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Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee D, Yun T, Koo Y, Chae Y, Kang JH, Kang BT, Yang MP, Kim H. Clinical signs, duodenal histopathological grades, and serum high-mobility group box 1 concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2205-2214. [PMID: 34480505 PMCID: PMC8478061 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly occurs in dogs, but there is lack of information about potential biomarkers of clinical and histopathologic severity. Objective To examine the role of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations in dogs with IBD. Animals Seventeen dogs with IBD and 25 healthy dogs. Methods In this prospective study, duodenal histopathologic severity was graded, and the clinical severity of IBD was assessed by the canine IBD assessment index (CIBDAI) score in dogs with IBD. Serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations were compared between IBD and healthy dogs and analyzed according to histopathologic grade in dogs with IBD. The correlations between serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations and the CIBDAI score were evaluated. Results Dogs with IBD had higher serum CRP (median [range] = 20.39 [1.53‐67.69] μg/mL vs 2.31 [0.17‐11.49] μg/mL; P < .001) and HMGB1 concentrations (0.44 [0.07‐1.58] ng/mL vs 0.05 [0.01‐0.25] ng/mL; P < .001) than healthy dogs. The serum HMGB1 concentration was higher in IBD dogs with a moderate to severe histopathologic grade (0.51 [0.30‐1.58] ng/mL, P = .03) than in those with a mild histopathologic grade (0.17 [0.07‐0.75] ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations and CIBDAI score were positively correlated in dogs with IBD (rs = .49, P = .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Serum HMGB1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosing IBD and might be indicative of histopathologic severity in dogs, whereas serum CRP might be an indicator of clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Suk Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Gori E, Pierini A, Nesci M, Benvenuti E, Tasca S, Lubas G, Marchetti V. Detection of Anti-Erythrocyte Antibodies in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092580. [PMID: 34573547 PMCID: PMC8465133 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several extra-intestinal manifestations, including immune-mediated cytopenias, are reported in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), whereas they are poorly documented in dogs. Hypothesizing that immune-mediated subclinical anemia can occur in canine IBD, the study aim was to evaluate the erythrogram and the presence of anti-RBC antibodies in dogs with IBD. IBD was diagnosed according to the following criteria: chronic gastrointestinal signs, ruling out of extra-intestinal diseases, no improvement with diet trial, histological evidence of inflammatory infiltration, and improvement after immunosuppressant therapy. Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI) endoscopic and histopathological scores were assessed for each dog. Twenty-five dogs were enrolled, and each dog had a CBC evaluation prior to endoscopy. The CBC was performed using laser hematology analyzer and blood smears were carefully reviewed for the presence of nucleated RBC, anisocytosis, polychromasia, and Howell-Jolly bodies. IgG and IgM anti-RBC antibodies were evaluated with flow cytometry. A high frequency of positive cases for anti-RBC antibodies in dogs with IBD (17/25 dogs) was ascertained. Approximatively 50% of dogs showed some hematologic features of RBC regeneration in addition to hematologic findings consistent with chronic inflammation. Anti-RBC antibodies and signs of erythroid regeneration may suggest possible subclinical chronic immune-mediated hemolysis that can cause anemia in dogs with IBD, together with the chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gori
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0502210166
| | - Martina Nesci
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
| | - Elena Benvenuti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
| | - Silvia Tasca
- Clinical Pathology Division, San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, 35030 Padova, Italy;
| | - George Lubas
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (M.N.); (E.B.); (G.L.); (V.M.)
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53
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Martínez-López LM, Perez-Gonzalez A, Washington EA, Woodward AP, Roth-Schulze AJ, Dandrieux JRS, Johnstone T, Prakash N, Jex A, Mansfield C. Hierarchical modelling of immunoglobulin coated bacteria in dogs with chronic enteropathy shows reduction in coating with disease remission but marked inter-individual and treatment-response variability. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255012. [PMID: 34411114 PMCID: PMC8376084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are a common problem in dogs, but many aspects of the pathogenesis remain unknown, making the therapeutic approach challenging in some cases. Environmental factors are intimately related to the development and perpetuation of gastrointestinal disease and the gut microbiome has been identified as a contributing factor. Previous studies have identified dysbiosis and reduced bacterial diversity in the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic enteropathies. In this case-controlled study, we use flow cytometry and 16S rRNA sequencing to characterise bacteria highly coated with IgA or IgG in faecal samples from dogs with chronic enteropathy and evaluated their correlation with disease and resolution of the clinical signs. IgA and IgG-coated faecal bacterial counts were significantly higher during active disease compared to healthy dogs and decreased with the resolution of the clinical signs. Characterisation of taxa-specific coating of the intestinal microbiota with IgA and IgG showed marked variation between dogs and disease states, and different patterns of immunoglobulin enrichment were observed in dogs with chronic enteropathy, particularly for Erysipelotrichaceae, Clostridicaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Prevotellaceae and Bacteroidaceae, families. Although, members of these bacterial groups have been associated with strong immunogenic properties and could potentially constitute important biomarkers of disease, their significance and role need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Martínez-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexis Perez-Gonzalez
- Melbourne Cytometry Platform, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew P. Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julien R. S. Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathalee Prakash
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Jex
- Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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The Impact of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy on Dogs' Quality of Life and Dog-Owner Relationship. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080166. [PMID: 34437488 PMCID: PMC8402703 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was aimed at evaluating the impact of canine chronic enteropathies on dogs’ quality of life (QoL), their behavior, and owner–dog relationship. Forty-four dogs suffering from primary chronic enteropathies were assessed on the first visit with a veterinary gastroenterologist and on the first follow-up visit using a 1–10 visual scale to evaluate five features of QoL, the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index, the Lexington Attachment to Pet Scale, and the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. They were compared to a control group of 49 healthy dogs and to a group of 50 dogs suffering from cancer. QoL and severity of enteropathy were negatively associated; enteropathic dogs on the first visit had a lower QoL than healthy dogs for all features and a lower general QoL than cancer patients; enteropathic dogs on the follow-up visit improved significantly for general QoL, health QoL, and interaction QoL. Higher levels of attachment between the owner and the dog were obtained for dogs affected by chronic enteropathies. Finally, dogs showed higher scores for separation-related behaviors and contact/attention behaviors on the first visit than on the subsequent follow-up. As in human medicine, chronic enteropathies have a strong negative impact on dogs.
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55
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Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Bresciani F, Morini M, Licarini S, Turba ME, Amaducci G, Bettini G, Fracassi F, Ostanello F. Evaluation of Prognostic Factors, including Duodenal P-Glycoprotein Expression, in Canine Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082315. [PMID: 34438774 PMCID: PMC8388466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to evaluate which factors, including expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a membrane-bound protein involved in multiple drug resistance, could predict the response to treatment in canine immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). Dogs with IRE or non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) that were examined from 2005 to 2014 were included and were divided into two groups (IRE vs. NRE). Signalment, history, and clinical and laboratory findings were collected. P-glycoprotein immunohistochemistry was carried out on duodenal biopsies of both groups stored in our biobank, and immunophenotyping and molecular clonality were performed on the NRE samples. Ninety-two dogs were enrolled, 73 IRE (79.3%) and 19 NRE (20.7%), with a prevalence of pure breed (78.3% vs. 21.7%) and male dogs (p < 0.001). Factors associated with a worse prognosis were previous treatment with steroids (p = 0.033) and lower serum total protein concentration (p = 0.005). Clonality testing on the NRE duodenal biopsies showed 5/16 clonal responses, assuming a latent undiagnosed lymphoma as a possible cause of the NRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Giuliano Bettini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.); (G.B.); (F.F.); (F.O.)
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Effects of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with and without Corticosteroids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072061. [PMID: 34359189 PMCID: PMC8300310 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The conventional treatment of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes corticosteroids, but they cannot contain the disease effectively in a percentage of patients. Still, their suppression can lead to a worsening. Moreover, the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an alternative has yielded promising results. However, they have been always infused after a washout period of any other immunosuppressants. Therefore, the feasibility and effects of the combination of stem cells and prednisone in IBD-dogs will be evaluated for the first time in this study. A single infusion of MSCs were administered to a group of IBD-dogs without any treatment and to another having prednisone treatment with poor response. The changes in two clinical indices, albumin and cobalamin concentration were assessed after one, three, six and 12 months. In both groups, an alleviation of the disease severity and an increase in albumin and cobalamin concentrations were observed at each visit. In parallel, the steroid dosage was gradually reduced until it was suppressed in all patients a year after the stem cell infusion. Therefore, the benefits of stem cell transplantation in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease receiving or not prednisone are significant and lasting. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells have proven to be a promising alternative to conventional steroids to treat canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, their administration requires a washout period of immunosuppressive drugs that can lead to an exacerbation of the symptoms. Therefore, the feasibility and effects of the combined application of stem cells and prednisone in IBD-dogs without adequate response to corticosteroids was evaluated for the first time in this study over a long- term follow up. Two groups of dogs with IBD, one without treatment and another with prednisone treatment, received a single infusion of stem cells. The clinical indices, albumin and cobalamin were determined prior to the infusion and after one, three, six and 12 months. In both groups, all parameters significantly improved at each time point. In parallel, the steroid dosage was gradually reduced until it was suppressed in all patients a year after the cell therapy. Therefore, cell therapy can significantly and safely improve the disease condition in dogs with IBD receiving or not receiving prednisone. Furthermore, the steroid dosage can be significantly reduced or cancelled after the stem cell infusion. Their beneficial effects are stable over time and are long lasting.
