S. agalactiae in head kidney leukocytes. Overall this study has highlighted that S. agalactiae clearance in vaccinated Nile tilapia is modulated by moderate hypoxia. One of the possible explanations for this might be less efficient phagocytic activities due to low oxygen availability and lower specific antibody production in vaccinated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchala Gallage
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Masato Endo
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Masashi Maita
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Liang C, Chavan V, Mukherjee K. Internalization of scavenger receptor ligands by cortical neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2017. [PMID: 30148136 DOI: 10.19185/matters.201703000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a family of receptors displaying affinity for a wide variety of ligands including modified lipoproteins. SRs may play a range of physiological functions including intracellular transport, lipid transport and pathogen clearance. The role of SRs has been documented in pathologies such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Although most studies on SRs have focused on macrophages, they are also present in other cells like endothelium, smooth muscles and brain tissue. Within brain, due to its functional similarity, SRs have been studied mostly in microglia. However, in situ images from Allen's brain atlas suggest SRs are abundant in neurons. In this study we have used two fluorophore labeled well characterized SR ligand, maleylated-BSA (MBSA) and polyguanylic acid (poloyG) to probe acute cortical slices. Our data indicate that within cortex, neurons avidly endocytose both ligands. Thus in cerebral cortex neurons may have higher number of functional SRs on the surface than other cell-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Vrushali Chavan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Konark Mukherjee
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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63
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. Comparative genomic analysis of innate immunity reveals novel and conserved components in crustacean food crop species. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:389. [PMID: 28521727 PMCID: PMC5437397 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing global demands for crustacean food crop species have driven large investments in aquaculture research worldwide. However, large-scale production is susceptible to pathogen-mediated destruction particularly in developing economies. Thus, a thorough understanding of the immune system components of food crop species is imperative for research to combat pathogens. RESULTS Through a comparative genomics approach utilising extant data from 55 species, we describe the innate immune system of the class Malacostraca, which includes all food crop species. We identify 7407 malacostracan genes from 39 gene families implicated in different aspects of host defence and demonstrate dynamic evolution of innate immunity components within this group. Malacostracans have achieved flexibility in recognising infectious agents through divergent evolution and expansion of pathogen recognition receptors genes. Antiviral RNAi, Toll and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways have remained conserved within Malacostraca, although the Imd pathway appears to lack several key components. Immune effectors such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have unique evolutionary profiles, with many malacostracan AMPs not found in other arthropods. Lastly, we describe four putative novel immune gene families, potentially representing important evolutionary novelties of the malacostracan immune system. CONCLUSION Our analyses across the broader Malacostraca have allowed us to not only draw analogies with other arthropods but also to identify evolutionary novelties in immune modulation components and form strong hypotheses as to when key pathways have evolved or diverged. This will serve as a key resource for future immunology research in crustacean food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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Yang MC, Shi XZ, Yang HT, Sun JJ, Xu L, Wang XW, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Scavenger Receptor C Mediates Phagocytosis of White Spot Syndrome Virus and Restricts Virus Proliferation in Shrimp. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006127. [PMID: 28027319 PMCID: PMC5222524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptors are an important class of pattern recognition receptors that play several important roles in host defense against pathogens. The class C scavenger receptors (SRCs) have only been identified in a few invertebrates, and their role in the immune response against viruses is seldom studied. In this study, we firstly identified an SRC from kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, designated MjSRC, which was significantly upregulated after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge at the mRNA and protein levels in hemocytes. The quantity of WSSV increased in shrimp after knockdown of MjSRC, compared with the controls. Furthermore, overexpression of MjSRC led to enhanced WSSV elimination via phagocytosis by hemocytes. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the interaction between MjSRC and the WSSV envelope protein. Electron microscopy observation indicated that the colloidal gold-labeled extracellular domain of MjSRC was located on the outer surface of WSSV. MjSRC formed a trimer and was internalized into the cytoplasm after WSSV challenge, and the internalization was strongly inhibited after knockdown of Mjβ-arrestin2. Further studies found that Mjβ-arrestin2 interacted with the intracellular domain of MjSRC and induced the internalization of WSSV in a clathrin-dependent manner. WSSV were co-localized with lysosomes in hemocytes and the WSSV quantity in shrimp increased after injection of lysosome inhibitor, chloroquine. Collectively, this study demonstrated that MjSRC recognized WSSV via its extracellular domain and invoked hemocyte phagocytosis to restrict WSSV systemic infection. This is the first study to report an SRC as a pattern recognition receptor promoting phagocytosis of a virus. Shrimp aquaculture is a major industry in many coastal countries, where it contributes significantly to socio-economic development. However, during the rapid expansion of shrimp industry, a succession of previously unknown diseases, especially viral diseases, have emerged in farmed shrimp and spread rapidly across international boundaries, which have significant effects on shrimp production. Since 1994, it has been estimated that annual losses globally caused by viral diseases have been as high as $US3 billion. White spot syndrome, caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is the most serious disease in shrimp aquaculture. Here, we reveal that a scavenger receptor in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjSRC) functions as the pattern recognition receptor for WSSV. MjSRC binds to WSSV and initiates phagocytosis of the virus, ultimately leading to degradation of WSSV in the lysosomes of hemocytes. This is the first report of the MjSRC antiviral mechanism, which may be used as a control strategy to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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65
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Gasteiger G, D'Osualdo A, Schubert DA, Weber A, Bruscia EM, Hartl D. Cellular Innate Immunity: An Old Game with New Players. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:111-125. [PMID: 28006777 DOI: 10.1159/000453397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is a rapidly evolving field with novel cell types and molecular pathways being discovered and paradigms changing continuously. Innate and adaptive immune responses are traditionally viewed as separate from each other, but emerging evidence suggests that they overlap and mutually interact. Recently discovered cell types, particularly innate lymphoid cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, are gaining increasing attention. Here, we summarize and highlight current concepts in the field, focusing on innate immune cells as well as the inflammasome and DNA sensing which appear to be critical for the activation and orchestration of innate immunity, and may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for treating autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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66
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Montenegro-Burke JR, Sutton JA, Rogers LM, Milne GL, McLean JA, Aronoff DM. Lipid profiling of polarized human monocyte-derived macrophages. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 127:1-8. [PMID: 27871801 PMCID: PMC6053630 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The highly orchestrated transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming during activation drastically transforms the main functions and physiology of human macrophages across the polarization spectrum. Lipids, for example, can modify protein function by acting remotely as signaling molecules but also locally by altering the physical properties of cellular membranes. These changes play key roles in the functions of highly plastic immune cells due to their involvement in inflammation, immune responses, phagocytosis and wound healing processes. We report an analysis of major membrane lipids of distinct phenotypes of resting (M0), classically activated (M1), alternatively activated (M2a) and deactivated (M2c) human monocyte derived macrophages from different donors. Samples were subjected to supercritical fluid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry analysis, which allowed separations based on lipid class, facilitating the profiling of their fatty acid composition. Different levels of arachidonic acid mobilization as well as other fatty acid changes were observed for different lipid classes in the distinct polarization phenotypes, suggesting the activation of highly orchestrated and specific enzymatic processes in the biosynthesis of lipid signaling molecules and cell membrane remodeling. Thromboxane A2 production appeared to be a specific marker of M1 polarization. These alterations to the global composition of lipid bi-layer membranes in the cell provide a potential methodology for the definition and determination of cellular and tissue activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Montenegro-Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jessica A Sutton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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67
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Cheung JLY, Wand NV, Ooi CP, Ridewood S, Wheeler RJ, Rudenko G. Blocking Synthesis of the Variant Surface Glycoprotein Coat in Trypanosoma brucei Leads to an Increase in Macrophage Phagocytosis Due to Reduced Clearance of Surface Coat Antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006023. [PMID: 27893860 PMCID: PMC5125712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular bloodstream form parasite Trypanosoma brucei is supremely adapted to escape the host innate and adaptive immune system. Evasion is mediated through an antigenically variable Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat, which is recycled at extraordinarily high rates. Blocking VSG synthesis triggers a precytokinesis arrest where stalled cells persist for days in vitro with superficially intact VSG coats, but are rapidly cleared within hours in mice. We therefore investigated the role of VSG synthesis in trypanosome phagocytosis by activated mouse macrophages. T. brucei normally effectively evades macrophages, and induction of VSG RNAi resulted in little change in phagocytosis of the arrested cells. Halting VSG synthesis resulted in stalled cells which swam directionally rather than tumbling, with a significant increase in swim velocity. This is possibly a consequence of increased rigidity of the cells due to a restricted surface coat in the absence of VSG synthesis. However if VSG RNAi was induced in the presence of anti-VSG221 antibodies, phagocytosis increased significantly. Blocking VSG synthesis resulted in reduced clearance of anti-VSG antibodies from the trypanosome surface, possibly as a consequence of the changed motility. This was particularly marked in cells in the G2/ M cell cycle stage, where the half-life of anti-VSG antibody increased from 39.3 ± 4.2 seconds to 99.2 ± 15.9 seconds after induction of VSG RNAi. The rates of internalisation of bulk surface VSG, or endocytic markers like transferrin, tomato lectin or dextran were not significantly affected by the VSG synthesis block. Efficient elimination of anti-VSG-antibody complexes from the trypanosome cell surface is therefore essential for trypanosome evasion of macrophages. These experiments highlight the essentiality of high rates of VSG recycling for the rapid removal of host opsonins from the parasite surface, and identify this process as a key parasite virulence factor during a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie L. Y. Cheung