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57
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Keiner M, Balzhäuser L, Güssow A, Moritz A. [Granulomatous colitis in a French Bulldog puppy]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:212-218. [PMID: 34157763 DOI: 10.1055/a-1396-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month-old French bulldog was presented due to chronic large intestinal diarrhea of 4 months duration. The diagnostic procedures initiated by the referring veterinarian had resulted in a tentative diagnosis of chronic enteropathy, however treatment consisting of elimination diet as well as antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medication had been unsuccessful. By means of endoscopy and histological examination, pronounced erosions and ulcerations of the colonic mucosa were detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled the identification of invasive Escherichia coli within the colonic mucosa and colonic macrophages, allowing for the diagnosis of granulomatous colitis. The dog showed complete remission of clinical signs following 8 weeks of treatment with enrofloxacin. This case report describes the first successful treatment of granulomatous colitis with enrofloxacin in a French bulldog puppy in Germany and is intended to sensitize the reader to this disease in (young) dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Keiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleintiere, Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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58
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Alves JC, Jorge P, Santos A. A survey on the prevalence of diarrhea in a Portuguese population of police working dogs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:211. [PMID: 34098935 PMCID: PMC8186175 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is considered the most common clinical sign of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs and affects a considerable portion of working and sporting dogs. We aimed to determine the prevalence of diarrhea in police working dogs and evaluate the relationship between feeding, activity level, and animal characteristics with clinical signs. In an observational, prospective study, information on 188 dogs was collected. For each patient, age, sex, breed, specific mission, number of animals at the same housing location, and activity level was recorded. A body condition (BCS) and canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) scores were determined, and feces classified according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare recorded data between breeds, mission, age, and sex. Multiple regression was run to predict BCS score, increased defecation frequency, diarrhea, CIBDAI scores, Bristol stool scores, diarrhea from activity level, number of animals at the same housing location, breed, and mission. A p < 0.05 was set. Results Animals in the sample (male n = 96, female n = 92) had a mean age of 5.2 ± 3.2 years and a bodyweight of 24.1 ± 7.2 kg. Four main dog breeds were represented, 80 Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dogs, 52 German Shepherd Dogs, 25 Labrador Retrievers, and 19 Dutch Shepherd Dog. A prevalence of diarrhea of 10.6% was determined, with 4% of dogs having liquid diarrhea. Dogs classified as “extremely active” were more likely to have a low BCS, and the level of activity contributed to diarrhea and BCS prediction. Conclusion Police working dogs frequently experience diarrhea episodes, which lead to clinical disease and performance loss. Investigation of aetiologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal. .,MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal.
| | - P Jorge
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), Rua Presidente Arriaga, 9, 1200-771, Lisbon, Portugal
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Hirokawa M, Takahashi K, Miyajima M, Furukawa R, Sugita K, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Expression of genes encoding inflammasome sensor subunits in the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1161-1166. [PMID: 34078756 PMCID: PMC8349800 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes play a pivotal role in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation. However, it remains elusive whether the nucleotide-binding oligomerization
domain-like receptor (NLR) family inflammasomes, such as NLR family pyrin domain-containing (NLRP) 3, NLRP6, and NLRP12, are involved in the pathogenesis of
canine chronic enteropathy (CE), which includes antibiotic-responsive enteropathy (ARE), food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), immunosuppressant-responsive
enteropathy (IRE), and non-responsive enteropathy (NRE). Thus, we measured mRNA expression of NLRP3, NLRP6, and
NLRP12 in the intestinal mucosa of 35 dogs with CE (ARE, four dogs; FRE, 11 dogs; IRE and NRE, 20 dogs) and seven healthy dogs. As per
real-time PCR analysis, significant increases in mRNA expression of NLRP3 and NLRP12 were noted in the colonic but not in the
duodenal mucosa of dogs with FRE compared to healthy dogs. These findings suggested that the NLRP3 and NLRP12 inflammasomes might contribute to the development
of colitis in dogs with FRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Hirokawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyajima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rintaro Furukawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Advanced Animal Medical Center, 1075 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-0934, Japan
| | - Koji Sugita
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Sugita Animal Hospital, 3-55-10 Shinshiraoka, Shiraoka, Saitama 349-0212, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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60
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Febo E, Crisi PE, Oddi S, Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Piscitelli F, Gramenzi A, Prinzio RD, Di Tommaso M, Bernabò N, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M, Boari A. Circulating Endocannabinoids as Diagnostic Markers of Canine Chronic Enteropathies: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655311. [PMID: 34124221 PMCID: PMC8187750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs, according to the treatment response to consecutive trials, are classified as food-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), and immunosuppressive-responsive (IRE) enteropathy. In addition to this classification, dogs with loss of protein across the gut are grouped as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). At present, the diagnosis of CEs is time-consuming, costly and sometimes invasive, also because non-invasive biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity are not yet available. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of circulating endocannabinoids in plasma as potential diagnostic markers of canine CEs. Thirty-three dogs with primary chronic gastrointestinal signs presented to Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of Teramo and Bologna (Italy) were prospectively enrolled in the study, and 30 healthy dogs were included as a control group. Plasma levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) were measured at the time of the first visit in dogs with different CEs, as well as in healthy subjects. Plasma levels of 2-AG (p = 0.001) and PEA (p = 0.008) were increased in canine CEs compared to healthy dogs. In particular, PEA levels were increased in the FRE group compared to healthy dogs (p = 0.04), while 2-AG was higher in IRE than in healthy dogs (p = 0.0001). Dogs affected by FRE also showed decreased 2-AG (p = 0.0001) and increased OEA levels (p = 0.0018) compared to IRE dogs. Moreover, dogs with PLE showed increased 2-AG (p = 0.033) and decreased AEA (p = 0.035), OEA (p = 0.016) and PEA (p = 0.023) levels, when compared to dogs affected by CEs without loss of proteins. The areas under ROC curves for circulating 2-AG (0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79–1.03) and OEA (0.81; 95% CI, 0.65–0.97) showed a good accuracy in distinguishing the different forms of CEs under study (FRE, ARE and IRE), at the time of the first visit. The present study demonstrated that endocannabinoid signaling is altered in canine CEs, and that CE subtypes showed distinct profiles of 2-AG, PEA and OEA plasma levels, suggesting that these circulating bioactive lipids might have the potential to become candidate biomarkers for canine CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Febo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Oddi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Bioscience, and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Boari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Nakazawa M, Miyamae J, Okano M, Kanemoto H, Katakura F, Shiina T, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H, Moritomo T, Watari T. Dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genotypes associated with chronic enteropathy in French bulldogs and miniature dachshunds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110271. [PMID: 34044267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine chronic enteropathy (CE) is a group of immunogenetic disorders of unclear etiology characterized by chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal signs and inflammation. Diagnosis of CE subtypes by treatment response is a lengthy and challenging process, particularly in refractory cases of the disease. Given known association of dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class II genotype and various immunogenetic disorders between and across breeds, this study was designed to examine the potential of determining susceptibility to refractory CE through identification of risk and protective genotypes in French bulldogs and miniature dachshunds-two popular dog breeds in Japan. Sequence-based genotyping of three DLA class II genes in 29 French bulldogs and 30 miniature dachshunds with refractory CE revealed a protective haplotype DLA-DRB1*002:01-DQA1*009:01-DQB1*001:01 against CE in French bulldogs (OR 0.09, 95 % CI 0.01-0.71, p = 0.0084). No statistical difference was noted between miniature dachshund cases and controls. These findings, largely disparate from a previous study on German shepherd dogs in the UK, were taken as possible indication of etiological differences in the refractory CE noted between and within breeds, and by extension, the potential of identifying such disease heterogeneity by DLA typing. The DLA-DQA1/DQB1 haplotype, protective against CE in our French bulldogs, has been reported as protective in various immune-mediated disorders such as Doberman hepatitis (Dyggve et al., 2011). Likewise, the DLA-DRB1*006:01 risk allele for Doberman hepatitis was noted in more French bulldogs with CE compared to controls, in line with reports on genotypes associated with both risk and protection being shared across various autoimmune diseases and breeds. These findings support an immunogenetic basis to the French bulldog-CE in our analysis, calling for further DLA studies working with larger samples and different breeds towards phenotypic clarification that may aid in early diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis through epigenetic approaches and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Nakazawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Okano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanemoto
- DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, 966-5 Kawamuko, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 224-0044, Japan; Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1143, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Faecal Microbiome Transplantation as a Solution to Chronic Enteropathies in Dogs: A Case Study of Beneficial Microbial Evolution. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051433. [PMID: 34067662 PMCID: PMC8156139 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies (CE) are gastrointestinal diseases that afflict about one in five dogs in Europe. Conventional therapeutic approaches include dietary intervention, pharmacological treatment and probiotic supplements. The patient response can be highly variable and the interventions are often not resolutive. Moreover, the therapeutic strategy is usually planned (and gradually corrected) based on the patient's response to empirical treatment, with few indirect gut health indicators useful to drive clinicians' decisions. The ever-diminishing cost of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) allows clinicians to directly follow and characterise the evolution of the whole gut microbial community in order to highlight possible weaknesses. In this framework, faecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) is emerging as a feasible solution to CE, based on the implant of a balanced, eubiotic microbial community from a healthy donor to a dysbiotic patient. In this study, we report the promising results of FMT carried out in a 9-year-old dog suffering from CE for the last 3 years. The patient underwent a two-cycle oral treatment of FMT and the microbiota evolution was monitored by 16S rRNA gene sequencing both prior to FMT and after the two administrations. We evaluated the variation of microbial composition by calculating three different alpha diversity indices and compared the patient and donor data to a healthy control population of 94 dogs. After FMT, the patient's microbiome and clinical parameters gradually shifted to values similar to those observed in healthy dogs. Symptoms disappeared during a follow-up period of six months after the second FMT. We believe that this study opens the door for potential applications of FMT in clinical veterinary practice and highlights the need to improve our knowledge on this relevant topic.
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Manz A, Allenspach K, Kummer S, Richter B, Walter I, Macho-Maschler S, Tichy A, Burgener IA, Luckschander-Zeller N. Upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1288-1296. [PMID: 33955083 PMCID: PMC8163116 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) is upregulated in mucosal epithelial cells and correlates with clinical severity. Hypothesis/Objective To investigate the expression pattern of pSTAT3 in the mucosa of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and explore correlations between its expression and clinical and histopathological severity scoring. Animals Twenty‐eight canine CIE patients grouped into food‐responsive enteropathy (FRE; 9), steroid‐responsive enteropathy (SRE; 10), and protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE; 9). Ten healthy beagle dogs served as controls (CO). Methods Retrospective case control study. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect pSTAT3 in canine duodenal mucosa samples. Results Compared to CO, SRE (P < .001) and PLE (P < .001) dogs had significantly higher pSTAT3 expression in the villus epithelium. The SRE group had a significantly higher expression in the villus lamina propria (VLP) compared to controls (P = .009). In the crypt epithelium (CE), all CIE dogs had significantly higher pSTAT3 expression (FRE, P = .002; SRE, P = .003; PLE, P < .001) compared to CO. In the lamina propria crypt region (CLP), dogs with FRE (P = .04) and SRE (P = .03) had significantly upregulated pSTAT3 compared to controls. A positive correlation was found between canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) scoring and pSTAT3 expression for both epithelial (rho = .541; P < .001) and crypt regions (rho = .32; P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance pSTAT3 is upregulated in CIE in dogs, correlates with clinical severity, and may be helpful as a clinical marker in dogs with CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Manz
- Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Stefan Kummer
- Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Macho-Maschler
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan A Burgener
- Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Internal Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Estruch J, Johnson J, Ford S, Yoshimoto S, Mills T, Bergman P. Utility of the combined use of 3 serologic markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic enteropathies in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1306-1315. [PMID: 33960552 PMCID: PMC8163139 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE) displayed elevated IgA seropositivity against specific markers that can be used to develop a novel test. OBJECTIVE To assess a multivariate test to aid diagnosis of CE in dogs and to monitor treatment-related responses. ANIMALS One hundred fifty-seven dogs with CE/inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 24 dogs non-IBD gastrointestinal disorders, and 33 normal dogs. METHODS Prospective, multicenter, clinical study that enrolled dogs with gastrointestinal disorders. Serum sample collected at enrollment and up to 3 months follow-up measuring OmpC (ACA), canine calprotectin (ACNA), and gliadin-derived peptides (AGA) by ELISA. RESULTS Seropositivity was higher in CE/IBD than normal dogs (66% vs 9% for ACA; 55% vs 15% for ACNA; and 75% vs 6% for AGA; P < .001). When comparing CE/IBD with non-IBD disease, ACA and ACNA displayed discriminating properties (66%, 55% vs 12.5%, 29% respectively) while AGA separated CE from normal cohorts (54% vs 6%). A 3-marker algorithm at cutoff of ACA > 15, ACNA > 6, AGA > 60 differentiates CE/IBD and normal dogs with 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity; and CE/IBD and non-IBD dogs with 80% sensitivity and 86% specificity. Titers decreased after treatment (47%-99% in ACA, 13%-88% in ACNA, and 30%-85% in AGA), changes that were concurrent with clinical improvements. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE An assay based on combined measurements of ACA, ACNA, and AGA is useful as a noninvasive diagnostic test to distinguish dogs with CE/IBD. The test also has the potential to monitor response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Ford
- Department of Internal MedicineBlue Pearl SpecialtyScottsdaleArizonaUSA
| | - Sean Yoshimoto
- Department of Internal MedicineWest LA Animal HospitalLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tracy Mills
- Department of Clinical StudiesWest LA Animal HospitalLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Philip Bergman
- Department of Internal MedicineKatonah Bedford Veterinary CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Sugita K, Shima A, Takahashi K, Matsuda Y, Miyajima M, Hirokawa M, Kondo H, Kimura J, Ishihara G, Ohmori K. Successful outcome after a single endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation in a Shiba dog with non-responsive enteropathy during the treatment with chlorambucil. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:984-989. [PMID: 33896875 PMCID: PMC8267193 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year 6-month-old, castrated male Shiba dog presented with a 1-month history of
lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and frequent watery diarrhea. Weight loss, hypoalbuminemia,
anemia, and leukocytosis were detected at the first visit. The dog was diagnosed with
non-responsive enteropathy (NRE) based on clinical and histopathological examinations.
Since the dog did not respond to the immunosuppressive drugs, fecal microbiota
transplantation (FMT) was performed during the treatment with chlorambucil. A single
endoscopic FMT into the cecum and colon drastically recovered clinical signs and
clinicopathological abnormalities and corrected dysbiosis in the dog. No recurrence or
adverse events were observed. The present case report suggests that FMT, possibly together
with chlorambucil, might be a treatment option for NRE in Shiba dogs that have poorer
prognosis compared with other dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugita
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Sugita Animal Hospital, 3-55-10 Shinshiraoka, Shiraoka, Saitama 349-0212, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shima
- Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., 8-17-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Matsuda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyajima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Marin Hirokawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-08510, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Genki Ishihara
- Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., 8-17-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Treese JS, Nolte I, Bach JP. Chronic enteropathy in dogs - retrospective case analysis and results of an owner survey. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:94-103. [PMID: 33902118 DOI: 10.1055/a-1354-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic gastrointestinal diseases in dogs are common and often require intensive diagnostic work-up and lifelong therapy. In this study, a survey of owners of affected dogs was conducted in parallel with a retrospective case analysis from the clinic's documentation system. MATERIAL AND METHODS The records of dogs with gastrointestinal symptomatology and exclusion of an extraintestinal cause, presented from January 2011 to October 2018, were acquired from the clinic's case system and analysed. Patient owners were interviewed using a questionnaire regarding diagnosis, treatment, course of the disease and improvement in the dog's quality of life as a result of treatment. To gain a better understanding of influencing factors for the different subtypes of chronic enteropathy, differentiation was made into feed-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE), and nonresponsive enteropathy (NRE) according to the success of different therapeutic approaches. RESULTS Of 125 patient owners contacted, 81 participated in the study. The majority of the 81 dogs had FRE (45; 55.6 %), 11 (13.6 %) dogs had ARE, 23 (28.4 %) had IRE and 2 (2.5 %) had NRE. At the disease onset, dogs in the FRE and ARE groups were significantly younger than those in the IRE group. Interviews with dog owners showed that veterinary recommendations had not been consistently implemented, particularly in dogs in the FRE group. Successful treatment resulted in significant improvement in the quality of life in patients in all 3 groups according to owner assessment, with no differences between the groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The majority of the contacted dog owners agreed to participate in the survey. A retrospective case analysis in combination with an owner survey is helpful to elicit the owners' assessment of their dog's treatment and disease course and to reveal starting points for improved owner compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Treese
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hannover, Foundation
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hannover, Foundation
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary University Hannover, Foundation
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67
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Wennogle SA, Stockman J, Webb CB. Prospective evaluation of a change in dietary therapy in dogs with steroid-resistant protein-losing enteropathy. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:756-764. [PMID: 33851420 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical effect of dietary alteration as a sole change to therapy in dogs with steroid-resistant protein-losing enteropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study. Eligible enrolled dogs received dietary alteration as sole change to their therapeutic plan. Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index and serum albumin were monitored for the 3-month study period. Long-term follow-up data were also available for some of the study participants. RESULTS Fifteen dogs were eligible for enrollment over the study period. Twelve were enrolled, 10 remained in the study at 30 days, nine completed the 3-month study period. Following dietary alteration, eight of 10 dogs achieved complete remission, one dog achieved partial remission and one dog had no response. Seven of eight dogs achieving complete remission have remained in remission up to 4 years following study. In dogs with complete remission, median Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index score was 11.5 and 4, and median serum albumin concentration was 15 g/L and 26 g/L at 0 and 14-28 days, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with protein-losing enteropathy with previous lack of response to a combination of dietary therapies, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive medications can achieve remission following a dietary change. Improvement is likely to be seen within 14 to 30 days. A change in dietary approach may be an alternative to further immunosuppression or anti-inflammatory strategies in some dogs with difficult to treat protein-losing enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wennogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - J Stockman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - C B Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Hernandez J, Dandrieux JRS. From Bench Top to Clinics: How New Tests Can Be Helpful in Diagnosis and Management of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:137-153. [PMID: 33187620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review different tests that have been researched in dogs with chronic enteropathy. The usefulness of these tests either to assess etiology, to differentiate between treatment response, or to monitor treatment response is discussed. The tests are divided in those that are commercially available and those that hold promises for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernandez
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR 1319 Micalis, Microbiota Interactions with Human and Animal Team (MIHA), F-78350, Jouy-en Josas, France; Department of Clinical Sciences, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences (Oniris), University of Nantes, 101 route de Gachet, Nantes 44300, France
| | - Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, U-Vet, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Benali SL, Gori E, Abramo F, Bottero E, Pietra M, Ruggiero P, Marchetti V. Evaluation of duodenal endoscopic and histologic findings, including counts of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells, in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:218-224. [PMID: 33629898 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate the clinical and prognostic importance of duodenal endoscopic and histologic findings, including duodenal mucosal counts of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Tregs), in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). ANIMALS 57 client-owned dogs with IRE. PROCEDURES The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was used to assess each dog when IRE was diagnosed (T0) and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Dogs were grouped on the basis of clinical response (responder group vs nonresponder group) and 12-month long-term outcome (responded to treatment and did not relapse [good outcome group] vs did not respond to treatment or had relapsed [bad outcome group]). At T0, dogs underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy, with results for variables of duodenal endoscopic and histologic evaluations scored and compared across groups. RESULTS At T0, the overall median CCECAI score was 7; CCECAI score was not associated with clinical response or relapse. Dogs had significantly greater odds of being in the bad outcome group (vs the good outcome group) if they had a histologic score of 3 (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.09 to 11.3). No differences in the counts of Foxp3+ Tregs were detected between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with IRE, results indicated that evaluation of Foxp3+ Tregs did not have prognostic value, whereas a duodenal histologic score of 3 could be a negative prognostic factor for response and relapse, and higher severity scores for intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes and plasma cells in duodenal biopsy samples may be negatively associated with response.