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina V. Wand
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Ridewood
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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69
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Olonisakin TF, Li H, Xiong Z, Kochman EJK, Yu M, Qu Y, Hulver M, Kolls JK, St Croix C, Doi Y, Nguyen MH, Shanks RMQ, Mallampalli RK, Kagan VE, Ray A, Silverstein RL, Ray P, Lee JS. CD36 Provides Host Protection Against Klebsiella pneumoniae Intrapulmonary Infection by Enhancing Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness and Macrophage Phagocytosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1865-1875. [PMID: 27683817 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae remains an important cause of intrapulmonary infection and invasive disease worldwide. K. pneumoniae can evade serum killing and phagocytosis primarily through the expression of a polysaccharide capsule, but its pathogenicity is also influenced by host factors. We examined whether CD36, a scavenger receptor that recognizes pathogen and modified self ligands, is a host determinant of K. pneumoniae pathogenicity. Despite differences in serum sensitivity and virulence of 3 distinct K. pneumoniae (hypermucoviscous K1, research K2, and carbapenemase-producing ST258) strains, the absence of CD36 significantly increased host susceptibility to acute intrapulmonary infection by K. pneumoniae, regardless of strain. We demonstrate that CD36 enhances LPS responsiveness to K. pneumoniae to increase downstream cytokine production and macrophage phagocytosis that is independent of polysaccharide capsular antigen. Our study provides new insights into host determinants of K. pneumoniae pathogenicity and raises the possibility that functional mutations in CD36 may predispose individuals to K. pneumoniae syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolani F Olonisakin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Huihua Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Minting Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Mei Hulver
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert M Q Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin.,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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70
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Dias M, Brochetta C, Marchetti A, Bodinier R, Brückert F, Cosson P. Role of SpdA in Cell Spreading and Phagocytosis in Dictyostelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160376. [PMID: 27512991 PMCID: PMC4981364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum is a widely used model to study molecular mechanisms controlling cell adhesion, cell spreading on a surface, and phagocytosis. In this study we isolated and characterize a new mutant created by insertion of a mutagenic vector in the heretofore uncharacterized spdA gene. SpdA-ins mutant cells produce an altered, slightly shortened version of the SpdA protein. They spread more efficiently than WT cells when allowed to adhere to a glass substrate, and phagocytose particles more efficiently. On the contrary, a functional spdA knockout mutant where a large segment of the gene was deleted phagocytosed less efficiently and spread less efficiently on a substrate. These phenotypes were highly dependent on the cellular density, and were most visible at high cell densities, where secreted quorum-sensing factors inhibiting cell motility, spreading and phagocytosis are most active. These results identify the involvement of SpdA in the control of cell spreading and phagocytosis. The underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as the exact link between SpdA and cell spreading, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dias
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristiana Brochetta
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Marchetti
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Bodinier
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Franz Brückert
- Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique (LMGP), UMR CNRS-Grenoble INP5628 Université Grenoble Alpes, 3 parvis Louis Néel, BP 257, Grenoble cedex 1, France
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department for Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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71
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Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1519-1529. [PMID: 27498542 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is associated with various inflammatory diseases ranging from minor skin diseases to severe sepsis. It is known that LTA is recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), leading to the initiation of innate immune responses and further development of adaptive immunity. However, excessive immune responses may result in the inflammatory sequelae that are involved in severe diseases such as sepsis. Although numerous studies have tried to identify the molecular basis for the pathophysiology of Gram-positive bacterial infection, the exact role of LTA during the infection has not been clearly elucidated. This review provides an overview of LTA structure and host recognition by TLR2 that leads to the activation of innate immune responses. Emphasis is placed on differential immunostimulating activities of LTAs of various Gram-positive bacteria at the molecular level.
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72
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Murshid A, Borges TJ, Lang BJ, Calderwood SK. The Scavenger Receptor SREC-I Cooperates with Toll-Like Receptors to Trigger Inflammatory Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2016; 7:226. [PMID: 27379091 PMCID: PMC4904184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cell-I (SREC-I) is a class F scavenger receptor expressed by immune cells with a significant role in CD8+- and CD4+-mediated T cell immunity. This receptor can also modulate the function of toll-like receptors (TLRs), which play essential roles in innate immunity. Earlier, it was found that human monocyte/macrophage THP1 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice exhibited increased responses to polyinosine–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C, PIC) and CpG (unmethylated) DNA and enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines with overexpressed SREC-I. Our data also showed that intracellular/endocytic TLR3 and TLR9 could directly interact with SREC-I in the presence of their respective ligands. We also observed that the internalized ligand along with TLR3/TLR9 colocalized in the endosome in macrophages and THP-1 cells overexpressing these receptors. In the absence of these ligands, there was no detectable colocalization between the SREC-I and endocytic TLRs. Earlier, it was shown that SREC-I stimulated double-stranded RNA/CpGDNA-mediated TLR3/TLR9 activation of the innate immune response by triggering signaling through the NF-κB, IRF3, and MAP kinase pathways leading to transcription of cytokine genes. We also established that SREC-I can associate with plasma membrane TLRs, such as TLR2 and TLR4. We demonstrated that SREC-I–TLR4 signals more efficiently from lipid microdomain in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can associate with SREC-I–TLR4 complex. We also proved that SREC-I is an alternate receptor for LPS capable of internalizing the complex and for endocytic TLR ligands as well. This binding activated endocytic TLR-mediated downstream cytokine production in THP1 cells and macrophages. Finally, SREC-I could also form complexes with TLR2 and induce the release of cytokines in the presence of bacterial, viral, and fungal ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murshid
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Center for Life Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Biomedical Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Benjamin J Lang
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Center for Life Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Center for Life Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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73
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Mitchell G, Chen C, Portnoy DA. Strategies Used by Bacteria to Grow in Macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0012-2015. [PMID: 27337444 PMCID: PMC4922531 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0012-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are often clinically relevant pathogens that infect virtually every cell type found in host organisms. However, myeloid cells, especially macrophages, constitute the primary cells targeted by most species of intracellular bacteria. Paradoxically, macrophages possess an extensive antimicrobial arsenal and are efficient at killing microbes. In addition to their ability to detect and signal the presence of pathogens, macrophages sequester and digest microorganisms using the phagolysosomal and autophagy pathways or, ultimately, eliminate themselves through the induction of programmed cell death. Consequently, intracellular bacteria influence numerous host processes and deploy sophisticated strategies to replicate within these host cells. Although most intracellular bacteria have a unique intracellular life cycle, these pathogens are broadly categorized into intravacuolar and cytosolic bacteria. Following phagocytosis, intravacuolar bacteria reside in the host endomembrane system and, to some extent, are protected from the host cytosolic innate immune defenses. However, the intravacuolar lifestyle requires the generation and maintenance of unique specialized bacteria-containing vacuoles and involves a complex network of host-pathogen interactions. Conversely, cytosolic bacteria escape the phagolysosomal pathway and thrive in the nutrient-rich cytosol despite the presence of host cell-autonomous defenses. The understanding of host-pathogen interactions involved in the pathogenesis of intracellular bacteria will continue to provide mechanistic insights into basic cellular processes and may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutics targeting infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A. Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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74
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Alba-Fierro CA, Pérez-Torres A, Toriello C, Romo-Lozano Y, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E. Molecular Components of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex that Induce Immune Response. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:292-300. [PMID: 27117164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex that includes species such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. pallida, which exhibit different potentially antigenic molecular components. The immune response of susceptible hosts to control infection and disease caused by these fungi has been little studied. Besides, the fungus-host interaction induces the activation of different types of immune response. This mini-review analyzes and discusses existing reports on the identification and functional characterization of molecules from species of the S. schenckii complex with clinical relevance, and the mechanisms that mediate the type and magnitude of the immune response in experimental models in vivo and in vitro. This knowledge is expected to contribute to the development of protective and therapeutic strategies against sporotrichosis and other mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico.
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Kaufmann SH, Dorhoi A. Molecular Determinants in Phagocyte-Bacteria Interactions. Immunity 2016; 44:476-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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76