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70
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Sacoor C, Barros LM, Montezinho L. What are the potential biomarkers that should be considered in diagnosing and managing canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies? Open Vet J 2021; 10:412-430. [PMID: 33614437 PMCID: PMC7830176 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs are characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs that last for more than 3 weeks. Despite unclear etiopathogenesis, it is considered that a genetic predisposition associated with environmental factors, such as dietary antigens and intestinal microbiota, might induce an abnormal immune response in the host. The diagnosis of this condition requires full investigation in order to exclude all other possible causes. Currently, the observation of clinical signs associated with histopathologic evaluation and systematic therapeutic trials is the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathies. Furthermore, diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, and treatment response evaluation can be exhausting, since this whole process is time-consuming, costly, and partially invasive. Therefore, biomarkers appear as non-invasive tools, which can be useful in evaluating gastrointestinal function, identifying the presence of the disease and assessing its natural progression, monitoring gastrointestinal inflammation, predicting response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Over the past decade, several studies were conducted in order to explore the clinical utility of biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the biomarkers considered relevant in the diagnosis and management of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The biomarkers addressed in this study may be serological, present in urine and feces, or even tissue-derived. This study argues that biomarkers, in particular calprotectin and calgranulin C, have great potential to be used in clinical practice in the diagnosis and management of affected dogs. However, a single biomarker cannot assuredly predict disease severity, progression, response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Therefore, in order to achieve greater accuracy, it would be beneficial if these tools are used in conjunction with contemporary ones. Future research is needed with the aim to better determine the usefulness of these tools in chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sacoor
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Meireles Barros
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Montezinho
- Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), University School of Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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Cabrera-García AI, Protschka M, Alber G, Kather S, Dengler F, Müller U, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Dysregulation of gastrointestinal RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) expression in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110216. [PMID: 33636544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs involves dysregulated innate immune responses. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a pattern recognition receptor, plays a role in chronic inflammation. Abrogation of proinflammatory RAGE signaling by ligand binding (e.g., S100/calgranulins) to soluble RAGE (sRAGE) might also be a novel therapeutic avenue. Serum sRAGE levels are decreased in canine CIE, but gastrointestinal tissue RAGE expression has not been investigated in dogs. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the gastrointestinal mucosal RAGE expression in dogs with CIE. Further, the potential binding of RAGE to canine S100/calgranulin ligands was investigated. Epithelial RAGE expression was quantified in gastrointestinal (gastric, duodenal, ileal, and colonic) biopsies from 12 dogs with CIE and 9 healthy control dogs using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RAGE expression was compared between both groups of dogs and was tested for an association with patient characteristics, clinical variables, histologic lesion severity, and biomarkers of extra-gastrointestinal disease, systemic or gastrointestinal inflammation, function, or protein loss. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RAGE:S100/calgranulin binding was assessed by immunoassay and electrophoretic techniques. RAGE expression was detected in all 59 biopsies from diseased and healthy control dogs evaluated. Epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum and colon was significantly higher in dogs with CIE than in healthy controls (p < 0.04). Compared to healthy controls, RAGE expression in dogs with CIE also tended to be higher in the ileum but lower in the stomach. A slight (statistically not significant) shift towards more basal intestinal epithelial RAGE expression was detected in CIE dogs. Serum sRAGE was proportional to epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum (p < 0.04), and RAGE expression in the colon inversely correlated with biomarkers of protein loss in serum (both p < 0.04). Several histologic morphologic and inflammatory lesion criteria and markers of inflammation (serum C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin concentration) were related to epithelial RAGE expression in the duodenum, ileum, and/or colon. in vitro canine RAGE:S100A12 binding appeared more pronounced than RAGE:S100A8/A9 binding. This study showed a dysregulation of epithelial RAGE expression along the gastrointestinal tract in dogs with CIE. Compensatory regulations in the sRAGE/RAGE axis are an alternative explanation for these findings. The results suggest that RAGE signaling plays a role in dogs with CIE, but higher anti-inflammatory decoy receptor sRAGE levels paralleled RAGE overexpression. Canine S100/calgranulins were demonstrated to be ligands for RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Cabrera-García
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - M Protschka
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - G Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - S Kather
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - F Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - U Müller
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - R M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany.
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Treese JS, Nolte I, Bach JP. [Patient owner surveys in small animal medicine - importance, benefits and pitfalls in planning, execution and analysis]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:14-21. [PMID: 33588461 DOI: 10.1055/a-1319-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, the benefits and difficulties of planning and conducting patient surveys in veterinary medicine were examined using 2 examples. One focus was placed on the comparison of the subjective assessment and perception of patient owners with regard to long-term investigation of disease progression. STUDY POPULATION An owner survey was conducted in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) and degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). In both surveys, the case system of the Clinic for Small Animals of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover was used to identify suitable cases based on appropriate diagnoses. Owners were contacted and invited to complete (digitally or postally) a multipart questionnaire on their dogs. The results of the survey were evaluated regarding their agreement with literature data. Based on the results of this evaluation, the study design, reliability of owner perception and the benefit of the survey were examined critically. RESULTS The search in the clinic's case system provided 125 suitable cases for CE and 145 for DMVD. A total of 81 (CE, response rate 64.8 %) and 72 (DMVD, response rate 49,7 %) owners answered the questionnaire. The owners provided considerably different information concerning the diagnostic examination of their animals. While the statements on the course and forms of disease in CE corresponded to the information from the literature, this was not always the case with DMVD. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patient owner surveys may provide important information about disease progression from the owner's perspective. This is particularly valuable in chronic diseases, the management of which requires good owner compliance. An identical approach to patient selection may lead to results differing in their informative value depending on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover
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Becher A, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a diagnostic marker in dogs with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:516-527. [PMID: 33554784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721992057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few routinely available biomarkers are clinically useful in assessing dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) and aid in CE subclassification. The diagnostic potential of the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has not been evaluated in canine CE. We evaluated the NLR in 93 dogs with CE (no steroid treatment for ≥2 wk prior) and tested for an association with clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic characteristics and also with CE subclassification. NLR was significantly higher in CE dogs with severe clinical disease than dogs with mild clinical disease (p = 0.047). Hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.001), but not hypocobalaminemia, was associated with higher NLRs. NLR was correlated with fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations (ρ = 0.47) and the serum-to-fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor ratio (ρ = -0.48; both p < 0.001) but not with serum or fecal inflammatory markers nor with the overall histologic score (all p > 0.05). Dogs with steroid- or other immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE) or nonresponsive enteropathy (NRE) had significantly higher NLRs (median: 7.3) than dogs with food-responsive enteropathy (FRE; median: 3.0; p = 0.003), and a NLR ≥5.5 best distinguished both groups of dogs. No difference in NLR was detected between dogs with IRE and dogs diagnosed with NRE. These findings suggest that leukogram changes (i.e., NLR) could be clinically useful in canine CE, and that neutrophils might play a role in the systemic inflammatory response associated with canine CE. The NLR can be easily assessed on routine hematology and can potentially aid in the subclassification of dogs with CE based on the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Becher
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Pierini A, Esposito G, Gori E, Benvenuti E, Ruggiero P, Lubas G, Marchetti V. Platelet abnormalities and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in canine immunosuppressant-responsive and non-responsive enteropathy: A retrospective study in 41 dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:248-253. [PMID: 33455958 PMCID: PMC7972876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined platelet alterations in dogs with chronic enteropathy. Our aim was to investigate platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in dogs diagnosed with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE). In this retrospective study of 41 dogs, data regarding signalment, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), endoscopic and histopathological scores, PLT, MPV, PLR, total serum protein concentrations, albumin, and iron were collected. Clinical response and relapse were assessed with the evaluation of CCECAI over time. One month after starting therapy, dogs with >25% CCECAI reduction were considered responders. During a three-month CCECAI evaluation as part of a twelve-month follow-up, a CCECAI >3 together with a ≥2 unit increase in responder dogs was considered a relapse. PLT and PLR displayed significant negative correlation with MPV. MPV was positively correlated with total protein and albumin levels and negatively correlated with CCECAI. Three dogs were classified as non-responders, and 14 relapsed within 12 months. No differences were observed in PLT, MPV, or PLR between responding/non-responding and relapsing/non-relapsing groups. PLT, MPV, and PLR correlated with total protein, albumin, and CCECAI, confirming PLT as a potential marker, and suggesting MPV as a new marker of clinical efficacy against canine IRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggiero