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Gordon S. Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process. Immunity 2016; 44:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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77
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Jacob J, Makou P, Finke A, Mielke M. Inflammatory response of TLR4 deficient spleen macrophages (CRL 2471) to Brucella abortus S19 and an isogenic ΔmglA deletion mutant. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:141-51. [PMID: 26946956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis caused by members of the genus Brucella. One of them, Brucella abortus, is the etiological agent of bovine brucellosis. With the attenuated strain B. abortus S19 a vaccine is available. However, both, virulence (safety) and the ability to induce a protective B and T cell response (efficacy) have to be tested in suitable assays before successful use in the field. For this purpose, several macrophage cell lines of various origins have been used while splenic macrophages are the preferred host cells in vivo. We here characterized the in vitro response of the murine splenic macrophage cell line CRL 2471(I-13.35) to B. abortus. This cell line still depends on the presence of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and is derived from LPS resistant (TLR4 deficient) C3H/HeJ mice. For infection the vaccine strain B. abortus S19A as well as the formerly described isogenic deletion mutant B. abortus S19A ΔmglA 3.14 were used. While numbers of viable bacteria did not differ significantly between the vaccine strain and the deletion mutant at 6h post infection, a higher bacterial load was measured in case of the mutant at 24h and 48h after infection. This was also true, when IFNγ was used for macrophage activation. A comprehensive gene expression profile of macrophages was analysed 6 and 24h after infection by means of an RT-PCR based gene expression array. The mutant strain B. abortus S19A ΔmglA 3.14 elicited a stronger cellular response of the splenic macrophages as compared to the parental vaccine strain. This was most prominent for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL6 as well as for the chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and ICAM1. While these differences were also present in IFNγ-stimulated macrophages, an addition of IFNγ after infection not only resulted in a dramatic increase of the translation of the afore mentioned genes but also resulted in the translation of IFNß1, IL12ß, MIP1α and β (CCL3, CCL4), NOS2 (and SOD2) and FAS. CONCLUSION The TLR4 deficient murine splenic macrophage cell line CRL 2471 was used for the first time for the characterization of macrophage-Brucella interaction to investigate the pre-immune phase of brucellosis in vitro. Typical pro-inflammatory cytokines and certain surface receptors were differentially induced by B. abortus S19 A and an isogenic ΔmglA deletion mutant in vitro. This model may be useful for further studies to characterize the inflammatory response of splenic macrophages to intracellular gram-negative bacteria avoiding cell responses to soluble LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Jacob
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patricia Makou
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Finke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Mielke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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78
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Fang Q, Wang JF, Zha XQ, Cui SH, Cao L, Luo JP. Immunomodulatory activity on macrophage of a purified polysaccharide extracted from Laminaria japonica. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:66-73. [PMID: 26428101 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel water-soluble homogeneous polysaccharide (LJP-31) with a molecular mass of 2.24 × 10(6) Da was isolated and purified from Laminaria japonica using DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S500 chromatography. Results showed that LJP-31 mainly consists of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.0:7.8:6.6:0.8. LJP-31 exhibited significant stimulation on macrophages and enhanced the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 as well as the up-regulation of their gene expressions. Western blot analysis suggested that LJP-31 has the positive effects on the translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus and the phosphorylation of IκBα, ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and P38 in macrophages. Flow cytometric and confocal laser-scanning microscopy analysis indicated that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was at least one of the recognition receptors of LJP-31 on the plasma membrane of macrophages. Taken together, LJP-31 may exert its immunostimulating potency via TLR4 activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, PR China
| | - Jing-Fei Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, PR China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, PR China.
| | - Shao-Hua Cui
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, PR China
| | - Lei Cao
- Institute of Agro-products Processing, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, PR China.
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79
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Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. Macrophage polarization in cattle experimentally exposed to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv085. [PMID: 26454271 PMCID: PMC4626599 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in cattle, has significant impacts on the livestock industry and has been implicated in the etiology of Crohn's disease. Macrophages play a key role in JD pathogenesis, which is driven by the manipulation of host immune mechanisms by MAP. A change in the macrophage microenvironment due to pathogenic or host-derived stimuli can lead to classical (M1) or alternative (M2) polarization of macrophages. In addition, prior exposure to antigenic stimuli has been reported to alter the response of macrophages to subsequent stimuli. However, macrophage polarization in response to MAP exposure and its possible implications have not been previously addressed. In this study, we have comprehensively examined monocyte/macrophage polarization and responsiveness to antigens from MAP-exposed and unexposed animals. At 3 years post-exposure, there was a heterogeneous macrophage activation pattern characterized by both classical and alternate phenotypes. Moreover, subsequent exposure of macrophages from MAP-exposed cattle to antigens from MAP and other mycobacterial species led to significant variation in the production of nitric oxide, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor α. These results indicate the previously unreported possibility of changes in the activation state and responsiveness of circulating monocytes/macrophages from MAP-exposed cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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80