- Private Professional Association Endovet, Via Antonio Oroboni, 8-00149 Roma, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Bragg M, Freeman EW, Lim HC, Songsasen N, Muletz-Wolz CR. Gut Microbiomes Differ Among Dietary Types and Stool Consistency in the Captive Red Wolf ( Canis rufus). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590212. [PMID: 33304337 PMCID: PMC7693430 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive management of many wildlife species can be challenging, with individuals displaying health disorders that are not generally described in the wild population. Retrospective studies have identified gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, in particular inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as the second leading cause of captive adult red wolf (Canis rufus) mortality. Recent molecular studies show that imbalanced gut microbial composition is tightly linked to IBD in the domestic dog. The goal of the present study was to address two main questions: (1) how do red wolf gut microbiomes differ between animals with loose stool consistency, indicative of GI issues, and those with normal stool consistency and (2) how does dietary type relate to stool consistency and red wolf gut microbiomes? Fresh fecal samples were collected from 48 captive wolves housed in eight facilities in the United States and from two wild wolves living in Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, NC, United States. For each individual, the stool consistency was categorized as loose or normal using a standardized protocol and their diet was categorized as either wild, whole meat, a mix of whole meat and kibble or kibble. We characterized gut microbiome structure using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We found that red wolves with a loose stool consistency differed in composition than wolves with normal stool consistency, suggesting a link between GI health and microbiome composition. Diet was not related to stool consistency but did significantly impact gut microbiome composition; gut microbiome composition of wolves fed a kibble diet were significantly different than the gut microbiome composition of wolves fed a mixed, whole meat and wild diet. Findings from this study increase the understanding of the interplay between diet and GI health in the red wolf, a critical piece of information needed to maintain a healthy red wolf population ex situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Bragg
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth W. Freeman
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Haw Chuan Lim
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Carly R. Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States
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76
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Takahashi K, Yanuma N, Hirokawa M, Miyajima M, Ogawa M, Osada H, Sugita K, Kondo H, Ohmori K. Presence of the house dust mite allergen in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs with chronic enteropathy: A potential inducer of interleukin-1β. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110150. [PMID: 33190867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) is an environmental allergen ubiquitously present indoors, causing allergic inflammation in dogs. However, it is unclear whether HDM allergens can be detected in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs. In addition, although expression of interleukin (IL)-1β is increased in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE), the role of HDM allergens in the production of IL-1β has not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and to elucidate the effect of HDM on IL-1β expression in canine macrophages. HDM allergen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1, was quantified in the gastric and duodenal fluids and the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of dogs with CE, healthy laboratory dogs and healthy client-owned dogs. Gene expression and protein levels of IL-1β were measured in HDM-stimulated canine peripheral macrophages from healthy laboratory dogs. Der p 1 was detected in the gastric and duodenal fluids of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of all dogs examined. Der p 1 levels in the duodenal and colonic mucosae were significantly higher in dogs with CE than in healthy laboratory dogs. HDM increased both gene expression and protein levels of IL-1β in canine macrophages. These findings demonstrate the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and the possible involvement of HDM allergens in the pathogenesis of CE by promoting IL-1β expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Marin Hirokawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyajima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Koji Sugita
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Sugita Animal Hospital, 3-55-10 Shinshiraoka, Shiraoka, Saitama, 349-0212, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kondo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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77
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Gori E, Bottero E, Pietra M, Lippi I, Meucci V, Marchetti V. Serum homocysteine concentration in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e47. [PMID: 32735090 PMCID: PMC7402937 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homocysteine (HCY) was evaluated in healthy and chronic enteropathic dogs, however no studies on dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy are available. Objectives The aim was to evaluate serum HCY concentrations and its prognostic role in dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy compared to healthy dogs. Methods Serum HCY concentration was statistically compared between 24 healthy dogs and 29 dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy. Correlation analyses between serum total protein, albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), folate and cobalamin, and serum HCY concentration were performed in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs. Results The associations between serum HCY concentration and clinical, histological, endoscopic scores and follow-up were evaluated. Mean serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs compared to control dogs (30.22 ± 8.67 µmol/L vs. 5.26 ± 2.78 µmol/L; p < 0.0001). No association between serum HCY concentration and total protein, ALB, CRP, folate concentration as well as, clinical score, histological and endoscopic scores was found. A negative correlation between serum HCY concentration and cobalamin was noted (p = 0.0025, r = −0.54). No significant difference in HCY was found between responsive and non-responsive dogs or between survivors and non-survivors. Conclusions Although, serum HCY concentration was higher in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy, its prognostic value remains unclear. However, further prospective, large-scale studies are warranted to better investigate the possible prognostic role of HCY in immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Alessandri G, Argentini C, Milani C, Turroni F, Cristina Ossiprandi M, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Catching a glimpse of the bacterial gut community of companion animals: a canine and feline perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1708-1732. [PMID: 32864871 PMCID: PMC7533323 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have gained a special position in human society by becoming our principal companion animals. In this context, efforts to ensure their health and welfare have increased exponentially, with in recent times a growing interest in assessing the impact of the gut microbiota on canine and feline health. Recent technological advances have generated new tools to not only examine the intestinal microbial composition of dogs and cats, but also to scrutinize the genetic repertoire and associated metabolic functions of this microbial community. The application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to canine and feline faecal samples revealed similarities in their bacterial composition, with Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most prevalent and abundant phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Although key bacterial members were consistently present in their gut microbiota, the taxonomic composition and the metabolic repertoire of the intestinal microbial population may be influenced by several factors, including diet, age and anthropogenic aspects, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multitude of factors which play a role in the modulation of the canine and feline gut microbiota and that of their human owners with whom they share the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience InstituteNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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Immunohistochemical Findings in Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Nine Cats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6209185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a term referring to a clinical condition characterized by recurrent/persistent gastrointestinal signs, which cannot be diagnosed only through histological findings, being an elimination diagnosis and needing therefore the previous exclusion of all other possible causes of gastrointestinal signs. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of different cytokines on endoscopic biopsy samples of the small and large intestine of cats suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and healthy controls, by immunohistochemistry evaluation. Nine cats referred for chronic gastrointestinal signs to the Gastroenterology Service, Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, were included. After being administered with antiparasitic drugs and after running complete laboratory exams, abdominal ultrasonography, etc., upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy samplings for histopathology and immunohistochemistry was then performed. Controls were represented by archived samples from healthy cats (University of Camerino, Italy, Veterinary Pathology Unit Archive). On biopsy samples, the immunohistochemistry expression of the following antibodies was evaluated: TGF-β, CD3+, FoxP3+, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and Th-17+. Statistic analysis was performed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and with Spearman test, considering significant
. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and CD3+ were significantly differently expressed between cats suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and controls, while no differences were found regarding TGF-β, IL-10, and FOXP3. A positive correlation was also found between proinflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory cytokines plus lymphocytes that were at the same time related to IL-10 and TGF-β. On the other hand, a negative correlation was found between proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Our results suggest an imbalance in the immune response which may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of feline inflammatory bowel disease.
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80
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Gori E, Lucarelli C, Lubas G, Marchetti V. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) in Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030141. [PMID: 32971945 PMCID: PMC7560079 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disorder leading to structural changes in the intestinal wall. In humans, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as a promising marker of IBD. This study evaluated the possible clinical and prognostic significance of the NLR in dogs with IBD. This retrospective study enrolled 41 dogs diagnosed with IBD presented to University of Pisa from January 2017 to January 2018. For each dog, age, sex, canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI), endoscopic and histopathological grading were recorded. Complete blood count, serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and C-reactive protein at the time of endoscopy were recorded. A control group (CG) of healthy dogs from a blood donor database was built. NLR was calculated for both IBD and CG as the ratio between absolute neutrophils and lymphocytes. Presence of crypt distension, lacteal dilation (LD), mucosal fibrosis, intraepithelial lymphocytes was recorded. Follow-up information was obtained from electronic medical records and dogs were classified as responders and non-responders based on CCECAI variation between admission and the first recheck. IRE dogs showed higher NLR compared to healthy dogs. NLR correlated negatively with total protein, albumin, and cholesterol and correlated positively with CCECAI. Dogs with LD showed higher NLR than dogs without LD. Non-responders showed higher NLR compared to responders. In conclusion, as in IBD human patients, the NLR acts as an inflammatory marker providing further information on severity of the disease and could be useful in predicting treatment response.