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Chiang N, Dalli J, Colas RA, Serhan CN. Identification of resolvin D2 receptor mediating resolution of infections and organ protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26195725 PMCID: PMC4516788 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chiang et al. identify GPR18 as a novel receptor for resolvin D2, and show that activation of this receptor in human and mouse phagocytes stimulates phagocytic clearance during bacterial infections and promotes organ protection Endogenous mechanisms that orchestrate resolution of acute inflammation are essential in host defense and the return to homeostasis. Resolvin (Rv)D2 is a potent immunoresolvent biosynthesized during active resolution that stereoselectively stimulates resolution of acute inflammation. Here, using an unbiased G protein–coupled receptor-β-arrestin–based screening and functional sensing systems, we identified a receptor for RvD2, namely GPR18, that is expressed on human leukocytes, including polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), monocytes, and macrophages (MΦ). In human MΦ, RvD2-stimulated intracellular cyclic AMP was dependent on GPR18. RvD2-stimulated phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and apoptotic PMN (efferocytosis) were enhanced with GPR18 overexpression and significantly reduced by shRNA knockdown. Specific binding of RvD2 to recombinant GPR18 was confirmed using a synthetic 3H-labeled-RvD2. Scatchard analysis gave a Kd of ∼10 nM consistent with RvD2 bioactive concentration range. In both E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus infections, RvD2 limited PMN infiltration, enhanced phagocyte clearance of bacteria, and accelerated resolution. These actions were lost in GPR18-deficient mice. During PMN-mediated second organ injury, RvD2’s protective actions were also significantly diminished in GPR18-deficient mice. Together, these results provide evidence for a novel RvD2–GPR18 resolution axis that stimulates human and mouse phagocyte functions to control bacterial infections and promote organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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81
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Bi WJ, Li DX, Xu YH, Xu S, Li J, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Scavenger receptor B protects shrimp from bacteria by enhancing phagocytosis and regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:10-21. [PMID: 25697802 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are involved in innate immunity through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and in pathogenesis of diseases through interactions with damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The roles of SRs in invertebrate innate immunity still need to be elucidated. Here we identify a class B scavenger receptor from kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, designated MjSR-B1. The recombinant MjSR-B1 agglutinated bacteria in a calcium dependent manner and bound lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. After knockdown of MjSR-B1, both the bacterial clearance and phagocytotic ability of M. japonicus against V. anguillarum and S. aureus were impaired, and several phagocytosis related genes were downregulated. The expression levels of antimicrobial peptides were also downregulated. Overexpression of MjSR-B1 led to enhanced bacterial clearance, phagocytosis rate and upregulation of phagocytosis-related and antimicrobial peptide genes. However, overexpression of mutant MjSR-B1ΔC, which lacks the carboxyl tail of MjSR-B1, had none of these effects. Our results indicate that MjSR-B1 can protect shrimp from bacteria by promoting phagocytosis and by enhancing the expression of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dian-Xiang Li
- Biotechnology Department, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yi-Hui Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sen Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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82
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Microinjection of Francisella tularensis and Listeria monocytogenes reveals the importance of bacterial and host factors for successful replication. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3233-42. [PMID: 26034213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00416-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain intracellular bacteria use the host cell cytosol as the replicative niche. Although it has been hypothesized that the successful exploitation of this compartment requires a unique metabolic adaptation, supportive evidence is lacking. For Francisella tularensis, many genes of the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) are essential for intracellular growth, and therefore, FPI mutants are useful tools for understanding the prerequisites of intracytosolic replication. We compared the growth of bacteria taken up by phagocytic or nonphagocytic cells with that of bacteria microinjected directly into the host cytosol, using the live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis; five selected FPI mutants thereof, i.e., ΔiglA, ΔiglÇ ΔiglG, ΔiglI, and ΔpdpE strains; and Listeria monocytogenes. After uptake in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), ASC(-/-) BMDM, MyD88(-/-) BMDM, J774 cells, or HeLa cells, LVS, ΔpdpE and ΔiglG mutants, and L. monocytogenes replicated efficiently in all five cell types, whereas the ΔiglA and ΔiglC mutants showed no replication. After microinjection, all 7 strains showed effective replication in J774 macrophages, ASC(-/-) BMDM, and HeLa cells. In contrast to the rapid replication in other cell types, L. monocytogenes showed no replication in MyD88(-/-) BMDM and LVS showed no replication in either BMDM or MyD88(-/-) BMDM after microinjection. Our data suggest that the mechanisms of bacterial uptake as well as the permissiveness of the cytosolic compartment per se are important factors for the intracytosolic replication. Notably, none of the investigated FPI proteins was found to be essential for intracytosolic replication after microinjection.