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81
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Cabrera-García AI, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Heilmann RM. Association between serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) deficiency and severity of clinicopathologic evidence of canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:664-674. [PMID: 32715975 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720943584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs, and further evaluation of the innate immune receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is warranted. We measured serum concentrations of decoy receptor soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in 102 dogs diagnosed with CIE, and evaluated relationships with clinical disease severity, histologic lesion severity, concentrations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum and fecal calprotectin, S100A12, and alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI). Serum sRAGE levels were not associated with clinical disease activity, serum CRP, serum and fecal α1PI, calprotectin, or S100A12 concentrations. Microscopic lesions in the duodenum were more severe in dogs with serum sRAGE concentration ≤ 340 ng/L (p = 0.013). Serum sRAGE levels were weakly and inversely correlated with the severity of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the gastric antrum and duodenum, and with crypt dilation and the neutrophilic infiltrate in the duodenum, in univariate analysis (all p < 0.05), but none of the correlations remained statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Our study confirms that CIE in dogs is associated with decreased serum sRAGE concentrations, suggesting a dysregulated sRAGE/RAGE axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Isabel Cabrera-García
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Cabrera-García, Heilmann).,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Suchodolski, Steiner)
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Cabrera-García, Heilmann).,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Suchodolski, Steiner)
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Cabrera-García, Heilmann).,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Suchodolski, Steiner)
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Cabrera-García, Heilmann).,Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Suchodolski, Steiner)
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82
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Benvenuti E, Pierini A, Gori E, Bartoli F, Erba P, Ruggiero P, Marchetti V. Serum amino acid profile in 51 dogs with immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE): a pilot study on clinical aspects and outcomes. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:117. [PMID: 32321505 PMCID: PMC7178940 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower levels of tryptophan (TRP) have been identified in people with inflammatory bowel disease and in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). No data on serum amino acids (AAs) but some on plasma in canine immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE) are available. The aim of this study is to compare serum AAs between healthy and IRE dogs, considering clinicopathological variables and follow-up. Results Twenty-six healthy control dogs (CD) and 51 IRE dogs were included. IRE was diagnosed after the exclusion of extra-intestinal diseases and food and antibiotic responsive enteropathies. The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was assessed at presentation and during the clinical follow-up. In CD and IRE dogs, 19 different serum AAs were measured. IRE dogs were classified into responders, partial responders and non-responders, based on CCECAI after 1 month, and divided into PLE and non-PLE, based on albumin level. IRE dogs showed lower L-Tyrosine (TYR), L-Phenylalanine (PHE) and TRP (p < 0.001) and higher L-Serine (SER), L-Glutamic acid (GLU), L-Arginine (p < 0.001), L-Threonine (p = 0.013), Proline (p = 0.044), L-Cysteine (p = 0.003), L-Valine (p = 0.018), L-Lysine (p = 0.01) and L-Isoleucine (p = 0.005) than CDs. PLE dogs showed lower L-Histidine (HIS) (p = 0.008), PHE (p = 0.005) and TRP (p = 0.005) than non-PLE dogs. In IRE dogs, median GLU was significantly lower in dogs with BCS 3/9 than BCS 5/9 category (p = 0.036). Total protein was positively correlated with PHE and TRP (both p = 0.031, r = 0.30) and albumin was positively correlated with HIS (p = 0.025, r = 0.31), PHE and TRP (both p = 0.001, r = 0.46). HIS (p = 0.041), PHE (p = 0.047) and TRP (p = 0.044) concentrations were significantly lower in non-responders than in responders and partial responders. Conclusions This study may suggest further investigation on serum, HIS, PHE, TRP and TYR as markers of intestinal disease and proposed HIS, PHE and TRP as prognostic marker for response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Benvenuti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via Livornese, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Paola Erba
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, Pisa, 56126, Italy
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83
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Gaspardo A, Zannoni A, Turroni S, Barone M, Sabetti MC, Zanoni RG, Forni M, Brigidi P, Pietra M. Influence of Lactobacillus kefiri on Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal IgA Content of Healthy Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:146. [PMID: 32300601 PMCID: PMC7142251 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of gastrointestinal tract pathologies in dogs and the worrisome topic of antibiotic resistance have raised the need to look for new therapeutic frontiers. Of these, the use of probiotics represents a potential therapeutic alternative. Lactobacillus kefiri (Lk) is a species of Lactobacillus isolated from kefir. Previous studies have demonstrated that its administration in mice downregulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators and increases anti-inflammatory molecules in the gut immune system. It also regulates intestinal homeostasis, incrementing immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion. Since Lk has never been studied as a single probiotic in dogs, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of Lk in dogs, and its effect on IgA secretion and on intestinal microbiota composition. Ten healthy dogs without a history of gastrointestinal diseases were included. The dogs received Lk at a dose of 107 live microorganisms orally, once daily for 30 days. The fecal samples were tested before administration, in the middle, at the end, and 30 days after discontinuation. The IgA secretion concentration and the microbiota composition were evaluated on the fecal samples. The results in this study suggested that Lk did not influence the concentration of IgA, nor significant changes of the intestinal microbiota were observed during and after the treatment. Therefore, additional studies are needed to investigate if a higher daily dosage of Lk can influence the intestinal homeostasis of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gaspardo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Sabetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Renato Giulio Zanoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy
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84
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Perrucci S, Berrilli F, Procopio C, Di Filippo MM, Pierini A, Marchetti V. Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs affected by primary chronic enteropathy. Open Vet J 2020; 10:74-79. [PMID: 32426260 PMCID: PMC7193877 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine primary chronic enteropathy (CE) includes a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic gastrointestinal signs. Aim: This study evaluated the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis infection in primary CE-affected dogs. Methods: Forty-seven CE-affected dogs of different age and sex were enrolled in the study. For each dog, frequency of defecation, fecal consistency, and eventual fecal abnormalities were evaluated. A clinical scoring index of CE severity (clinical chronic enteropathy activity index) was also assessed, and the type of enteropathy was retrospectively classified. For parasitological analysis, fresh fecal samples collected from each dog were examined by fresh and Lugol stained smears, flotation test, and a rapid immunoassay. Giardia duodenalis genotypes were identified by molecular analysis. Differences of clinical parameters between G. duodenalis positive and G. duodenalis negative dogs were statistically evaluated. Results: Among the CE canine patients, 16 out of 47 (34%) dogs were found positive for G. duodenalis and assemblages C and D were identified. No statistical differences emerged according to the types of CE between G. duodenalis-positive and G. duodenalis-negative dog groups. The clinical index of CE severity was indicative of significant less severe clinical forms in G. duodenalis-positive dogs (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Results here obtained shows how G. duodenalis may be present in primary CE-affected dogs and further investigations are needed to clarify the real significance of mild clinical presentation in G. duodenalis-positive dogs affected by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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85
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Nagata N, Ohta H, Yokoyama N, Teoh YB, Nisa K, Sasaki N, Osuga T, Morishita K, Takiguchi M. Clinical characteristics of dogs with food-responsive protein-losing enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:659-668. [PMID: 32060974 PMCID: PMC7096654 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE), data on the clinical characteristics of food‐responsive PLE (FR‐PLE) remain scarce. Objective To determine the clinical characteristics of FR‐PLE in dogs responsive to ultralow‐fat diet (ULFD) management. Animals Thirty‐three dogs diagnosed with PLE based on standard diagnostic criteria. Methods Retrospective review of medical records. Clinical findings were compared between dogs with FR‐PLE (FR‐PLE group) and those with immunosuppressant‐responsive PLE (IR‐PLE) or nonresponsive PLE (NR‐PLE) (IR/NR‐PLE group). The area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the ability of factors to differentiate the FR‐PLE and IR/NR‐PLE groups. Survival time was compared between the FR‐PLE and IR/NR‐PLE groups. Results Twenty‐three dogs responded to ULFD management and were diagnosed with FR‐PLE. The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was significantly lower in the FR‐PLE group than in the IR/NR‐PLE group (P < .001). The AUC of CCECAI for differentiating the FR‐PLE group was 0.935 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.845‐1.000) with an optimal cutoff value of 8 (sensitivity, 0.826; specificity, 0.889). Survival times were significantly longer in the FR‐PLE group (median, not reached) than in the IR/NR‐PLE group (median, 432 days; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs that respond to ULFD management and are diagnosed with FR‐PLE are expected to have a favorable prognosis. Clinical scores, specifically the CCECAI, could be useful for differentiating FR‐PLE from IR‐PLE or NR‐PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nagata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yong Bin Teoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Khoirun Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Osuga
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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86
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Ritter S, Zadik-Weiss L, Almogi-Hazan O, Or R. Cannabis, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine: Cannabinoids' Role in Public Health, Food Safety, and Translational Medicine. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2020; 11:RMMJ.10388. [PMID: 32017686 PMCID: PMC7000163 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health is connected to cannabis with regard to food, animal feed (feed), and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the use of phytocannabinoids should be examined from a One Health perspective. Current knowledge on medical cannabis treatment (MCT) does not address sufficiently diseases which are of epidemiological and of zoonotic concern. The use of cannabinoids in veterinary medicine is illegal in most countries, mostly due to lack of evidence-based medicine. To answer the growing need of scientific evidence-based applicable medicine in both human and veterinary medicine, a new approach for the investigation of the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids must be adopted. A model that offers direct study of a specific disease in human and veterinary patients may facilitate development of novel therapies. Therefore, we urge the regulatory authorities-the ministries of health and agriculture (in Israel and worldwide)-to publish guidelines for veterinary use due to its importance to public health, as well as to promote One Health-related preclinical translational medicine studies for the general public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Osnat Almogi-Hazan
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Or
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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87
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Atherly T, Rossi G, White R, Seo YJ, Wang C, Ackermann M, Breuer M, Allenspach K, Mochel JP, Jergens AE. Glucocorticoid and dietary effects on mucosal microbiota in canine inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226780. [PMID: 31887117 PMCID: PMC6936794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves complex interactions between mucosal immunity and the intestinal microbiota. Glucocorticoids are commonly administered to reduce mucosal inflammation and gastrointestinal signs. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of diet and oral prednisone on the spatial distribution of mucosal bacteria in IBD dogs. Eight dogs diagnosed with IBD were treated with immunosuppressive doses of prednisone. The mucosal microbiota from endoscopic biopsies of IBD dogs and healthy controls (HC; n = 15 dogs) was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) targeting the 16S rRNA genes of total bacteria and bacterial species relevant in canine/human IBD. Apicaljunction protein (AJP) expression using immunohistochemistry investigated the effect of medical therapy on intestinal barrier integrity. All IBD dogs had a reduction in GI signs following diet and prednisone therapy compared with baseline CIBDAI scores (P < 0.05). The mucosal microbiota of HC and diseased dogs was most abundant in free and adherent mucus. Only Lactobacilli were increased (P < 0.05) in the adherent mucus of IBD dogs compared to HC. The spatial distribution of mucosal bacteria was significantly different (P < 0.05) in IBD dogs following prednisone therapy, with higher numbers of Bifidobacteria and Streptococci detected across all mucosal compartments and increased numbers of Bifidobacterium spp., Faecalibacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp. present within adherent mucus. Differences in intestinal AJPs were detected with expression of occludin increased (P < 0.05) in IBD dogs versus HC. The expressions of occludin and E-cadherin were increased but zonulin decreased (P < 0.05 for each) in IBD dogs following prednisone therapy. In conclusion, the spatial distribution of mucosal bacteria differs between IBD and HC dogs, and in response to diet and glucocorticoid administration. Medical therapy was associated with beneficial changes in microbial community structure and enhanced mucosal epithelial AJP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Atherly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Robin White