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83
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Schneider RDO, Diehl C, Dos Santos FM, Piffer AC, Garcia AWA, Kulmann MIR, Schrank A, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Effects of zinc transporters on Cryptococcus gattii virulence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10104. [PMID: 25951314 PMCID: PMC4423424 DOI: 10.1038/srep10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all living organisms because it is a co-factor of several important proteins. Furthermore, zinc may play an essential role in the infectiousness of microorganisms. Previously, we determined that functional zinc metabolism is associated with Cryptococcus gattii virulence. Here, we characterized the ZIP zinc transporters in this human pathogen. Transcriptional profiling revealed that zinc levels regulated the expression of the ZIP1, ZIP2 and ZIP3 genes, although only the C. gattii zinc transporter Zip1 was required for yeast growth under zinc-limiting conditions. To associate zinc uptake defects with virulence, the most studied cryptococcal virulence factors (i.e., capsule, melanin and growth at 37 °C) were assessed in ZIP mutant strains; however, no differences were detected in these classical virulence-associated traits among the mutant and WT strains. Interestingly, higher levels of reactive oxygen species were detected in the zip1Δ and in the zip1Δ zip2Δ double mutants. In line with these phenotypic alterations, the zip1Δ zip2Δ double mutant displayed attenuated virulence in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Together, these results indicate that adequate zinc uptake is necessary for cryptococcal fitness and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Lívia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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84
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Hale C, Yeung A, Goulding D, Pickard D, Alasoo K, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages as a cellular system to study salmonella and other pathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124307. [PMID: 25946027 PMCID: PMC4422593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of pathogens, including several human-restricted organisms, persist and replicate within macrophages (Mφs) as a key step in pathogenesis. The mechanisms underpinning such host-restricted intracellular adaptations are poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of appropriate model systems. Here we explore the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages (iPSDMs) to study such pathogen interactions. We show iPSDMs express a panel of established Mφ-specific markers, produce cytokines, and polarise into classical and alternative activation states in response to IFN-γ and IL-4 stimulation, respectively. iPSDMs also efficiently phagocytosed inactivated bacterial particles as well as live Salmonella Typhi and S. Typhimurium and were able to kill these pathogens. We conclude that iPSDMs can support productive Salmonella infection and propose this as a flexible system to study host/pathogen interactions. Furthermore, iPSDMs can provide a flexible and practical cellular platform for assessing host responses in multiple genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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85
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Buckley KM, Rast JP. Diversity of animal immune receptors and the origins of recognition complexity in the deuterostomes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:179-189. [PMID: 25450907 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate animals are characterized by extraordinary diversity in terms of body plan, life history and life span. The past impression that invertebrate immune responses are controlled by relatively simple innate systems is increasingly contradicted by genomic analyses that reveal significant evolutionary novelty and complexity. One accessible measure of this complexity is the multiplicity of genes encoding homologs of pattern recognition receptors. These multigene families vary significantly in size, and their sequence character suggests that they vary in function. At the same time, certain aspects of downstream signaling appear to be conserved. Here, we analyze five major classes of immune recognition receptors from newly available animal genome sequences. These include the Toll-like receptors (TLR), Nod-like receptors (NLR), SRCR domain scavenger receptors, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP), and Gram negative binding proteins (GNBP). We discuss innate immune complexity in the invertebrate deuterostomes, which was first recognized in sea urchins, within the wider context of emerging genomic information across animal phyla.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biodiversity
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Genome/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Invertebrates/classification
- Invertebrates/genetics
- Invertebrates/immunology
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Immunologic/classification
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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86
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Lee HJ, Kim KC, Han JA, Choi SS, Jung YJ. The early induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and the downregulation of toll-like receptors 7 and 9 induce tolerance in costimulated macrophages. Mol Cells 2015; 38:26-32. [PMID: 25518931 PMCID: PMC4314129 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9 transduce a cellular signal through the MyD88-dependent pathway and induce the production of inflammatory mediators against microbial nucleotide components. The repeated stimulation of TLR4 leads to endotoxin tolerance, but the molecular mechanisms of tolerance induced through the costimulation of individual TLR has not yet been established, although endosomal TLRs share signaling pathways with TLR4. In the present study, mouse macrophages were simultaneously stimulated with the TLR7 agonist, gardiquimod (GDQ), and the TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN 1826, to examine the mechanism and effector functions of macrophage tolerance. Compared with individual stimulation, the costimulation of both TLRs reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 through the delayed activation of the NF-κB pathway; notably, IL-10 remained unchanged in costimulated macrophages. This tolerance reflected the early induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), according to the detection of elevated TNF-α secretion and restored NF-κB signaling in response to the siRNA-mediated abrogation of SOCS-1 signaling. In addition, the restimulation of each TLRs using the same ligand significantly reduced the expression of both TLRs in endosomes. These findings revealed that the costimulation of TLR7 and TLR9 induced macrophage tolerance via SOCS-1, and the restimulation of each receptor or both TLR7 and TLR9 downregulated TLR expression through a negative feedback mechanisms that protects the host from excessive inflammatory responses. Moreover, the insufficient and impaired immune response in chronic viral infection might also reflect the repeated and simultaneous stimulation of those endosomal TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ji Lee
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jeong A Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
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87
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Kelley JL, Ozment TR, Li C, Schweitzer JB, Williams DL. Scavenger receptor-A (CD204): a two-edged sword in health and disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:241-61. [PMID: 24941076 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (SR-A), also known as the macrophage scavenger receptor and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204), plays roles in lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and a number of metabolic processes. However, recent evidence points to important roles for SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Herein, we review the role of SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury, Alzheimer's disease, virus recognition and uptake, bone metabolism, and pulmonary injury. Interestingly, SR-A is reported to be host protective in some disease states, but there is also compelling evidence that SR-A plays a role in the pathophysiology of other diseases. These observations of both harmful and beneficial effects of SR-A are discussed here in the framework of inflammation, innate immunity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim L Kelley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Tammy R Ozment
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Departments of Pathology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - David L Williams
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
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88
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O'Donnell H, McSorley SJ. Salmonella as a model for non-cognate Th1 cell stimulation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:621. [PMID: 25540644 PMCID: PMC4261815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella has been a model pathogen for examining CD4 T cell activation and effector functions for many years due to the strength of the Th1 cell response observed during Salmonella infections, the relative ease of use of Salmonella, the availability of Salmonella-specific T cell reagents, and the well-characterized nature of the model system, the pathogen, and the immune response elicited. Herein, we discuss the use of Salmonella as a model pathogen to explore the complex interaction of T cells with their inflammatory environment. In particular, we address the issue of bystander activation of naïve T cells and non-cognate stimulation of activated and memory T cells. Further, we compare and contrast our current knowledge of these non-cognate responses in CD8 versus CD4 T cells. Finally, we make a case for Salmonella as a particularly appropriate model pathogen in the study of non-cognate CD4 T cell responses based on the strength of the Th1 response during infection, the requirement for CD4 T cells in bacterial clearance, and the well-characterized inflammatory response to conserved molecular patterns induced by Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Donnell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA ; Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School - Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN , USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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89
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Robert J, Grayfer L, Edholm ES, Ward B, De Jesús Andino F. Inflammation-induced reactivation of the ranavirus Frog Virus 3 in asymptomatic Xenopus laevis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112904. [PMID: 25390636 PMCID: PMC4229299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural infections of ectothermic vertebrates by ranaviruses (RV, family Iridoviridae) are rapidly increasing, with an alarming expansion of RV tropism and resulting die-offs of numerous animal populations. Notably, infection studies of the amphibian Xenopus laevis with the ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) have revealed that although the adult frog immune system is efficient at controlling RV infections, residual quiescent virus can be detected in mononuclear phagocytes of otherwise asymptomatic animals following the resolution of RV infections. It is noteworthy that macrophage-lineage cells are now believed to be a critical element in the RV infection strategy. In the present work, we report that inflammation induced by peritoneal injection of heat-killed bacteria in asymptomatic frogs one month after infection with FV3 resulted in viral reactivation including detectable viral DNA and viral gene expression in otherwise asymptomatic frogs. FV3 reactivation was most prominently detected in kidneys and in peritoneal HAM56+ mononuclear phagocytes. Notably, unlike adult frogs that typically clear primary FV3 infections, a proportion of the animals succumbed to the reactivated FV3 infection, indicating that previous exposure does not provide protection against subsequent reactivation in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Brian Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
| | - Francisco De Jesús Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States of America
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90
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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91
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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92
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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93
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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94
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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95
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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96
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Decreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P. Lafuse
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B. Landes
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- *Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- ‡Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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97
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Abrantes MC, Kok J, Silva Lopes MDF. Enterococcus faecalis zinc-responsive proteins mediate bacterial defence against zinc overload, lysozyme and oxidative stress. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2755-2762. [PMID: 25312746 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two Enterococcus faecalis genes encoding the P-type ATPase EF1400 and the putative SapB protein EF0759 were previously shown to be strongly upregulated in the presence of high concentrations of zinc. In the present work, we showed that a Zn(2+)-responsive DNA-binding motif (zim) is present in the promoter regions of these genes. Both proteins were further studied with respect to their involvement in zinc homeostasis and invasion of the host. EF0759 contributed to intramacrophage survival by an as-yet unknown mechanism(s). EF1400, here renamed ZntAEf, is an ATPase with specificity for zinc and plays a role in dealing with several host defences, i.e. zinc overload, oxidative stress and lysozyme; it provides E. faecalis cells with the ability to survive inside macrophages. As these three host defence mechanisms are important at several sites in the host, i.e. inside macrophages and in saliva, this work suggested that ZntAEf constitutes a crucial E. faecalis defence mechanism that is likely to contribute to the ability of this bacterium to endure life inside its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta C Abrantes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria de Fátima Silva Lopes
- IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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98
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Ni B, Rajaram MVS, Lafuse WP, Landes MB, Schlesinger LS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis decreases human macrophage IFN-γ responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4537-47. [PMID: 25252958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ-activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis-infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William P Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle B Landes
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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99
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Schmid M, Zimara N, Wege AK, Ritter U. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell functionality and interaction withLeishmania majorparasites differ in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3295-306. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Nicole Zimara
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
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100
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Abstract
ABSTRACT: The importance of macrophages in the control of infections has long been documented, but macrophages have also been shown to contribute to severe influenza A virus infections. Macrophage function ranges from highly proinflammatory to wound healing and regulatory and a picture of diverse subsets with considerable plasticity in function and phenotype is emerging. Within the lung three subsets of macrophage populations have been identified: resident alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages and exudate-derived macrophages. Here we review model systems and techniques for defining macrophage function in vivo and discuss macrophage infection in vitro. The use of detailed phenotypic approaches and techniques to dissect the role of individual macrophage subsets in vivo promises rapid advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlynne Q Nicol
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bernadette M Dutia
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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