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mary Breuer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Dandrieux JRS, Mansfield CS. Chronic Enteropathy In Canines: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:203-214. [PMID: 31828025 PMCID: PMC6902862 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s162774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the studies about the prevalence of chronic enteropathy are reviewed as well as the information regarding short- and long-term prognosis for dogs treated with the three most common therapies; these include dietary modification, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Although the data available are limited, most studies support a good to excellent long-term response in dogs that have a successful food trial, whereas the response is poor with antibiotics or on-going treatment is required to retain remission. There is a risk of antimicrobial resistance developing with inappropriate use of antimicrobials such as in these situations. The published information highlights the need for alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment to manipulate the GI microbiome, and in the final part of this article studies on the use of probiotic for the treatment of chronic enteropathy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Sarah Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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89
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Kather S, Grützner N, Kook PH, Dengler F, Heilmann RM. Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:13-28. [PMID: 31758868 PMCID: PMC6979111 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism are increasingly recognized in small animal medicine and have a variety of causes ranging from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary defects in cobalamin metabolism. Measurement of serum cobalamin concentration, often in combination with serum folate concentration, is routinely performed as a diagnostic test in clinical practice. While the detection of hypocobalaminemia has therapeutic implications, interpretation of cobalamin status in dogs can be challenging. The aim of this review is to define hypocobalaminemia and cobalamin deficiency, normocobalaminemia, and hypercobalaminemia in dogs, describe known cobalamin deficiency states, breed predispositions in dogs, discuss the different biomarkers of importance for evaluating cobalamin status in dogs, and discuss the management of dogs with hypocobalaminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kather
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niels Grützner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter H Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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90
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Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Campbell S, Gow A, Bommer NX, Salavati S, Mellanby RJ. Investigation of the efficacy of a dietetic food in the management of chronic enteropathies in dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 186:26. [PMID: 31662575 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic enteropathies (CEs) are a common cause of morbidity in dogs. CEs are diagnosed in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal clinical signs (>3 weeks), inflammatory changes on intestinal biopsies and where no other underlying cause is determined based on a thorough, standardised diagnostic work-up. Based on response to therapy, CEs are subclassified into food-responsive, antibiotic-responsive or steroid-responsive enteropathies. A significant proportion of dogs with a CE are food-responsive; however, there are limited peer-reviewed publications describing the clinical efficacy of the commercially available diets used to treat CE. METHODS In this study, the authors evaluated the response of 15 dogs with a CE to a commercially available dietetic food (Hill's Prescription Diet i/d Sensitive Canine Dry). The dogs underwent a standard diagnostic evaluation and did not receive concurrent anthelmintic, antibiotic, glucocorticoid or gastroprotectant therapies. The clinical efficacy of the dietary treatment was assessed by comparing the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) before and a median of 13 days after dietary therapy. RESULTS The authors found that the CIBDAI significantly decreased following the introduction of the dietetic food (median CIBDAI score pretreatment 9, post-treatment 2; P<0.0005). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that this dietetic food can be used to successfully manage CE in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Susan Campbell
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Adam Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Nick X Bommer
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Silke Salavati
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Roslin, UK
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91
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Dias IE, Pinto PO, Barros LC, Viegas CA, Dias IR, Carvalho PP. Mesenchymal stem cells therapy in companion animals: useful for immune-mediated diseases? BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:358. [PMID: 31640767 PMCID: PMC6805418 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells, with capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into tissues of mesodermal origin. These cells are possible therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders, since they present remarkable immunomodulatory ability.The increase of immune-mediated diseases in veterinary medicine has led to a growing interest in the research of these disorders and their medical treatment. Conventional immunomodulatory drug therapy such as glucocorticoids or other novel therapies such as cyclosporine or monoclonal antibodies are associated with numerous side effects that limit its long-term use, leading to the need for developing new therapeutic strategies that can be more effective and safe.The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview about the therapeutic potential of these cells in the treatment of some autoimmune disorders (canine atopic dermatitis, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and feline asthma) compared with their conventional treatment.Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in autoimmune diseases has been showing that this approach can ameliorate clinical signs or even cause remission in most animals, with the exception of canine atopic dermatitis in which little to no improvement was observed.Although mesenchymal stem cells present a promising future in the treatment of most of these disorders, the variability in the outcomes of some clinical trials has led to the current controversy among authors regarding their efficacy. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is currently requiring a deeper and detailed analysis that allows its standardization and better adaptation to the intended therapeutic results, in order to overcome current limitations in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Esteves Dias
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Olivério Pinto
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Veterinary Hospital, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Carlos Barros
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ribeiro Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pires Carvalho
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Vetherapy, 479 St, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA
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92
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Dandrieux J, Martinez Lopez LM, Prakash N, Mansfield CS. Treatment response and long term follow up in nineteen dogs diagnosed with chronic enteropathy in Australia. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:301-307. [PMID: 31328260 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs is common worldwide, but little data is available from Australia. The aim of this study was to describe treatment response and long-term outcome in a cohort of dogs with CE. Dogs were prospectively enrolled at Murdoch University and the University of Melbourne. After diagnostic investigation to rule out diseases other than CE, dogs underwent sequential therapeutic trials until achieving a clinical response (diet then antibiotics, and finally immunosuppressants). Success was defined as 75% reduction of clinical severity for a minimum of five weeks. A total of 21 dogs were enrolled, and 19 completed the study. One dog was euthanised for lack of response to treatment and one excluded for lack of owner compliance. Most dogs responded to diet (n = 10), followed by antibiotics (n = 7) and immunosuppressants (n = 2). Long-term remission (median 21.1 months, [3.0-44.7]) was achieved in eight out of ten dietary responders without additional treatment. In contrast, only two dogs with antibiotic response remained in long-term remission, of which one needed on-going antibiotic treatment. Longer term remission was achieved in the two dogs treated with immunosuppressants with on-going low dose therapy. This study concludes that most dogs referred for CE in Australia respond to dietary treatment (even after previous dietary interventions), and remission is long-term compared to dogs treated with an antibiotic. Furthermore, the need for long-term antibiotics in some dogs to maintain response may lead to antibiotic resistance. This study supports adequate dietary trials for CE in dogs, and a need for alternative second-line treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jrs Dandrieux
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia
| | - L M Martinez Lopez
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Prakash
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia.,Mount Pleasant Veterinary Group, Mount Pleasant @ Gelenggang, 2 Jalan Gelenggang, Singapore, 578187, Singapore
| | - C S Mansfield
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) group, The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia
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93
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Wennogle SA, Priestnall SL, Suárez-Bonnet A, Soontararak S, Webb CB. Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1669-1676. [PMID: 31169948 PMCID: PMC6639479 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) immunohistochemical markers have identified intestinal lymphatic vasculature abnormalities in humans with inflammatory bowel disease, but have not been used to evaluate intestinal lymphatic vasculature in a group of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). Objectives To utilize LEC markers to identify and measure intestinal lymphatic vasculature in endoscopic biopsy samples of CIE dogs. To evaluate whether measured lymphatic vasculature variables correlate with serum albumin concentrations. Animals Twenty‐four dogs with CIE; n = 13, serum albumin concentration <2.5 g/dL (CIE‐protein‐losing enteropathy [PLE]), n = 11, serum albumin concentration ≥2.5 g/dL (CIE‐N). Methods Prospective study. Lymphatic endothelial cell immunolabeling with Prox‐1 and LYVE‐1 performed on endoscopic biopsy samples from 24 dogs with CIE. Duodenal and ileal villous lacteal width (VLW) and proprial mucosal lacteal width (MLW) were determined for each case and analyzed for correlation with serum albumin concentration. Lacteal dilatation scores using routine H&E histopathology were assessed for correlation with immunohistochemistry (IHC)‐calculated VLW and MLW. Results Lower serum albumin concentrations were correlated with increased VLW (rho = −.4644; P = .02) and MLW (rho = −.6514; P < .001) in the ileum. Lymphatic endothelial cell IHC identified presumptive proprial mucosal lymphangiectasia in some dogs that was not recognized with routine H&E staining. Lacteal dilatation scores were correlated with VLW in duodenum (rho = .4634; P = .02) and ileum (rho = .5292; P = .008), but did not correlate with MLW. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lymphatic endothelial cell immunolabeling identified presumptive proprial mucosal lymphangiectasia in CIE dogs, particularly in the ileum of hypoalbuminemic dogs. Routine evaluation of villous lacteals likely underestimates abnormalities of the lymphatic vasculature in dogs with CIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Wennogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sirikul Soontararak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Craig B Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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94
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Heilmann RM, Nestler J, Schwarz J, Grützner N, Ambrus A, Seeger J, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Gurtner C. Mucosal expression of S100A12 (calgranulin C) and S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) and correlation with serum and fecal concentrations in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 211:64-74. [PMID: 31084897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
S100A12 and S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) are released from activated mononuclear cells and belong to the group of damage associated molecular patterns. Fecal S100A12 and S100A8/A9 concentrations have been suggested as biomarkers of intestinal inflammation in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE). However, the mucosal cellular infiltrate in dogs with CIE is primarily lymphocytic-plasmacytic. Whether fecal S100A12 and S100A8/A9 levels reflect the number and/or activity of intestinal mucosal mononuclear cells, or whether these proteins are also produced by other cells has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate intestinal mucosal S100A12 and S100A8/A9 positivity and a potential relationship with the respective protein concentrations in serum and fecal samples in dogs with CIE. Serum (single sample), fecal samples (from 3 consecutive days), and gastrointestinal tissue biopsies (i.e., stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon) were evaluated from 21 dogs with CIE. Serum and fecal S100A12 and S100A8/A9 concentrations were measured by analytically validated in-house ELISAs. Tissue biopsies underwent routine histopathology and immunohistochemical evaluation for S100A12 and S100A8/A9 positivity (S100A12+ and S100A8/A9+, each recorded as positive cells/mm2). S100A12+ and S100A8/A9+ cells were identified in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract, but were predominantly localized in the lamina propria (LP). Duodenal LP S100A12 positivity correlated statistically significantly with that in the stomach and ileum (ρ = 0.66 and 0.69, both p < 0.01), but was inversely correlated with the severity of macrophage infiltration in the duodenum (ρ=-0.47, p = 0.042). Ileal LP S100A8/A9 positivity correlated positively with the extent of ileal neutrophil and macrophage infiltration (ρ=0.61, p = 0.047). Fecal S100A12 concentrations strongly correlated with the number of S100A12+ cells along the entire gastrointestinal tract (ρ = 0.76, p = 0.028), whereas serum S100A12 concentrations were inversely correlated to colonic S100A12+ cell counts (ρ=-0.50, p = 0.043). Mucosal S100A8/A9+ cell counts were not associated with the corresponding fecal or serum S100A8/A9 concentrations. These results suggest that the intestinal mucosa in dogs with CIE contains an increased number of activated (pro-inflammatory) phagocytes expressing and secreting the S100A12 protein, but the macrophage population seen on routine histopathology is predominantly mature (anti-inflammatory) with a reduced or absent expression of S100A12 and a normal or increased expression of S100A8/A9. However, the distribution of intestinal S100A8/A9 expression requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Nestler
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Jutta Schwarz
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Niels Grützner
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, SA, Germany
| | - Andy Ambrus
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, BE, Switzerland
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95
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Kalenyak K, Heilmann RM, van de Lest CHA, Brouwers JF, Burgener IA. Comparison of the systemic phospholipid profile in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease or food-responsive diarrhea before and after treatment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215435. [PMID: 30990833 PMCID: PMC6467395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food-responsive diarrhea (FRD) are common chronic enteropathies in dogs, of which the exact pathogenesis has not been fully understood. In people dyslipidemia has been reported in patients with IBD, and potential therapeutic benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the treatment of IBD have been investigated. Studies on the phospholipid profile in dogs with IBD and FRD are still lacking. AIM To investigate the systemic phospholipid profile of dogs with IBD or FRD and to evaluate possible differences in phospholipids before and after treatment. METHODS The phospholipids in whole blood and EDTA plasma of 32 dogs diagnosed with either IBD (n = 16) or FRD (n = 16) were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) prior to and after initiation of treatment, which included an elimination diet enriched with PUFAs. RESULTS A clear separation of the phospholipids between whole blood and plasma was demonstrated on principal component analysis plots. In addition to the type of specimen, treatment and disease severity were the most significant factors determining the variance of the phospholipid profile. An increase in lysolipids was observed after treatment. The phosphatidylcholine (PC) species changed from PC 38:4 before treatment to mainly lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 after treatment. Furthermore, several differences in the abundance of individual phospholipids were identified between dogs with IBD and dogs with FRD and between treatment statuses using random forest analysis. CONCLUSION Significant variances were identified in the phospholipid profiles of dogs with IBD and FRD. These were particularly determined by type of specimen used, disease severity and treatment status. After treatment, a shift of phospholipid species towards lysophosphatidylcholine 18:0 was observed. Future studies should further investigate the role of lipids in the pathophysiology of IBD and FRD as well as their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kalenyak
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brouwers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Lipidomics Facility, Utrecht University, CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iwan A. Burgener
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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96
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Mehain SO, Haines JM, Lee PM. Platelet indices as biomarkers for characterization and determination of severity in canine chronic enteropathy. Vet J 2019; 248:37-41. [PMID: 31113560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human studies have shown an association between certain platelet indices and active inflammatory bowel disease when compared to healthy controls. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine if any platelet indices differ between dogs with chronic enteropathies and healthy age- and sex-matched control dogs and are predictive of the severity of chronic enteropathy based on canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) scores. Medical records for 22 chronic enteropathy-positive dogs and 22 healthy control dogs were reviewed for historical and physical examination findings, platelet indices, and histologic diagnoses of chronic enteropathy. Platelet indices were compared between the groups, and an association between platelet indices and CCECAI scores in dogs with chronic enteropathy was investigated. Chronic diarrhea and weight loss were common clinical signs associated with chronic enteropathy. Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis was the most common histologic diagnosis. Only one platelet index, platelet component distribution width (P = 0.045), was found to be significantly different between the groups. For predicting severity of disease, determined by CCECAI score, statistically significant differences in indices associated with higher scores were platelet count (P = 0.024) and platelet dry mass distribution width (P = 0.036). Only platelet component distribution width showed potential in characterizing dogs with chronic enteropathy compared to normal dogs. Elevated platelet count and decreased platelet dry mass distribution width had a significant effect on total CCECAI scores. These findings suggest further investigation into the utility of platelet indices as predictors of disease presence and severity in dogs with chronic enteropathy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Mehain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647060, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA
| | - J M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647060, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA.
| | - P M Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647060, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA
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97
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Aono K, Azuma YT, Nabetani T, Hatoya S, Furuya M, Miki M, Hirota K, Fujimoto Y, Nishiyama K, Ogata Y, Mochizuki T, Tani H. Correlation between toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and pathological severity in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:15-22. [PMID: 30947975 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), and TNF-α play important roles in human inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between Toll-like receptor 4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the severity of chronic gastrointestinal diseases in dogs. We examined the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, and rectum obtained from 21 dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease, high-grade lymphoma, food responsive enteropathy, chronic pancreatitis, low-grade lymphoma, inflammatory colorectal polyp, and chronic colitis. Next, we demonstrated whether there is good correlation between the expression levels of TLR4, NOD2, and TNF-α and the histopathological analysis of each sample. We found that the level of TLR4 expression in the ileum of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease was positively associated with the histopathological severity. We also found that the level of NOD2 expression in the duodenum, stomach, and rectum was positively associated with the histopathological severity. However, there was no correlation between TNF-α expression in the 5 regions tested in this study and the histopathological severity. These findings indicate that TLR4 and NOD2 are remarkably associated with the severity of chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiya Aono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo Nabetani
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University College of Life, Environmental, and Advanced Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Laboratory of Cell Pathobiology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Furuya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Miki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Course of Integrated Bioscience, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Course of Plant Production Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan.
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98
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Makielski K, Cullen J, O'Connor A, Jergens AE. Narrative review of therapies for chronic enteropathies in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:11-22. [PMID: 30523666 PMCID: PMC6335544 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal medical treatment for chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs and cats is controversial. Sequential treatment using diet, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive drugs is the most common strategy used by clinicians. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence for the effectiveness of dietary, drug, and alternative health interventions for inducing clinical remission in dogs and cats with CE. ANIMALS Retrospective study of dogs and cats with a diagnosis of chronic enteropathy. METHODS MEDLINE and Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) databases (1950 to March 2017) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case series. The primary outcome was induction of clinical remission. All studies were evaluated using the quality of evidence grading guidelines (I-IV), which assign a score defining the strength and quality of the evidence. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (11 RCTs in dogs and 2 in cats and 9 cohort studies or case series) met the inclusion criteria for inducing remission of gastrointestinal (GI) signs. Of the 13 RCTs achieving grade I scores, 10 studies (totaling 218 dogs and 65 cats) compared single treatment: diet (n = 3), immunosuppressives (n = 3), antimicrobials (n = 2), anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 1), and probiotics (n = 1). Three case series (grade III) reported clinical remission using an elimination diet fed to 55 cats and use of enrofloxacin to induce remission in dogs with granulomatous colitis (2 studies totaling 16 dogs). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The current evidence for treatment of CE is much greater in dogs than in cats. There is sufficient strong evidence to recommend the use of therapeutic GI diets, glucocorticoids, enrofloxacin, or some combination of these in dogs with CE. Therapeutic GI diets and glucocorticoids are most useful in cats with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Makielski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Jonah Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Annette O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowa
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99
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Kopke MA, Ruaux CG, Gal A. Myenteric ganglionitis and intestinal leiomyositis in a Jack Russell terrier. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 61:772-775. [PMID: 30387492 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year, 6-month old spayed female Jack Russell terrier presented with a 3-week history of intermittent vomiting, diarrhoea and weight loss. Serum biochemistry demonstrated severe panhypoproteinaemia, mild hypocalcaemia and mild hypocholesterolaemia, consistent with protein-losing enteropathy. Full-thickness biopsies obtained from the stomach and different sections of small intestine demonstrated histological features of both myenteric ganglionitis and early intestinal leiomyositis. Complete resolution of clinical signs occurred within 1 week of implementing immunosuppressive therapy. At the time of writing, 9 months following diagnosis, the dog remains in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C G Ruaux
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Gal
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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100
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Giaretta PR, Rech RR, Guard BC, Blake AB, Blick AK, Steiner JM, Lidbury JA, Cook AK, Hanifeh M, Spillmann T, Kilpinen S, Syrjä P, Suchodolski JS. Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1918-1926. [PMID: 30315593 PMCID: PMC6271328 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal absorption of bile acids is mediated by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT). Fecal bile acid dysmetabolism has been reported in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). OBJECTIVE Characterization of ASBT distribution along the intestinal tract of control dogs and comparison to dogs with CIE. ANIMALS Twenty-four dogs with CIE and 11 control dogs. METHODS The ASBT mRNA and protein expression were assessed using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The concentrations of fecal bile acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fecal microbiota dysbiosis index was assessed with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction panel. RESULTS In control dogs, ASBT mRNA expression was observed in enterocytes in all analyzed intestinal segments, with highest expression in the ileum. The ASBT protein expression was restricted to enterocytes in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Dogs with CIE had significantly decreased expression of ASBT protein in the ileum (P = .001), which was negatively correlated with histopathological score (ρ = -0.40; Pcorr = .049). Additionally, dogs with CIE had a significantly increased percentage of primary bile acids in feces compared to controls (P = .04). The fecal dysbiosis index was significantly higher in dogs with CIE than in control dogs (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These findings indicate that ileal protein expression of ASBT is downregulated in dogs with CIE. This change may be linked to the inflammatory process, intestinal dysbiosis, and fecal bile acid dysmetabolism observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Giaretta
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Raquel R. Rech
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Blake C. Guard
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Amanda B. Blake
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Anna K. Blick
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Audrey K. Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Mohsen Hanifeh
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Susanne Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pernilla Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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